Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Availability and Consumption of
Conventional Energy Sources in India
* T. Amose & **Dr. K. R. Jeyakumar
* Ph.D., Research Scholar, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur – 630 211
**Associate Professor of Economics, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur
– 630 211
Abstract: Energy generally has been defined as
“The ability or capacity to do work” Energy is one
of fundamental part of our universe. Energy has
come to be known as strategic commodity and the
availability about its supply can prove for the
smooth functioning of the economy, particularly in
a developing country like India.
Using the data from Central Electricity
Authority (CEA), the present paper analyses the
availability of primary sources of energy in India
and also examine the consumption of electricity by
the different sectors in India. The availability of
primary sources of conventional energy in India
includes coal, Lignite, Natural gas, Electricity,
Crude oil, and petroleum products. Consumption of
electricity
by
sectorsincludes
Industry,
Agricultural, Domestic, Commercial, Railways and
others. Availability of primary sources of energy
consumption of electricity for the period of 8 years
has been taken for this analysis. Compound annual
growth rate has been applied.
Key words:
Energy, Conventional Energy,
Strategic Commodity, Universe, Compound.
Introduction
Country India possessed second place for
most populous country among other nations and
having Economic development more than at7%
since 1997. Planned industrialization, economic
development,
modernizationof
agriculture,
population growth, and rise in the human standard
of living has resulted in a burgeoning demand for
energy in India. Energy demand of the different
sectors of Indian economy is met by different
sources of energy(Dr.M.Murugan-2011). India
became the fifth largest energy consumer in the
world in 2006, Energy production has not been able
to satisfy demands, resulting in approximately for
400 million Indians (Mohit Jain-2012). Therefore,
presumption of availability and consumption of
conventional energy scenario in India is emphasis
for rewrite economy towards achieving goals of it.
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Energy scenario in India
In recent years availability of power in
India has both increased and improved but demand
has consistently outstrippedsupply and substantial
energy and peak shortages prevailed in2009-10.
Consumption of energy in India is one of the
lowest in the world. India consumed 540 kgoe in
2008 compared to 1803 kgoe by the world. As for
the country’s developmentCoal is the most
important and abundant fossil fuel in India. It
accounts more than 99% of these had as reserves in
2013 for country's energy need and it’s estimation
was 298.94
billion tonnes in same year.
Commercial primary energy consumption in India
has growingbymore than 700% in the last four
decades.The estimated reserves of crude oil in
India stood at 758.27 million in 2013. The
estimated reserves of natural gas in India stood at
1354.76 billion in 2013. The total capable of
renewable power generation in India is estimated at
94125 MW in 2013. This includes wind power
potential 49130MW (52.2%), SHP potential of
19750MW (20.98%), 17,538MW (18.63%) of
Biomass energy and 5000MW (5.31%) of
cogeneration-bagasse.
Review of Literature
Murugan.M (2011) has made a study on
“An analysis of Rural Household Energy
Consumption in Kanyakumari District – Tamil
Nadu”. The study examined the level of energy
consumption by the sample respondents and its
environmental impacts. Both primary and
secondary data has been taken for the study.
Interview schedule for 200 sample respondents has
been taken for the analysis. The researcher has used
calorific value to measure the thermal efficiency of
various sources of energy.
Monthly energy consumption by the
sample respondents reveals that the share of fuel
wood consumption is higher compared to LPG,
Kerosene, agricultural waste, and electricity. The
reason is that the study area is a backward district
and the availability of fuel wood is abundant.
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and
biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy
sources available include nuclear energy from
radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in
earth's interior, and potential energy due to earth's
gravity. Primary energy sources are mostly
converted in industrial utilities into secondary
energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas
converted into steam and electricity. Primary
energy can also be used directly. Some energy
sources have non-energy uses, for example coal or
natural gas can be used as a feedstock in fertilizer
plants.
In the findings related to environmental
impact, only Co2 emissions have been calculated
from JPCC guidelines. The finding shows that
about 47.042 tonnes of CO2 per month is emitted
in the environment. The study suggests that
renewable sources of energy can be applied in the
domestic usage to save the environment to an
extent.
Garge.P (2012) has made research on “Energy
Scenario and Vision 2020 in India”. This study
explained the trends of energy availability,
transaction and consumption on renewable and
Non-renewable energy. Secondary data used from
1980-2012 which includes states of India. Central
Electricity Authority and IEA were major sources
for obtain details herein.
In findings, country India had place 10th in
trends of energy consumption among the world
even having much of population than others.
Supply and demand of energy shows negative
value in all states of India and expectation of
electricity consumption possibility to attain 2280
Bkwh by 2021-22. The study predicts of
consuming of natural gas due to growth of
automobiles in India and this study contributes
emphasis for renewable and non-renewable energy
through effective policy and incentives.
Availability
Availability of raw coal in India in 201213 stood at 704.34 MTs and that oflignite at 46.05.
It increased by 10.25% compared to 2011-12 and
decreased lignite at 66.97% in the same year. Coal
has increased at a CAGR of about 6.26% during
the period from 2005-06 to 2012-13. This increased
availability might be attributed to the secular
increase in the coal production (407.04 MTs during
2005-06 to 557.71 MTs during 2012-13). The
production of natural gas has steadily increased
from a mere 31.33 BCMs during 2005-06 to 39.78
BCMs during 2012-13, registering a CAGR of
3.03%. Most of this increase in the indigenous
production is due to discovery of new reserves.
Electricity availability is considered only for that
electricity which is generated from Hydro and
Nuclear sources. This increased from 592194 GWh
during 2005-06 to 908574 GWh during 2012-13,
registering a CAGR of 5.5% over the period. The
availability of crude oil in the country increased
from 131.60 MTs during 2005-06 to 222.66 MTs
during 2012-13 and the same year production
increased from 32.19 MTs to 37.86 MTs.
Objectives of the study


To explore the availability of primary
sources of energy in India.
To analyse the consumption of
Electricity by the sectors in India.
Primary sources of energy
Primary energy sources are those that are
either found or stored in nature. Common primary
Table 1.1: Trends in availability of primary sources of conventional energy in India
Coal
Lignite
Year
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
Crude
Petroleum
Natural
gas
(Billion
Cubic
metres)
4
31.33
30.79
31.48
31.75
46.52
51.25
46.48
39.78
(Million
tonnes)
(Million
tonnes)
(Million
tonnes)
1
433.27
462.35
502.82
549.57
585.30
589.87
638.84
704.34
2
66.84
72.34
82.82
89.19
105.21
102.20
139.44
46.05
3
130.11
146.55
156.10
166.70
192.77
196.99
204.12
219.21
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Electricity
Total
availability
Growth rate
in (%)
6
1253.744
1351.038
1463.000
1549.750
1691.734
1749.765
1840.386
1917.954
7.76
8.28
5.93
9.16
3.43
5.17
4.21
(GWh)
5
592,194
639,008
689,780
712,540
761,934
809,455
811,506
908,574
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Sources:
1. Office of Coal Controller, Ministry of Coal
2. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
3. Central Electricity Authority.
4. Energy statistics – 2014
country condition improves it was seen that their
level of electricity consumption has also increased.
As we know India is a developing country and
recently its economic growth has been increasing
day by day in recent trend. Around 77 percent
Indian economy grow during 2000 and 2007 and
around 60 percent increase in electricity
consumption (Pragyan Dash-2013). India currently
has apeak demand shortage of around 14% and an
energy deficit of 8.4%. Keeping this in view and to
maintain a GDP (gross domestic product) growth
of 8% to 10%, the Government of India has very
prudently set a target of 215,804 MW power
generation capacity by March 2012 from the level
of 100,010 MW as on March 2001, that is a
capacity addition of 115,794 MW.
Consumption of Electricity
In present modern days electricity is
highly essential for growing economy. Without
electricity no single industry can run or exist.
Discovery of electricity is a blessing to this world.
Not only electricity helps to run industry but it also
helps to common human beings because it provides
comforts and luxury and satisfies their needs. In
developing countries the production sectors were
running with the help of electricity and the
production level was increasing day by day which
have improved the standard of developing
countries.
There is a close relation between electricity
consumption and economic growth. When a
Table 2.1: Consumption of Electricity by the sectors in India
(in Giga Watt hour) = (106 x Kilo Watt hour)
Total
Electricity
consumed
Growth
rate in
(%)
Industry
Agriculture
Domestic
Commercial
Traction &
Rail ways
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2005-06
151,557
90,292
100,090
35,965
9,944
24,039
411,887
-
99,023
111,002
40,220
10,800
23,411
455,749
10.64
Year
2006-07
171,293
Others
8 (2to 7)
2007-08
189,424
104,182
120,918
46,685
11,108
29,660
501,977
10.14
2008-09
209,474
109,610
31,720
54,189
11,425
37,577
453,995
-9.55
2009-10
236,752
120,209
146,080
60,600
12,408
36,595
612,644
34.94
2010-11
272,589
131,967
169,326
67,289
14,003
39,218
694,392
13.34
2011-12
352,291
140,960
171,104
65,381
14,205
41,252
785,193
13.07
2012-13
Distribution
(%)
CAGR
2005-06 to
2012-13(%)
382,670
153,116
185,855
71,019
15,431
44,809
852,900
8.62
44.87
17.95
21.79
8.33
1.81
5.25
100
12.27
6.82
8.04
8.88
5.65
8.10
9.53
Sources :
1.
2.
Central Electricity Authority.
Energy statistics – 2014.
The estimated electricity consumption
increased from 4,11,887GWh during 2005-06 to
8,52,900 GWh during 2012-13,showing a CAGR
of 9.53%(Table 6.9). The increase in electricity
consumption
is
8.62%
from
2011-12
(7,85,193GWh) to 2012-13 (8,52,900 GWh). The
total consumption of electricity in 2012-13,
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
industry sector accounted for the largest
share(44.87%), followed by domestic(21.79%),
agriculture(17.95%) and commercial sectors
(8.33%). The electricity consumption in Industry
sector and commercial sector has increased at a
much faster pace compared to other sectors during
2005-06 to 2012-13 with CAGRs of 12.27% and
Page 2034
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
8.88% respectively. Loss of electricity due to
transmission has decreased from 30.42% during
2005-06 to 23.65% during 2012-13.
Data sources and Methodology
This study has used secondary data for a
period covering from 2005-06 to 2012-13. Above
mentioned statements engraved to this paper after
the reference of several materials such as published
papers through journals, submitted projects and
thesis were so helpful for the under mentioned
topic.
Findings and Discussion
While perceiving the consumption and
availability of energy sources in India, the amount
of mentioned components has been differing with
the identity of classified years. This paper produced
details which used above as statements and recent
statistics under the specified topic with the
explosion of framed objectives.
Growth rate on availability of primary sources is
significant to predict the existing sources to
consider future prospects of nations. It assumed
data based on 8 years followed by 2005-13. The
percentage of growth rate produced from 2007
onwards, after calculated both current and previous
year. Primal year 2007, the growth rate found at
7.76 percent and it was increased at 8.28 percent in
2008. Subsequently, growth rate increased from
5.93 to 9.16 in 2010. But unfortunately, continually
growth on availability of primary sourcesuntil the
specified year had been fluctuating and also
declining. Finally, during the year 2012-13 the
growth rate was 4.21 percent.
Amount of consumption of electricity by
different sectors in India has also been included
with data for 8 years. Growth rate of electricity
consumption and distribution for different sectors
of nation have found to escalate the obtained data.
Consumption of electricity was subterminal equals
on during both 2007 and 2008’s results.Next of
2008, there was very less result found at -9.55
percent of electricity consumed by sectors. In 2010,
growth rate mounted up from -9.55 to 34.94.
Subsequent two years continually the rate was little
equals to one another, at last 8.62 percent
electricity consumption found in 2012-13. It is
lesser while compared to previous both years.
Amount of distribution also found in percentage,
Industrial and domestic sectors possessed first and
second place in major distribution and CAGR
found from 2005-2013, Industrial and commercial
sectors attain maximum growth rate at 12.27 and
8.88 percentage.
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Results
As a result, thisstudy found the causes for
the fluctuation of availability of conventional
energy and consumption of electricity by sectors
based on the past 8 years. According to Table 1.1,
in 2010-11 growth rate is found to be very less at
3.34 percent. The reason for this result is, due to
the growth of technology towards development of
renewable energy. The high rate of availability is
found at 9.16 percent in 2009-10. Reason for this
growth is import of energy inputs in same period.
Table 2.1 reveals the consumption of electricity by
sectors in different periods. In
200809,consumption of electricity by sectors is in
negative growth rate (-9.55%) is due to scarce of
electric power supply and the initial stage of
technological improvements. And the abundant
growth rate occurred in the next year 2009-10 at
34.94 percent caused by industrial growth and
expansion of banking services etc.
Suggestions
 Energy which exist abundantly, those
must be export to other nation which is
needy for it. Through this, necessary plan
should be made toobtain therequired
energy for domestic purpose.
 Create effective policy to maintain
conventional
energy
for
future
descendants.
 Consumption of electricity in sectors is
increasing
therefore,
project
for
generation of electricity have to extend
for the better of nation’s future.
Conclusion
The study concludes that, energy scenario
in a countryindicatesthe need of energy for its
economic growth.The researcher concludes that the
significance of energy supply should protect the
environment. The study suggests that, efficiency of
energy conservation, control the exploration of
commercial energy, empowering renewable energy
should be equipped up to provide employment
opportunities.
References
1. Murugan.Dr.M (2011) “An analysis of
Rural Household Energy consumption in
Kanyakumari District- Tamilnadu, Vol.1
Issue 7 PP.130-138.
2.
Mohit Jain, DeepikaChabra, Jennifer
Mankoff, Amarjeet Singh (2013) “Energy
Usage Attitudes of Urban India”.
3.
Garg.P (2012) “Energy scenario and vision
2020 in India” PP. 7-17.
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
Vol-3, Issue-1, 2017
ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
4.
Energy scenario – beeindia.in/../1ch1.pdf
PP.1-9.
5.
Pragyan Dash (2013) “Consumption
Pattern of Electricity in Ruraland Urban
Areas: A Case study of Rourkela,
SundergashDisrictOdisha”. PP.1-5.
6.
Energy Statistics
(2014)www.mospi.gov.in PP. 31-61.
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“India’s energy demand and supply
deficit”
www.spartastratedy.com/blog/2011/07...
Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR)
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“Public spending towards harnessing
Renewable energy in
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“National Electricity Plan-Central
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www.cea.nic.in/../generation_12.pdf
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