Contents
Introduction: The Classification of Ecological Systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
The Aims of Ecology
Classification of the Geo-biosphere into Zonobiomes
Zonoecotones
Orobiomes
Pedobiomes
Biomes
The Nature and Structure of Ecosystems
Special Material Cycles in Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Role
Played by Fire
9. Smaller Units of Ecological Systems: Biogeocenes and Synusiae . . .
10. Diagrammatic Representation of the Hierarchy of Ecological Units .
14
15
17
General Section
19
1. The Historical Factor
2. Climate and Its Representation (Climate Diagrams, Homoclimes, and
Climate-Diagram Maps)
3. Environment and Competition
4. Ecotypes and the Law of Change of Biotope and Relative Constancy of
Habitat. Extrazonal Vegetation
5. Poikilohydric and Homeohydric Plants and Halophytes
1
2
5
5
6
7
7
19
22
27
32
34
Special Section
39
I Zonobiome of the Equatorial Humid Diurnal Climate with
Evergreen Tropical Rain Forest
46
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Typical Climate
Soils and Pedobiomes
Vegetation
Anomalies in the Equatorial Zone
Orobiome I-Tropical Mountains with a Diurnal Climate
The Biogeocenes of Zonobiome I as Ecosystems
http://d-nb.info/841053340
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49
51
59
63
69
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Contents
Zonoecotonel/H-Semievergreen Forest
72
II Zonobiome of the Humido-Arid Tropical Summer-Rain Region with
Deciduous Forests
75
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
General
Zonal Vegetation
Savannas
Parkland
Some of the Larger Savanna Regions
Ecosystem Research
Tropical Hydrobiomes in Zonobiomes I and II
Mangroves as Halohelobiomes in Zonobiomes I and II
Shore Formations-Psammobiomes
Orobiome II - Tropical Mountains with an Annual Temperature
Periodicity
75
76
80
87
88
94
98
99
104
104
Zonoecotonell/III-Climate Savannas
107
III Zonobiome of the Subtropical Arido Climate with Deserts
113
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
113
115
120
122
125
128
130
135
139
142
142
Climatic Subzonobiomes
The Soils and Their Water Content
The Water Supply of Desert Plants
Ecological Types of Desert Plants
Salt Soils-Halobiomes
The Salt Economy of Halophytes
Desert Vegetation of the Various Floristic Realms
Adaptations to Water Stress from the Cybernetic Point of View . . . .
The Productivity of Desert Vegetation
Orobiome III-Desert Mountains of the Subtropics
BiomeoftheNamib Fog Desert
Zonoecotonelll/IV-Semidesert
148
IV Zonobiome of the Winter-Rain Region with an Arid-Humid Climate
and Sclerophyllic Woodlands
150
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
General
Biome Group of the Mediterranean Region
The Significance of Sclerophylly in Competition
Mediterranean Orobiome
Climate and Vegetation of the Canary Islands
Arid Mediterranean Subzonobiome
150
151
154
156
158
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Contents
XV
7. Biome Group of the Californian Region and Neighboring Country . .
8. Biome Group of the Central Chilean Winter-Rain Region with
Zonoecotones
9. Biome Group of the South African Capeland
10. Biome Group of Southwestern and South Australia with Winter Rain .
11. The Historical Development of Zonobiome IV and Its Relationship to
Zonobiome V
166
V Zonobiome of the Warm-Temperate Humid Climate
181
170
173
175
178
1. General
2. Humid Subzonobiomes on the East Coasts of the Continents
3. Biome of the Eucalyptus-Nothofagus Forests of Southeastern
Australia and Tasmania
4. Warm-Temperate Biome of New Zealand
181
183
185
186
VI Zonobiome oftheTemperate-Nemoral Climate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Leaf Shedding as an Adaptation to the Cold Winter
Distribution of Zonobiome VI
Atlantic Heath Regions
Deciduous Forests as Ecosystems (Biogeocenes)
The Effect of the Cold Winter Period on Plants of the Nemoral Zone
Orobiome VI-The Northern Alps
188
.
188
189
190
193
206
208
ZonoecotoneVI/VII-Forest-Steppe
220
VII Zonobiome of the Arid-Temperature Climate
224
1. Climate
2. Soils of the East European Steppe Zone
3. Meadow-Steppes on Thick Chernozem and the Feather Grass
Steppes
4. North American Prairie
5. Ecophysiology of the Steppe and Prairie Species
6. Asiatic Steppes
7. Animal Life of the Steppe
8. Grass Steppes of the Southern Hemisphere
9. SubzonoecotoneoftheSemidesert
10. Subzonobiome of the Middle Asiatic Deserts
11. Biome of the Karakum Desert
12. Orobiome Vll(rlll) in Middle Asia
13. Subzonobiome of the Central Asiatic Deserts
14. Subzonobiome ofthe Cold High-Plateau Deserts of Tibet and Pamir
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224
228
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236
237
238
242
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252
253
. 257
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Contents
Zonoecotone VIII/XI-Boreonemoral Zone
260
VIII Zonobiome of the Cold-Temperate Boreal Climate
263
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Climate and Coniferous Species of the Boreal Zone
Biogeocene Complexes of the European Boreal-Forest Zone
The Coniferous Forest as a Biogeocene
The Extreme Continental Larch Forests of Eastern Siberia with
Thermokarst Formations
OrobiomeVIII-MountainTundra
Mires of the Boreal Zone (Peinohelobiomes)
The Ecology of Raised Bogs
The Western Siberian Lowlands - the Largest Bog Region of the
Earth
263
264
265
268
274
275
278
280
Zonoecotone VII/IX-Forest Tundra
283
IX Zonobiome of the Arctic Tundra Climate
284
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Climate and Vegetation of the Tundra
Ecophysiological Investigations
Animal Life in the Arctic Tundra
The Cold Arctic Desert - Solifluction
Antarctic and Subantarctic Islands
284
286
287
288
290
Summary
291
Phytomass and Primary Production of the Various Vegetational Zones
and of the Entire Biosphere
291
Conclusion from an Ecological Point of View
295
1. The Population Explosion in the Developing Countries
2. Excessive Technological Developments in the Industrial Countries . .
295
298
References
303
Subject Index
311