!
!
"#$%#&'()#*+!,))'))-'.*!/.%!
0'1$--'.%/*#$.)!2$(!/!
0'&#)'%!3/./4'-'.*!56/.!$2!!
7$*/!8/-/.)/(/!9$(')*!0')'(&'!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
"#$!%&'(!)*+!
,&-./0'&!12&3405-6#7!8.+-/924+2-!15+!:65!;,<18=>!
!
!"#$
$
?4$4+-404!,&-#5&+'*!,&-#5&+2-@!A--.'#42#.+!
=B?CDE<F!1EC!G.24!?4$4+-404!8.$$/+#2*!F.0&-2!C0.H&'2!!
!
IJ!?&'&$K&0!LMJM
8NB%<B%1!
!
#$#%&'()#!*&++,-.!/!-#%0++#12,'(01* 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333334!
5&-50*#33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333336!
7,%89-0&12 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333336!
0:;<:=;> 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333336!
*?@A;=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333336!
*?@AH=!7?BCD!7CGH@=I!9H<J;@!-;F;<:;3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333K!
%;L;G;<M 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333N!
8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:; 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333O!
7(02()#-*('.!,**#**+#1' 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333P!
QHR=GHG3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333P!
5BH@G!*S;I=;F3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333T!
,@=LHB!*S;I=;F333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 ""!
+,1,9#+#1'!-#%0++#12,'(01* 33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "U!
5<=@I=SB;F 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "U!
5BH@G!*S;I=;F3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "U!
,@=LHB!*S;I=;F333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "O!
%01%V&*(0133333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "O!
-;W;<;@I;F 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 "P!
,@@;X!"3!!Q=FGC<=IHB!-;IC<JF!CW!!*S;I=;F!W<CL!*?@A;=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;333333333 "T!
,@@;X!43!!%C@F;<:HG=C@!CW!!"#$%&'&"()*+&,"-&+*. 333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 6U!
,@@;X!63!!%C@F;<:HG=C@!CW!GD;!HY?HG=I!SBH@G!/-01,$2$-0%"'3*%*3&!=@!8CGH!
2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:; 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 6K!
!
!
!
"!
<O<8=%PQ<!1=RRA,S!T!,<8NRR<B?A%PNB1!
!
'D;! WCBBC>=@A! <;ICLL;@JHG=C@F! H<;! RHF;J! C@! GD;! W=@J=@AF! CW! GD;! 7=CJ=:;<F=GM!
,FF;FFL;@G!IH<<=;J!C?G!=@!4ZZT[4Z"Z!?@J;<!GD;!&125[9#E!*95!5<C\;IG!WC<!8CGH!
2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!]82E-^_!*;BH@AC<3!
!
• ,! ]<;:=F;J^! EC<;FG! +H@HA;L;@G! 5BH@! ]E+5^! FDC?BJ! R;! S<;SH<;J! H@J!
S<;F;@G;J!GC!GD;!EC<;FG!+H@HA;L;@G!%CLL=GG;;!WC<!HSS<C:HB3!
• 'D;! E+5! FDC?BJ! IC@F=J;<! GD;! IC@@;IG=:=GM! CW! GD;! WC<;FG! >=GD! CGD;<!
@;=ADRC<=@A! WC<;FGF! ];3A3! GD;! SCFF=R=B=GM! CW! >=BJB=W;! IC<<=JC<F! GC! 7?`=G!
VH@\H@!FDC?BJ!R;!IC@F=J;<;J^!
• 'D;!E+5!FDC?BJ!IC@F=J;<!GD;!SCG;@G=HB!WC<!W?<GD;<!<;F;H<ID!GC!R;!IH<<=;J!
C?G!=@!GD;!WC<;FG!]=@!SH<G=I?BH<!>=GD!<;AH<J!GC!GD;!HY?HG=I!;ICFMFG;L!H@J!
GD;!<CB;!CW!W<?=G!G<;;F!H@J!@;FG!G<;;F^3!
• 'D;! E+5! FDC?BJ! IC@F=J;<! GD;! aC@HG=C@! CW! S;<LH@;@G! FHLSB;! SBCGF! WC<!
BC@A[G;<L!LC@=GC<=@A!H@J!<;F;H<ID3!
• 'D;! E+5! FDC?BJ! aC@;! H<;HF! CW! GD;! WC<;FG! WC<! <;F;H<ID_! <;I<;HG=C@! H@J!
;J?IHG=C@3! ! 'D;F;! aC@;F! JC! @CG! @;;J! GC! R;! ;XIB?F=:;! DC>;:;<! aC@;F! WC<!
S?RB=I!HII;FF!]b0S;@!EC<;FGc^!FDC?BJ!R;!IH<;W?BBM!SBH@@;J!H@J!IC@G<CBB;J!
FC!HF!GC!S<;:;@G!;@I<CHIDL;@G!C<!J;A<HJHG=C@!CW!GD;!WC<;FG3!
• 'D;! <;I<;HG=C@HB! aC@;! FDC?BJ! I;@G<;! C@! GD;! H<;H! GC! GD;! FC?GD>;FG! CW! GD;!
WC<;FG! >D=ID! DHF! HB<;HJM! R;;@! ?F;J! WC<! GD;! ;FGHRB=FDL;@G! CW! G<H=BF! ]>=GD!
GD;!HJJ=G=C@!CW!H!W?G?<;!G<H=B!GC!GD;!EC<;FG<M!'<H=@=@A!%;@G<;!=@!GD;!@C<GD^!
• 'D;! E+5! FDC?BJ! IC@F=J;<! GD;! IH<<M=@A! IHSHI=GM! H@J! B=L=GF! CW! HII;SGHRB;!
IDH@A;!CW!GD;!WC<;FG!=@!G;<LF!CW!GD;!@?LR;<!CW!:=F=GC<F!S;<!M;H<!WC<!;HID!CW!
GD;! G<H=BF! ]GD=F! =FF?;! FDC?BJ! R;! IC@F=J;<;J! GCA;GD;<! >=GD! GD;! Y?;FG=C@! CW!
;@WC<I;L;@G^!
• 'D;! FGHG;! AC:;<@L;@G! FDC?BJ! IC@F=J;<! AHa;GG=@A! GD;! ;@G=<;! W<;FD>HG;<!
F>HLS! H<;H! =@! GD;! @C<GD! CW! GD;! WC<;FG! HF! SH<G! CW! GD;! WC<;FG! <;F;<:;!
]S<;F;@GBM! SH<G! CW! =G! =F! R;=@A! IC@F=J;<;J! WC<! W?G?<;! ;XSH@F=C@! CW! H!
I;L;G;<M^!
• 'D;!BCIHB!H?GDC<=GM!FDC?BJ!;@F?<;!GDHG!GD;!;X=FG=@A!I;L;G;<M!=F!LH@HA;J!
=@!B=@;!>=GD!GD;!H<;HdF!FGHG?F!HF!H!RCGH@=I!AH<J;@!<;F;<:;!];3A3!G<;;F!FDC?BJ!
R;!SBH@G;J!R;G>;;@!A<H:;F^!
• 'D;! RH@`F! CW! *?@AH=! 'HLR?B! ]GC! GD;! FC?GD! CW! GD;! <;F;<:;^! FDC?BJ! R;!
SBH@G;J! >=GD! WC<;FG! G<;;F! H@J! LH=@GH=@;J! HF! H! <=SH<=H@! <;F;<:;! ]GD;! H<;H!
FDC?BJ!R;!AHa;GG;J!HF!H!<=:;<!<;F;<:;^!
• %C@@;IG=:=GM!R;G>;;@!GD;!8HLS?@A!%?R=GG!EC<;FG<M!'<H=@=@A!%;@G<;!]GD;!
<;L@H@G! *?@AH=! 7?BCD! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;^! H@J! GD;! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! EC<;FG!
-;F;<:;! FDC?BJ! R;! ;@DH@I;J! ]RCGD! =@! G;<LF! CW! WC<;FG! IC:;<! H@J! :=F=GC<!
HII;FF^e! G<H=BF! FDC?BJ! R;! IC@@;IG;J! H@J! H! R<=JA;! C:;<! *?@AH=! QHLSH<!
R?=BG3!
• 'D;! <;I<;HG=C@! H<;HF! GC! GD;! FC?GD! ]=@IB?J=@A! GD;! R=`=@A! G<H=BF^! FDC?BJ! R;!
AHa;GG;J! HF! b0S;@! EC<;FGcf! GD;! <;LH=@=@A! ?@GC?ID;J! H<;HF! FDC?BJ! R;!
aC@;J!WC<!GCGHB!S<CG;IG=C@3!
!
4!
C=,CN1<!
!
'D=F!SHS;<!S<;F;@GF!H!ICLS=BHG=C@!CW!GD;!W=@J=@AF!CW!GD;!7=CJ=:;<F=GM!,FF;FFL;@G!
IH<<=;J!C?G!=@!4ZZT[4Z"Z!?@J;<!GD;!&125[9#E!*95!5<C\;IG!WC<!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!
EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!]82E-^_!*;BH@AC<3!!'D;!SHS;<!HBFC!S<;F;@GF!<;ICLL;@JHG=C@F!WC<!
H! <;:=F;J! LH@HA;L;@G! SBH@! WC<! 82E-! RHF;J! C@! GD;! <;F?BGF! CW! GD;! 7=CJ=:;<F=GM!
,FF;FFL;@G3!
!
:A8GE,N=B?!
!
45"-5*"6!
!
'D;!*?@AH=!7?BCD!:HBB;M!B=;F!HRC?G!"Z!`L!>;FG!CW!8?HBH!V?LS?<!=@!GD;!*GHG;!CW!
*;BH@AC<3! ! 'D;! H<;H! >HF! C<=A=@HBBM! IC:;<;J! >=GD! BC>BH@J! L=X;J! J=SG;<CIH<S!
WC<;FG!=@DHR=G;J!RM!GD;!';L?H@!A<C?S!CW!0<H@A!,FB=3!!'D;!*?@AH=!7?BCD!:HBB;M!=F!
W<=@A;J!GC!GD;!FC?GD!RM!H!FLHBB!<H@A;!CW!D=BBF!=@IB?J=@A!7?`=G!5;<LHGH@A!-;FHL!
]444!L!HFB^_!7?`=G!VH@\H@!]666!L^!H@J!7?`=G!8=H<H!]4NU!L^3!!'D=F!D=BBF!WC<L!GD;!
J=:=J;!R;G>;;@!GD;!*?@AH=!7?BCD!H@J!*?@AH=!8BH@A!<=:;<!RHF=@F3!!!
!
7)%#"*'!)+$8'9$-".,':"."-5"!
!
(@! "PTP! H! GCGHB! CW! N_KTZ! DH! ]D;IGH<;F^! CW! +;<H@G=[8;<?=@A! WC<;FG! F?<<C?@J=@A!
7?`=G!5;<LHGH@A!-;FHL!>;<;!AHa;GG;J!HF!GD;!*?@A;=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;3!!'D=F!
AHa;GG;! @CG=W=IHG=C@! ]91! T[TP^! >HF! LHJ;! ?@J;<! ,<G=IB;! N! CW! GD;! *;BH@AC<! VH@J!
#@HIGL;@G! "PTO! H@J! FS;I=HB! <=ADGFgS<=:=B;A;F! >;<;! A<H@G;JgIC@I;J;J! GC! GD;!
0<H@A!,FB=3!!(@!"TKN_!H@!HJJ=G=C@!CW!"PU3ZN4!DH!>HF!LHJ;!GC!GD;!<;F;<:;!?@J;<!
GD;!*;BH@AC<!EC<;FG!#@HIGL;@G!]91!UZK[KN^3!
!
0:;<! GD;! M;H<F! GD;<;! DH:;! R;;@! @?L;<C?F! HL;@JL;@GF! GC! GD;! RC?@JH<M! CW! GD;!
WC<;FG!<;F;<:;!]91!66U[ZTf!91!4ZTO[6Uf!91!UKPP[6Kf!91!KOK[K6f!91!NK"[KKf!91!
KOT[KNf!91!KPZ[KNf!91!NUK[KNf!91!6O"[N"f!91!46P[NKf!91!64T[PT^3!!(@!HJJ=G=C@_!
H!66d!]"Z!L^!>=J;!S=S;B=@;!<;F;<:;!>HF!I<;HG;J!GC!HBBC>!WC<!GD;!IC@FG<?IG=C@!CW!H!
S=S;B=@;!W<CL!GD;!*?RH@A!2HL!GD<C?AD!GD;!WC<;FG!<;F;<:;3!!ECBBC>!H!W=@HB!;XI=F=C@!
CW!UZ43N!DH!C@!4"!2;I;LR;<!"TT6_!C@BM!HRC?G!6Z!DH!CW!GD;!<;F;<:;!<;LH=@;J3!!(@!
4Z"Z!HRC?G!64Z!DH!>HF!<;AHa;GG;J!HF!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!]82E-^3!
!
EC<! LH@HA;L;@G! S?<SCF;F! GD;! C<=A=@HB! WC<;FG! <;F;<:;! DHJ! R;;@! J=:=J;J! =@GC!
LC<;! GDH@! 6Z! ICLSH<GL;@GF3! ! E<HAL;@GF! CW! F=X! CW! GD;F;! ICLSH<GL;@GF!
]%CLSH<GL;@G!"Z["K^!<;LH=@!?@J;<!82E-!]F#UV!J^3!!%CLSH<GL;@G!"Z!=F!@C<GD!CW!
*A! QHLSH<f! ! %CLSH<GL;@G! ""! =F! @C<GD! CW! *A! 8;LR=G! H@J! WCBBC>F! GD;! J=:=J;!
R;G>;;@! GD;! QHLSH<! H@J! 8;LR=G! F?R[IHGIDL;@GFf! ! %CLSH<GL;@G! ""! =@IB?J;F!
LCFG!CW!GD;!8;LR=G!F?R[IHGIDL;@Gf!HBB!GD;F;!H<;HF!H<;!=@!GD;!*A!7?BCD!<=:;<!RHF=@3!!
%CLSH<GL;@G! "6! =@IB?J;F! SH<G! CW! GD;! *=LSH=! F?R[IHGIDL;@Gf! ! %CLSH<GL;@G! "U!
=@IB?J;F! LCFG! CW! GD;! 'HLR?B! F?R[IHGIDL;@Gf! ! %CLSH<GL;@G! "K! =@IB?J;F! SH<G! CW!
!
6!
GD;!-?LS?G!F?R!IHGIDL;@Gf!HBB!GD;F;!H<;HF!H<;!=@!GD;!*A!2HLH@FH<H!IHGIDL;@G!CW!
GD;! *A! 8BH@A! <=:;<! RHF=@3! ! 'D;! ICLSH<GL;@GF! IC?BJ! R;! @HL;J! HF! WCBBC>Fe!
%CLSH<GL;@G!""e!QHLSH<_!%CLSH<GL;@G!"4e!8;LR=G_!%CLSH<GL;@G!"6e!*=LSH=_!
%CLSH<GL;@G!"Ue!'HLR?B!H@J!%CLSH<GL;@G!"Ke!-?LS?G3!
!
!"#
!!#
!$#
!&#
!%#
!'#
!
F#UV! JV! ! %CLSH<GL;@GF! CW! GD;! WC<L;<! *?@A;=! 7?BCD! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;! =@F=J;! GD;!
RC?@JH<M!CW!GD;!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;3!
!!
*MFG;LHG=I!BCAA=@A!=F!<;IC<J;J!HF!W=<FG!GH`=@A!SBHI;!=@!"T6"!H@J!GD;!>DCB;!WC<;FG!
HSS;H<F! GC! DH:;! R;;@! BCAA;J! HG! B;HFG! C@I;3! ! 'D;! F=B:=I?BG?<HB! D=FGC<M! WC<! GD;!
<;LH=@=@A!ICLSH<GL;@GF!=F!B=FG;J!=@!%4K9&!J_!R;BC>3!
!
%4K9&!JV!Q=FGC<M!CW!*=B:=I?BG?<HB!0S;<HG=C@F!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!
.;H<F! !
0S;<HG=C@F!
"T6"! !
E;BB=@A!?@J;<!GD;!+HBHMH@!&@=WC<L!*MFG;L!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"6_!"U^!
"T66! !
*;B;IG=:;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"4^!
"T66["T6P! E;BB=@A!?@J;<!GD;!+HBHMH@!&@=WC<L!*MFG;L!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"6_!"K^!
"T6K["TUZ! E;BB=@A!?@J;<!GD;!+HBHMH@!&@=WC<L!*MFG;L!]%CLSH<GL;@G!""_!"4^!
"T6N!
-;A;@;<HG=C@!=LS<C:;L;@G!W;BB=@A!]""K!DH!=@!%CLSG3!"6_!"U^!
"T6N["T6O! 5CB;!W;BB=@A!/!FHB:HA;!W;BB=@A!WC<!W=<;>CCJ!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
"T6T["TUZ! E;BB=@A!?@J;<!GD;!+HBHMH@!&@=WC<L!*MFG;L!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
"TUZ! !
'D=@@=@A!]4"U!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!""_!OU!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"6^!
"TU"["TUO! *;B;IG=:;!W;BB=@A!]44"!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"U_!"K^!
"TU4["TU6! 5CB;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"4^!
"TUO! !
*;B;IG=:;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
"TUT! !
5C=FC@!A=<JB=@A!H@J!IB=LR;<!I?GG=@A!]44Z!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"4^!
"TKZ["TK6! *;B;IG=:;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!""_!"4_!"6^!
"TKK!
5C=FC@!A=<JB=@A!H@J!IB=LR;<!I?GG=@A!]P!DH!=@!%CLSG3!""_!"4_!"U^!
"TKO["TKT! 5CB;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"U^f!V=@;H<!DHBW[IDH=@!FHLSB=@A!]OP3Nh!
CW!%CLSH<GL;@G!"4_!"6^!
"TNK! !
5CB;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!""^!
"TNN["TNP! 5CB;!W;BB=@A!]%CLSH<GL;@G!"4_!"6_!"K^!
"TNO! !
5BH@G=@A!i;B?GC@A!]4T!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
!
U!
"TO"["TO4! *;B;IG=:;!W;BB=@A!]"4P!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
"TO4! !
5BH@G=@A!i;B?GC@A!]6Z!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
"TO6! !
'D=@@=@A!]6U!DH!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!"K^!
"TPP! !
E;BB=@A!?@J;<!GD;!+HBHMH@!&@=WC<L!*MFG;L!]%CLSG3!""_!"4_"6_!"K^!
!
(@!"TKU_!GD;!EC<;FG<M!2;SH<GL;@G!;FGHRB=FD;J!H!G<H=@=@A!I;@G<;!=@!%CLSH<GL;@G!
"Z! CW! *?@AH=! 7?BCD! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;3! ! 'D=F! I;@G<;! >HF! @HL;J! b8HLSC@A! %?RR=GG!
EC<;FG!)=BBHA;c!!HWG;<!+<3!9#*!%?R=GG_!>DC!J=<;IG;J!WC<;FG<M!=@!+HBHMH!W<CL!"T"K!
GC!"T4T3!!!
!
8HLSC@A! %?RR=GG! =@IB?J;J! H! WC<;FG! @?<F;<M! H@J! H! F;<=;F! CW! ;XS;<=L;@GHB!
G<;HGL;@G! SBCGF! ]SBCGF! DHJ! R;;@! W=<FG! F;G! ?S! =@! *?@A;=! 7?BCD! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;!
R;WC<;!"T6Z^3!!,@!H<;H!CW!HSS<CX=LHG;BM!6Z!DH!H<C?@J!8HLSC@A!%?RR=GG!<;LH=@F!
HF!GD;!RHF;!CW!GD;!*;BH@AC<!*GHG;!EC<;FG<M!2;SH<GL;@GdF!'<H=@=@A!&@=G3!!'D;!<;FG!
CW!*?@A;=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!>HF!;XI=F;J!J?<=@A!GD;!J;:;BCSL;@G!CW!GD;!8CGH!
2HLH@FH<H!GC>@FD=S3!
!
E=A3! ! 'D;! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;! ].;BBC>! 7C?@JH<M^! >HF! F;G! HF=J;! WC<!
IC@F;<:HG=C@! HF! SH<G! CW! GD;! #(,! <;Y?=<;L;@GF! WC<! GD;! *?@A;=! 7?BCD! EC<;FG!
-;F;<:;!2;:;BCSL;@G!]*7E-2^!5<C\;IG!]"TT"^3!
!
7)%#&*'!)+$8'!$,&%*2';&-<"%':"."-5"!
!
0@!4"!2;I;LR;<!"TT6!H@!H<;H!CW!UZ43N!DH!>;<;!;XI=F;J!W<CL!GD;!WC<;FG!<;F;<:;!
H@J!C@!6!E;R<?H<M!"TTU!GD=F!;XI=F;J!H<;H!>HF!<;[IC@FG=G?G;J!HF!GD;!*?@AH=!7?BCD!
7CGH@=I! 9H<J;@! -;F;<:;! ]b'HLH@! 7CGH@=c^! ?@J;<! *;IG=C@! N4! ]"^! CW! GD;! 1HG=C@HB!
VH@J! %CJ;! "TNK! ]9313! OO["TTU^3! ! 'D;! 'HLH@! 7CGH@=_! ?@J;<! GD;! IC@G<CB! CW! GD;!
*GHG;!*;I<;GH<M!ICLS<=F;J!GD<;;!<;F;<:;J!SH<I;BF_!!
!
,3 5'!4OZZNg4OZZP!]K43Z!DH^_!!
73 5'!4OZZO!]63O!DH^!H@J!!
%3 5'!4OZZT!]6UN3T!DH^3!!!
!
'D;F;!SH<I;BF!>;<;!J=FSBHM;J!C@!GD;!AHa;GG;!SBH@!5j!PT"!]F;;!F#UV!L^3!
!
!
K!
!
F#UV!LV!!!'D;!*?@AH=!7?BCD!7CGH@=I!9H<J;@!-;F;<:;!]HJHSG;J!W<CL!5j!PT"^!
!
0@!"O!i?@;!4ZZU_!@CG=I;!CW!GD;!=@G;@G=C@!GC!;XI=F;!KP3P6!DH!W<CL!bVCG!5'!4OZZPc!
]GH`;@! GC! <;W;<! GC! SH<I;BF! ,/7^! CW! GD;! 'HLH@! 7CGH@=! >HF! S?RB=FD;J! ]91! PPN[
4ZZU^3!!(G!>HF!<;SC<G;J!GDHG!@C!CR\;IG=C@F!GC!GD=F!S<CSCFHB!>;<;!BCJA;J!>=GD!GD;!
*GHG;!*;I<;GH<M!H@J!C@!N!,?A?FG!4ZZU!GD;!HIG?HB!;XI=F=C@!>HF!AHa;GG;J!]91!"N"T[
4ZZU^3!!!
!
/"3","-0!
!
0@! 4Z! +HM! 4ZZ4! @;>FSHS;<F! <;SC<G;J! GDHG! GD;! *GHG;! 9C:;<@L;@G! DHJ!
HRH@JC@;J!GD;!SBH@!GC!;FGHRB=FD!H!RCGH@=I!AH<J;@!=@!*?@AH=!7?BCD!H@J!SBH@@;J!GC!
<;:C`;!GD;!'HLH@!7CGH@=!<;F;<:;!GC!G?<@!GD;!H<;H!=@GC!H!I;L;G;<M!H@J!<;F=J;@G=HB!
J;:;BCSL;@G3! (@! C<J;<! GC! CSSCF;! GD;! J;:;BCSL;@G! H@J! IC@F;<:;! GD;! WC<;FG_! GD;!
+HBHMF=H@! 1HG?<;! *CI=;GM! ]+1*^! >C<`;J! >=GD! BCIHB! <;F=J;@GFd! HFFCI=HG=C@F! GC!
WC<L!GD;!E<=;@JF!CW!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!]EC82^!A<C?S=@A!>=GD!GD;!=@G;@G!GC!LH@HA;!
GD;!'HLH@!7CGH@=!HF!GD;!b8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!%CLL?@=GM!EC<;FG!5H<`c3!
!
0@! "6! 2;I;LR;<! 4ZZN_! GD;! *;BH@AC<! #X;I?G=:;! %C?@I=B! ]++81! 6Zg4ZZN^!
HSS<C:;J! =@! S<=@I=SB;! GD;! ;FGHRB=FDL;@G! CW! H! I;L;G;<M! C@! KZ! HI<;F! ]4Z34! DH^!
=@F=J;! SH<I;B! %! CW! GD;! 'HLH@! 7CGH@=! ]=@! =@! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! *;IG=C@! T! ,JJ=G=C@_!
CSSCF=G;!'HLH@!-=LRH!-=H@A_!*;IG=C@!P^3!!'D;!*GHG;!*;I<;GH<M!AH:;!IC@G<CB!C:;<!
GD;! I;L;G;<M! GC! +75i! >DC! IC@G<HIG;J! 581*! (@W<H! 7;<DHJ! GC! ;FGHRB=FD! GD;!
I;L;G;<M! ]=@IB?J=@A! H! F?<H?^3! ! 0@! "O! +H<ID! 4ZZO! H! A<C?@JR<;H`=@A! I;<;LC@M!
>HF!D;BJ!H@J!G<;;!W;BB=@A!H@J!;H<GD>C<`F!ICLL;@I;J3!
!
(@! 0IGCR;<! 4ZZP_! -;FC?<I;! *G;>H<JFD=S! %C@F?BGH@GF! *J@! 7DJ! ]-#*%&^! IH<<=;J!
C?G!H!A<C?@J!F?<:;M!CW!GD;!H<;H!WC<!EC82!H@J!J;G;<L=@;J!GDHG!GD;!;@G=<;!4Z34!DH!
HBBCIHG;J!WC<!GD;!I;L;G;<M!DHJ!R;;@!BCAA;J!=@!GD;!L=JJB;!CW!4ZZO3!!,RC?G!"K!DH!
DHJ!F=@I;!R;;@!FG<=SS;J!IB;H<!WC<!H!BH<A;!HII;FF!<CHJ_!SBCGF!CW!A<H:;F!H@J!H!F?<H?3!!
'D;! <;LH=@=@A! K! DH! DHJ! R;;@! BCAA;J_! >=GD! HBB! BH<A;! G<;;F! <;LC:;J_! R?G! DHJ!
!
N!
HB<;HJM! FGH<G;J! GC! <;A;@;<HG;! >=GD! H! J;@F;! ?@J;<A<C>GD! CW! :;A;GHG=C@!
;FGHRB=FD;J3!
!
=$,&'>&3&%.&-&'9$-".,':"."-5"!
$
0@! "P! E;R<?H<M! 4Z"Z_! GD;! *;BH@AC<! 9C:;<@L;@G! AHa;GG;J! 64"3OUP! DH! ]LCFG! CW!
SH<I;B! %_! ;XIB?J=@A! GD;! I;L;G;<M! H<;H^! HF! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;! ]91!
6TP["Z^!H@J!IBHFF=W=;J!=G!HF!HL;@=GM!WC<;FG_!;J?IHG=C@!WC<;FG!H@J!<;F;H<ID!WC<;FG!
]91!UZ4["Z^3!!'D;!S<;F;@G!S<C\;IG!=F!I;@G<;J!C@!GD=F!H<;H!>D=ID!=F!<;W;<<;J!GC!HF!
k82E-d!R;BC>3!
!
'D;!A;@;<HB!GCSCA<HSDM!CW!82E-!=F!FDC>@!=@!F#UV!I3!
!
!"#$%&'%
(#
!"#!,&'%,#
!"#)*
&+,-#
!
+/
&
%
"#.
0#
!
F#UV!I3!9;@;<HB!'CSCA<HSDM!CW!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!
!
!
O!
:PN?PQ<,1P%S!A11<11R<B%!
!
?&@*,&,'
!
'D;<;!H<;!W=:;!LH=@!G;<<H=@!?@=GF!=@!82E-_!RHF;J!C@!GD;!?@J;<BM=@A!A;CBCAM!CW!GD;!
WC<;FG!]F#U!W^3!
!
!"#$%&'(
,$-.*#/$0(
1*22-(3*#%$(
!"#$%&'(
)%**+(
7'""#8'(
4.#"&5(
6%-0'(
!
F#UV!W3!!9;CBCA=IHB!G;<<H=@!?@=GF!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!]HJHSG;J!W<CL!
"TT"!#(,^3!
!
V=L!]"TT"^!?F;J!VH@JFHG!'+!JHGH!W<CL!E;R<?H<M!"TT"!]E=A3^!H@J!=J;@G=W=;J!WC?<!
RHF=I!IHG;AC<=;F!CW!DHR=GHG!=@!82E-!>D=ID!D;!G;<L;J!Q"_!Q4_!Q6!H@J!QU!]F#UV!X^3!!!
!
$'"
$&"
!"
$%"
$("
!
#"
!
P!
F#UV!XV!!%BHFF=W=IHG=C@!CW!J=WW;<;@G!;IC[GMS;!DHR=GHGF!]Q"[QU^!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!
EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!]HJHSG;J!W<CL!V=L!]"TT"^^!
YJ!l!$.5&042&9*!5#-2/0K&5!Z.0&-2e!GHBB!S<=LH<M!G<;;!FS;I=;F!>=GD!=@GHIG!I<C>@F_!
FLHBB!SHGID;F!CW!IBCF;J!IH@CSM_!<=ID!A<C?@J!:;A;GHG=C@!>D;<;!IH@CSM!DHF!
R<C`;@f!
YL![!6&4\#9*!5#-2/0K&5!Z.0&-2e!FSH<F;!<;B=IG!G<;;F_!GD=I`!<;A;@;<HG=C@!CW!
F;IC@JH<M!G<;;!FS;I=;Ff!
YI![!-&'.+540*!\&U&242#.+e!S<HIG=IHBBM!@C!GHBB!G<;;F!FGH@J=@A_!HJ:H@I;J!R;B?`H<f!
YW![!'9&40&5!40&4-e!HRH@JC@;J!HA<=I?BG?<;_!BHBBH@A_!Y?H<<M3!
!
(@!4ZZK_!H@!HFF;FFL;@G!CW!GD;!WC<;FG!WC?@J!GDHG!6Ph!CW!GD;!H<;H!>HF!FD<?RBH@J!
H@J! N4h! >HF! F;IC@JH<M! WC<;FG_! LCFGBM! F;IC@JH<M! FS;I=;F! F?ID! HF! A&2&-&%#&'
#*#&%,"&%'H@J!B+.,$%*&'.28$+&-*.H!R?G!GD;<;!>;<;!FCL;!S<=LH<M!FS;I=;F!F?ID!HF!
78$-"&' 1+&,02+&<$.' H@J! C%.,*&' 1&+"3@&%*2&! ]*HBB;D! 4ZZN^3! ! (@! 4ZZP_! GD;! -#*%&!
F?<:;M!@CG;J!GDHG!H!@?LR;<!CW!CGD;<!H<;HF!=@!82E-!DHJ!R;;@!IB;H<;J3!!,BB!GD;F;!
H<;HF!H<;!J=FSBHM;J!C@!F#UV!]3!
!
!
F#UV!]V!!#@I<CHIDL;@G!=@GC!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;3!
"3 ,<;H!BCAA;J!WC<!GD;!I;L;G;<M!R?G!@CG!M;G!IB;H<;J!]K!DH^f!
43 ,<;H!IB;H<;J!WC<!GD;!I;L;G;<M!H@J!F?<H?!]"K!DH^f!
63 ,@!HRH@JC@;J!SBCG!4KZ!L!FC?GD[;HFG!CW!GD;!I;L;G;<M!]U34!DH^f!
U3 ,RH@JC@;J!FH@J!L=@;!R;D=@J!2d-=LRH!,SH<GL;@GF!]"U!DH^f!
K3 ,!D;H:=BM!J;A<HJ;J!H<;H!GC!GD;!@C<GD!CW!*+8!*;`FM;@!"Z!]63K!DH^f!H@J!
N3 ,!I;L;@G;J[C:;<!H<;H!GC!GD;!FC?GD!CW!*;IG=C@!T!]"34!DH^3!
!
!
D+&%,'71"2*".'
!
!
T!
'D;! #(,! WC<! GD;! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! J;:;BCSL;@G! ],a=a! "TT"^! =@:;@GC<=;J! PU! G<;;!
FS;I=;F! HBC@A! B=@;! G<H@F;IGF! HI<CFF! 82E-! R?G! WC?@J! GDHG! b@C@;! CW! GD;F;! FS;I=;F!
HSS;H<!H<;!;@J;L=I!C<!;@JH@A;<;J!HF!GD;M!H<;!Y?=G;!ICLLC@!=@!H<;HF!CW!F=L=BH<!
@HG?<;!;BF;>D;<;!=@!GD;!IC?@G<Mc3!!*HBB;D!]4ZZK^!IH<<=;J!C?G!H@!=@:;@GC<M!=@!G>C!
"[DH!SBCGF!=@!GD;!@C<GD!H@J!FC?GD!CW!82E-!H@J!WC?@J!H!GCGHB!CW!4KP!SBH@G!FS;I=;F!
=@! 82E-! ]=@IB?J=@A! K6! L;J=I=@HB! FS;I=;F^! R?G! HBFC! WC?@J! GDHG! b@C! <H<;! C<!
;@JH@A;<;J! FS;I=;F! WC<! GD=F! GMS;! CW! WC<;FG! >HF! WC?@Jc3! ! ,! RCC`B;G! S<CJ?I;J! RM!
+1*! ]i?GGH! 4ZZN^! =J;@G=W=;J! H@! HJJ=G=C@HB! 4Z! SBH@G! FS;I=;F! R?G! @C@;! CW! GD;!
FS;I=;F!>;<;!@CG;J!GC!R;!SH<G=I?BH<BM!<H<;!C<!GD<;HG;@;J3!
!
*=@I;! GD;F;! ;H<B=;<! FG?J=;F_! =G! DHF! R;;@! <;SC<G;J! GDHG! GD;! <H<;! >HG;<! SBH@G_!
/-01,$2$-0%"' 3*%*3&! ]F#UV! ^^! H@J! GD;! ;@J;L=I! WBC>;<_! !"#$%*&' &"()*+&,"-&+*.'
]F#UV!_^_!>;<;!S<;F;@G!=@!82E-3!!'D;!W=<FG!<;IC<J!CW!GD;F;!FS;I=;F!=@!GD;!H<;H!>HF!!
W=<FG! S?RB=FD;J! =@! 4ZZO! >D;@! GD;! LH=@FG<;HL! L;J=H! @CG;J! GDHG! GD;! 8CGH!
2HLH@FH<H! WC<;FG! >HF! R;=@A! IB;H<;J! WC<! GD;! I;L;G;<M! ]%D=;>! 4ZZO^3! ! 'D;!
;X=FG=@A!LH@HA;L;@G!SBH@!]*HBB;D!4ZZN^!DHJ!@CG!GH`;@!GD;!G>C!<H<;!SBH@G!FS;I=;F!
=@GC!HIIC?@G3!!'D;<;WC<;_!FS;I=W=I!HFF;FFL;@GF!CW!GD;F;!FS;I=;F!>;<;!IH<<=;J!C?G!
]F;;!A++&`!L!H@J!A++&`!I^3!
!
!
F#UV! ^V! ! 'D;! b>HG;<! G<?LS;Gc_! /-01,$2$-0%"' 3*%*3&' =F! WC?@J! C@BM! =@! W<;FD>HG;<!
F>HLS! WC<;FGF! F?ID! HF! GDHG! =@! GD;! @C<GD! CW! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;3!
]%<;J=Ge!Q3!7;<@H<J!4ZZO^!
!
!
"Z!
!
F#UV!_V!!'D;!FG<;HL[F=J;!WBC>;<_!!"#$%*&'&"()*+&,"-&+*.E'DHF!C@BM!R;;@!WC?@J!=@!GD;!
*?@AH=!7?BCD!H<;H3!!]%<;J=Ge!.3+3!%DH@_!4ZZP^!
!
B%*3&+'71"2*".'
!
'D;! #(,! WC<! GD;! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! J;:;BCSL;@G! ]V=L! "TT"^! =@:CB:;J! "Z! JHMF! CW!
=@G;@F=:;! W=;BJ! F?<:;M=@A! H@J! G<HSS=@A! GCA;GD;<! >=GD! <;W;<@I;! GC! FI=;@G=W=I!
B=G;<HG?<;! C@! GD;! H<;H! W<CL! "TNZ["TTZ3! ! 'D=F! FG?JM! <;IC<J;J! H! GCGHB! CW! 6KO!
:;<G;R<HG;!FS;I=;F!=@!GD;!*?@A;=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!2;:;BCSL;@G!H<;H3!!0W!GD;!
GCGHB_!NP!>;<;!LHLLHBF_!464!>;<;!R=<JF!H@J!KO!>;<;!D;<S;GCWH?@H!]UU!<;SG=B;F!
H@J!"6!HLSD=R=H^3!!,!SH<G=I?BH<BM!D=AD!@?LR;<!CW!H@=LHBF!>;<;!WC?@J!=@!>DHG!=F!
@C>!GD;!82E-!]bmC@;!,c!=@!F#UV!a^!>D;<;!6"K!FS;I=;F!>;<;!<;IC<J;J3!!mC@;!7!DHJ!
"TU!FS;I=;F!H@J!mC@;!%!DHJ!O4!FS;I=;F3!!!
!
FIGURE 1.3
!
!"
#"
$"
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
F#UV!aV!!F"G,H'mC@;F!?F;J!RM!V=L!]"TT"^!>=GD!C:;<[BHM!CW!82E-!]FDHJ;J^!
Classjfied LANDSAT TM data showing the
distriburion
"'"" of
habitat/tanduse pattern (reurirary- t-g-gii)
",
!
:*#8,H'VH@JFHG!'+!=LHA;!]1HG=C@HB!-;LCG;!*;@F=@A!%;@G<;_!E;R3!"TT"^!!
Source; National Remote Sensing Centre, Kuala Lumpur
!
KEY
:
Dark blue
Green
Yellow
Light $ee.r
Light red
hite
G.ey
l
!
""!
-
-
Disturbed primary foest
Iniensely logged iecondary forest
IJelU{'i
klang/abandonedagriculturalarea
HabrEted/highly disturbed area
tsare soivsand
Road
(@!4ZZ6_!HJJ=G=C@HB!F?<:;MF!C@!GD;!R=<J!B=W;!CW!GD;!82E-!>;<;!IH<<=;J!C?G!RM!+1*!
H@J! H@! HJJ=G=C@HB! ID;I`B=FG! CW! GD;! R=<JF! CW! GD;! H<;H! >HF! ICLS=B;J"! ]*;RHFG=H@!
4ZZ6^3!!QC>;:;<!GD=F!B=FG!HSS;H<F!GC!R;!C?G!CW!JHG;F!F=@I;!=G!=@IB?J;F!F?ID!HF!GD;!
9<;HG! ,<A?F! B-#).*&%).' &-#).' ]F#UV! ! JM^! >D=ID! JC;F! @CG! HSS;H<! GC! DH:;! R;;@!
CRF;<:;J! =@! GD;! H<;H! F=@I;! GD;! IB;H<H@I;! CW! GD;! WC<;FG! WC<! GD;! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H!
GC>@FD=S3!!'D;!BHFG!<;IC<J!HSS;H<F!GC!DH:;!R;;@!LHJ;!C@!"U!iH@?H<M!"TTZ!>D;@!
HG!B;HFG!WC?<!=@J=:=J?HBF!>;<;!D;H<J!IHBB=@A!=@!GD;!:=I=@=GM!CW!*?@AH=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!
-;F;<:;!]%DC@A!"TTZ^3!
!
F#UV! JM3! ! 'D;! 9<;HG! ,<A?F! SD;HFH@G! >HF! C@I;! WC?@J! =@! *?@AH=! 7?BCD! EC<;FG!
-;F;<:;!R?G!=F!@C>!R;B=;:;J!GC!DH:;!R;;@!;XG=<SHG;J!W<CL!GD;!H<;H3!
!
+C<;! <;I;@GBM_! H! +HF`;J! E=@WCCG! ?"+*$1&*.' 1"-.$%&,).' ]F#UV! JJ^_! H@! ;@JH@A;<;J!
>HG;<! R=<J_! DHF! R;;@! <;IC<J;J! W<CL! GD;! 82E-3! ! 'D;! F=ADG=@A! ]*;RHFG=H@! ;G! HB3!
4ZZU^!>HF!CW!H!FCB=GH<M!W;LHB;!C@!GD;!;JA;!CW!GD;!>HG;<_!L=J>HM!HBC@A!GD;!*HBB;D!
G<H=B!CW!GD;!LH=@!SC@J!H<;H3!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"!'D=F!ICLS=BHG=C@!JC;F!@CG!LH`;!<;W;<;@I;!GC!H!B=FG!GDHG!HSS;H<F!GC!DH:;!R;;@!
S<CJ?I;J!RM!GD;!2;SH<GL;@G!CW!j=BJB=W;!H@J!1HG=C@HB!5H<`F_!5;@=@F?BH<!+HBHMF=H!
]b5;<D=B=GH@!"TTPc^!>D=ID!B=FGF!FCL;!R=<J!FS;I=;F!GDHG!H<;!@CG!=@IB?J;J!D;<;3!
!
"4!
F#UV! JJV! ! ,! +HF`;J! E=@WCCG! ?"+*$1&*.' 1"-.$%&,).' DHF! R;;@! F=ADG;J! =@! 8CGH!
2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;3!](LHA;e!'353!0@A!4ZZK^3!
!
'D;!;X=FG=@A!LH@HA;L;@G!SBH@!@CG;F!GDHG!bGD;<;!=F!FG=BB!H!<;BHG=:;BM!D=AD!@?LR;<!
CW! >=BJB=W;! S<;F;@G! =@! GD;! H<;H! ;FS;I=HBBM! R=<JFc! ]*HBB;D! 4ZZN^3! ! (@! HJJ=G=C@! GC!
R=<JF_!H!F?<:;M!IH<<=;J!C?G!RM!*HBB;D!]4ZZK^!?F;J!G>C!B=@;!G<H@F;IGF!>=GD!"K!FLHBB!
LHLLHB!IHA;!G<HSF_!6!L=FG!@;GF!H@J!"!DH<S!G<HS!H@J!BCIHB!ICLL?@=GM!=@G;<:=;>F3!!
'D=F!F?<:;M!WC?@J!C@BM!"K!FS;I=;F!CW!@C@[H:=H@!:;<G;R<HG;F!=@!82E-3!!0W!GD;F;!"Z!
>;<;!LHLLHBF!H@J!W=:;!>;<;!D;<S;GCWH?@H!]GD<;;!<;SG=B;F!H@J!G>C!HLSD=R=H@F^3!!
i?GGH! ]4ZZN^! <;IC<J;J! GD;! WCBBC>=@A! FS;I=;F! CW! :;<G;R<HG;! H@J! =@:;<G;R<HG;!
H@=LHBF!GDHG!DHJ!@CG!R;;@!@CG;J!=@!GD;!G>C!S<;:=C?F!FG?J=;Fe!B+2"<$'3"%*%,*%#E'
4"2$180++&'.3&-&#<*%&E'D"+&-#$1.*.'2&1"%.*.E'H@J'I*%<)+&'<"J$%"K''!
!
(@! C<J;<! GC! IC@W=<L! GD;! IC@G=@?;J! S<;F;@I;! CW! >=BJB=W;! =@! 82E-! H! IHL;<H[
G<HSS=@A! ;X;<I=F;! >HF! IH<<=;J! C?G! ]A++&`! W^3! ! 'D=F! FG?JM! WC?@J! GDHG! LHLLHBF!
F?ID!HF!J;;<_!S=AF!H@J!LC@`;MF!IC@G=@?;!GC!=@DHR=G!GD;!H<;H3!!QC>;:;<_!GD;!FG?JM!
HBFC!@CG;J!GDHG!D?@G=@A!H@J!G<HSS=@A!>HF!@CG!?@J;<!IC@G<CB3!
!
!
"6!
RABAE<R<B%!,<8NRR<B?A%PNB1!
!
D-*%2*1+".'
!
jD;<;! <;B;:H@G_! GD;! S<=@I=SB;F! H@J! S<C:=F=C@F! CW! GD;! ;X=FG=@A! LH@HA;L;@G! SBH@!
]*HBB;D! 4ZZN^! FDC?BJ! R;! WCBBC>;J3! ! 'D;! ;X=FG=@A! LH@HA;L;@G! SBH@! <;W;<F! GC! GD;!
WCBBC>=@A! R<CHJ! CR\;IG=:;Fe! bF?FGH=@HR=B=GM_! ;ICFMFG;L! LH@HA;L;@G_! =@I<;HF;J!
WC<;FG!S<CJ?IG=:=GM_!;@:=<C@L;@GHBBM!W<=;@JBM_!IC@F;<:HG=C@_!-/2_!<;I<;HG=C@!H@J!
;J?IHG=C@c3!!'D;!SBH@!HBFC!@CG;F!GD;!WCBBC>=@A!A;@;<HB!S<=@I=SB;e!!
!
b%C@F;<:HG=C@!CW!R=CJ=:;<F=GM!=F!<;ICA@=F;J!HF!H@!=LSC<GH@G!WHIGC<!=@!GD;!
LH@HA;L;@G! CW! GD;! H<;H3! ! 'D=F! >=BB! R;! G<H@FBHG;J! =@GC! =J;@G=W=IHG=C@! CW!
H<;HF! WC<! FC=B_! >HG;<! H@J! R=CJ=:;<F=GM! IC@F;<:HG=C@_! ;@F?<=@A! GDHG! HBB!
;X=FG=@A! <;A?BHG=C@F! C@! IC@F;<:HG=C@! H<;! CRF;<:;J! H@J! nGD;<;! >=BB! R;o!
IC@G=@?C?F! LC@=GC<=@A! CW! GD;! =LSHIG! CW! LH@HA;L;@G! HIG=:=G=;F! C@!
R=CJ=:;<F=GM3c!
!
'D;!=@!B=@;!>=GD!GD;F;!S<=@I=SB;F_!GD;!SBH@!A=:;F!GD<;;!FS;I=W=I!CR\;IG=:;Fe!]"^!@C!
HB=;@HG=C@!C<!BCAA=@Af!]4^!AHa;GG;!HF!H!ICLL?@=GM!WC<;FG!SH<`f!]6^!<;DHR=B=GHG;!GD;!
WC<;FG3! ! (@! B=@;! >=GD! GD;F;! CR\;IG=:;_! GD;! SBH@! =@IB?J;F! GD;! H=L! GC! bS<C:=J;! H!
A?=J;B=@;! C@! :H<=C?F! IC@F;<:HG=C@! =FF?;F! F?ID! H! @HG?<HB! WC<;FG! IC@:;<F=C@_!
;@:=<C@L;@GHB! IC@F;<:HG=C@! H@J! R=CJ=:;<F=GM! IC@F;<:HG=C@c3! ! 'D;! SBH@! DHF! H!
F;IG=C@! C@! WC<;FG! :;A;GHG=C@! ]F! 4343U^_! C@! WH?@HB! J=:;<F=GM! ]F! 4343K^_! C@!
IC@F;<:HG=C@!HIG=:=G=;F!]F!U343K^3!
!
'D;!;X=FG=@A!LH@HA;L;@G!SBH@!<;ICLL;@JF!GD;!WCBBC>=@A!<;F;H<ID!S<=C<=G=;Fe!H3!
J;GH=B;J! WBC<H! F?<:;Mf! R3! J;GH=B;J! WH?@H! /! DHR=GHG! F?<:;Mf! I3! HFF;FFL;@G! CW! GD;!
=LSHI;!CW!I?<<;@G!J;:;BCSL;@G!HIG=:=G=;F!C@!GD;!;ICFMFG;L!CW!GD;!H<;Hf!J3!F;G!?S!
JHGHRHF;!CW!>=BJB=W;!S<;F;@G_!=@!SH<G=I?BH<!`;MFGC@;!FS;I=;F3!
!
D+&%,'71"2*".'
!
*S;I=HB! HGG;@G=C@! FDC?BJ! R;! LHJ;! GC! H:C=J! @;AHG=:;! =LSHIGF! C@! GD;! <H<;! SBH@G!
FS;I=;F3!!!"#$%*&'&"()*+&,"-&+*.'A<C>F!C@!GD;!RH@`F!CW!IB;H@!W<;FD>HG;<!FG<;HLF!
?@J;<! =@GHIG! S<=LH<M[WC<;FG! IH@CSM3! ! /-01,$2$-0%"' 3*%*3&' A<C>F! =@! BC>[BM=@A!
W<;FD>HG;<! F>HLSF3! ! 'D;! BCIHG=C@F! CW! GD;! CSG=LHB! DHR=GHGF! WC<! GD;F;! FS;I=;F! =@!
82E-!H<;!=@J=IHG;J!C@!F#U!JL3!!!
!
1C! IB;H<H@I;! CW! WC<;FG! C<! W;BB=@A! CW! G<;;F! FDC?BJ! R;! S;<L=GG;J! =@F=J;! 82E-3!!
QC>;:;<_! =@! I;<GH=@! =@FGH@I;F_! GD;! B=L=G;J! IB;H<H@I;! CW! ?@J;<A<C>GD! WC<! GD;!
IC@FG<?IG=C@! CW! HL;@=GM! G<H=BF! ]F#UV! JI! /! JW^! FDC?BJ! R;! HBBC>;J3! ! 'D;!
IC@FG<?IG=C@!CW!@;>!G<H=BF!FDC?BJ!WCBBC>!R;FG[S<HIG=I;!A?=J;B=@;F!]F?ID!HF!GDCF;!
J;:;BCS;J! RM! GD;! (@G;<@HG=C@HB! +C?@GH=@! 7=IMIB=@A! ,FFCI=HG=C@^! H@J! R;! A?=J;J!
RM! ;XS;<GF! W<CL! A<C?SF! F?ID! HF! GD;! '<H=B! ,FFCI=HG=C@! CW! 8?HBH! V?LS?<! H@J!
*;BH@AC<! ]'-,8*^3! ! E?<GD;<LC<;_! ;ICBCA=FGF! W<CL! E-(+! C<! +1*! FDC?BJ! R;!
!
"U!
IC@F?BG;J!S<=C<!GC!W=@HB=F=@A!GD;!HB=A@L;@G!CW!@;>!G<H=BF!GC!;@F?<;!GDHG!SHGID;F!CW!
<H<;! SBH@GF! H<;! H:C=J;J3! ! *S;I=HB! ;WWC<GF! FDC?BJ! R;! GH`;@! GC! H:C=J! FC=B! ;<CF=C@! [!
SH<G=I?BH<BM!?SFG<;HL!CW!SCS?BHG=C@F!CW!R;AC@=HF!C<!I<MSGFK'
'
'D;! <;[=@G<CJ?IG=C@! CW! <H<;! FS;I=;F! F?ID! HF! R;AC@=HF! C<! I<MSGF! FDC?BJ! R;!
IC@F=J;<;J! HG! HSS<CS<=HG;! BCIHG=C@F! @;H<! ;J?IHG=C@HB! FSCGF! F?ID! HF! GD;! =@[F=G?!
=@J=A;@C?F!L;J=I=@HB!SBH@GF!AH<J;@!H@J!HBC@A!GD;!*HBB;D!'<H=B3!
8!
8!
:!
:!
:!
:!
!
F#UV!JLV!!8;M!BCIHB=G=;F!WC<!IC@F;<:HG=C@!CW!!"#$%*&'&"()*+&,"-&+*.']7^!H@J!
/-01,$2$-0%"'3*%*3&']%^!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;3!!
!
-;FGC<HG=C@! CW! J;A<HJ;J! H<;HF! ]F#UV! ]^! FDC?BJ! R;! IC@F=J;<;J3! ! 'D;! ;LSDHF=F!
FDC?BJ! R;! C@! ;@IC?<HA=@A! @HG?<HB! <;A;@;<HG=C@! H@M! <;[F;;J=@A! C<! <;SBH@G=@A!
FDC?BJ!;@F?<;!GDHG!C@BM!@HG=:;!FS;I=;F!H<;!?F;J!]<;W;<!GC!A++&`!J^3!!%C@G<CBB=@A!
=@:HF=:;!SBH@G!FS;I=;F!FDC?BJ!R;!H!SH<G=I?BH<!IC@I;<@!H@J!GD;!<;LC:HB!CW!,IHI=H_!
V;?IH;@H_!*HB:=@=H_!;GI3!FDC?BJ!R;!IC@F=J;<;J3!
!
"K!
!
!
2%$11&3"()$*%/"
(&0-$1"()$*%"
#+,-./"()$*%"
#$%%&'"()$*%"
F#UV!JIV!!*GHI`;J[BCCS!G<H=BF!=@!GD;!FC?GD!CW!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!
7&++"8'L-&*+!]C<H@A;!B=@;^!R?=BG!=@!4ZZN!RM!+1*!HF!H@!;J?IHG=C@HB!G<H=B!
72$),.'L-&*+!]<;J!B=@;^!R?=BG!=@!4ZZT!RM!GD;!7?`=G!7=@GH@A!H@J!7H@AFH<!*IC?GF!
?@J;<!GD;!A?=JH@I;!CW!'-,8*!HF!H@!=@G;<L;J=HG;[B;:;B!LC?@GH=@[R=`;!G<H=B!
L"3)&%'L-&*+!]A<;;@!B=@;^!R?=BG!=@!4Z"Z!RM!H!G;HL!CW!';L?H@!>C<`;<F!/!'-,8*!
D+&%%"<'L-&*+.!]RBHI`!JCGG;J!B=@;F^!H<;!=@G;@J;J!GC!R;!CW!=@I<;HF=@A!B;:;BF!CW!
J=WW=I?BGM!]GD;!W=@HB!HB=A@L;@G!CW!GD;F;!G<H=BF!DHF!@CG!R;;@!J;G;<L=@;J^!
4+<"-',-&*+.!]A<;M!JCGG;J!B=@;F^!H<;!LCFGBM!C:;<A<C>@!H@J!@CG!LH=@GH=@;J!
!
!
"N!
!
Fig. 14. The TRAKS trails have been designed to have a low impact on the forest.
(Credit: Joe Adnan 2010)
!
B%*3&+'71"2*".'
!
'D;! ;X=FG=@A! LH@HA;L;@G! SBH@! FGHG;F! GDHG! W=FD=@A! FDC?BJ! @CG! R;! HBBC>;J! =@! GD;!
WC<;FG_! =@IB?J=@A! =@! GD;! ;X=FG=@A! SC@JF3! 'D;! SBH@! S<;FI<=R;F! GDHG! bF=A@HA;F!
S<CD=R=G=@A!W=FD=@A!FDC?BJ!R;!SBHI;J!@;H<!GD;!SC@JF!>=GD!S;@HBG=;F!GC!R;!SH=J!=W!
GD;M!H<;!IH?ADG!p!GD;!;@WC<I;L;@G!FDC?BJ!R;!FG<=IG!H@J!FDC?BJ!ICL;!?@J;<!GD;!
%CLL?@=GM! EC<;FG! 5H<`! +H@HA;L;@G! %CLL=GG;;dF! \?<=FJ=IG=C@3c! ! 'D=F! C?G<=ADG!
RH@! FDC?BJ! R;! <;IC@F=J;<;J! RM! DCBJ=@A! J=HBCA?;! F;FF=C@F! >=GD! GD;! BCIHB! W=FD=@A!
ICLL?@=GM3!!!,!S<CA<HLL;!GC!ICLR=@;!SC@J!IB;H@[?S!>=GD!W=FD=@A!<=ADGF!FDC?BJ!
R;!IC@F=J;<;J3!
!
*G;SF! FDC?BJ! R;! GH`;@! GC! ;@AHA;! GD;! BCIHB! ';L?H@! ICLL?@=GM_! +1*! H@J! GD;!
2;SH<GL;@G! CW! j=BJB=W;! H@J! 1HG=C@HB! 5H<`F! ]5;<D=B=GH@^! >=GD! <;AH<J! GC! W=FD=@A_!
D?@G=@A!H@J!G<HSS=@A!=@!82E-3!!!
!
#WWC<GF!FDC?BJ!R;!LHJ;!GC!;J?IHG;!GD;!S?RB=I!C@!GD;!JH@A;<!CW!W;;J=@A!LHIHY?;F3!!
5;<D=B=GH@!H@J!+1*!FDC?BJ!R;!<;Y?;FG;J!GC!S<C:=J;!F=A@F3!!!#WWC<GF!GC!IC@G<CB!GD;!
LC@`;MFd! HII;FF! GC! <;W?F;! FDC?BJ! HBFC! R;! LHJ;! ]F;I?<;! <?RR=FD! R=@F! FDC?BJ! R;!
S<C:=J;J!GC!<;F=J;@GF!>DC!<;Y?=<;!GD;L^3!
!
(@!GD;!BC@A!G;<L_!GD;!SCG;@G=HB!GC!IC@@;IG!>=BJB=W;!=@!82E-!>=GD!CGD;<!A<;;@!H<;HF!
FDC?BJ! R;! IC@F=J;<;J3! ! %C@@;IG=:=GM! IH@! R;! S<C:=J;J! RM! H! FMFG;L! CW! bFG;SS=@A!
FGC@;Fc_!D;JA;!<C>F_!G<;;[B=@;J!H:;@?;F_!<=:;<!<;F;<:;F!H@J!FC!C@3!
!
!
8NB8"=1PNB!
!
'D=F!<;SC<G!DHF!J;LC@FG<HG;J!GDHG!GD;!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!FG=BB!DHF!H!
>;HBGD!CW!R=CBCA=IHB!J=:;<F=GM3!!'D;!S<CX=L=GM!GC!8?HBH!V?LS?<!L;H@F!GDHG!82E-!
IH@! R;! H! FDC>IHF;! WC<! ;J?IHG=@A! GD;! S?RB=I! C@! GD;! HR?@JH@I;! CW! SBH@GF! H@J!
H@=LHBF!@HG=:;!GC!+HBHMF=H3!!'D;!SCG;@G=HB!HL;@=GM!:HB?;!CW!GD;!WC<;FG!IH@!R;!?F;J!
HF!H@!;@DH@I;J!\?FG=W=IHG=C@!WC<!GD;!IC@F;<:HG=C@!CW!GD;!WC<;FG!=@!=GF!@HG?<HB!FGHG;!
=@!S;<S;G?=GM3!
!
"O!
,&Z&0&+'&-!
,a=a! *HHJ! ]"TT"^3! *G?JM! CW! GD;! EBC<H! CW! *?@A;=! 7?BCD! 2;:;BCSL;@G! ,<;H3! (@e!
7"2,$-'7,)<*".'$%'9+$-&'&%<'9&)%&'$G'7)%#&*'!)+$83!!5;<RHJH@H@!8;LH\?H@!
1;A;<=!*;BH@AC<!]581*^_!5;GHB=@A!iHMH_!1C:;LR;<!"TT"3!
%D=;>_!Q!]4ZZO^3!k7;H?G=W?B!H@J!DH<JMdf!k*H:=@A!<H<;!SBH@GFd3!L8"'7,&-3!"O!,S<=B3!
!
%DC@A_!+3!]"TTZ^3!*?@AH=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;K''7)&-&'M%##&%#!6g"_!E;R<?H<M3!
i572! ]4ZZ4^3! ! VHSC<H@! %HJH@AH@! 5;BH@! *?R\;`e! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H3! iHRHGH@!
5;<H@IH@AH@!7H@JH<!JH@!2;FH_!8?HBH!V?LS?<3!
i?GGH_!+3!]4ZZN^3!B'7,"1'!"0$%<',8"'/*,0H';)*<"',$',8"'2$33$%'1+&%,.'&%<'&%*3&+.'
$G'=$,&'>&3&%.&-&'/$33)%*,0'9$-".,'D&-N3!+HBHMF=H@!1HG?<;!*CI=;GM3!
V=L_!73V3!]"TT"^3!*G?JM!CW!GD;!EH?@H!CW!*?@A;=!7?BCD!2;:;BCSL;@G!,<;H!]>=GD!H!
:=;>!GC!<;ICLL;@J!L;HF?<;F!GC!S<;F;<:;!=GF!WH?@H^3!!(@e!7"2,$-'7,)<*".'$%'
9+$-&'&%<'9&)%&'$G'7)%#&*'!)+$83!!5;<RHJH@H@!8;LH\?H@!1;A;<=!*;BH@AC<!
]581*^_!5;GHB=@A!iHMH_!1C:;LR;<!"TT"3!
581*!]"TT"^3!!:"1$-,'G$-',8"'1-"+*3*%&-0'"%5*-$%3"%,&+'*31&2,'&.."..3"%,'G$-',8"'
<"5"+$13"%,'$G'OPQQ'&2-".'$G'G$-".,'-"."-5"'&,'7)%#&*'!)+$8'*%,$'&'3$<"-%'
."+GR2$%,&*%"<' <"5"+$13"%,' &-"&' 2$31-*.*%#' -".*<"%,*&+E' 2$33"-2*&+'
*%.,*,),*$%&+' &%<' *%<).,-*&+' S$%".3! 5;<RHJH@H@! 8;LH\?H@! 1;A;<=! *;BH@AC<!
]581*^_!5;GHB=@A!iHMH3!
581*! ]"TT"^3! 7)11+"3"%,&-0' -"1$-,' ,$' ,8"' 1-"+*3*%&-0' MCB' .,)<0' G$-' ,8"'
<"5"+$13"%,' $G' 7#K' !)+$8' 9$-".,' :"."-5"' *%,$' &' 3$<"-%' ."+GR2$%,&*%"<'
<"5"+$13"%,' &-"&' 2$31-*.*%#' -".*<"%,*&+' -"2-"&,*$%&+E' 2$33"-2*&+'
*%.,*,),*$%&+' &%<' *%<).,-*&+' S$%".3! 5;<RHJH@H@! 8;LH\?H@! 1;A;<=! *;BH@AC<!
]581*^_!5;GHB=@A!iHMH3!
*HBB;D_! +313! ]4ZZK^3! ! 9$-".,' C%5"%,$-0E' :"1,*+"' &%<' A&33&+' 7)-5"0' G$-' 7#K' !)+$8'
9$-".,' :"."-5"E' 7"+&%#$-3! EC<e! -;F=J;@GF! H@J! 0>@;<F! ,FFCI=HG=C@! CW!
*;BH@AC<! 5CBC! H@J! #Y?;FG<=H@! %;@G<;_! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! ]-,*5#%^! H@J!
+HBHMF=H@!1HG?<;!*CI=;GM3!'<CS7=C!EC<;FG!*J@!7DJ_!8?HBH!V?LS?<3!!P!i?@;3!
*HBB;D_!+313!]4ZZN^3!!/$33)%*,0'9$-".,'D&-N'A&%&#"3"%,'D+&%'G$-'7)%#&*'!)+$8'
9$-".,' :"."-5"3! !EC<e! -;F=J;@GF! H@J! 0>@;<F! ,FFCI=HG=C@! CW! *;BH@AC<! 5CBC!
H@J! #Y?;FG<=H@! %;@G<;_! 8CGH! 2HLH@FH<H! ]-,*5#%^! H@J! GD;! +HBHMF=H@!
1HG?<;!*CI=;GM3!'<CS7=C!EC<;FG!*J@!7DJ_!8?HBH!V?LS?<3!K!iH@?H<M3!
*;RHFG=H@_! ,3i3! ]4ZZ6TK' !*-<+*.,H' 7#K' !)+$8' 9$-".,' :"."-5"' UL&3&%' !$,&%*T' R' &'
2$31*+&,*$%'$G'F*3'UVPPVTE'B%$%K'UVPPWT'B'A&.,"-1+&%'G$-',8"'/-"&,*$%'$G'&'
X&,*$%&+'!$,&%*2';&-<"%E'AX7'7"+&%#$-'!*-<';-$)1'UY)%"'ZQQOT3!!+HBHMF=H@!
1HG?<;!*CI=;GM_!8?HBH!V?LS?<3!!*;SG;LR;<!4ZZ63!
*;RHFG=H@_!,3i3_!'C@A!5;=!*=@!;G!HB3!]4ZZU^3!!'HLH@!7CGH@=_!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H3!!7)&-&'
M%##&%#!"4g4_!+H<ID[,S<=B3!
!
"P!
A++&`!JV!!Y#-2.0#'49!,&'.05-!.Z!!17&'#&-!Z0.$!1/+U&#!:/9.6!F.0&-2!,&-&0\&!!
7$)-2"e! V=L! ]"TT"^_! ,a=a! ]"TT"^_! *;RHFG=H@! ]4ZZ6^_! *HBB;D! ]4ZZK^! H@J! i?GGH!
]4ZZN^3!
Kingdom
/Class
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Amphibia
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Bufonidae
Bufonidae
Bufonidae
Elapidae
Elapidae
Elapidae
Elapidae
Elapidae
Emydiae
Emydiae
Emydiae
Microhylidae
Microhylidae
Pelobatidae
Pelobatidae
Pelobatidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Ranidae
Rhacophoridae
Testudinidae
Testudinidae
Trionychidae
Viperidae
Viperidae
Acanthizidae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Accipitridae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
Alcedinidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Bufo asper
Bufo melanosticus
Bufo parvus
Bungurus candidus
Maticora bivirgata
Maticora intestinalis
Naja naja
Ophiophagus hannah
Coura amboinensis
Cyclemys dentata
Hosemys spinosa
Kalophrynus p. pleurostigma
Kaloula pulchra
Leptobrachium hasselti
Leptobrachium nigrops
Megophrys monticola nasuta
Rana canrivora
Rana erythraea
Rana hosii
Rana laticeps
Rana limocharis
Rhacophorus prominanus
Indotestudo elongata
Manouria emys
Amyda cartilagineus
Trimeresurus sumatrana
Trimeresurus wagleri
Gerygone sulpurea
Accipiter trivirgatus
Aviceda leuphotes
Elanus caeruleus
Pernis apivorus
Spilornis cheela
Spizaetus cirrhatus
Alcedo atthis
Alcedo meninting
Ceyx erithacus
Ceyx rufidorsus
Halcyon capensis
Halcyon pileata
Halcyon smyrnensis
Aerodramus brevirostris
Aerodramus fuciphaga
Aerodramus maxima
Apus affinis
"T!
Kingdom
/Class
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Apodidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Apodidae
Batrachostomidae
Batrachostomidae
Batrachostomidae
Bucerotidae
Campephagidae
Campephagidae
Campephagidae
Campephagidae
Campephagidae
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgidae
Caprimulgidae
Chloropseidae
Chloropseidae
Chloropseidae
Chloropseidae
Chloropseidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Columbidae
Coraciidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Corvidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Apus pacificus
Collocalia esculenta
Cypsiurus batasiensis
Hirundapus cochinchinensis
Hirundapus giganteus
Rhaphidura leucopygialis
Batrachostomus auritus
Batrachostomus javensis
Batrachostomus stellatus
Anthracoceros malayanus
Hemipus hirundinaceus
Lalage nigra
Pericrocotus divaricatus
Pericrocotus flammeus
Pericrocotus igneus
Caprimulgus indicus
Caprimulgus macrurus
Eurostopodus temminckii
Aegithina tiphia
Aegithina viridissima
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
Chloropsis cynopogon
Chloropsis sonnerati
Chalcophaps indica
Ducula aenea
Ducula badia
Ducula bicolor
Geopelia striata
Streptopelia chinensis
Streptopelia tranquebarica
Treron curvirostra
Treron fulvicollis
Treron olax
Treron vernans
Eurystomus orientalis
Corvus enca
Corvus macrorhynchos
Corvus splendens
Platysmurus leucopterus
Cacomantis merulinus
Cacomantis sepulcralis
Cacomantis sonneratii
Cacomantis variolosus
Centropus bengalensis
Centropus sinensis
Chrysococcyx maculatus
Chrysococcyx malayanus
Chrysococcyx minutillus
Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus
4Z!
Kingdom
/Class
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Cuculidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicaeidae
Dicruridae
Dicruridae
Dicruridae
Dicruridae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Estrildidae
Eurylaimidae
Eurylaimidae
Eurylaimidae
Eurylaimidae
Falconidae
Hemiprocnidae
Hemiprocnidae
Hirudinidae
Hirudinidae
Hirudinidae
Hirudinidae
Irenidae
Lanidae
Lanidae
Megalaimidae
Megalaimidae
Megalaimidae
Megalaimidae
Megalaimidae
Clamator coromandus
Cuculus fugax
Cuculus micropterus
Cuculus saturatus
Cuculus spaveroides
Eudyanmys scolopacea
Phaenicophaaeus chlorophaeus
Phaenicophaaeus curvirostris
Phaenicophaaeus javanicus
Phaenicophaaeus sumatranus
Phaenicophaeus diardi
Surniculus lugubris
Dicaeum agile
Dicaeum chrysorrheum
Dicaeum concolor
Dicaeum cruentatum
Dicaeum trigonostigma
Prionochilus maculatus
Prionochilus percussus
Prionochilus thoracicus
Dicrurus aeneus
Dicrurus annectans
Dicrurus leucophaeus
Dicrurus paradiseus
Lonchura leucogastra
Lonchura maja
Lonchura malacca
Lonchura punctulata
Lonchura striata
Padda oryzivora
Calyptomena viridis
Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus
Eurylaimus javanicus
Eurylaimus ochromalus
Microhierax fringillarius
Hemiprocne comata
Hemiprocne longipennis
Delichon dasypus
Hirundo daurica
Hirundo rustica
Hirundo tahitica
Irena puella
Lanius cristatus
Lanius tigrinus
Calorhamphus fuliginosus
Megalaima australis
Megalaima chrysopogon
Megalaima hemacephala
Megalaima rafflesii
4"!
Kingdom
/Class
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Meropidae
Meropidae
Meropidae
Monarchidae
Monarchidae
Monarchidae
Monarchidae
Motacillidae
Motacillidae
Motacillidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Muscicapidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Nectariniidae
Oriolidae
Oriolidae
Passeridae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Phasianidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Picidae
Merops philippinus
Merops viridis
Nyctycrnis amicta
Hypothymis azurea
Philentoma pyrhopterum
Philentoma velatum
Tersiphone paradisi
Anthus novaeseeandiae
Dendronanthus indicus
Motacilla cinerea
Culicicapa ceylonensis
Cyanoptila cyanomelana
Cyornis banyumas
Cyornis tickelliae
Ficedula mugimaki
Ficedula zanthopygia
Muscicapa latirostris
Muscicapa sibirica
Rhinomyias bruneata
Rhinomyias umbratilis
Anthreptes malaccensis
Anthreptes rhodolaema
Anthreptes simplex
Anthreptes singalensis
Arachnothera affinis
Arachnothera chrysogenys
Arachnothera crassirostris
Arachnothera flavigaster
Arachnothera longirostris
Arachnothera robusta
Hypogramma hypogrammicum
Nectarinia calcosthetha
Nectarinia sperata
Oriolus chinensis
Oriolus xanthonotus
Passer montanus
Argusianus argus
Gallus gallus
Rollulus rouloul
Celeus brachyurus
Chrysocolaptes validus
Dinopium javanense
Dryocopus javansis
Meiglyptes tristis
Meiglyptes tukki
Mulleripicus pulverulentus
Picoides canicapillus
Picus mentalis
Picus miniaceus
44!
Kingdom
/Class
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Picidae
Picidae
Pitidae
Pitidae
Ploceidae
Psittacidae
Psittacidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Pycnonotidae
Rallidae
Rhipiduridae
Rhipiduridae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Strigidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sturnidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Sylviidae
Picus puniceus
Sasia abnormis
Pitta moluccensis
Pitta sordida
Ploceus philippinus
Loriculus galgulus
Psittacula longicauda
Criniger bres
Criniger phaeocephalus
Hypsipetes criniger
Hypsipetes malaccensis
Hysipetes charlottae
Pycnonotus atriceps
Pycnonotus brunneus
Pycnonotus cyaniventris
Pycnonotus erythropthalmos
Pycnonotus finlaysoni
Pycnonotus goiavier
Pycnonotus plumosus
Pycnonotus simplex
Pycnonotus zeylanicus
Amourornis phoenicurus
Rhipidura javanica
Rhipidura perlata
Ketupu ketupu
Otus bakkamoena
Otus lempiji
Otus rufescens
Otus scops
Otus sunia
Strix leptogrammica
Strix seloputo
Acridotheres fuscus
Acridotheres javanicus
Acridotheres tristis
Aplonis panayensis
Gracula religiosa
Sturnis sinensis
Sturnus sturninus
Cisticola juncidis
Orthotomus atrogularis
Orthotomus ruficeps
Orthotomus sericeus
Orthotomus sutorius
Phylloscopus borealis
Phylloscopus coronatus
Phylloscopus inornatus
Prinia flaviventris
Prinia rufescens
46!
Kingdom
/Class
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Aves
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
!
Order
Family
Species
Artiodactyla
Artiodactyla
Artiodactyla
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Carnivora
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Timaliidae
Trogonidae
Trogonidae
Trogonidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Turdidae
Tytonidae
Zosteropidae
Suidae
Tragulidae
Tragulidae
Felidae
Felidae
Mustelidae
Mustelidae
Mustelidae
Viverridae
Viverridae
Viverridae
Viverridae
Emballonuridae
Megadermatidae
Megadermatidae
Molossidae
Molossidae
Pteropodidae
Macronus gularis
Macronus ptilosus
Malacopteron affine
Malacopteron albogulare
Malacopteron cinereum
Malacopteron magnirostre
Malacopteron magnum
Pellorneum capistratum
Stachyris erythroptera
Stachyris leucotis
Stachyris maculata
Stachyris nigncollis
Stachyris poliocephala
Stachyris rufifrons
Trishastoma abbotti
Trishastoma bicolor
Trishastoma malaccense
Trishastoma rostratum
Trishastoma sepiarium
Harpactes diardii
Harpactes duvaucelli
Harpactes kasumba
Copsychus malabaricus
Copsychus saularis
Enicurus ruficapillus
Luscinia cyane
Turdus obscurus
Zoothera citrina
Zoothera sibirica
Phodilus badius
Zosterops everetti
Sus scrofa
Tragulus javanicus
Tragulus napu
Felis bengalensis
Felis planiceps
Amblonyx cinerea
Martes flavigula
Mustela nupides
Arctogalidia trivirgata
Herpestes brachyurus
Paguma larvata
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
Emballonura monticola
Megaderma lyra
Megaderma spasma
Chaerophon plicata
Mop mop
Balionycteris maculata
4U!
Kingdom
/Class
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
!
Order
Family
Species
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Chiroptera
Demoptera
Insectivora
Insectivora
Insectivora
Pholidota
Primates
Primates
Primates
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Rodentia
Pteropodidae
Pteropodidae
Pteropodidae
Pteropodidae
Pteropodidae
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophidae
Rhinolophidae
Vespertilionidae
Vespertilionidae
Vespertilionidae
Vespertilionidae
Vespertilionidae
Vespertilionidae
Cynocephalidae
Erinaceidae
Soricidae
Soricidae
Manidae
Cercopithecidae
Cercopithecidae
Lorisidae
Hystricidae
Hystricidae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Muridae
Petauristinae
Petauristinae
Petauristinae
Rhizomydae
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Chironax melanocephalus
Cynopterus brachotis
Cynopterus horsifieldi
Eonncteris spelaea
Penthetor lucasi
Hipposideros armiger
Hipposideros diadema
Rhinolophus luctus
Rhinolophus refulgens
Rhinolophus trifoliatus
Glishropus tylopus
Myotis mystacinus
Pipistrellus javanicus
Pipistrellus noctules
Tylonycteris pachypus
Tylonycteris robustula
Cynocephalus vaiegatus
Echinosorex gymnurus
Crocidura fuliginosa
Suncus murinus
Manis javanica
Macaca fascicularis
Macaca nemestrina
Nycticebus coucang
Atherurus macrourus
Hystrix brachyura
Lenothrix canus
Rattus annadalei
Rattus bowersii
Rattus cremoriventer
Rattus exulans
Rattus muelleri
Rattus rajah
Rattus rattus diardii
Rattus sabanus
Rattus surifer
Rattus tiomanicus
Rattus whiteheadi
Hylopetes platyurus
Iomys horsfeldii
Petaurista petaurista
Rhizomys sumatrensis
Callosciurus caniceps
Callosciurus nigrovittatus
Callosciurus notatus
Lariscus insignis
Ratufa affinis
Ratufa bicolor
Rhinosciurus laticaudatus
4K!
Kingdom
/Class
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Mamalia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Plantae
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
Rodentia
Rodentia
Scandentia
Scandentia
Scandentia
-
Sciuridae
Sciuridae
Tupaiidae
Tupaiidae
Tupaiidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Agamidae
Boidae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Colubridae
Geckonidae
Geckonidae
Geckonidae
Geckonidae
Scinidae
Scinidae
Scinidae
Varanidae
Varanidae
Varanidae
Varanidae
Xenopeltidae
Acanthaceae
Achariaceae
Almaceae
Almaceae
Almaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Sundasciurus lowii
Sundasciurus tenuis
Ptilocercus lowii
Tupaia glis
Tupaia minor
Aplhaniatis fusca
Calotes cristellatus
Calotes versicolor
Draco maximus
Draco melanopogon
Draco quinquefasciatus
Draco volans
Gonocephalus borneensis
Python reticularis
Ahaetulla prasina
Aplopeltura boa
Boiga cynodon
Boiga dendrophila
Chrysopelia paradisi
Dendrelaphis caudolineatus
Elaphe flavolineata
Elaphe prasina
Gonyocephalus oxycephalum
Macrophisthodon flaviceps
Ptyas korros
Rhabdophis chrysargus
Crytodactylus consobrinus
Crytodactylus pulchellus
Gecko stentor
Ptychozoon homalocephalum
Lygosoma olivaceum
Mabuya langicauda
Mabuya multifasciata
Varanus bengalensis
Varanus nebulosus
Varanus rudicollis
Varanus salvator
Xenopeltis unicolor
Strobilanthes
Hydnocarpus nana
Gironniera
Trema
Trema augustifolia
Bouea macrophylla
Bouea oppositifolia
Bouea sp
Gluta curtisii
Gluta sp.
4N!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Anisophylleaceae
Annisophylleaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Annonaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araceae
Araliaceae
Araliaceae
Araliaceae
Araliaceae
Aralidiaceae
Aristolochiaceae
-
Melanorrhoea spp.
Pentaspadon spp
Anisophyllea sp.
Anisophyllea corneri
Fiisistigma sp.
Fissistigma sp.
Merzettia spp
Mezzettia sp.
Polyalthia bullata
Popowia sp.
Pseuduvaria sp.
Xylopia sp.
Alstonia angustiloba
Alstonia scholaris
Dyera costulata
Kopsia sp.
Aglaonema sp.
Alocasia denudata
Amorphophallus paeonifolius
Amydrium medium
Epipremnum giganteum
Homalomena sagittifolia
Pothos peninsularis
Pothos sp.
Rhaphidophora montana
Rhaphidophora sp.
Schismatoglottis sp.
Scindapsus hederaceaus
Scindapsus perakensis
Scindapsus pictus
Scindapsus sp.
Arthrophyllum diversifolium
Brassaiopsis sp.
Schefflera sp.
Trevesia burckii
Aralidium pinnatifitidum
Thottea grandiflora
Acacia auriculiformis
Acacia mangium
Arenga westerhoutii
Aspenium nidus
Cratoxylum formosum
Cyrtandra cupulata
Dicranopteris spp.
Freycinetia sp.
Gleichenia spp.
Globba patens
Hydrilla verticillata
4O!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Bombacaceae
Bombacaeae
Bombacaeae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Burseraceae
Cecropiaceae
Commelinaceae
Connaraceae
Connaraceae
Convallariaceae
Crypteroniaceae
Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae
Dilleniaceae
Dilleniaceae
Dilleniaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae
Dracaenaceae
Dracaenaceae
Dryopteridaceae
Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae
Elaeocarpaceae
Ixora pendula
Mallotus paniculatus
Nenga pumila
Oncosperma tigillarium
Pandanus amaryllifolius
Phyllagathis rotundifolia
Renellia elliptica
Salvinia molesta
Tectaria singaporeana
Durio griffithii
Coelostegia griffithii
Neesia sp.
Canarium littorale
Canarium rufum
Canarium sp.
Dacryodes sp.
Garuga
Kedondog spp.
Santiria laevigata
Santiria nana
Scutinanthe
Triomma malaccensis
Poikilospermum suaveolens
Amischotolype griffithii
Agelaea borneensis
Connarus sp.
Peliosanthes teta
Crypteronia griffithii
Mapania sp.
Scleria sp.
Dillenia eximia
Dillenia reticulata
Tetracera indica
Anisoptera curtisii
Dipterocarpus baudii
Shorea bracteolata
Shorea leprosula
Shorea ovalis
Shorea parvifolia
Shorea platyclados
Dracaena sp. 1
Dracaena sp. 2
Tectaria semipinnata
Diosporos spp.
Diospyros buxifolia
Diospyros ismailii
Diospyros styraciformis
Diospyros wallichii
Elaeocarpus ferrugineus
4P!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Elaeocarpaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fagaceae
Fagaceae
Flacourtiaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gnetaceae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Guttiferae
Hypoxidaceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Lecythidaceae
Lecythidaceae
Elaeocarpus sp.
Agrostistachys longifolia
Andesma cuspidatum
Antidesma cuspidatum
Aporusa sp.
Baccaurea griffithii
Baccaurea motleyana
Baccaurea parviflora
Baccaurea racemosa
Blumeodendron kurzii
Drypetes sp.
Elateriospermum tapos
Endospermum diadenum
Endospermum malaccense
Hevea brasiliensis
Macaranga gigantea
Macaranga hypoleuca
Macaranga spp.
Macaranga triloba
Mallotus spp.
Pimelodendron griffithianum
Pomeleodendron griffithiamum
Pomeleodendron macrocarpum
Ptychopyxis spp.
Sapium baccatum
Castanopsis sp.
Lithocarpus spp.
Hydnocarpus sp.
Cyrtandromoea grandis
Gnetum cuspidatum
Calophyllum spp.
Garcinia eugenifolia
Garcinia nervosa
Garcinia parvifolia
Garcinia scortechinii
Garcinia spp.
Molineria latifolia
Actinodaphne macrophylla
Actinodaphne sesquipedalis
Actinodaphne sp.
Actinodaphne, Litsea, etc.
Alseodaphne perakensis
Cinnamomum javanicum
Cryptocarya costata
Dehaasia condolleana
Dehaasia cuneata
Litsea grandis
Baringtonia macrostachya
Baringtonia pendula
4T!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Lecythidaceae
Leeaceae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Leguminosae
Linaceae
Loganiaceae
Loganiaceae
Loganiaceae
Loganiaceae
Marantaceae
Marantaceae
Marattiaceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Meliaceae
Meliosmaceae
Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Barringtonia macrostachya
Leea indica
Adenanthera malayana
Adenanthera spp.
Archidendron bubalinum
Bauhinia kockiana
Callerya atropurpurea
Desmodium sp.
Dialium indum
Dialum spp.
Entada spiralis
Intsia palembanica
Koompassia malaccensis
Milletia atropurpurea
Ormosia sp.
Parkia javanica
Parkia speciosa
Pithecellobium jiringa
Pithecellobium splendens
Saraca spp.
Sindora sp.
Ixonanthes icosandra
Fagraea gigantea
Fragraea racemosa
Fragraera sp.
Strychnos ignatii
Donax parviflorus
Phrynium sp.
Angiopteris evecta
Clidermia hirta
Dissochaeta gracilis
Memecylon sp.
Oxyspora bullata
Pternandra echinata
Aglaia sp.
Cedrela serrata
Toona sinensis
Meliosma sumatrana
Coscinium fenestratum
Fibraurea tinctoria
Artocarpus [Cempedak]
Artocarpus [Keledang]
Artocarpus [Tempunek]
Artocarpus [Terap]
Artocarpus dada
Artocarpus elasticus
Artocarpus integer var. silvestris
Artocarpus rigidus
Artocarpus scortechinii
6Z!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Moraceae
Musaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae
Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae
Ochnaceae
Olacaceae
Olacaceae
Opiliaceae
Oxalidaceae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Palmae
Pandaceae
Pandaceae
Pandanaceae
Passifloraceae
Piperacea
Polygalaceae
Polygalaceae
Polygalaceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Ficus fistulosa
Ficus spp.
Horsfieldia sp.
Maesopsis
Sloetia elongata
Musa acuminata
Ardisia crassa
Gymnacranthera sp.
Horsfieldia superba
Knema kunstleri
Knema sp.
Knema, Gymnacranthera, etc.
Labisia pumila
Eugenia
Syzygium sp.
Campylospermum serratum
Ochanostachys amentacea
Strombosia javanica
Champereia manillana
Sarcotheca laxa
Arenga pinnata
Calamus manan
Calamus sp.
Caryota mitis
Daemonorops sp.
Eugeissona tristis
Iguanura wallichiana
Korthalsia sp.
Licuala longipes
Oncosperma horridum
Pinanga sp.
Galearia fulva
Microdesmis casearifolia
Pandanus sp.
Paropsia vareciformis
Piper sp.
Xanthophyllum affine
Xanthophyllum eurhynchum
Xanthophyllum spp.
Carallia brachiata
Carallia sp.
Gynotrches sp.
Gynotroches axillaris
Pellacalyx axillaris
Pellacalyx saccardianus
Parinari sp.
Aidia densiflora
Chasalia chartaceae
Diplospora malaccensis
6"!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
!
Order
Family
Species
-
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae
Simaroubaceae
Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Sterculiaceae
Taccaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae
Tiliaceae
Ulmaceae
Ulmaceae
Verbanaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae
Violaceae
Hedyotis philippinensis
Lasianthus oblongus
Murraya paniculata
Neolamarckia cadamba
Pavetta siamica
Pertusadina eurhyncha
Pertusadina sp.
Porterandia anisophyllea
Porterandia anisphylla
Prismatomeris glabra
Psychotria rostata
Rothmannia macrophylla
Tarenna mollis
Timonius wallichianus
Uncaria sp.
Urophyllum graffithianum
Melicope glabra
Mischocarpus pentapetalus
Nephelium cuspidatum
Nephelium eriopetalum
Pometia pinnata
Pometia ridleyi
Xerospermum noronhianum
Madhuca spp.
Palaquim maingayi
Palaquium gutta
Palaquium obovatum
Pouteria maingayi
Pouteria malaccensis
Irvingia malayana
Smilax setosa
Smilax sp.
Firmiana malayana
Pterygota alata
Scaphium macropodum
Scaphium macropodum
Sterculia foetida
Tacca integrifolia
Aquilaria sp.
Gonystylus affine
Gonystylus affinis
Microcos fibrocarpa
Gironniera nervosa
Gironniera subaequalis
Vitex sp.
Clerodendrum nutans
Teijsmanniodendron sp.
Vitex gamosepala
Rinorea anguifera
64!
Kingdom
/Class
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Plantae!
Order
Family
Species
-
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Vitaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae
Ampelocissus cinnamomea
Cayratia mollissima
Cayratia trifolia
Cissus sp.
Nothocissus spicifera
Tetrastigma sp.
Amomum uliginosum
Elettariospsis exserta
Etlingera sphaerocephala
Geostachys sp.
Zingiber puberulum
!
!
66!
A++&`!LV!!8.+-&0\42#.+!.Z!%&'"()$)&*+,-).&#)-,/$!
!
:4'(U0./+5!
7;AC@=HF! H<;! SCS?BH<! C<@HL;@GHB! SBH@GF3! 9BCRHBBM_! "_KZZ! FS;I=;F! DH:;! R;;@!
@HL;J!H@J!FI=;@G=FGF!R;B=;:;!GD;<;!H<;!LC<;!GC!R;!J=FIC:;<;J3!!'D;!ICBC?<F!H@J!
G;XG?<;!CW!R;AC@=H!B;H:;F!DH:;!HGG<HIG;J!=@G;<;FG!=@!GD;!DC<G=I?BG?<;!G<HJ;!>D;<;!
C:;<!"Z_ZZZ!DMR<=JF!DH:;!R;;@!S<CJ?I;J3!!
A four-year survey of wild begonias in Peninsular Malaysia (Kiew 2005) noted that
half of the 52 native species were endangered by logging and quarrying. 26 species
are known from single localities and some of their populations are small. Kiew (2005)
noted that Begonia aequilateralis was only known from the forest around Sungai
Buloh.
!"#$%*&' &"()*+&,"-&+*.' =F! @CGHRB;! WC<! DH:=@A! ;Y?HB[F=J;J! B;H:;F_! ?@B=`;! LCFG!
R;AC@=HF! GDHG! DH:;! FG<C@ABM! HFMLL;G<=I! B;H:;F3! ! E=<FG! J;FI<=R;J! =@! "T4T_! GD;!
FS;I=;F! >HF! GDC?ADG! GC! R;! C@;! CW! GD;! LCFG! ;@JH@A;<;J! R;AC@=HF! CW! 5;@=@F?BH<!
+HBHMF=H!]8=;>!4ZZK^3!!
!
8.+-&0\42#.+!1242/-!
&@G=B!<;I;@GBM_!!K'&"()*+&,"-&+*.'>HF!C@BM!`@C>@!W<CL!G>C!BCIHB=G=;F!=@F=J;!7?`=G!
VHAC@A! EC<;FG! -;F;<:;! ]7VE-^3! ! (@! "TUN_! GD;! FS;I=;F! >HF! ICBB;IG;J! =@! *A! 8<CD_!
R;D=@J!GD;!EC<;FG!-;F;H<ID!(@FG=G?G;!+HBHMF=H!]E-(+^3!!!
(@! 4ZZ6_! C@BM! ;=ADG! =@J=:=J?HBF! CW! >;<;! <;IC<J;J! W<CL! GD;! D;HJ>HG;<F! CW! *A!
7?BCD! ]8=;>! 4ZZK^3! ! (@! 4ZZK_! ""! =@J=:=J?HBF! >;<;! <;IC<J;J! W<CL! GD;! FHL;!
BCIHB=GM!]*HL!4ZZN^3!!(@!4ZZO_!4K!=@J=:=J?HBF!>;<;!<;IC<J;J!W<CL!82E-!]%D=;>!
4ZZO_! %DH@! 4ZZP^! H@J! H! W?<GD;<! "4Z! =@J=:=J?HBF! >;<;! <;IC<J;J! W<CL! H@CGD;<!
?SS;<! G<=R?GH<M! CW! *A! 7?BCD! =@! 7VE-_! @HL;J! *A! 8;SC@A! ]%DH@! 4ZZP^3! ! (@! 4ZZP!
H@CGD;<! SCS?BHG=C@! CW! 6Z! =@J=:=J?HBF! >HF! <;IC<J;J! W<CL! *A! *H@;D! ]H@CGD;<!
G<=R?GH<M!=@!7VE-^3!
%?GG=@AF! GH`;@! W<CL! GD;! >=BJ! DH:;! R;;@! F?II;FFW?BBM! I?BG=:HG;J! =@! GD;! E-(+!
@?<F;<M! H@J! GD;<;! H<;! SBH@F! GC! <;[=@G<CJ?I;! GD;F;! GC! GD;! >=BJ! ]*HL! 4ZZN_! %DH@!
4ZZP^3!!7HF;J!C@!GD;!@?LR;<!CW!=@J=:=J?HBF!GDHG!DH:;!R;;@!J=FIC:;<;J!=@!GD;!>=BJ!
=@!<;I;@G!M;H<F_!GD;!FS;I=;F!=F!@C!BC@A;<!IC@F=J;<;J!GC!R;!%<=G=IHBBM!#@JH@A;<;J!
R?G!=F!FG=BB!IC@F=J;<;J!GC!R;!:?B@;<HRB;!GC!;XG=@IG=C@!]%D?H!;G!HB3!4ZZT^3!
!
%DH@!.C`;!+?=_!-;F;H<ID!0WW=I;<_!EC<;FG!7=CJ=:;<F=GM!2=:=F=C@_!E-(+!
!
,&Z&0&+'&-!
%DH@_! .3+3! ]4ZZP^3! 'D;! 'D<;HG;@;J! !"#$%*&' &"()*+&,"-&+*.' =@! 7?`=G! VHAC@A_!
*;BH@AC<3! 9:CA' *%' 9$2)._! 2;I;LR;<3! EC<;FG! -;F;H<ID! (@FG=G?G;! +HBHMF=H_!
8;SC@A3!
%D?H_! V3*3V_! -3! 8=;>_! .3+3! %DH@! ]4ZZT^3! ! ,FF;FF=@A! IC@F;<:HG=C@! FGHG?F! CW!
5;@=@F?BH<!+HBHMF=H@!!"#$%*&.']7;AC@=HI;H;^3!Blumea 54: 94-98!!
%D=;>_!Q!]4ZZO^3!*H:=@A!<H<;!SBH@GF3!L8"'7,&-3!"O!,S<=B3!
8=;>_! -3! ]4ZZK^3! !"#$%*&.' $G' D"%*%.)+&-' A&+&0.*&K' ' 1HG?<HB! Q=FGC<M! 5?RB=IHG=C@F!
]7C<@;C^_!8CGH!8=@HRHB?3!
*HL_! .3.3! ]4ZZN^3! *H:=@A! H! D=ADBM! ;@JH@A;<;J! R;AC@=H3! /$%."-5&,*$%' A&+&0.*&_!
6g4ZZN3!!EC<;FG!-;F;H<ID!(@FG=G?G;!+HBHMF=H_!8;SC@A3!
!
6U!
A++&`!IV!!8.+-&0\42#.+!.Z!26&!4b/42#'!794+2!0#12."3"#1(&$4,(,4)!#+!G.24!
?4$4+-404!F.0&-2!,&-&0\&!
!
:4'(U0./+5!
/-01,$2$-0%"!=F!H!A;@?F!CW!HRC?G!KZ[NZ!FS;I=;F!CW!HY?HG=I!SBH@GF!W<CL!GD;!H<C=J!
WHL=BM! ],<HI;H;^3! %<MSGF! H<;! WC?@J! =@! BC>BH@J! FG<;HLF3! 'D;M! HBFC! B=:;! =@!
F;HFC@HBBM! =@?@JHG;J! WC<;FG! SCCBF! C<! C@! S;<=CJ=IHBBM! F?RL;<A;J! <=:;<! RH@`F3!
%<MSGF! H<;! FCL;G=L;F! <;W;<<;J! GC! HF! b>HG;<! G<?LS;GFc! HWG;<! GD;=<! G<?LS;G[B=`;!
=@WBC<;FI;@I;_! >D=ID! =@IB?J;F! H! FSHJ=X! ;@IBCF;J! RM! H! FSHGD;3! ! %<MSG! FS;I=;F! H<;!
SH<G=I?BH<BM!SCS?BH<!HLC@A!HY?H<=FGF!J?;!GC!GD;=<!R;H?GM3!
!
/-01,$2$-0%"'3*%*3&'=F!C@;!CW!"6!I<MSG!FS;I=;F!`@C>@!W<CL!5;@=@F?BH<!+HBHMF=H!
>D;<;! =G! =F! `@C>@! W<CL! W<;FD>HG;<! F>HLSF! =@! 8;JHD! H@J! 5;<H`3! ! ! (G! >HF! W=<FG!
J;FI<=R;J! =@! n'8o3! ! *=@I;! GD;@_! L?ID! CW! GD;! W<;FD>HG;<! F>HLSF! DH:;! R;;@!
J<H=@;J!WC<!<=I;!I?BG=:HG=C@!H@J!GD;!FGHG?F!CW!/K'3*%*3&'=@!GD;!>=BJ!=F!?@I;<GH=@3!
!
G.24!?4$4+-404!
5<CW;FFC<!2<!+HFDDC<!+H@FC<!CW!&@=:;<F=G=!*H=@F!+HBHMF=H!@CG;J!GD;!S<;F;@I;!CW!
/-01,$2$-0%"'FS3!>D=B;!JC=@A!W=FD!F?<:;MF!=@!GD;!FG<;HLF!CW!*?@A;=!7?BCD!EC<;FG!
-;F;<:;! =@! GD;! "TTZF3! ! 'D;! FS;I=;F! >HF! IC@W=<L;J! HF! /K' 3*%*3&' J?<=@A! H@!
;XS;J=G=C@!GC!GD;!WC<;FG!RM!H!mCC!1;AH<H!G;HL!=@!4ZZN3!!'D=F!>HF!GD;!W=<FG!<;IC<J!
CW! GD;! FS;I=;F! =@! *;BH@AC<! ]HBGDC?AD! =G! DHF! F=@I;! R;;@! WC?@J! =@! -H>H@A! H@J! =@!
7?`=G!%D;<H`HD!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;^3!
!
'D;!SCS?BHG=C@!=F!F=G?HG;J!C@!GD;!;JA;!CW!H!FG<;HL!=@F=J;!GD;!W<;FD>HG;<!F>HLS!
WC<;FG!GC!GD;!@C<GD!CW!GD;!WC<;FG!<;F;<:;3!'D;!FG<;HL!DHF!:;<M!IB;H@!>HG;<!H@J!=F!
W?BB! CW! W=FD3! 7CGD! F=J;F! CW! GD;! FG<;HL! H<;! F>HLSF3! ! +H@M! CGD;<! SBH@GF_! =@IB?J=@A!
!&-2+&0&' 3$,+"0*E' H! <H<;! L;LR;<! CW! GD;! >HG;<! B=BM! WHL=BM! ]1MLSDHI;H;^_! H@J!
GD<;;! FS;I=;F! CW! C<ID=J! ]=@IB?J=@A! H! :H@=BBH! C<ID=J! H@J! H! A<C?@J! C<ID=J^! >;<;!
@CG;J!=@!GD=F!BCIHB=GM3!
!
(@! 4ZZO_! GD;! mCC! 1;AH<H! G;HL! @CG=I;J! GDHG! GD;! H<;H! DHJ! R;;@! ;H<LH<`;J! WC<!
J;:;BCSL;@G! H@J! >;<;! IC@GHIG;J! GC! HJ:=F;! C@! GD;! IC@F;<:HG=C@! CW! GD;! I<MSG!
FS;I=;F3! ! 'D;! G;HL! ?@J;<GCC`! H@! CS;<HG=C@! GC! R<=@A! FCL;! CW! GD;! SBH@GF! RHI`! GC!
GD;! aCC3! ! 'D;F;! SBH@GF! >;<;! ;:;@G?HBBM! G<H@FSBH@G;J! =@! GD;! EC<;FG! -;F;H<ID!
(@FG=G?G;!+HBHMF=H!]E-(+^_!=@!8;SC@A_!HF!>;BB!HF!=@!H!S<CL=@;@G!S<=:HG;!AH<J;@_!
-=LR?@!2HDH@_!=@!8?H@A3!
!
ECBBC>=@A!GD;!HJ:=I;!CW!mCC!1;AH<H_!GD;!I;L;G;<M!>HF!J;:;BCS;J!JC>@FG<;HL!CW!
GD;!I<MSGF!SCS?BHG=C@!H@J!@CG!?SFG<;HL!HF!=@=G=HBBM!SBH@@;J3!!5H<G!CW!GD;!F>HLS!
DHF! R;;@! JHLL;J! J?<=@A! GD;! IC@FG<?IG=C@! CW! GD;! HII;FF! <CHJ! WC<! GD;! I;L;G;<M3!
'D=F!DHF!LHJ;!GD;!BC>;<!FG<;HL!F;IG=C@!CW!GD;!F>HLS!R;ICL;!H!FLHBB!BH`;3!'D;!
C<=A=@HB! F>HLS! IH@! FG=BB! R;! WC?@J! W?<GD;<! ?SFG<;HL! >D;<;! GD;! SCS?BHG=C@! CW! /K'
3*%*3&!=F!FG=BB!=@GHIG3! +C@=GC<=@A!=F!FG=BB!AC=@A!C@!H@J!GD;!SCG;@G=HB!GC!J;:;BCS!GD;!
H<;H!HF!H@!;J?IHG=C@HB!WC<;FG!FDC?BJ!R;!IC@F=J;<;J3
!
Q;<LH@!7;<@H<J_!,FFG3!%?<HGC<!CW!,Y?H<=?L_!mCC!1;AH<H!]>>>3@HG?<;M;3ICL^!
!
6K!
,<CD!]';L?H@!=@WC<LH@G^!H@J!Q;<LH@!7;<@H<J!]mCC!1;AH<H^!<;FI?=@A!I<MSGF!
S<=C<!GC!GD;!IC@FG<?IG=C@!CW!GD;!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!I;L;G;<M!!
]%<;J=Ge!iCFD?H!*=C>g@HG?<;M;3ICL!4ZZO^
!
6N!
A++&`!WV!!1/0\&*!.Z!R4$$49-!42!G.24!?4$4+-404!F.0&-2!,&-&0\&!
!
!
NKH&'2#\&!
!
,!F?<:;M!CW!GD;!>=BJB=W;!HG!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;_!*;BH@AC<_!>HF!IH<<=;J!
C?G! W<CL! i?@;! GC! ,?A?FG! 4Z"Z3! ! 'D=F! F?<:;M! =@:CB:;J! F;GG=@A! ?S! H! F;<=;F! CW!
IHL;<H[G<HSF! =@! GD;! WC<;FG! ICLR=@;J! >=GD! CRF;<:HG=C@F! HBC@A! ;X=FG=@A! G<H=BF! =@!
GD;! WC<;FG3! ! 'D;! CR\;IG=:;! CW! GD;! F?<:;M! >HF! GC! IC@G<=R?G;! GC! GD;! R=CJ=:;<F=GM!
HFF;FFL;@G! R;=@A! IH<<=;J! C?G! ?@J;<! GD;! &125[9#E! *95! 5<C\;IG! ICC<J=@HG;J! RM!
2HLH@FH<H!-;F=J;@IM!-;F=J;@GFd!,FFCI=HG=C@!3!
!
R&26.5.9.U*!
!
*=X!G<=SF!>;<;!LHJ;!GC!GD;!WC<;FG!C@!GD;!WCBBC>=@A!JHG;Fe!"O!i?@;!4Z"Zf!4N!i?@;!
4Z"Zf!O!i?BM!4Z"Zf!""!i?BM!4Z"Zf!"O!i?BM!4Z"Zf!"U!,?A?FG!4Z"Z!]F;;!A++&`!A^3!!
'D;! F?<:;M! ?F;J! GD<;;! J=A=GHB! IHL;<H[G<HSF! HFF;LRB;J! RM! j=BJG<HI`!
5DCGCA<HSDM3!!'D;!IHL;<H[G<HSF!]F#U-!JTL^!>;<;!J;SBCM;J!=@!FG<HG;A=I!BCIHG=C@F!
GD<C?ADC?G! GD;! WC<;FG! <;F;<:;! ]R47! J^3! ! j=BJB=W;! F=A@F! H@J! F=A@F! CW! SCHID=@A!
HBC@A!GD;!;X=FG=@A!@;G>C<`!CW!G<H=BF!>;<;!@CG;J!H@J!H!B=FG!CW!LHLLHBF!ICLS=B;J3!
!
!!"
9*4*2*-:"
,*41(5",-(.)"
'/0123",-(.)"
6033.7)*"
8121-*",-(.)3"
!$"
!&"
!#"
%!"
'())*+",-(.)"
!
R47!JV!!VCIHG=C@!CW!G<H=BF!H@J!>=BJB=W;!F=ADG=@A!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!
]@?LR;<F!H<;!<;W;<<;J!GC!=@!GD;!G;XG^3!
!
!
!
6O!
F#U!JV!!%HL;<H[G<HS!F;G!IBCF;!RM!F=G;!>=GD!SC<I?S=@;!F=A@F!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!E-!
]BCIHG=C@!6!=@!+HS!"^!
!
F#U!LV!!%HL;<H!G<HS!F;G!?S!C@!';L?H@!'<H=B!@;XG!GC!H@!CBJ!H@=LHB!G<H=B!]BCIHG=C@!U!
=@!+HS!"^!
!
!
!
6P!
!
!
!
!
,&-/92-!
!
'D;!S<;F;@I;!CW!HRC?G!""!LHLLHB!FS;I=;F!>;<;!<;IC<J;J!=@!GD;!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!
EC<;FG! -;F;<:;! J?<=@A! GD;! FG?JM! S;<=CJ3! ! 'D;F;! H@=LHBF! H<;! B=FG;J! R;BC>!
]H<<H@A;J!HBSDHR;G=IHBBM!HIIC<J=@A!GC!C<J;<_!WHL=BM_!FS;I=;F^e!
!
,-'(02,%'.V,!
%;<:=JH;!
A)%,*&2).'3)%,J&N!]F=A@F^!
'<HA?B=JH;!
L-&#)+).'N&%28*+!]F=ADG=@A!/!SDCGC^!
L-&#)+).'%&1)!]F=A@F^!
*?=JH;!
7).'.2-$G&!]F=A@F^!
5Q0V(20',!
+H@=JH;!
A&%*.'J&5&%*2&!]SCFF=RB;!F=A@F^!
5-(+,'#*!
%;<ICS=GD;I=JH;!
!
!
A&2&2&'G&.2*2)+&-*.!]SDCGC^!
!
!
A&2&2&'%"3".,-*%&!]F=ADG=@A^!
!
!
D-".@0,*.'FSS3!]SCFF=RB;!F=A@F^!
-02#1'(,!
QMFG<=I=JH;!]F=A@F^!
!
*I=?<=JH;!
!
!
/&++$.2*)-).'2&%*2"1.!]SDCGC^!
/&++$.2*)-).'%$,&,).!]SDCGC^!
!
!
(LHA;F_!ICLLC@!@HL;F!H@J!BCIHB!@HL;F!CW!GD;F;!FS;I=;F!H<;!A=:;@!=@!GD;!
WCBBC>=@A!F;IG=C@3
!
6T!
P$4U&-!
!
'D;! WCBBC>=@A! =LHA;F! =BB?FG<HG;! GD;! :H<=;GM! CW! LHLLHB! FS;I=;F! WC?@J! GC! R;!
S<;F;@G!=@!GD;!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!EC<;FG!-;F;<:;!J?<=@A!GD;!FG?JM!S;<=CJ3!!&@B;FF!
CGD;<>=F;!FS;I=W=;J_!GD;!=BB?FG<HG=C@F!H<;!W<CL!E<H@I=F!]4ZZP^3!
!
5&&#$
!
7H<`=@A!2;;<!A)%,*&2).'3)%,J&N!C<!k8=\H@Ad']PH!q!HJ?BG!LHB;_!PR!q!HJ?BG!W;LHB;f!
PI!q!\?:;@=B;f!R;BC>!q!FIHG!]C@!*IC?GdF!'<H=B!l!F;;!+HS!"^!
!
!
!
UZ!
!
!
VH<A;!+C?F;[J;;<!L-&#)+).'%&1)']B;WG^!H@J!V;FF;<!+C?F;[J;;<!L-&#)+).'N&%28*+'
]<=ADG^!
!
+C?F;[J;;<!W<CL!IHL;<H[G<HS!C@!*HBB;D!'<H=B!]B;WG^f!W=B;!SDCGC!]<=ADG^!
'
'
'<HS!]HSSH<;@GBM!F;G!WC<!LC?F;[J;;<^!=@!GD;!@C<GD!CW!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!E-!
]BCIHG=C@!K!C@!+HS!"^3!
!
U"!
$
6,-7$%")#/$
'
#?<HF=H@!j=BJ!7CH<F!7).'.2-$G&!!
'
'
8"(9&1/$
$
'''''''''''''''''''
'
F"G,e!VC@A[GH=B;J!+HIHY?;!A&2&2&'G&.2*2)+&-*.!C<!k8;<Hd!@;XG!GC!EC82!<;IMIB=@A!
R=@F!]BCIHG=C@!"!C@!+HS!"^f!!
:*#8,e!5=A[GH=B;J!+HIHY?;!A&2&2&'%"3".,-*%&!C<!k7;<C`d!]<=ADG^!
!
!
:)('"-,(/$
!
*?@JH!5H@ACB=@!A&%*.'J&5&%*2&!C<!k';@AA=B=@Ad!
!
!
!
U4!
:"#3+2,(&/$
!
!
!
!
+HBHMH@! 5C<I?S=@;! ?0.,-*[' @-&280)-&! ]"^f! 7<?FD[GH=B;J! 5C<I?S=@;! B,8"-)-).'
3&2-$)-).! ]4^f! VC@A[GH=B;J! 5C<I?S=@;! L-*280.' G&.2*2)+&,&! ]6^f! A@H>=@A! C@! RH<`!
HBC@A!';L?H@!'<H=B!]B;WG^f!BH=<!CW!SC<I?S=@;!C<!SH@ACB=@!HG!GD;!RHF;!CW!H!BH<A;!G<;;!
HBC@A!';L?H@!'<H=B_!?S!GD;!FBCS;!W<CL!H!@;H<RM!>HG;<!FC?<I;!]<=ADG^!
!
U6!
!
;*+,##&-/$
!
9<;M[R;BB=;J! *Y?=<<;B! /&++$.2*)-).' 2&%*2"1.! ]"H["J^! H@J! 5BH=@GH=@! *Y?=<<;B!
/&++$.2*)-).'%$,&,).!]RCGGCL^!RCGD!FS;I=;F!>;<;!IHSG?<;J!RM!GD;!IHL;<H[G<HS!C@!
*HBB;D!'<H=B3!
!
!
,&Z&0&+'&-!
!
E<H@I=F_!%3+3!]4ZZP^_!B'9*"+<';)*<"',$',8"'A&33&+.'$G'7$),8R"&.,'B.*&3!!1;>!
QCBBH@J!5?RB=FD;<F!]&8^!VGJ3!
!
!
8.+'9/-#.+!
!
'D=F!<;SC<G!=F!F?RL=GG;J!WC<!GD;!=@WC<LHG=C@!H@J!?F;!CW!GD;!&125[9#E!*95!
5<C\;IG!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H3!
!
V=L!'a;!'FD;@_!
-;FC?<I;!*G;>H<JFD=S!%C@F?BGH@GF!*J@!7DJ_!
0IGCR;<!4Z"Z3!
!
!
UU!
A++&`!AV!!E=;BJ!1CG;F!
!
4N[i?@[4Z"Z!V'j!H@J!#=B>M@!V=L!F;G!?S!%*rF!?@=G!=@!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H!E-!@;H<!
*HBB;D!'<H=B!]5C=@G!KU4!C@!9H<L=@!95*^!]VCI`!5KU4^!
"OGD!i?@;!4Z"Z_!'D?<FJHM!l!V''!>=GD!9C@GDC@A_!7;@_!i?FG=@;_!;GI3!
-;B;:H@G!SDCGCF!FGH<G!>=GD!k82[(d3!
• -CCG=@A!F=A@F!HBC@A!*IC?G!'<H=B!>D=ID!IC?BJ!R;!GD;!>C<`F!CW!S=AF!C<!
SC<I?S=@;F!]5=IG?<;!""4P^3!
• 1;FG=@Ag<;FG=@A!F=G;!CW!S=A!HBC@A!*IC?G!'<H=B_!A<?@G=@A!H?J=RB;!]5=IG?<;!
""UT^3!
• '<CCSF!CW!BC@A[GH=B;J!LHIHY?;!]5=IG?<;F!""P4_!""PU^3!
OGD!i?BM!4Z"Z_!j;J@;FJHM!l!V''!>=GD!,BC`_!BCIHB!';L?H@!A?=J;3!
-;B;:H@G!SDCGCF!FGH<G!>=GD!k82[((d3!
• 9@H>=@A!H@J!<CCG=@A!F=A@F!RM!SC<I?S=@;F_!HBC@A!';L?H@!'<H=B!]5=IG?<;!
"POO^3!
• E=<FG!IHL;<H!G<HS!]k'"d^!F;G!IBCF;!RM!F=G;!>=GD!SC<I?S=@;!F=A@F!]5=IG?<;!
"POP^3!
• VH=<!CW!SC<I?S=@;!C<!SH@ACB=@!HG!GD;!RHF;!CW!H!BH<A;!G<;;!HBC@A!';L?H@!
'<H=B_!?S!GD;!FBCS;!W<CL!H!@;H<RM!>HG;<!FC?<I;!]5=IG?<;!"TZ4^3!
• *;IC@J!IHL;<H!G<HS!]k'4d^!F;G!@;XG!GC!H@!CBJ!G<H=B!?F;J!RM!H@=LHBF!]!H!
F;<=;F!CW!WCCG[S<=@GF!IC:;<;J!RM!J<=;J!:;A;GHG=C@^!C@!';L?H@!'<H=B_!FCL;!
J=FGH@I;!?S!GD;!FBCS;!W<CL!H!>HG;<!FC?<I;!]5=IG?<;!"T44^3!
• %BH>=@A!LH<`F!B;WG!RM!SH@ACB=@!?S!H!B;JA;!HBC@A!';L?H@!'<H=B!]5=IG?<;!
"TUP^3!
• ECCJ!<;F=J?;F!]B;H:;F!H@J!FG;LF^!CW!LC@`;MF!C@!';L?H@!'<H=B!]IC?BJ!R;!
LHIHY?;F!C<!BH@A?<F^3!
• VH=<!CW!SC<I?S=@;!C<!SH@ACB=@!C@!';L?H@!'<H=B!]5=IG?<;!"TKZ^3!
• ECCG[S<=@G!CW!BH<A;!LC?F;[J;;<!]5=IG?<;!"TNP^3!
GD
"" !i?BM_!4Z"Z_!*?@JHM!l!V''!>=GD!9C@GDC@A_!V'j_!i?FG=@;_!;GI3!
-;B;:H@G!SDCGC!FGH<GF!>=GD!k82[(((d3!
• E<;FD!J<CSS=@AF!CW!RH<`=@A!J;;<!HBC@A!*IC?G!'<H=B!]5=IG?<;!4KPN^3!
"O[i?B[4Z"Z! V'j!<;G<;=:;F!%*rF!?@=G!W<CL!8CGH!2HLH@FH<H3!(LHA;Fe!2*%ZZK"N[
KNO!]BC@A!GH=B;J!LHIHY?;F_!FY?=<<;B_!LC?F;!J;;<_!F?@[B=G!:;A;GHG=C@^!
"UGD!,?A?FG!4Z"Z_!*HG?<JHM!l!V''!>=GD!,BC`3!
-;B;:H@G!SDCGC!FGH<GF!>=GD!k82[()d3!
• %HL;<H!G<HSF!ICBB;IG;J_!RCGD!FSC=BG3!
• 5C<I?S=@;!A@H>=@A!LH<`!C@!G<;;!G<?@`!IBCF;!GC!F=G;!CW!k'"d!]5=IG?<;!4TT4^3!
• ECCJ!<;LH=@F!]B;HW!FGHB`F!H@J!:;A;GHG=C@^!CW!LC@`;MF!]LHIHY?;F!C<!
BH@A?<F^!C@!';L?H@!'<H=B3!
• 0@;!B;FF;<!LC?F;[J;;<!F=ADG;J!?@J;<!R?FD;F!C@!';L?H@!'<H=B3!
!
!!
!
!
!
UK!