Final Report on
Status of Radioisotopes in Nepal - A
Survey for the Preparation of Inventory
Submitted to:
The Government of Nepal
Ministry of Science and Technology
Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal
Submitted by:
Central Department of Physics
Tribhuvan University
Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
July 2010
Preface
We are all surrounded by nuclear radiations, which come up from the ground, down
through the atmosphere, and even from within our own bodies. It has been present since
the birth of the planet. It can be man-made too, which are a vital part of medicine and
industry. Exposure to some radiation, natural or man-made, is inevitable. We live with
radiation everyday, although radiation can have harmful consequences; scientists have
discovered many ways to use radiation for our benefit. T herefore we must understand both its
risks and benefits.
Nuclear science in Nepal is slowly but steadily contributing in all-around development
efforts in diverse fields likes Agriculture, Animal Science, Biology, Chemistry,
Environment, Food Science, Geology (radioactive minerals), Nuclear Medicine,
Radiology and Physics. Some qualified Nepalese are currently involved in contributing
their mite in their respective fields with trainings from IAEA through FAO, WHO, ILO
etc. Government of Nepal published “National Nuclear Policy (2007)”. As of 2008,
Nepal is a Member of IAEA. As a member of IAEA, the responsibility of Nepal has
increased many folds. The UN Security Council Resolution 1540, which is binding on all
Member States, contains obligations regarding accounting and physical protection on
nuclear materials as well as commitments to prevent trafficking in weapons-related
material and their delivery systems. Radioisotopes in hospitals, academic institutions,
research laboratories etc in Nepal comes under different categories as per the Technical
Document TECDOC-1344 of IAEA. Now it is the time for establishing a radiation
regulatory board for developing and monitoring of essential Nuclear Safety and Radiation
Control Infrastructure in the country.
IAEA encourages all governments “to take steps to ensure the safety of radiation sources
and the security of radioactive materials”. As a first step towards securing the
radioisotopes in Nepal we have conducted a survey of imported radioactive sources
which is a must for any other safety measure to be taken in future. This is essential for
ii
future implementation of National Nuclear Policy 2007 and hence assists in Regulatory
System in Radioactive Source Security.
We would like to thank all those who helped us in different ways during the work,
especially during the data collection. List of all the centers and persons consulted during
the work are given in Appendix-I and Appendix-II, respectively. We would also like to
thank Mr. Purushottam Tiwari and Mr. Rajendra Manandhar of Ministry of Science and
Technology for their cooperation during the work.
We hope that this report will serve as a milestone in preparing an inventory of
Radioisotopes in Nepal.
Prof. Dr. Lok Narayan Jha
July 2010
Coordinator, Working Committee
Kathmandu, Nepal
and
Head
Central Department of Physics
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
Front Cover:
ISO 21482:2007
On 2007 February 15 ISO and IAEA launched a new radiation warning symbol entitled the “IonizingRadiation Warning - Supplementary Symbol.” ISO 21482:2007 specifies the symbol to warn of the
presence of a dangerous level of ionizing radiation from a high-level sealed radioactive source that can
cause death or serious injury if handled carelessly. Recommended for use with IAEA Category 1, 2, and 3
sealed radioactive sources. These sources are defined by the IAEA as having the ability to cause death or
serious injuries.
Ref.: „http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2007/radiationsymbol.html‟
iii
Working Committee
Coordinator:
Prof. Dr. Lok Narayan Jha
Head
Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
Members:
Prof. Dr. Shesh Kanta Aryal
Dr. Raju Khanal
Dr. Ram Prasad Regmi
Mr. Hari Shankar Mallik
Consultant:
Prof. Dr. Kamal K. Shrestha
President, Nuclear Society of Nepal (NUSON)
Contact Address:
Central Department of Physics
Tribhuvan University
Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Tel. No.: 01-4331054
Dr. Raju Khanal
9841411951
Mr. Hari Shankar Mallik
9841505294
Email: [email protected]
iv
Abbreviations and Symbols
Bq
Becquerel (one decay per second)
Ci
curie (activity of 1 gram of radium, equals 3.7 x 10 -10 Bq)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
eV
electron volt (1.6 × 10 -19 joules)
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
GTRI
Global Threat Reduction Initiative
GTRP
Global Threat Reduction Programme
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
ILO
International Labor Organization
ISO
International Organization for Standardization
k
kilo (10 3)
m
milli (10 -3)
μ
micro (10 -6)
M
mega (10 6)
MoST
Ministry of Science and Technology (Government of Nepal)
NARC
Nepal Agricultural Research Council
NAST
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
NUSON
Nuclear Society of Nepal
TECDOC
Technical Document
TU
Tribhuvan University
UN
United Nations
WHO
World Health Organization
v
Contents
Preface
ii
Working committee
iv
Abbreviations and Symbols
v
Contents
vi
1.
Introduction
1
2.
Justification of the Work
4
3.
Methodology
6
4.
Field Report
7
4.1
List of Institutions having Radioactive Sources
7
4.2
Radioactive Sources with Academic Institutions
9
4.3
B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur
19
4.4
Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
20
4.5
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control
21
4.6
Department of Mines and Geology
22
4.7
Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
23
4.8
Metro Radiology and Imaging Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu
23
4.9
National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital
24
4.10
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
25
4.11
Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Soil Science Section
26
4.12
Om Hospital and Research Center, Chabahil
26
vi
5.
Categorization of the Sources
27
6.
Report about the Security Status
29
7.
Management/Future Plans and Report on Disposal Sites
34
7.1 Pit at Central Department of Chemistry, TU, Kirtipur
34
7.2 Report about a Co-60 source buried in B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer Hospital
34
7.3 Report about radium needles buried in the premises of Teku Hospital
36
7.4 Report about the Prasuti Griha Government Maternity Hospital
37
8.
Limitations of the Survey
38
9.
Conclusions/Suggestions
41
Appendices
I:
Centers consulted during the work
42
II:
People contacted during the work
45
III:
Questionnaire for the survey
52
IV:
Terms of Reference
53
V:
Advertisement published in Gorkhapatra
54
VI:
A sample of data collection
55
VII:
Detail about the sources
56
VIII: Categorization of the sources
63
IX:
List of radioisotopes in Nepal
68
X:
List of manufacturer/supplier and respective countries
69
References
70
vii
1. Introduction
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of certain atomic nuclei to more stable
configurations accompanied by the emission of α-particles, -particles, or -radiation.
The emission is spontaneous natural phenomena. The α,  and  radiations are ionizing
type of radiation. The energy of ionizing radiations ranges from  1 keV to 100 MeV.
It can damage DNA of living cells. Radionuclides, Radioisotopes, Nuclides, Radioactive
materials are used interchangeably to refer to any substance that emits ionizing radiation
spontaneously. From here on, ionizing radiation will be referred to simply as radiation.
There are two types of Radionuclide in the environment:
(i)
(ii)
Naturally occurring radionuclides
(a)
Terrestrial:
40
(b)
Cosmogenic:
7
K, 235U, 238U, 232Th, 212Pb, etc.
Be, 22Na and 24Na, etc.
Anthropogenic radionuclides (man-made)
131
I, 60Co, 137Cs, 99mTc, etc.
(a)
Medical applications:
(b)
Industrial applications: 241Am, 252Cf, etc.
(c)
Nuclear weapon tests in the late 50s and early 60s: 235U, 239Pu, etc.
(d)
Nuclear accidents (e.g., Chernobyl, 1986 April 26).
Radionuclides emit radiations, no matter of their types, traditionally classified as: alpha
(α), beta (), and gamma () radiation. Penetrating power of  radiation is more than that
of  particles, which is more penetrating than  particles, so gamma is more dangerous
than beta, which is more dangerous than alpha radiations.  particles can be stopped by a
sheet of paper and  particles by a few millimeters of aluminum whereas  radiations can
be stopped only by few inches of lead or few feet of concrete (shown schematically in the
following picture).
1
The penetrating power of ionizing radiations
The „strength‟ of a radioactive source - more especially the rate at which nuclear
disintegrations occur - is called the activity and is measured in Becquerel (Bq), named
after Henri Becquerel. 1 Bq is one disintegration per second. An older unit is the Curie,
named after Pierre and Marie Curie. One curie is approximately the activity of 1 gram of
radium and equals (exactly) 3.7 x 1010 Bq. The activity depends only on the number of
decays per second, not on the type of decay.
The radioactive materials are used for beneficial purposes, such as generating electricity,
in industries, agriculture, mining, research and development, diagnosing and treating
medical problems, etc. For these many benefits, excessive radiation exposure can also
threaten our health and the quality of our environment. Obviously radiation is known to
cause cancer in humans. Radiation can also cause other adverse health effects, including
genetic defects in the children of exposed parents or mental retardation in the children of
mothers overexposed during pregnancy.
2
In Nepal, the use of radioactive materials are very limited i.e. mainly in medical use and
in some teaching and research institutions. There is no sufficient awareness about
radiation hazard. So it is urgently needed to form a regulatory body for developing and
monitoring of essential nuclear safety and radiation control in the country.
The unsecured radioactive sources are causing deaths and serious injuries in many
countries of the world. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has published a
number of reports that describe the human health consequences of uncontrolled sources
[1]. IAEA encourages all governments “to take steps to ensure the existence within their
territories of effective national systems of control for ensuring the safety of radiation
sources and the security of radioactive materials”. The International Basic Safety
Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation
Sources [2] specifically requires (in addition to other measures) that: “a periodic
inventory of movable sources be conducted at appropriate intervals to confirm that they
are in their assigned locations and are secure”. The Code of Conduct on the Safety and
Security of Radioactive Sources [3] to address security states that: “Every State should, in
order to protect individuals, society and the environment, take the appropriate measures
necessary to ensure that the radioactive sources within its territory, or under its
jurisdiction or control, are safely managed and securely protected during their useful lives
and at the end of their useful lives”.
As a first step towards securing the radioisotopes in Nepal the Ministry of Science and
Technology, Government of Nepal (MoST) initiated this work to conduct a survey of
imported radioactive sources. Such a step is a must for any other safety measure to be
taken in future. This is essential for future implementation of National Nuclear Policy
2007 and hence assists in Regulatory System in Radioactive Source Security.
3
2. Justification of the Work
Nuclear science in Nepal is slowly but steadily contributing in all-around development
efforts in diverse fields like Agriculture, Animal Science, Biology, Chemistry,
Environment, Food Science, Geology (radioactive minerals), Nuclear Medicine,
Radiology and Physics. Some qualified Nepalese are currently involved in contributing in
their respective fields with trainings from IAEA through FAO, WHO, ILO, etc.
Government of Nepal published National Nuclear Policy (2007). As of 2008, Nepal is a
Member of IAEA. The “Fact finding Mission” from IAEA visited Nepal in 2009 and
submitted a report for possible cooperation with Nepal.
As a member of IAEA, the responsibility of Nepal has increased many folds. The UN
Security Council Resolution 1540, which is binding on all Member States, contains
obligations regarding accounting and physical protection on nuclear materials as well as
commitments to prevent trafficking in weapons-related material and their delivery
systems. It also expects States to fulfill their commitment to mutual cooperation, in
particular with the framework of the IAEA. As such, IAEA has published TECDOC1355 on security of radioactive sources in 2003, subsequent to 9/11 [3]. Some aspects of
this resolution has been undertaken by the US Government and the British Government,
as GTRI and GTRP, respectively, especially to help the needy countries.
IAEA also participates in partnership with Member States and regional organizations, in
various global initiatives such as the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI),
Radiological Security Partnership, etc. GTRI is assisting in upgrading the physical
security of Cobalt-60 sources in some hospitals in Nepal under the aegis of Nuclear
Society of Nepal (NUSON).
As per the Technical Document TECDOC-1344 of IAEA, Category 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 types
of radioactive sources has been spelled out. Typical radio-nuclides like Cobalt -60, used
for Teletherapy and/or Gamma Knife as well Caesium-137 or Irridium-192 used for
4
Brachytherapy in some hospitals come under Category 1 and 3, respectively. Use of other
radioisotopes in academic institutions, research laboratories, etc in Nepal comes under
categories 4 and 5.
National Inventory of the radioactive sources in Nepal is necessary to upgrade their
security as a responsible member of the UN as well as that of IAEA and also assist the
Nuclear Laws in making in Nepal.
In 2006, National Academy of Medical Sciences (Bir Hospital), Kathmandu submitted a
report on “Present Status of Nuclear Materials used in Nepal” to MoST [4]. The work
needs to be reviewed and upgraded as per the guidelines mentioned above [1-3].
5
3. Methodology
The following methodology was adopted for achieving goals of the present work.
a.
Preparation of Questionnaire: A Questionnaire was prepared (Appendix-III) to be
distributed to potential users of radioisotopes to collect information as per the
Terms of Reference given by the MoST (Appendix-IV).
b.
Field visits and Questionnaire distribution/collection: As soon as MoST assigned
the duty of Surveying Radioisotopes in Nepal we published a notice in
Gorkhapatra on 2010 June 10 (Appendix-V) requesting all those concerned for
providing information. We then contacted various organizations (mainly
Hospitals, Research Centers, University/Colleges), where radioactive sources
could be used. We requested the concerned authorities to fill in the Questionnaire
and/or provide necessary information. To provide an idea about how the
Questionnaires were filled, a completed and returned form is shown in the
Appendix-VI.
c.
Assemble and analyze the data
d.
Prepare a Draft Report and submit to MoST for comments
e.
Make a presentation in MoST
f.
Prepare the Final Report and submit to MoST
Note: Only imported radionuclides were covered in this work.
6
4. Field Report
Among the various centers contacted (as listed in Appendix-I) the following 33
organizations informed us that they are having radioactive sources.
4.1 List of Institutions having Radioactive Sources (listed alphabetically)
S.N.
Address
1.
Amrit Science Campus, Lainchour, Kathmandu
2.
B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
3.
Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
4.
Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Chitwan
5.
Butwal Multiple Campus, Butwal, Rupandehi
6.
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
7.
Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
8.
Damak Multiple Campus, Damak, Jhapa
9.
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal,
Kathmandu
10.
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Quarantine Check
Post, Birgunj
11.
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Quarantine Check
Post, Biratnagar
12.
Department of Mines and Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
13.
Golden Gate College, Battisputali, Kathmandu
14.
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel
15.
Khwopa College, Dekocha, Bhaktapur
16.
Mahendra Bindeshwori Campus, Rajbiraj
17.
Mahendra Morang Adarsha Multiple Campus, Biratnagar
18.
Makwanpur Multiple Campus, Hetauda
19.
Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
20.
Mechi Multiple Campus, Bhadrapur, Jhapa
7
21.
Metro Radiology and Imaging (P) Ltd, Narayanchaur, Kathmandu
22.
National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu
23.
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur
24.
Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Soil Science Section, Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
25.
Om Hospital and Research Center, Chabahil
26.
Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka, Lalitpur
27.
Prithivinarayan Campus, Pokhara
28.
Pulchwok Campus, Institute of Engineering, Pulchwok, Lalitpur
29.
R. R. M. Campus, Janakpur
30.
Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
31.
St. Xavier's College, Maitighar, Kathmandu
32.
Tribhuvan Multiple Campus, Tansen, Palpa
33.
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
Among these 33 centers, 21 of them are Academic Institutions of higher education (B.Sc.
and above) and the rest are Hospitals and Research Centers. Although the number of
Academic Institutions tops the list their strength is in the order of micro-curie (μCi) while
those possessed by hospitals exceeds 12 kCi. Detail about the radioactive sources in these
centers are presented and discussed in the following sections.
8
4.2 Radioactive Sources with Academic Institutions
It has been observed that most of the radioactive sources in academic institutions are of
very low activity. The maximum original activity is 20 μCi, however, the current activity
is much lower as most of the sources are already very old. They are being used for
demonstration purposes and to perform experiments like: calculation of half-life, betadecay properties, back scattering, etc. In almost all cases the sources are used with
Geiger-Müller counters.
It is interesting to note that most of the sources are similar (in terms of their type, activity,
shape and manufacturer). This is mainly due to the reason that they have procured such
sources from local suppliers, which are very few in number and they rely on same
distributor. In addition, most of the academic institutions are affiliated to Tribhuvan
University (TU) and follow same curriculum. The sources in most of the colleges
affiliated to TU were received from the Dean's Office, Institute of Science and
Technology, TU, Kirtipur, who purchased them in bulk from the local market. In most
cases the complete detail about the sources (especially, manufactured and procured dates)
are not well recorded (Appendix-VII). Pictures of some of the typical sources used in
academic institutions are in shown in Figs. 1 - 5.
Fig. 1: Typical wooden box containing radioactive sources for academic purposes
9
Fig. 2: Radioactive sources with lead shielding
Fig. 3: Radioactive sources with lead shielding
10
Fig. 4: Various radioactive sources with lead shielding
(also contains few natural radioactive materials)
Fig. 5: Close-up view of radioactive sources and their containers
11
Following are the brief report about the radioisotopes in the academic institutions. For
detail refer to the Appendix-VII.
Amrit Science Campus, Lainchour, Kathmandu
1) Sr-90
5 μCi
2) Co-60 (2 pieces)
5 μCi
3) Cs-137
1 μCi
Since 1999 August 31
Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Chitwan
1) Sr-90
5 μCi
2) β-source (Unidentified)
~ μCi
1999 September 03
Butwal Multiple Campus, Butwal, Rupandehi
1) Co-60
5 μCi
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
1) Sr-90
20 μCi
2) Ca-45
10 μCi
3) Cs-137
5 μCi
Damak Multiple Campus, Damak
1) Co-60
1 μCi
2) Cs-137
1 μCi
Golden Gate College, Battisputali, Kathmandu
1) Co-60 (4 pieces)
0.7 μCi
2) Cs-137 (2 pieces)
1.2 μCi
3) Cs-137 (2 pieces)
1 μCi
All these sources were procured on 2009 March 30.
12
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel
0.16 μCi (2006 August)
1) Co-60
0.001 μCi (current)
Khwopa College, Dekocha, Bhaktapur
4 μCi (2006)
1) Tl-204
Mahendra Bindeshwori Campus, Rajbiraj, Saptari
1) Po-210
(2 pieces)
5 μCi
Mahendra Morang Adarsha Multiple Campus, Biratnagar, Morang
1) Sr-90
5 μCi
Procured in 1989
Makwanpur Multiple Campus, Hetauda
1) Co-60
~ μCi
Mechi Multiple Campus, Bhadrapur, Jhapa
1) Cs-137
~ μCi
Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka, Lalitpur
1) Cs-137 (2 pieces)
1.9 μCi
Procured in 2007 October
Manufacturer: BRIT, India
2) Cs-137 (2 pieces)
1.5 μCi
Procured in 2007 October
Manufacturer: BRIT, India
3) Co-60
1 μCi
Procured in 2001 February
Manufacturer: Spectrum Techniques, India
4) Tl-204 (4 pieces)
0.9 μCi
Procured in 2007 August
13
Prithivinarayan Campus, Pokhara, Kaski
1) Sr-90
5 μCi
Procured in 1987
2) Co-60 (4 pieces)
1 μCi
Procured in 2008 March
Manufacturer: Ambala Cant, India
3) Cs-137 (4 pieces)
1 μCi
Procured in 2008 March
Manufacturer: Ambala Cant, India
4) Unidentified source
~ μCi
Pulchwok Campus, Institute of Engineering, Pulchwok, Lalitpur
1) Cs-137
5 μCi
2) Co-60
1 μCi
3) Tl-204
1 μCi
4) Po-210
0.1 μCi
5) Sr-90
0.1 μCi
All these sources were manufactured at Oxford, England and procured in 1997 March.
R. R. M. Campus, Janakpur
1) Sr-90
5 μCi
Procured in 1999 December 17
Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
1) Sr-90
2) Po-210
3) Co-60
All these sources are of original activity of the order of μCi and were procured in 1993.
14
St. Xavier's College, Maitighar, Kathmandu
1) Cs-137 (4 pieces)
1.9 μCi
Procured in 2007 October
2) Cs-137 (4 pieces)
1.4 μCi
Procured in 2009 December
3) Co-60
Cs-137 (4 pieces)
0.8 μCi
Procured in 2010 January
4) Co-60
Cs-137 (4 pieces)
0.5 μCi
Procured in 2007 August
All these sources were manufactured/supplied by BRIT, India
Tribhuvan Multiple Campus, Tansen, Palpa
1) Sr-90
5 μCi
Procured in 1981
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
1) Sr-90 (2 pieces)
5 μCi
More than 30 years old
Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
Among the academic institutions, the Central Department of Physics has the largest
number of nuclear sources. Nuclear Physics was the only subject of specialization in
M.Sc. (Physics) curriculum when the Department was established about 45 years ago. It
is still an integral part of the curriculum, a compulsory course, not as a special paper.
Most of the radioactive sources are very old, as old as the department and are of low
activity, as mentioned earlier.
The radioactive sources are currently possessed by the Department are listed below.
15
Fig. 6: Some of the radioactive sources in the Central Department of Physics, Kirtipur
1) Cs-137
9 μCi
2) Am-241
5 μCi
3) Co-60
5 μCi
4) Sr-90
5 μCi
5) Am-241
2 μCi
6) Co-60
2 μCi
7) Cs-137
2 μCi
8) Na-22
2 μCi
9) Sr-90
2 μCi
10) Tl-204
1 μCi
11) Tl-204
0.5 μCi
12) Am-241
0.125 μCi
13) Am-241
0.12 μCi
14) Sr-90
0.12 μCi
15) Ra-226 (2 pieces)
0.09 μCi
16) Po-210
17) C-14
β-Reference standard
18) Ra-226
β-Reference standard
19) Sr-90 / Y-90
β-Reference standard
20) Tl-204
β-Reference standard
21) Co-60
β-Reference standard
16
Fig. 7: β-Reference standard sources
Fig. 8: Various sources
Fig. 9: Multichannel analyser set-up
17
Fig. 10: Am-241 Source
Fig. 11: Ra-226 Source
18
4.3 B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
1)
Co-60 source
Activity: 12477 Ci (2001 June 08)
Procured in 2001 August 10 from Canada.
Being used for patient treatment.
After every 2 half life uses the used one will be sent back and new source will be
put in, as per original contract.
2)
Co-60 source
6240 Ci (1997 August 18)
Manufacturer:
Mayak Production Association, Radioisotope Plant, 31 Lenin
Street, Ozyorsk, Russia
Procured in 1998 August 18
Not in use. Tried to send back but could not succeed.
Placed inside a shielded container and dumped in concrete wall blocks in 2004.
3)
Ir-192 source
10 Ci (2002 June 15)
Manufacturer/Supplier: Varion Medical System, USA
Used sources are replaced every 4 months and taken back by the supplier. So far
more than 30 sources are used and returned back. Since 2002 June 15
Fig. 12: Ir-192 source container, B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur,
(Photo courtesy of Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari)
19
4)
Sr-90 source (2 pieces), Activity: 0.9 mCi (1998 November 19)
Manufactured by: Wellhoper, Germany
Used for the Chamber calibration.
5)
Cs-137 source (5 pieces), Activity: 10 μCi
Germany
Survey meter calibration
4.4 Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
1) Co-60 source
8644 Ci (1998 July 01)
CIRUS Company, France 1998
Used for Radiotherapy
2) Ir-192 source
10 Ci (2009 December)
1.5 Ci (current)
Used for Brachytherapy
Exchanged every 6 months by the manufacturer/supplier (USA)
Fig. 13: Brachytherapy (Source Ir-192) at Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
3) Sr-90
For calibration
20
4.5 Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
Cs-137 and Cs-134 in the ratio 1:0.4
Activity: 0.027 μCi (2005), 0.024 μCi (current)
Came with The Becquerel-Monitor LB 200 for its calibration
Being used in controlling radiation exposure in imported foodstuffs
Fig. 14: The Becquerel-Monitor LB 200
21
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Quarantine Check Post,
Birgunj
Cs-137 and Cs-134 in the ratio 1:0.4
Activity: 0.027 μCi (2005), 0.024 μCi (current)
Came with The Becquerel-Monitor LB 200 for its calibration
Being used in controlling radiation exposure in imported foodstuffs
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Quarantine Check Post,
Biratnagar
Cs-137 and Cs-134 in the ratio 1:0.4
Activity: 0.027 μCi (2009), 0.026 μCi (current)
Came with The Becquerel-Monitor LB 200 for its calibration
Being used in controlling radiation exposure in imported foodstuffs
4.6 Department of Mines and Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
1) Ba-133 source
1.2 μCi (1979-09-28)
2) Uranium
~ μCi
3) Thorium (TS-5)
~ μCi
4) Thorium (TS-3)
~ μCi
Department of Mines and Geology procured these sources around 1980 with GAD-6: 4
channel -ray spectrometer and GSP-4S instrument, for their calibration.
Fig. 15: Barium, Thorium and Uranium sources at the Department of Mines and Geology
22
4.7 Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
Co-60 source,
Activity: 8358 Ci (1994 September)
A cobalt-60 teletherapy machine was installed in 2001 October 31, but currently not in
use as the activity of the source is low.
Fig. 16: Teletherapy facility and source head at Manipal Teaching Hospital
(Photo courtesy of Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari)
4.8 Metro Radiology and Imaging Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu
Tc-90 source,
Activity: 270 mCi (2003 March 24)
Amersham PLC, UK
Currently not in use, waiting for its replacement
The source used to be replaced and sent back to the supplier (already done 60 times so
far). The last one is at its low and can not be used but the supplier could not provide new
one citing its scarcity in international market.
Fig. 17: Containers for transport and for safe disposal of radioisotopes
(Photo courtesy of Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari)
23
4.9 National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital
Co-60 source
10985 Ci (2002 June 02)
Theratonics International Ltd, Canada
Used for Radiotherapy
Fig. 18: Telecobalt machine at Radiotherapy Unit, Bir Hospital and a rare picture of
source change on 2002 June 02 (Photo courtesy of Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari)
24
4.10 Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), Khumaltar, Lalitpur
1) Cs-137 source
2 μCi
Procured in 1983 December 12
Being used as a calibration source for Multichannel Analyzer (Gamma Spectrometer)
2) Am-241 source
0.054 μCi
Procured in 1990 May 07
Being used as a calibration source for LB 750L for Alpha
3) Sr-90/Y-90 source
0.054 μCi
Procured in 1990 May 07
Being used as a calibration source for LB 750L for Beta
4) TS-9 (Thorium Sample)
Being used as a calibration source for GIS-5
Fig. 19: Cs-37 and TS-9 sample for calibration purposes
25
4.11 Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Soil Science Section, Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
Am-241 source,
Activity: 50 mCi (1989 June 19)
Procured in 1998
Came with Neutron Probe (Hydroprobe for soil tests).
Supplier: CPN Corporation, Martinez, California, USA
Once tested but never used again due to the lack of proper guideline and fear of
radioactive hazards.
Fig. 20: Neutron Probe (Hydroprobe for soil tests) set
4.12 Om Hospital and Research Center, Chabahil
Ir-192 source
10 Ci
Being used for Brachytherapy
Exchanged every 6 months by the Supplier/Manufacturer: Varian Medical Systems, USA
26
5. Categorization of the Sources
The categorization (prepared by IAEA, Ref. [1]) provides a relative ranking of
radioactive sources in terms of their potential to cause immediate harmful health effects if
the source is not safely managed or securely protected. Sources are classified into five
categories: Category 1 sources are potentially the most dangerous and Category 5 sources
are least dangerous.
Category 1 is extremely dangerous which if not safely managed or securely protected
would cause permanent injury to a person who handles it, or comes in contact with it. It
would probably be fatal to be close to this amount of unshielded material for a period of a
few minutes.
Category 2 is very dangerous, could cause permanent injury to a person who handles it,
or comes in contact with it, for a few minutes to hours.
Category 3 is dangerous, could cause permanent injury to a person who handles it, or
comes in contact with it, for some hours. It could possibly, although it is unlikely, be fatal
to be close to this amount of unshielded radioactive material for a period of days to
weeks.
Category 4 is unlikely to be dangerous. It is very unlikely that anyone would be
permanently injured by this amount of radioactive material. However, this amount of
unshielded radioactive material could possibly, although it is unlikely, temporarily injure
someone who handles it or comes in contact with it.
Category 5 is not dangerous. No one could be permanently injured by this amount of
radioactive material.
27
It has been observed that only the four hospitals; Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, B. P.
Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bir Hospital and Manipal Teaching Hospital; have
sources of the category 1, as shown in the following table.
Table 1: Categorization of radioactive sources
Activity in Ci
Institutions
Source
Original
Current (A)*
D
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Co-60
12477
3720.88
0.8
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
National Academy of
Medical Sciences, Bir
Co-60
10985
3533.19
0.8
Hospital
Bhaktapur Cancer
Co-60
8644
1742.07
0.8
Hospital, Bhaktapur
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Co-60
6240
1120.10
0.8
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Manipal Teaching
Co-60
8358
1010.56
0.8
Hospital, Pokhara
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Ir-192
10
2.67
2
Chitwan; Om Hospital
and Research Center,
Chabahil
Nepal Agricultural
Research Council, Soil
Am-241
0.05
0.05
2
Science Section,
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
Metro Radiology and
Tc-99
0.27
0.27
800
Imaging Pvt. Ltd.
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Sr-90
0. 90×10-3
0.68×10-3
30
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Cs-137
0.10×10-4
9.88×10-6
3
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Central Department of
Physics, Tribhuvan
Am-241
5.00×10-6
4.69×10-6
2
University, Kirtipur
All other sources, not mentioned here, lie in category 5 (Appendix-VIII).
* Calculated (except provided).
28
A/D
Category
4651.10
1
4416.49
1
2177.58
1
1400.12
1
1263.20
1
1.34
3
0.02
4
3.37×10-3
5
2.25×10-5
5
3.29×10-6
5
2.34×10-6
5
6. Report about the Security Status
During the study we were concerned about the safety and security issues of the sources. It
is necessary to shield the emitted radiations as well as protect the sources from being
stolen for any malafide intention.
The sources in the following 4 hospitals lie in the Category 1 (specified by IAEA), which
implies that the sources pose a high risk to human health if not managed safely and
securely.




Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu
Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
During our field visit and discussion with the authentic persons it was observed that the
importance of securing the sources had upmost priority. We observed that all these
centers have restricted entry to such areas or to take photographs. Even for our team, with
official letters, it was not easy in most cases to take pictures personally and rather
provided/referred to earlier pictures. Various measures, like 24 hour guard service,
physical installations, CCTV remote monitoring, etc were implemented. GTRI financed
the installations at these 4 hospitals.
Fig. 21: Caution notice informing about the risk of radioactive material and
CCTV camera in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
29
Fig. 22: CCTV installation and control room in Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital
(Photo courtesy of Prof. K. K. Shrestha)
30
Fig. 23: Securing the Brachytherapy Centre at Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital
31
Fig. 24: Sources stored at Department of Mines and Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
32
Glove box
Lead shielding
Fig. 25: Lead shielding and equipment for safe handling of the sources in Central
Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
Fig. 26: Sources inside lead shielding in Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
33
7. Management/Future Plans
During the study we were also concerned about the management/Future plan about the
sources after their usage and also on disposal sites. In most of the recent purchases there
exists an agreement with Manufacturers/ Suppliers which binds them to take care of the
sources after usage. This, however, was found lacking in sources of categories 4 and 5
which may also be because such sources can just be dumped like any household waste
after their activity has been reduced.
7.1 Pit at Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
The Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur has stored its
source in „pit‟ maintained at a place where no visitors reach, normally.
Fig. 27: “Pit” for storing nuclear sources at Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur (Photo courtesy of Mr. R. Manandhar, MoST)
7.2 Report about a Co-60 source buried in B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital
It was reported in one case of B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, a
Co-60 source, made in Russia and donated by China had no any agreement of taking back
after it was used. The hospital authorities tried to send it back but could not succeed. As
they had to secure it locally, it is now placed inside the original shielding container and
34
buried under a 2‟ x 4‟ x 6‟ concrete pit. No artificial background radiation around that
area, which is itself out of common reach, indicates that the source is well secured.
Fig. 28: Used Co-60 source being secured by placing inside the original shielding
container and placing it under concrete wall blocks (2004) at B. P. Koirala Memorial
Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur (Photo courtesy of Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari)
Fig. 29: The location of the „dumped‟ site in B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital,
Bharatpur
35
7.3 Report about radium needles buried in the premises of Teku Hospital
Seven used-up radium needles are buried in the backyard of Teku Hospital, Kathmandu.
The needles with accessories are placed in lead box containers and put in metal/wooden
boxes and covered by concrete. Recent survey, using a radiation survey meter, showed no
any sign of increased radiation around that area.
a
b
c
d
Fig. 30: (a) Place where the Radium needles are buried, (b) Measuring radiation outside
the container, (c) Wooden and lead boxes used for securing the radium needles (d) Tool
for safe handling of radioactive sources (Photos courtesy of Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari)
36
It is recommended that a warning sign be placed in the area and the accessories (the
boxes and the tool for safe handling of radioactive sources) be secured as these can be
used in future for securing other sources as well.
7.4 Report about the Prasuti Griha Government Maternity Hospital, Kathmandu
According to the Hospital Administration the hospital used to provide Brachytherapy
services up to the year 1974. After the service was terminated the used-up radioactive
sources (mainly radium needles) were kept in a shielded box and were properly stored
underground. The old building has long been demolished and a new building was
constructed. The place now is exactly where the Hospital Administration has its office
with Reception in the ground floor. Unfortunately no any record is available in the
Hospital about „what happened to the box?‟. It is thus unclear whether the box was
removed and disposed somewhere else or it is still underground. During a survey, using a
radiation survey meter, around 2006 gave no any evidences of high nuclear radiation
around the area [4].
Fig. 31: The Prasuti Griha Hospital Administration building
37
8. Limitations of the Survey
This survey is totally based on information received from respective source holders. To
make the report as authentic as possible we have tried our best to visit all possible sites
ourselves. We had also requested for information and help by publishing a notice in
Gorkhapatra on 2010 June 10 (Appendix-V), communicating through post, email,
telephone, etc.
There were reports that some industries and corporate offices are using certain devices
based on radioactivity, especially smoke detectors and density gauges. In order to find
out about such and other devices we contacted the Nepal Chamber of Commerce, Jamal,
Kathmandu; Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Teku,
Kathmandu; and even went to few places ourselves, however none such cases were
reported. To make sure that not any harmful material goes unreported we studied the
risks associated with such devices and the details are given below [5, 6].
Smoke detectors (based on radioactive material)
The ionisation chamber smoke detectors are popular, because they are inexpensive and
are sensitive to a wider range of fire conditions than a photoelectric sensor, which detects
fire noting the change in light level caused by smoke. This type is more expensive to
purchase and install, and is less effective.
Most smoke detectors contain 0.2 mg of Am-241 (original activity of about 0.81 μCi) as
americium dioxide (AmO2). Am-241 emits alpha particles and low energy gamma rays.
The alpha particles emitted by the Am-241 collide with the oxygen and nitrogen in air in
the detector's ionisation chamber to produce charged particles (ions). A low-level electric
voltage applied across the chamber is used to collect these ions, causing a steady small
electric current to flow between two electrodes. When smoke enters the space between
the electrodes, the smoke particles attach to the charged ions, neutralizing them. This
causes the number of ions present - and therefore the electric current - to fall, which sets
off an alarm.
38
The radiation dose from a domestic smoke detector is very low, much less than that from
natural background radiation. The alpha particles are absorbed within the detector, while
most of the gamma rays escape harmlessly. The small amount of radioactive material that
is used in these detectors is not a health hazard and can even be disposed of in normal
household waste.
Even swallowing the radioactive material from a smoke detector would not lead to
significant internal absorption of Am-241. Americium dioxide is insoluble, so will pass
through the digestive tract without delivering a significant radiation dose. Am-241 is
however a potentially dangerous isotope if it is taken into the body in soluble form.
Fig. 32: Information about smoke detectors
39
Density gauges (based on radioactive material)
Fig. 33: Information about Density gauges
40
9. Conclusions/Suggestions
It is strongly recommended that Nepal should draft an act and a separate comprehensive
nuclear legislation, and form a regulatory body as soon as possible for the proper
regulation and control of nuclear technology for safe and secure use of it.
In Nepal, radioactive sources are being used mainly in hospitals, research centers and in
academic institutions. Among them only the one being used in hospitals are of Category
1, which posses threat of hazards. In most cases they are well protected and secured,
however, all such places being public area one should not ignore the possibility of theft or
other misuses. It is recommended that they need to be under surveillance round the clock,
for which IAEA and GTRI could provide assistance on request.
The Co-60 disposed in its premises by B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital,
Bharatpur, is not a threat as of now, however, that could be a problem in certain
unfortunate situations like earthquakes, digging by accident, theft, etc. It is thus not a
permanent solution and hence recommended that a better solution be sought for, like
returning it to a permanent and well secured disposal site. Again IAEA and GTRI could
be of help for this.
Regarding the reports from some old hospitals (especially the Prasuti Griha Government
Maternity Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu) mapping of background in those area using
portable radiation survey meter is suggested. Further measures can only be recommended
after such studies. This is very simple but still an effective method of giving permanent
end to all such hoaxes.
This survey is totally based on data provided by the end users and is accurate to the best
of our knowledge. We are sure that this will act as a primary source for the preparation of
an inventory of radioisotopes in Nepal.
41
Appendix I:
Centers consulted during the work
(listed alphabetically)
1.
Alka Hospital, Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
2.
Amrit Science Campus, Lainchour, Kathmandu
3.
B & B Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur
4.
B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
5.
Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
6.
Bhaktapur Multiple Campus, Bhaktapur
7.
Birat Science Campus, Biratnagar
8.
Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur, Chitwan
9.
Blue Cross, Tripureswor, Kathmandu
10.
Butwal Multiple Campus, Butwal, Rupandehi
11.
Capital Hospital, Putali Sadak, Kathmandu
12.
Central Department of Biotechnology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
13.
Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
14.
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
15.
Central Department of Environment, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
16.
Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
17.
Central Department of Geology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
18.
Central Department of Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
19.
Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
20.
Central Department of Physics, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
21.
Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
22.
Damak Multiple Campus, Damak
23.
Dean's Office, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University,
Kirtipur
24.
Department of Drug Administration, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu
25.
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
42
26.
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Quarantine Check Post,
Biratnagar
27.
Department of Food Technology and Quality Control, Quarantine Check Post,
Birgunj
28.
Department of Mines and Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
29.
Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel
30.
Everest Hospital, Naya Baneshwor
31.
Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Teku, Kathmandu
32.
Golden Gate College, Battisputali, Kathmandu
33.
Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Hetauda
34.
Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu
35.
Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu
36.
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel
37.
Khwopa College of Engineering, Liwali, Bhaktapur
38.
Khwopa College, Dekocha, Bhaktapur
39.
KIST Medical College Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur
40.
Mahendra Bindeshwori Campus, Rajbiraj, Saptari
41.
Mahendra Morang Adarsha Multiple Campus, Biratnagar, Morang
42.
Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj
43.
Makwanpur Multiple Campus, Hetauda
44.
Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara
45.
Surgicare Nepal Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu
46.
Mechi Multiple Campus, Bhadrapur, Jhapa
47.
Medicare National Hospital And Research Centre, Chabahil
48.
Metro Radiology Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Narayanchaur, Kathmandu
49.
National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital
50.
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur
51.
Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Animal Health Research Division,
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
52.
Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Soil Science Section, Khumaltar, Lalitpur
53.
Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Ramshahpath, Kathmandu
43
54.
Nepal Chamber of Commerce, Jamal, Kathmandu
55.
Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Jorpati, Kathmandu
56.
Nepal Orient Magnesite (Kathmandu Office), Baneshwor
57.
Om Hospital and Research Center, Chabahil
58.
Padmakanya Multiple Campus, Bagbazar, Kathmandu
59.
Patan Hospital, Patan
60.
Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka, Lalitpur
61.
Prasuti Griha Government Maternity Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu
62.
Prithivinarayan Campus, Pokhara
63.
Prof. Tulasi Prasad Pathak
64.
Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Pulchowk, Lalitpur
65.
R. R. M. Campus, Janakpur, Dhanusha
66.
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University,
Kirtipur
67.
Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre, Bansbari, Kathmandu
68.
Siddhanath Science Campus, Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
69.
St. Xavier's College, Maitighar, Kathmandu
70.
Teku Hospital, Kathmandu
71.
Thakurram Multiple Campus, Birgunj, Parsa
72.
Thapathali Campus, Institute of Engineering, Kathmandu
73.
Tribhuvan Multiple Campus, Tansen, Palpa
74.
Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Maharajganj, Kathmandu
75.
Tri-Chandra Multiple Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
44
Appendix II:
People contacted during the work
We would like to thank all those who helped us in different ways during the work.
1.
Dr. Arati Shah, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu
2.
Dr. Baburam Pokhrel, Consultant Physician, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel
3.
Dr. Bhola Rijal, Chairman, Om Hospital and Research Center, Chabahil,
Kathmandu
4.
Dr. Binod Kumar Bhattarai, Physics Department, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of
Engineering, Lalitpur
5.
Dr. Bishnu Datta Paudel, Medical Oncologist, National Academy of Medical
Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu
6.
Dr. Deba Bahadur Khadka, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
7.
Dr. Deepak Prasad Subedi, Head, Department of Natural Sciences, Kathmandu
University, Dhulikhel
8.
Dr. Dinesh Raj Bhuju, Head, Science Division, Nepal Academy of Science and
Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur
9.
Dr. Doj Raj Khanal, Senior Scientist, Nepal Agricultural Research Council,
Animal Health Research Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur
10.
Dr. Dwij Raj Bhatta, Head, Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
11.
Dr. Gisupnikha Prasiko, Head, Department of Radiation Oncology and
Radiology, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
12.
Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Managing Director, Om Hospital and Research
Center, Chabahil, Kathmandu
13.
Dr. Kedar Nath Ghimire, Head, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
14.
Dr. Lata Bajracharya, Director, Prasuti Griha Government Maternity Hospital,
Thapathali, Kathmandu
45
15.
Dr. Megh Raj Pokhrel, Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University,
Kirtipur
16.
Dr. P. U. Saxena, Head, Department of Oncology, Manipal Teaching Hospital,
Pokhara
17.
Dr. Prakash Raj Neupane, Oncologist Surgeon, Everest Hospital, Naya
Baneshwor
18.
Dr. Purna Bahadur Chand, Physics Department, Siddhanath Science Campus,
Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
19.
Dr. S. P. Shrestha, Physics Department, Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka,
Lalitpur
20.
Dr. Sitaram Shrestha, Patan Hospital, Patan
21.
Dr. Suresh Dhungel, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
22.
Dr. T. B. Burlakoti, Radiologist, Medicare National Hospital and Research
Centre, Chabahil
23.
Dr. Tara Manandhar, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital,
Kathmandu
24.
Mr. Ajay Kumar Jha, Physics Department, Siddhanath Science Campus,
Mahendranagar, Kanchanpur
25.
Mr. Arun Shah, Physics Department, Birendra Multiple Campus, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
26.
Mr. Arun Shah, Physics Department, Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka,
Lalitpur
27.
Mr. Arun Shrestha, Head, Physics Department, Birendra Multiple Campus,
Bharatpur, Chitwan
28.
Mr. Baburam Kharel, Radiology Department, Shahid Gangalal National Heart
Centre, Bansbari, Kathmandu
29.
Mr.
Balkrishna
Khakurel,
Drug
Administrator,
Department
of
Drug
Administration, Bijulibajar, Kathmandu
30.
Mr. Basil Srivastava, Lab Assistant, Physics Department, St. Xavier's College,
Maitighar, Kathmandu
46
31.
Mr. Bed Raj KC, Physics Department, Mahendra Multiple Campus, Nepalgunj
32.
Mr. Bhes Raj Adhikari, Physics Department, Bhaktapur Multiple Campus,
Bhaktapur
33.
Mr. Bidhyapati Jha, Medical Physicist, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
34.
Mr. Bikash Man Singh, Administrative Officer, Alka Hospital, Jawalakhel,
Lalitpur
35.
Mr. Binaya Prasad Shrestha, Senior Food Research Officer, Department of Food
Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
36.
Mr. Buddha R Shah, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
37.
Mr. Daya Nidhi Chhatkuli, Head, Physics Department, St. Xavier's College,
Maitighar, Kathmandu
38.
Mr. Dinesh Maharjan, B & B Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur
39.
Mr. Drona Kumar Dahal, Physics Department, Damak Multiple Campus, Damak
40.
Mr. Ganesh Dawadi, Senior Food Research Officer, Department of Food
Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
41.
Mr. Gopal Raj Joshi, Radiographer, Radiology Department , Kathmandu Medical
College Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu
42.
Mr. Gopal Shrestha, Storekeeper, Teku Hospital, Kathmandu
43.
Mr. Hari P. Sharma, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University,
Kirtipur
44.
Mr. Hifzur Rahaman, Superintendent Geologist), Department of Mines and
Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
45.
Mr. Homnath Paudel, Physics Department, Patan Multiple Campus, Patandhoka,
Lalitpur
46.
Mr. Jiwan Thapa, Physics Department, Birat Science Campus, Biratnagar
47.
Mr. Kanchan P. Adhikari, Medical Physicist and Radiation Safety Officer,
National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital, Kathmandu
48.
Mr. Keshab Prasai, Head, Physics Department, Mechi Multiple Campus,
Bhadrapur, Jhapa
47
49.
Mr. Kiran Dhwoj Shrestha Head, Physics Department, Amrit Science Campus,
Lainchour, Kathmandu
50.
Mr. Kul Prasad Dahal, Head, Physics Department, Prithivinarayan Campus,
Pokhara
51.
Mr. Kundan Bahadur Shrestha, Senior Food Research Officer, Department of
Food Technology and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
52.
Mr. Lakshmi Nath Bhattarai, Physics Department, Butwal Multiple Campus,
Butwal
53.
Mr. Laxman Lakhe, Technical Officer, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Soil
Science Section, Khumaltar, Lalitpur
54.
Mr. Lekhnath Paudel, Physics Department, Makwanpur Multiple Campus,
Hetauda
55.
Mr. Manoj Kumar Mishra, Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
56.
Mr. Manoj Kumar Thapa, Thapathali Campus, Institute of Engineering,
Kathmandu
57.
Mr. Manoj Pahiju, Radiographer, X-ray and Ultrasound Department, KIST
Medical College Hospital, Gwarko, Lalitpur
58.
Mr. Mantu Ghimire, Marketing Director, Surgicare Nepal Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu
59.
Mr. Matrika Prasad Adhikari, Medical Physicist, B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
60.
Mr. Mukunda KC, Lab Assistant, Golden Gate College, Battisputali, Kathmandu
61.
Mr. Mukunda P. Dulal, Dean's Office, Institute of Science and Technology,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
62.
Mr. Nabin Basnet, Administrator, Metro Radiology Imaging, Nuclear Medicine,
Narayanchaur, Kathmandu
63.
Mr. P. B. Adhikari, Physics Department, St. Xavier's College, Maitighar,
Kathmandu
64.
Mr. P. P. Chaurasia, Assistant Chief Medical Physicist, B. P. Koirala Memorial
Cancer Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
48
65.
Mr. Prabhakar Oli, Physics Department, Mechi Multiple Campus, Bhadrapur,
Jhapa
66.
Mr. Prabhu Acharya, Medical Physicist, Bhaktapur Cancer Hospital, Bhaktapur
67.
Mr. Prabun Sainju, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Soil Science Section,
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
68.
Mr. Prakash Man Shrestha, Head, Physics Department, Patan Multiple Campus,
Patandhoka, Lalitpur
69.
Mr. Pramanand Joshi, Physics Department, Bhaktapur Multiple Campus,
Bhaktapur
70.
Mr. Pramod Kumar Lal, Lab Assistant, Mahendra Morang Adarsha Multiple
Campus, Biratnagar
71.
Mr. Pramod Kumar Yadav, Medical Physicist, Manipal Teaching Hospital,
Pokhara
72.
Mr. Prem Bahadur KC, Lab Officer, Physics Department, Prithivinarayan
Campus, Pokhara
73.
Mr. Pushkar Bista, Head, Nepal Chamber of Commerce, Jamal, Kathmandu
74.
Mr. Rajendra Dulal; Physics Department, St. Xavier's College, Maitighar,
Kathmandu
75.
Mr. Rajib Kumar Karna, Physics Department, Institute of Forestry, Tribhuvan
University, Hetauda
76.
Mr. Raju Bhai Tyata, Principal, Khwopa College of Engineering, Liwali,
Bhaktapur
77.
Mr. Rakesh Ranjan Yadav, Radiographer, Radiology Department, Kathmandu
Medical College Teaching Hospital, Sinamangal, Kathmandu
78.
Mr. Ram Prasad Koirala, Physics Department, Mahendra Morang Adarsha
Multiple Campus, Biratnagar
79.
Mr. Ranjit Prasad Yadav, Physics Department, Thakurram Multiple Campus,
Birgunj
80.
Mr. Ravi Karki, Physics Department, Prithivinarayan Campus, Pokhara
81.
Mr. Rekam Giri, Coordinator, M.Sc. Physics Program, Golden Gate College,
Battisputali, Kathmandu
49
82.
Mr. Roopak Joshi, Principal, Khwopa College, Dekocha, Bhaktapur
83.
Mr. Sanjay Bhandari, Food Research Officer, Department of Food Technology
and Quality Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
84.
Mr. Shiv Narayan Yadav, Physics Department, Mahendra Bindeshwori Campus,
Rajbiraj, Saptari
85.
Mr. Shreedhar Prasad Subedi, Nuclear Lab., Central Department of Physics,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
86.
Mr. Sudan Prasad Joshi, Hospital Administrator, Prasuti Griha Government
Maternity Hospital, Thapathali, Kathmandu
87.
Mr. Sudarshan Prasad Dahal, Radiology Department, Teku Hospital, Kathmandu
88.
Mr. Suranjan Sharma, Physics Lab., Pulchwok Campus, Institute of Engineering,
Lalitpur
89.
Mr. Surendra Bahadur Chand, Medical Physicist, B. P. Koirala Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan
90.
Mr. Surendra Subedi, Senior Divisional Chemist, Department of Mines and
Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
91.
Mr. Surya GC, Physics Department, Prithivinarayan Campus, Pokhara
92.
Ms. Ambika Shakya, Physics Department, St. Xavier's College, Maitighar,
Kathmandu
93.
Ms. Jeevan Kansakar, Director, Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce
and Industry, Teku, Kathmandu
94.
Ms. Jeevan Prabha Lama, Head, Department of Food Technology and Quality
Control, Babarmahal, Kathmandu
95.
Ms. Madhavi Wagle, Administrative Officer, Om Hospital and Research Center,
Chabahil, Kathmandu
96.
Ms. Padma Prajapati, Superintendent Chemist, Department of Mines and
Geology, Lazimpat, Kathmandu
97.
Ms. Rita Shrestha, Senior Divisional Chemist, Department of Mines and Geology,
Lazimpat, Kathmandu
98.
Ms. Shyama Regmi, Physics Department, Padmakanya Multiple Campus,
Bagbazar, Kathmandu
50
99.
Prof. Bimal Kumar Karki, Head, Physics Department, Tri-Chandra Multiple
Campus, Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
100.
Prof. Krishna Kumar Shrestha, Head, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
101.
Prof. Nanda Bahadur Maharjan, Assistant Dean, Dean's Office, Institute of
Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
102.
Prof. Narendra Raj Khanal, Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
103.
Prof. Pradeep Kumar Bhattarai, Physics Department, Padmakanya Multiple
Campus, Bagbazar, Kathmandu
104.
Prof. Pramod Kumar Jha, Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University,
Kirtipur
105.
Prof. Ramesh Narayan Tripathy, Physics Department, Tribhuvan Multiple
Campus, Tansen, Palpa
106.
Prof. Ranjana Gupta, Head, Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
107.
Prof. Sunil Kumar Pradhan, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital,
Maharajganj, Kathmandu
108.
Prof. Tribikram Bhattarai, Head, Central Department of Biotechnology,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur
109.
Prof. Tulasi Prasad Pathak, Kathmandu
51
Appendix III:
Questionnaire for the survey
ef}lts zf:q s]Gb|Lo ljefu
lq= lj= sLlt{k'/
g]kfndf cf0fljs ljls/0fLo ;|f]tsf] km]xl/:t tof/ ug{ (Status of Radioisotopes in Nepal - A
Survey for the Preparation of inventory) lj1fg tyf k|ljlw d+qfno / o; laefu lar ePsf]
;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] k|ZgfjnL (@)^&÷@÷@*) .
Isotope (Name):
Half life:
Activities: Original:
Current:
Manufactured (Date and Country):
Imported Date:
Current Uses:
Security Status:
Original Contract, if any (mention or attach):
Management (plan) for its disposal after use:
Any further Information/Suggestions:
Authentic Person:
Contact address:
Telephone:
Email:
Date and place:
________________
Signature
Use separate sheet for each isotopes.
For any further information and assistance required, please contact:
Dr. Raju Khanal Mr. Hari Shankar Mallik
9841411951
9841505294
Email: [email protected]
52
Appendix IV:
Terms of Reference
53
53
Appendix V:
Advertisement published in Gorkhapatra
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Email: [email protected]
ef}lts zf:q s]lGb|o ljefu, lq= lj= sLlt{k'/
54
Appendix VI:
A sample of data collection
55
Appendix VII:
Detail about the sources
Activity
S.N.
1
2
Address
Department of Mines &
Geology, Lazimpat,
Kathmandu
Bhaktapur Cancer
Hospital, Bhaktapur
Manufactured
Isotope
Original
Current
Date
Ba-133
1.2 μCi
0.16 μCi
9/28/1979
Uranium
~μCi
Thorium (TS-5)
Procured date
Current uses
1980
Calibration
Calibration of GSP-4S
instrument
Calibration of GAD-6:
4 channel -ray
spectrometer
~μCi
Thorium (TS-3)
~μCi
Co-60
8644 Ci
1741 Ci
Ir-192
10 Ci
1.5 Ci
1998 July
01
CIRUS
Company,
France
USA
1998
Radiotherapy
GTRI monitored
2009 December
Brachytherapy
Exchanged every 6 months by the
manufacturer
Sr-90
3
Khwopa College,
Dekocha, Bhaktapur
4
Nepal Agriculture
Research Council, Soil
Science Section,
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
5
Tri-Chandra M. Campus,
Ghantaghar, Kathmandu
Remarks
Place
Calibration
Tl-204
(β-source)
4 μCi
Am-241
50 mCi
Sr-90
5 μCi
48.31
mCi
1989 June
19
CPN
Corporation,
Martinez,
California,
USA
56
2006
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
1998
unused
Came with Neutron Probe (for soil
tests)
more than 30
years old
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
2 pieces
Activity
S.N.
Address
Procured date
Original
6
7
Golden Gate College,
Battisputali, Kathmandu
Amrit Campus,
Lainchour, Kathmandu
Manufactured
Isotope
Co-60
0.7 μCi
Cs-137
1.2 μCi
Current
Date
Current uses
Remarks
Place
4 pieces
2009 March 30
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
and M.Sc. level
2 pieces
Cs-137
1 μCi
2 pieces
Co-60
5 μCi
2 pieces
Sr-90
5 μCi
Cs-137
1 μCi
England
1999 August 31
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
8
Butwal M. Campus,
Butwal, Rupandehi
Co-60
(-source)
5 μCi
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
Mahendra Bindeshwori
Campus, Rajbiraj, Saptari
Po-210
(β-source)
5 μCi
9
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
Cs-137
1.4 μCi
Cs-137
(-source)
1.9 μCi
Co-60
(β-source)
0.8 μCi
2010 January
4 pieces
Co-60
0.5 μCi
2007 August
4 pieces
Co-60
0.16 μCi
10
11
St. Xavier's College,
Maitighar, Kathmandu
Kathmandu University,
Dhulikhel
2009 December
2007 October
BRIT, India
0.001
μCi
2006 August
57
2 pieces
4 pieces
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
and M.Sc. level
study of the interaction
of β-particles with
matter
4 pieces
Activity
S.N.
Address
Original
12
Mechi M. Campus,
Bhadrapur, Jhapa
13
Mahendra Morang
Adarsha M. Campus,
Biratnagar, Morang
14
Siddhanath Science
Campus, Mahendranagar,
Kanchanpur
Manufactured
Isotope
Current
Date
Procured date
Current uses
1989
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
Remarks
Place
Cs-137
Sr-90
5 μCi
Sr-90
~ μCi
Po- 210
(β-source)
Co-60
(-source)
Cs-137 and
Cs-134 in 1:0.4
~ μCi
1993
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
2005
Controlling radiation
exposure in imported
foodstuffs
~ μCi
0.027 μCi
0.024
μCi
Came with The Becquerel-Monitor LB
200 for its calibration
15
Department of Food
Technology & Quality
Control, Babarmahal,
Kathmandu
Cs-137 and
Cs-134 in 1:0.4
0.027 μCi
0.024
μCi
2005
16
Department of Food
Technology & Quality
Control, Quarantine
Check Post, Birgunj
Controlling radiation
exposure in imported
foodstuffs
Came with The Becquerel-Monitor LB
200 for its calibration
Department of Food
Technology & Quality
Control, Quarantine
Check Post, Biratnagar
Cs-137 and
Cs-134 in 1:0.5
0.027 μCi
0.026
μCi
2009
Controlling radiation
exposure in imported
foodstuffs
Came with The Becquerel-Monitor LB
200 for its calibration
17
There are 5 more instruments related to radioactivity: Becquerel-Monitor LB 200, Multichannel Analyzer N5500x3, EG and G monitors E2M8 and Portable ray detector - 2. These instruments are currently out of operation (too old) and no any radioactive sources (even used for calibration purposes) were found with
them.
58
Activity
S.N.
Address
Procured date
Original
18
19
20
21
22
Patan Multiple Campus,
Patandhoka, Lalitpur
Birendra Multiple
Campus, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Prithivinarayan Campus,
Pokhara, Kaski
Makwanpur M. Campus,
Hetauda
Tribhuvan Multiple
Campus, Tansen, Palpa
23
Damak Multiple Campus,
Damak
24
National Academy of
Medical Sciences, Bir
Hospital
Manufactured
Isotope
Tl-204
0.9 μCi
Cs-137
1.9 μCi
Co-60
1 μCi
Cs-137
1.5 μCi
Sr-90
5 μCi
Current
Date
Current uses
2007 August
4 pieces
BRIT, India
2007 October
2 pieces
Spectrum
Techniques,
India
BRIT, India
2001 February
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
and M.Sc. level
2007 October
1999 September
03
β-source
Cs-137
1 μCi
Ambala
Cant, India
2008 March
Co-60
1 μCi
Ambala
Cant, India
2008 March
Sr-90
5 μCi
unidentified
(-source)
Co-60
~ μCi
2 pieces
β-source
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
and M.Sc. level
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
and M.Sc. level
1987
~ μCi
Sr-90
~ μCi
Co-60
~ μCi
Cs-137
~ μCi
Co-60
10985 Ci
Not identified, sent by Dean's office
IOST
4 pieces
4 pieces
1 piece
1 piece
~ μCi
Sr-90
Remarks
Place
1981
β-source
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
β-source
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
3520
2002
Theratonics
International
Ltd, Canada
59
2002 June 02
-source
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
level
Radiotherapy
Activity
S.N.
25
26
27
Address
B. P. Koirala Memorial
Cancer Hospital,
Bharatpur, Chitwan
R. R. M. Campus,
Janakpur, Dhanusha
Nepal Academy of
Science & Technology
(NAST), Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
Manufactured
Isotope
Procured date
Current uses
Remarks
Chamber calibration
2 pieces
Original
Current
Date
Place
Sr-90
0.9 mCi
0.7 mCi
Wellhoper,
Germany
Co-60
6240 Ci
1118 Ci
1998
November
19
1997
August 18
Co-60
12477 Ci
3714 Ci
Ir-192
10 Ci
Cs-137
10 μCi
Sr-90
5 μCi
Cs-137
2 μCi
Amersham
Buchler
GmbH &
Co.
Sr-90/Y-90
0.054 μCi
Berthold
1990 May 07
Calibration source for
LB 750L for Beta
Am-241
0.054 μCi
Berthold
1990 May 07
Calibration source for
LB 750L for Alpha
2001 June
08
Since 2002
June 15
Mayak
Production
Association,
Radioisotop
e Plant, 31
Lenin Street,
Ozyorsk,
Russia
Canada
1998 August 18
Not in use. Placed
inside source
container, under
concrete wall blocks.
Tried to send back but
could not succeed.
2001 August 10
Clinical use for patient
treatment
Varion
Medical
System,
USA
Germany
1999 August 18
Brachytherapy
1999 December
17
1983 December
12
TS-9 (Thorium
Sample)
60
Survey meter
calibration
Academic Expt., B.Sc.
and M.Sc. level
Calibration source for
Multichannel Analyzer
(Gamma
Spectrometer)
Calibration source for
GIS-5
After every 2 half life uses the used
one will be sent back and new source
will be put in, as per original contract.
Used sources are replaced every 4
months and taken back by the supplier.
So far more than 30 sources are used
and returned back.
5 pieces
β-source
Activity
S.N.
Address
Procured date
Original
28
29
Pulchowk Campus,
Institute of Engineering,
Pulchowk, Lalitpur
Metro Radiology and
Imaging Pvt. Ltd., Naxal,
Kathmandu
Po-210
0.1 μCi
Co-60
1 μCi
Cs-137
5 μCi
Tl-204
1 μCi
Sr-90
0.1 μCi
Tc-99
Sr-90
30
Central Department of
Chemistry, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
31
Manipal Teaching
Hospital, Pokhara
32
Om Hospital and
Research Center,
Chabahil
Manufactured
Isotope
Current
Date
Current uses
Remarks
Place
α-source
Oxford,
England
270 mCi
Amersham
PLC, UK
1997 March
Lab experiment and
demonstration
The source used to be replaced and
sent back to the supplier (about 60
times). The last one is at its low and
cannot be used but the supplier could
not provide new one citing its scarcity
in international market.
2003 March 24
Not in use, waiting for
its replacement
Very old
sources
academic and research
purpose
A Disposal Pit has been built to store
radioactive sources.
2000 September
24
Not in use because of
very low activity
Management for its disposal after use,
contract with BARC, India
Brachytherapy
Exchanged every 6 months by the
manufacturer
20 μCi
Ca-45
10 μCi
Cs-137
5 μCi
Co-60
8358 Ci
Ir-192
10 Ci
1994
September
Varian
Medical
Systems,
USA
61
Activity
S.N.
Address
Manufactured
Isotope
Procured date
Original
Current
Date
Current uses
Remarks
Place
C-14
Ra
β-Reference standard
Sr-90 / Y-90
Tl-204
Co-60
33
Central Department of
Physics, Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Cs-137
2 μCi
Am-241
Ra-226
0.125 μCi
0.09 μCi
Cs-137
Sr-90
Na-22
Am-241
Sr-90
9 μCi
2 μCi
2 μCi
0.12 μCi
0.12 μCi
Am-241
Tl-204
5 μCi
1 μCi
Tl-204
Po-210
Co-60
0.5 μCi
Sr-90
Co-60
Am-241
5 μCi
2 μCi
2 μCi
(2 pieces)
(2 pieces)
academic and research
purpose
5 μCi
62
Appendix VIII:
Categorization of the sources
Activity in Ci
Institutions
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
National Academy
of Medical Sciences,
Bir Hospital
Bhaktapur Cancer
Hospital, Bhaktapur
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Manipal Teaching
Hospital, Pokhara
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Om Hospital and
Research Center,
Chabahil
Nepal Agricultural
Research Council,
Soil Science Section,
Khumaltar, Lalitpur
Metro Radiology
and Imaging Pvt.
Ltd.
B. P. Koirala
Memorial Cancer
Hospital, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Source
D
A/D
Category
3720.88
0.8
4651.10
1
10985
3533.19
0.8
4416.49
1
Co-60
8644
1742.07
0.8
2177.58
1
Co-60
6240
1120.10
0.8
1400.12
1
Co-60
8358
1010.56
0.8
1263.20
1
Ir-192
10
2.67
2
1.34
3
Am-241
0.05
0.05
2
0.02
4
Tc-99
0.27
0.27
800
3.37×10-3
5
Sr-90
0. 90×10-3
0.68×10-3
30
2.25×10-5
5
Cs-137
0.10×10-4
9.88×10-6
3
3.29×10-6
5
Am-241
5.00×10-6
4.69×10-6
2
2.34×10-6
5
Original
Current (A)
Co-60
12477
Co-60
63
Activity in Ci
Institutions
D
A/D
Category
1.18×10-6
0.8
1.47×10-6
5
5.00×10-6
1.10×10-6
0.8
1.38×10-6
5
Cs-137
5.00×10-6
3.67×10-6
3
1.22×10-6
5
Cs-137
9.00×10-6
3.57×10-6
3
1.19×10-6
5
Co-60
0.80×10-6
7.56×10-7
0.8
9.45×10-7
5
Co-60
1.00×10-6
7.40×10-7
0.8
9.24×10-7
5
Ba-133
1.20×10-6
1.59×10-7
0.2
7.93×10-7
5
Co-60
0.70×10-6
5.91×10-7
0.8
7.39×10-7
5
Cs-137
1.90×10-6
1.78×10-6
3
5.95×10-7
5
Patan Multiple
Campus,
Patandhoka, Lalitpur
Cs-137
1.90×10-6
1.78×10-6
3
5.95×10-7
5
Cs-137
1.50×10-6
1.41×10-6
3
4.70×10-7
5
St. Xavier's College,
Maitighar,
Kathmandu
Cs-137
1.40×10-6
1.38×10-6
3
4.61×10-7
5
Co-60
0.50×10-6
3.42×10-7
0.8
4.28×10-7
5
Cs-137
1.20×10-6
1.16×10-6
3
3.88×10-7
5
Amrit Campus,
Lainchour,
Kathmandu
Butwal M. Campus,
Butwal, Rupandehi
Pulchwok Campus,
Institute of
Engineering,
Pulchwok, Lalitpur
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
St. Xavier's College,
Maitighar,
Kathmandu
Prithivinarayan
Campus, Pokhara,
Kaski
Department of
Mines & Geology,
Lazimpat,
Kathmandu
Golden Gate
College, Battisputali,
Kathmandu
St. Xavier's College,
Maitighar,
Kathmandu
Golden Gate
College, Battisputali,
Kathmandu
Source
Original
Current (A)
Co-60
5.00×10-6
Co-60
64
Activity in Ci
Institutions
Patan Multiple
Campus,
Patandhoka, Lalitpur
Nepal Academy of
Science &
Technology
(NAST), Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
Golden Gate
College, Battisputali,
Kathmandu
Prithivinarayan
Campus, Pokhara,
Kaski
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Amrit Campus,
Lainchour,
Kathmandu
Pulchwok Campus,
Institute of
Engineering,
Pulchwok, Lalitpur
R. R. M. Campus,
Janakpur, Dhanusha
Mahendra Multiple
Campus, Nepalgunj
Birendra Multiple
Campus, Bharatpur,
Chitwan
Amrit Campus,
Lainchour,
Kathmandu
Tri-Chandra M.
Campus,
Ghantaghar,
Kathmandu
Mahendra Morang
Adarsha M. Campus,
Biratnagar, Morang
Source
D
A/D
Category
2.88×10-7
0.8
3.59×10-7
5
2.00×10-6
1.07×10-6
3
3.58×10-7
5
Cs-137
1.00×10-6
9.71×10-7
3
3.23×10-7
5
Cs-137
1.00×10-6
9.48×10-7
3
3.16×10-7
5
Cs-137
2.00×10-6
7.94×10-7
3
2.65×10-7
5
Cs-137
1.00×10-6
7.76×10-7
3
2.59×10-7
5
Co-60
1.00×10-6
1.70×10-7
0.8
2.13×10-7
5
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
3.86×10-6
30
1.29×10-7
5
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
3.86×10-7
30
1.29×10-7
5
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
3.83×10-6
30
1.28×10-7
5
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
3.83×10-6
30
1.28×10-7
5
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
3.83×10-6
30
1.28×10-7
5
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
3.02×10-6
30
1.01×10-7
5
Original
Current (A)
Co-60
1.00×10-6
Cs-137
65
Activity in Ci
Institutions
Prithivinarayan
Campus, Pokhara,
Kaski
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Nepal Academy of
Science &
Technology
(NAST), Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Pulchwok Campus,
Institute of
Engineering,
Pulchwok, Lalitpur
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Nepal Academy of
Science &
Technology
(NAST), Khumaltar,
Lalitpur
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Source
D
A/D
Category
2.88×10-6
30
9.60×10-8
5
0.09×10-6
8.84×10-6
1
8.84×10-8
5
5.00×10-6
1.90×10-6
30
6.33×10-8
5
6
1.17×10-7
2
5.86×10-8
5
Am-241
0.12×10-6
1.12×10-7
2
5.63×10-8
5
Co-60
5.00×10-6
2.57×10-8
0.8
3.21×10-8
5
Am-241
0.54×10-6
5.22×10-8
2
2.61×10-8
5
Sr-90
2.00×10-6
7.60×10-7
30
2.53×10-8
5
Co-60
2.00×10-6
1.03×10-8
0.8
1.29×10-8
5
Sr-90
0.10×10-6
7.22×10-8
30
2.41×10-9
5
Sr-90
0.12×10-6
4.56×10-8
30
1.52×10-9
5
Sr-90/Y90
0.054×106
3.30×10-8
30
1.10×10-9
5
Na-22
2.00×10-6
4.66×10-11
0.8
5.82×10-11
5
Original
Current (A)
Sr-90
5.00×10-6
Ra 226
Sr-90
Am-241
0.125×10-
66
Activity in Ci
Institutions
Pulchwok Campus,
Institute of
Engineering,
Pulchwok, Lalitpur
Khwopa College,
Dekocha, Bhaktapur
Patan Multiple
Campus,
Patandhoka, Lalitpur
Pulchwok Campus,
Institute of
Engineering,
Pulchwok, Lalitpur
Central Department
of Physics,
Tribhuvan
University, Kirtipur
Mahendra
Bindeshwori
Campus, Rajbiraj,
Saptari
Source
D
A/D
Category
2.92×10-18
2
1.46×10-18
5
4.00×10-6
~0
500
~0
5
Tl-204
0.90×10-6
~0
500
~0
5
Tl-204
1.00×10-6
~0
500
~0
5
Tl-204
1.00×10-6
~0
500
~0
5
Tl-204
0.50×10-6
~0
500
~0
5
Po-210
5.00×10-6
~0
2
~0
5
Original
Current (A)
Po-210
0.10×10-6
Tl-204
All other sources, not mentioned here, exhibit very low Current Activity (A) and hence
fall under Category 5.
67
Appendix IX:
List of radioisotopes in Nepal
Am-241
Ba-133
C-14
Ca-45
Co-60
Cs-134
Cs-137
Ir-192
Na-22
Po-210
Ra-226
Sr-90
Sr-90/Y-90
Tc-90
Thorium sample
Tl-204
Uranium
68
Appendix X:
List of manufacturer/supplier and
respective countries
Amersham Buchler GMBH & Co. KG, Braunschweig, Germany
Amersham PLC, UK
Atomic Accessories, INC, Valley Stream, NY, USA
Berthold Technologies, Germany
BRIT, India
CIRUS Company, France
CPN Corporation, Martinez, California, USA
Electronics Corporation of India Limited, India
Griffin & George, Loughborough, England
Griffin & George Wembley Middlesex, England
H. L. Scientific Industries, Ambala Cant, India
Leybold Didactic GMBH, Germany
Mayak Production Association, Radioisotope Plant, Ozyorsk, Russia
Oxford, England
Panax Equipment LTD, Redhill, Surrey, England
Riode Electronics, Ambala Cant, India
Spectrum Techniques, India
Theratonics International Ltd, Canada
Varian Medical Systems, USA
Wellhoper, Germany
69
References
[1]
IAEA, Revised Categorization of Radiation Sources, IAEA-TECDOC-1344,
Vienna (2003).
[2]
FAO, IAEA, ILO, Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic CoOperation and Development, Pan American Health Organization, and WHO,
International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and
for the Safety of Radiation Sources, Safety Series No. 115, IAEA, Vienna (1996).
[3]
IAEA, Draft Revised Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive
Sources, IAEA, Vienna (2003).
[4]
“Final Report on Present Status of Nuclear Materials used in Nepal”, Submitted to
Ministry of Environment Science and Technology by National Academy of
Medical Sciences (Bir Hospital), Kathmandu (2006).
[5]
Identification of Radioactive Sources and Devices: Technical Guidance, IAEA
Vienna, 2006.
[6]
Ref.: World Nuclear Association;
70
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf57.html