Cost effective slurry storage
strategies on dairy farms
Contents
Introduction
3
Questionnaire - how good are you at minimising water and slurry production?
4
How does the legislation affect your dairy farm?
5
Where do you farm?
Land within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (NVZ)
5
5
Legislation which applies to all land (including land in a NVZ)
Future legislation
6
6
How much slurry does your farm produce?
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
Excreta from livestock
Parlour washings
Yard run off
Roof water
Slurry store area
Dirty Water
Calculating your slurry storage requirements
What are the issues for your farm?
11
Slurry strategies
12
12
12
12
12
Planning permission
Environment Agency consent
Extending existing slurry stores
New slurry stores 2007 Case study: Identifying alternative slurry strategies for Gourds Farm, Dorset
15
2007 Case study: Identifying alternative slurry strategies for Court Farm, Gloucestershire
23
Contacts for further information
31
Appendix 1: Legislation in Endland & Wales and Scotland
32
32
33
34
36
36
England & Wales - current legislation
England & Wales - future legislation
Scotland - current legislation
Scotland - future legislation
References
Appendix 2: European regulations
37
Appendix 3: Farmer work sheet
38
Appendix 4: Annual rainfall data
40
Appendix 5: Livestock monthly excreta values
52
2
Introduction
The aim of this booklet is to allow you to calculate your current and future storage requirements,
to highlight key issues for your farm and to allow you to assess different strategies.
Slurry production is a major issue on most dairy farms due to the high cost of providing storage and the cost
of spreading. The revision of the Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ) regulations now affects 68% of England,
4% of Wales and 15% of Scotland. In addition to legislation (Appendix 1), slurry is important as a source
of nutrients with an average value of £78 per cow produced per year. With the cost of fertiliser rising there
is an obvious cost saving opportunity where slurry can be used effectively. PLANET software allows you
to utilise all the benefits of slurry applications through field nutrient planning. MANNER software enables
you to quickly calculate how much N is available to the next crop.
While the focus of UK legislation is on nitrates, consideration should also be given to the content of the
Water Framework Directive which covers the use of phosphate and the incorporation of slurry (Appendix 2).
A Slurry Wizard which allows you to calculate slurry production and storage is available on a CD-ROM
which you can obtain from DairyCo. Alternatively, this booklet contains some worksheets to allow you
to calculate your slurry production and storage.
3
Questionnaire - how good are you at
minimising water and slurry production?
The questionnaire below is intended to assist you to evaluate your farm and to highlight areas
where improvements can be made, without necessarily incurring significant capital costs.
Question
Score Yes =1 or No =0
Do you keep roof and gutter rainwater out of your slurry store?
Are your roofs, gutters and down pipes in a good state of repair?
Are any of your slurry tanks or dung stores roofed?
Is your slurry storage well sited to avoid excessive outside scraped areas?
Is your slurry storage deep and compact in surface area
to minimise rainwater?
Do you keep excessive dirty yard water out of your slurry store?
Do you regularly check out and service your slurry collection system
to avoid leaks, blockages or mechanical breakdown?
Are you using a high pressure, low volume wash down system?
Are stock routes direct, compact and covered where practicable?
Do you regularly check and maintain drinking troughs to avoid leaks?
Do you have a mechanical separator to remove solids?
Do you have either roofed silage clamps, or a separate effluent
collection system or both?
Do you take slurry off the farm?
Can you decrease slurry production by using more straw bedded yards?
Are you keen to avoid pollution risk associated with any slurry storage
shortfalls you may have on your farm?
Are you aware of all relevant pollution legislation?
Is an appraisal of the options including likely costs of value to you?
Are you willing to spend what is required to sort out your slurry system?
Answer the questions above honestly and give
yourself a score of 1 for yes and zero for no.
The highest possible score is 18 but it is very
unlikely that any one farm can meet all these criteria.
Two farms highlighted in this booklet scored 9 and
the other 13, prior to any upgrade. A score of 10
could be regarded as a good initial starting point,
with scope for improvement. A score well below 10
and certainly below 5 must be a cause for concern.
4
How does the legislation affect
your dairy farm?
Where do you farm?
The rules for NVZs in England, Wales and Scotland have been updated and came into force on
1 January 2009. A summary of the legislation for England, Wales and Scotland is given at Appendix 1.
A key factor for you to consider is whether you are in an existing or a new NVZ area as this will guide
you as to when the various rules apply to your farm. If the farm is outside an NVZ then you must
comply with other legislation including the Control of Pollution Regulations. If part of the farm is within
an NVZ you must comply with the rules for the land within the NVZ. Further information is available
from the following web sites:
England - www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/waterquality/diffuse/nitrate/index.htm
Wales - www.new.wales.gov.uk/topics/environmentcountryside/epq/waterflooding/
nitratezones /?lang=en
Scotland - www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/farmingrural/Agriculture/Environment/NVZintro
Land within a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (NVZ)
If you are in an NVZ area the following is a summary of the key rules relating to slurry
(see Appendix 1 for more details):
• Organic manure with high available N content (above 30% availability - includes dairy slurry)
must not be applied between certain dates, referred to as "closed periods". Solid manure
(with available N content below 30% availability) can continue to be spread during this period.
• Do not apply organic manure when the soil is either waterlogged, flooded or snow covered;
nor if the land has been frozen for more than 12 hours in the previous 24 hours.
• Provide 22 weeks storage capacity for dairy slurry, less the volume of slurry exported off the farm
and/or separated. In these cases a suitable adjustment calculation should be used to account for
the reduction in total volume.
• Solid stackable manure (with available N content below 30%) can be stored either in the livestock
house, in a concrete store or at a suitable temporary field site.
• Stores need to meet the construction and safety standards set down in the Control
of Pollution Regulations.
• Total farm manure nitrogen production shall not exceed 170kg/ha of total nitrogen each calendar
year averaged over the whole farm. If a farm is above this limit a derogation can be applied
for every year to allow up to 250 kg/ha of total nitrogen production each calendar year – extra
restrictions will apply.
• Organic manure must not be applied to any field where the application would result
in the total nitrogen from organic manure exceeding a rate of 250kg/ha in any 12 month period.
• Farmers must balance at the field level the nitrogen requirement of the crop with the nitrogen
supply to the crop from all sources.
• Organic manure with high available N content (including dairy slurry) must be incorporated
within 24 hours if spread with a splash plate spreader on bare soil or stubble.
• Farmers must undertake a written risk assessment to identify suitable locations for spreading.
They must not spread organic manure or nitrogen fertiliser in locations or in a manner that
will cause nitrogen to enter surface waters.
• Records must be kept for five years.
5
Legislation which applies to all land (including land in a NVZ)
• Cross compliance requires farmers to keep land in Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition
(GAEC) which includes that spreading of manure and slurry must not be carried out on an area
of waterlogged soil and in England you must not apply manures to land within two metres of the
centre of a hedgerow or watercourse. (10m of a watercourse is a legal requirement in a NVZ area
and considered good practice in non NVZ areas).
• Comply with the Control of Pollution Regulations which includes that a slurry store must be
constructed to last for 20 years and must not be constructed within 10 metres of a watercourse
(including land drains).
• Observe the Code of Good Agricultural Practice which has recently been revised – see appendix 1.
• Meet the standards of the National Dairy Farm Assurance Scheme.
Future legislation
• The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires all waters (surface and groundwater) to achieve
‘good’ ecological status (as defined in the WFD) by 2015.
• Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) does not apply to the dairy sector at present,
because dairying is not defined as intensive livestock production. Whereas pig and poultry units
are defined as intensive livestock systems, where for large units the farmer is required to use the best
available techniques to reduce pollution.
6
How much slurry does your farm produce?
Excreta from livestock
While we are mainly concerned with the dairy herd, in terms of slurry production and storage we have
to consider the whole farm to comply with the Regulations. The schedule (Defra reference values) of daily
excreta (dung & urine) for a range of livestock is given at Appendix 5 and some key ones are given below:
Livestock
Daily
excreta
Age
Liveweight/milk yield
kg or litres
Dairy Cow >2yrs High (>9000) 64
Dairy Cow >2yrs Medium (6000-9000) 53
Cattle
Dairy Cow Dairy heifer replacement Dairy heifer replacement >2yrs Low (<6000) 13 mths 1x calf 3 - <13 mths 42
40
20
Parlour washings
The amount of water used for parlour washing depends on the type of hose that is used.
The standard volumes are:
• High pressure hose = 20 litres/cow in milk/day
• High volume hose = 30 litres/cow in milk/day
A cow could require 10,000 litres per annum from a high volume hose. A key factor in slurry storage
will be whether this ‘dirty water’ is stored separately to the slurry as discussed later.
Yard run off
The amount of yard run off will depend on the area of yards which drain in to the slurry store and
the amount of rainfall that falls on to them. If the yards are free of livestock then it is possible to treat
this yard run off as clean water and separate from the slurry store. For the purposes of slurry storage
yards will also include uncovered silage clamps. In order to calculate storage requirements you will
need to consider the monthly rainfall for your location. The Slurry Wizard includes standard rainfall
data by month for each location based on the telephone STD code. You will need to calculate the
area of ‘dirty’ yards in square metres and then multiply this by the monthly rainfall.
Roof water
Where possible roof water should not be allowed to enter either the slurry or the dirty water store. Roof
water should be diverted either for storage and used by the farm, or diverted as clean water to a soak
away or clean water drain. The DairyCo booklet Effective use of water on dairy farms provides a valuable
guide on how to make use of roof water. With water costing around £1/m3 to buy mains supply and
a similar amount to dispose of from a slurry lagoon, there is a strong financial incentive to ensure clean
water does not enter the slurry system. Rain water harvesting may be an attractive option for your farm.
Slurry store area
The area of the slurry store is important in the calculation of the storage required. Generally
it is more cost effective to go for a deeper store with a smaller surface area due to rainfall on the
store itself and the need to provide ‘freeboard’. Most UK slurry stores are not covered due to cost.
In some European countries the slurry store has to be covered (eg, Holland) to reduce greenhouse
gas emission.
7
There are some slurry stores which do not collect rainwater, eg, slurry bags and slatted floor housing, where
the slurry is stored beneath the building.
Dirty Water
The definition of dirty water as quoted in the Defra publications with guidance on NVZs is stated below,
• dirty water (i.e. very dilute run-off from lightly fouled concrete yards or from the dairy/parlour) is excluded
provided that it is collected separately from slurry and does not contain liquids from weeping-wall stores,
slurry strainer boxes, slurry separators or silage effluent which are rich in nitrogen.
Calculating your slurry storage requirements
You can either use the work sheets below or you can use the Slurry Wizard which is on the DairyCo Dairy Wizard
CD-ROM available from DairyCo. The advantages of using the Slurry Wizard are:
• Once you have entered your data you can quickly and easily look at alternative strategies
• Less likely to make an error in calculation
• Uses actual monthly rainfall data
The same information is used for either the Slurry Wizard or for the work sheets.
Excreta produced:
1. Enter the number of livestock on slurry or part-slurry based systems during the housing period in each stock type.
2. Enter the proportion collected as slurry, eg, enter 1 if all collected as slurry; eg, for straw yards enter 0.5.
3. Multiply the number of stock by the proportion collected as slurry and multiply by the volume produced each month.
Proportion of
Volume
excreta collected
produced per
Total volume
as slurry
month m3
per month m3
Stock Number
Dairy cow (>9000 litres) 1.92
Dairy cow (6000 - 9000 litres) 1.59
Dairy cow (<6000 litres) 1.26
Dairy heifer 13 mths - 1st calf 1.20
Dairy heifer 3 - <13 mths 0.60
Calf <3 mths 0.21
Total A
Estimate the average monthly rainfall on to your farmstead:
1. Use monthly rainfall information (30 year average in millimetres) or take the average annual rainfall
for your farm location (see Appendix 4).
2. The Slurry Wizard will provide the monthly rainfall data based on your STD telephone number OR enter the
monthly amount on to the work sheet and add together to give total rainfall for the October to February period.
Average monthly rainfall is also available from your nearest rainfall station at www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/
uk/averages/19712000/index.html or by phone - see contacts for further information later in the booklet.
3. Divide the total rainfall by 5 and enter in to box B OR divide the annual average by 10 and enter in to box B.
Month
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Total
Rainfall mm
Divide total by 5
8
B
Calculate the amount of rain falling directly on to uncovered or unroofed existing slurry
stores and on to concrete areas draining in to the slurry store:
1. Include all fouled concrete areas, uncovered slurry stores and solid manure storage areas if the run
off drains in to slurry stores.
2. Exclude run off from clean yard areas and roof areas if rain falling on these is collected and discharged
to a clean drain, but include such yard and roof water if it drains to the slurry store.
3. There may be opportunities for keeping some rainfall out of the slurry store (see section on Slurry strategies).
Area of slurry stores
plus concrete surface
Average monthly
area m2
rainfall (insert B)
Monthly rainfall
volume entering
slurry store m3
divide by
X
1000 = C
Calculate dairy wash water production:
1. Only include in the calculation if the dairy wash water goes in to the slurry store.
2. The typical wash water use from a high volume hose is 0.9 m3 per month (30 litres per cow per day),
or from a low volume (high pressure) hose 0.6 m3 per month (20 litres per cow per day).
3. Enter 0.9 or 0.6 (that represents your wash water use) in the appropriate box below, or if you know
the total amount (in cubic metres) used per month then enter your information directly in to box D.
Number of cows
Wash water
in milk
used per month m3
X
Monthly dirty
water production m3
1000 = D
Calculate the total volume of diluted slurry that needs to be stored:
1. Enter the values in to the table below for A, C, D and add together to give E.
2. Multiply the monthly value by 5 to give the minimum storage volume.
A
B
C
Monthly
Minimum storage
diluted slurry m3
=
E
volume m3
X 5
F
If necessary calculate any reductions from the minimum volume:
1. You may reduce the minimum volume to be stored if either 2 or 3 below apply.
2. You always export some of the slurry during the storage period to another farm for land spreading
(for agricultural benefit) or dispose of it via an environmentally acceptable route. Where slurry
is applied to land on another farm you must confirm details of the recipient, the amount of slurry
exported and its estimated total nitrogen content.
3. You always use a mechanical separator to remove solids from the slurry, eg, by 15 to 20% for cattle slurry.
Revised minimum
storage volume
F
9
Calculating your existing slurry storage capacity:
1. For square or rectangular stores. In metres multiply the height by the width by the length.
Reduce the height by 0.3 metres to allow for freeboard.
2. For circular stores. In metres multiply the height by the area (diameter divided by 2, then square and
multiply by 3.142). Reduce the height by 0.3 metres to allow for freeboard. It will clearly be easier
to measure the circumference of the slurry store than use the diameter. However, you will need to follow
the calculation below to work out the area.
Circumference divided by 3.142, divided by 2, then square the result and multiply by 3.142 again.
E.g Circumference of 50m = Area of 201m2
50m ÷ 3.142 = 16m, 16m ÷ 2 = 8, 8 x 8 = 64 x 3.142 = 201m2
This calculation is done for you if you enter the circumference in the slurry wizard CD.
3. For earth banked stores. In metres multiply the average depth by the width by the length.
Reduce the height by 0.75 metres to allow for freeboard.
Safety note: Do not attempt to measure the depth of such a store while it contains slurry.
4. Enter the dimensions of your slurry stores and the capacity in the worksheet.
Length m
Width m
Area of circular store m2
Depth m (less freeboard)
Capacity
m3
Store 1
Store 2
Store 3
Store 4
Store 5
Store 6
Total existing capacity G
Compare the existing slurry storage capacity with the MINIMUM volume needed:
1. If G is greater than F (or revised F) you have more than the MINIMUM storage required.
2. If F (or revised F) is greater than G you must provide extra storage capacity to make up the difference.
However, first you should consider if there are alternatives to reduce the volume of rainwater entering
the store or to reduce the quantity of slurry being produced (see later sections).
3. If you need new, or substantially enlarged or reconstructed storage you must comply with the Control
of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991 as amended.
10
What are the issues for your farm?
Use the flow chart below to look at the issues for your farm
YES
Do you have
NO
Are you in an NVZ?
22 weeks
storage?
don’t know
YES
don’t know
NO
Do you have
enough slurry
storage to
Calculate your
Does clean
Check Defra
increase stock
current/future
water enter the
website
numbers?
slurry capacity
slurry store?
Do you plan to
compliance?
NO
YES
& production
NO
meet cross
NO
YES
YES
Continue
Do you have
Does dirty
enough slurry
YES
booklet
clean water
slurry store?
meet cross
through the
water into
water enter the
storage to
working
Divert clean
drains
compliance?
NO
Continue
working
through the
YES
NO
Can you
Consider
Do you have
divert dirty
alternative
22 weeks
water to a
strategies
storage?
separate store?
booklet
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
Will this
Consider
provide 22
alternative
working
weeks storage?
strategies
through this
Continue
booklet
NO
11
Slurry strategies
Planning permission
Any farmer thinking about building a new slurry store or modifying an existing store will need to plan well ahead.
The rules on planning relating to agricultural structures and buildings have become progressively more restrictive
with most now requiring either full planning permission, or approval under the ‘prior notification’ system.
Full planning permission may be required if for example a slurry store is within 400 metres of a ‘protected
building’ (normally occupied by people, but not one within an agricultural unit). Obtaining planning consent
can be a major hurdle. You can influence the length of time taken to obtain a favourable decision
by managing the planning process effectively, by considering those issues likely to have a bearing
on an application at an early stage and incorporating them in to the design.
If the work constitutes ‘permitted development’ as defined by the relevant legislation, the local authority must
be asked for a determination as to whether prior approval will be required on the location, design and
external appearance of the proposal. A plan and written description would then be required and a modest
fee will be payable. For a large development requiring full planning approval the fees are likely to be much
greater. The suppliers of slurry stores can help guide you through applications and specialist help is also
available from building consultants and engineers. A good starting point is www.ridba.org.uk.
Environment Agency consent
The Control of Pollution (Silage, Agricultural Fuel Oil and Slurry) Regulations (1991) require that the
Environment Agency (in England & Wales) or SEPA (in Scotland) are notified in writing at least 14 days
before a new or significantly expanded slurry store is to be used. It is therefore advisable to involve your
local EA officer early in the planning process.
Extending existing slurry stores
There are a number of issues to look at when considering extending an existing store:
• You will need Environment Agency consent if you plan to increase the storage capacity by more than 10%.
• You may still need planning permission if you are changing the dimensions of an above ground store.
• The extension of an existing store, eg, a steel tower, may reduce the structural integrity of the store and
it may therefore invalidate the warranty and break the regulations relating to slurry stores.
• It could be more expensive to extend an existing store than to build a new store.
New slurry stores
Slurry stores are expensive to build, so the aim should be to minimise the amount to be stored. Based
on a 22 week minimum storage period you will first need to calculate the volume of slurry you can store
compared with the volume produced during the period 1 October to 28 February, which will also depend
on the winter rainfall pattern. The cost of a new slurry store will depend on the specifics of the farm in terms
of site and layout of the buildings. The typical cost for different storage systems have been obtained from
a range of suppliers and from the John Nix Farm Management Pocket Book and are given opposite:
12
• Clay lined lagoon £5 per m3
• Clay lined lagoon £5 per m3
• HDPE lined lagoon £17 per m3
• HDPE lined lagoon £17 per m3
• Steel tower £34 per m3
• Slurry bag £29 per m3
13
With a typical slurry storage requirement (slurry plus water) for 22 weeks of 15m3 per cow,
gives the following slurry storage cost:
• Clay lined lagoon £75 per cow
• HDPE lined lagoon £255 per cow
• Steel tower £510 per cow
• Concrete slurry store £585 per cow
• Slurry bag £435 per cow
This means the total cost of a new slurry store for 100 cows could be from £7,500 to £59,000.
Type of store
Typical cost
per m3
Typical cost
per cow
There are many
[including safety
[based on 22
options, with the
fencing, pumps,
weeks storage at
following typical
agitators etc]
15m3 per cow]
Clay lined lagoon
£5
£75
HDPE lined lagoon
£17
£255
Pros
Cons
Comments
Relatively low cost,
Sloping sides hence large
Decision to build
especially if an ideal
surface area, with
depends on location,
site in a
a freeboard requirement
levels, availability of
low-rainfall area
of 750mm. Mixing and
suitable clay, and
emptying can be difficult
necessary consents
An option where clay
Large surface area
Need a professional
is not available or not
as above, needs to be
approach with careful
approved
carefully laid on well
consideration of mixing
prepared surface, since
and access to remove
liner only 2 to 3mm thick
slurry, possibly with
concrete flooring
Slurry bag
£29
£435
Compact with slurry
Still relatively new
There may not be the
completely contained,
membrane technology,
cost advantages of scale
with surface area
but widely used in
with this system, and
regarded as clean
Holland for over 20 years
slurry spreading needs
to be fully integrated
water and no
freeboard requirement
Steel tower
Concrete store
14
£34
£39
£510
£585
Compact with the
Relatively expensive
A very common, proven
ability to go high on
compared with very low
system in high rainfall
a circular base, hence
cost lagoons. Frequent
areas, Can be linked very
efficient with only
mixing required to avoid
effectively to an umbilical
300mm freeboard
crusting
spreading system
Versatile in shape to
Relatively expensive
Concrete stores must be
suit and can be indoors
compared with low cost
professionally designed
and slatted if required.
lagoons but compact and
and built to the required
Long life and robust
efficient with a 300mm
standards
in use
freeboard requirement
2007 Case study: Identifying alternative slurry
strategies for Gourds Farm, Dorset
Farm business profile
Farmer: Stephen Parsons
Farm: Gourds Farm, near Shaftesbury in Dorset
Cows: 260 dairy cows plus followers
Yields:
8500 litres
Youngstock: 80 reared per annum
Land:
228 ha
Crops: Grass, maize and whole crop cereals, with some land in an ESA
NVZ:
The farm fell within the new NVZ area
Other:
The farm is building a new milking parlour to expand to 300 cows
Slurry issues at Gourds Farm
• The farm falls within the new NVZ boundary
• The farm scores 9 out of 18 in the slurry questionnaire (see page 4)
• The farm currently has 8 weeks storage ~ less than 40% of the 22 week requirement
The following data was used in the Slurry Wizard:
Total farmable area
228
Telephone STD code
01747
hectares
Cows in herd
260
cows
Cows in milk
215
cows
Depreciation buildings
5
%
Depreciation machinery
10
%
Interest rate
6.5
%
Electricity cost
9
p/kW hour
Water cost
1
£/cubic metre
Slurry spreading cost
1
£/cubic metre
0.4
£/cubic metre
Water storage cost
Divert water cost
6
£/square metre
Roofing cost
60
£/square metre
Slurry storage cost
30
£/square metre
Current slurry store at Gourds Farm
15
Current slurry storage capacity
The current slurry storage comprises of two slurry stores with the capacity calculated using the Slurry Wizard.
Length m
Circumference
Width m
Depth m (less Capacity
of circular store m freeboard)
Store 1
28
8
2
Store 2
47.2
10.5
2.13
Store 3
Store 4
Store 5 - Circular
Store 6 - Circular
Total existing capacity
m3 Area m2
448
1056
0
0
0
0
1504
224
496
0
0
0
0
720
Rearing the older dairy heifers away from the farm would allow the heifer slurry store to be used by dry cows.
In addition there is a dirty water store which collects dirty water from the parlour, the silage clamps and some yards.
The majority of roof water is diverted as clean water to soak aways, although there is some roof water which
goes in to the slurry store.
The Slurry Wizard report shows the following current situation:
Cubic metres
Days
Total excreta as slurry
Oct
31
429
Dec
31
444
Jan
31
444
Feb
28
401
Mar
31
Apr
30
May
31
Jun
30
Jul
31
Aug
31
Sep
30
444
429
444
444
429
444
429
% excreta to slurry store
100
100
100
100
100
50
0
0
0
0
0
0
Excreta to slurry store
444
429
444
444
401
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
Parlour washings
444
Nov
30
Total
365
5224
2383
No
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rainfall (m)
0.823
0.079
0.081
0.093
0.087
0.066
0.069
0.050
0.060
0.053
0.050
0.065
0.070
0.823
1386
Yard run off area to slurry store
1684
133
136
157
146
111
116
84
101
89
84
109
118
Slurry store area
720
57
58
67
63
47
50
36
43
38
36
47
50
592
Roof water area to store
1612
127
131
150
140
106
111
81
97
85
81
105
113
1327
5688
Total
761
755
817
793
666
499
201
241
213
201
261
281
Cumulative production
761
1516
2333
3126
3792
4291
4491
4732
4945
5146
5407
5688
Total storage capacity
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
1504
743
-12
-829
-1622
-2288
-2787
-2988
-3229
-3442
-3642
-3903
-4185
1504
Capacity less production
With a 22 week storage requirement the current capacity provides just 37% of the requirement with a shortfall
in capacity of 2288 cubic metres.
The current annual slurry output is calculated to be 5688 cubic metres, which gives an estimated annual
spreading cost at £1 per cubic metre of £5700.
There are a number of options available:
• Increase the slurry storage capacity
• Reducing the amount to be stored
• Changing the composition of the stored material
These options are explored below.
Increasing the existing slurry storage capacity
The two options for increased slurry storage capacity are to either build a new store and/or to increase
the capacity of the existing slurry store.
16
1.New slurry store
The current earth bank lagoon is too small and has also suffered a leak from an above ground earth wall
in the past year. The lagoon is ideally suited adjacent to the main cow housing and yards. To increase the
capacity would probably involve building an additional new store around 100 metres away from the existing
cow slurry lagoon, adjacent to the existing heifer cubicles and pumping from the existing store to the new
store. The total capacity required for the existing herd size and system is calculated to be 3676m3. With
1504m3 of existing capacity the additional requirement would be 2172m3 of additional capacity, but as the
main cow lagoon has recently leaked slurry and is likely to require replacement, the actual capacity required
is 3228m3. The dimensions of the new store will need to allow for a freeboard of 750mm to allow for rainfall,
except for the slurry bag which is an enclosed storage system.
There are a number of options available:
• Steel tower
• Concrete store
• Lined lagoon
• Slurry bag
The following estimates are based on a capacity of 3500 m3.
Steel tower
The estimated cost for a 4100m3 steel slurry tower to provide 3500m3 of slurry capacity after free board of 0.75m,
together with reception pit, pump and agitator is £119,000, equivalent to £29/m3 (£34/m3 of slurry stored).
Concrete store
The estimated cost for a concrete store measuring 40m x 30m x 3.65m to provide 3500m3 of slurry capacity
after free board of 0.75m is £136,000, equivalent to £31/m3 (£39/m3 of slurry stored).
Lined lagoon
While there is no clay on the farm this will be explored as an option.
Another option is a lined lagoon using a high density polyethylene membrane. An estimate has been obtained
for a lagoon measuring 40m x 23m x 4.5m, which would provide 4140 m3 of capacity to give 3500 m3
of slurry storage after free board of 0.75m. The estimated cost including excavation and fencing is £14/m3 =
£58,000 (£17/m3 of slurry stored).
Slurry bag
The slurry bag system still requires an excavated site for the bag. The estimated total cost is £29/m3 = £102,000.
Conclusions
The four options for a new store give a range in cost from £58,000 to £136,000. There is strong incentive
to look at alternative strategies for the farm. The budgets below are based on a slurry storage cost of £30/m3.
2.Extend existing store
The current earth bank lagoon provides only 37% of the required capacity, so any extension will be subject to EA
consent. In view of the fact that the current lagoon has leaked probably means that the EA will insist on a lined
lagoon. The estimate to line the existing cow lagoon is £23,400, equivalent to £40/m3. This is more than double
the cost of a new lined lagoon as the new lagoon would be twice as deep, which is far more cost effective.
17
Reducing the amount to be stored
All options which reduce the amount of slurry produced (including reducing the water collected) also reduce
the spreading costs to the farm business estimated to be £1/m3. If the clean water could be collected and
used rather than diverted away this may also have a benefit in reducing the water cost.
1. Keep less dairy cows and/or other livestock
The farm has recently invested in a new milking parlour for the current herd size of 260 cows and does
not consider herd size reduction to be an option.
However, the dairy heifers are all reared on the farm and the option to contract rear them away from the
farm is being considered, to allow the dairy herd to expand from 260 to 300 cows. At present there are
around 80 dairy heifers reared per annum, with the older heifers housed in cubicles, with a separate slurry
store. With heifers reared away from the farm, will reduce the slurry output by 533 m3 per annum and
reduce the 22 week storage requirement by 484 m3. The reduced slurry output would save an estimated
£533 per year in slurry spreading. The reduced slurry requirement would reduce the associated storage
capacity cost by £14,520, equivalent to a reduced annual charge of £2,468 per annum, giving a total
estimated annual cost saving of £3,001. The estimated contract heifer rearing cost is £800 per heifer
reared, so the option to contract rear heifers off the farm can not be justified on the grounds of reducing
the slurry requirement.
2. Reduce the number of days livestock are housed
The NVZ regulations require cattle farms to have 22 weeks slurry storage available. This can be reduced
by following the specific calculations set out in the regulations if the land and farm infra-structure is suitable
to be grazed during part or all of the October to March period. In this situation the farm must have
contingency plans in place to ensure that the NVZ regulations and cross compliance standards are met
every year.
3. Export slurry off the farm
Gourds Farm does export slurry by spreading onto neighbours’ land where maize is grown, but this will
be subject to the same closed spreading period as the land at Gourds Farm. Slurry will therefore need
to be stored at Gourds Farm until the closed period finishes. Therefore, exports will not be possible reduce
the storage requirement during the 22 week winter period.
4. Reduce wash down
The dairy already uses a low volume high pressure washer and there is limited scope to reduce the amount
of water used.
5. Reduce rainfall entering the store
a) Maintenance of existing roof gutters
Some of the existing roof gutters require cleaning out to ensure they operate effectively in removing clean
water. At present some gutters have become filled with debris which is resulting in clean water spilling on
to the yard area and going to the slurry store.
18
b) Divert clean roof water
The majority of roof water is diverted to soak aways. However, there remains 1440m2 of roof area
to divert, which would reduce the annual slurry volume by 1185m3 and reduce the storage requirement
by 585m3. The estimated cost of diverting the clean water is £3000 to provide guttering, down pipes
and soak aways. The partial budget is shown below:
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of diverting clean water
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
GAINS
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
1185
1
1,185
0
Increased Costs
Cost Savings
Slurry spreading
Capital
Capital
Divert roof water
1
3000
Total (A)
360
Reduced slurry storage
360
Total (B)
585
30
0
2,106
3,291
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = £2,931
The partial budget calculates the gains and losses. The capital that is invested (water diversion) or saved
(reduced slurry storage) is included at the cost of interest and depreciation. The additional profit is the
difference between the gains and the losses.
The investment in water diversion reduces the annual spreading cost by £1185 per annum. The storage
requirement is reduced by 585m3, which saves £17,750 of additional slurry storage investment. This
increases annual profit by £2,931, which gives a high return on the investment in clean water diversion.
c) Roof over yards or slurry lagoon
There are several areas of concrete which are un-roofed, which run off to the slurry store.
The main area is 509m2 which at a cost of £60m2 for roof and guttering would cost £30,540.
This would reduce the annual slurry volume by 419m3 and reduce the storage requirement by 207m3.
The partial budget is shown below:
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of roofing over a yard
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
0
GAINS
Increased Income
Increased Costs
Cost Savings
Slurry spreading
Units
£/unit
£
419
1
419
Capital
Capital
Divert roof water
509
60
Total (A)
3,665
Reduced slurry storage
3,665
Total (B)
207
30
0
745
1,164
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = -£2,501
19
The partial budget indicates that profit would be reduced by £2,501 per annum, ie, the cost of roofing the
yard can not be justified. There is also the potential to harvest the rain water to save on water costs, which
may provide a better justification for roofing over a dirty yard. The rain water harvest would most likely be
part of a whole farm scheme. The partial budget is shown below:
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of roofing over a yard and harvesting rainwater
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
GAINS
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
0
Increased Costs
Cost Savings
Slurry spreading
419
1
419
Water Purchase
419
1
419
Capital
Water Storage
419
0.4
Divert roof water
509
60
Total (A)
Capital
20
3,665
Reduced slurry storage
3,685
Total (B)
207
30
0
745
1,583
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = -£2,102
The partial budget indicates that the profit would still be reduced by £2,102 per annum, which means
that roofing over a dirty yard could not be justified even if the rainwater is harvested to save water costs.
d) Roof over the silage pits
The silage pits are not roofed, but they drain to a dirty water store. Therefore, roofing over the silage pits
will not reduce the slurry storage requirement, although this would reduce the running costs of the low rate
irrigation system. Based on the reduction in profit from roofing over the yard, there is unlikely to be a
financial benefit from roofing the silage pits.
6. Use a slurry separator
The mechanical separator reduces the volume of slurry entering the tower by 15 to 20%. Other benefits
are that the solid portion is a potential saleable product and the liquid portion is more consistent making
it quicker, easier and cheaper to spread and reducing sward contamination.
Based on the planned herd size of 300 cows and a reduction of 15% of the slurry volume from using
the separator would reduce slurry storage requirement by 531m3 over the 22 week period and reduce
the annual slurry output by 793m3.
There are three elements to the cost of a slurry separation system:
• Reception pit and pumps
• Separator
• Solid store
20
The estimated total cost of the system is £50,000. The partial budget is shown below:
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of installing a separator system
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
GAINS
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
793
1
793
0
Increased Costs
Cost Savings
Separator/Pump Maintenance
1,000
Slurry spreading
Separator/Pump Electricity
400
Water Purchase
4492
0.2
898
Nitrogen
Capital
4492
0.475
2,134
Capital
Separator Equipment
1
25000
3,000
Separator Buildings
1
25000
3,750
Reduced slurry storage
8,150
Total (B)
Total (A)
531
30
0
1,912
5,737
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Depreciation rate Equipment 10%
Additional Profit (B-A) = -£2,413
The profit is reduced by £2,413 per annum due to the higher capital cost of the slurry separator system plus
operating costs compared to the cost of providing the extra storage capacity and saving in slurry spreading.
This budget also includes the additional benefits of quicker slurry spreading and a saving of nitrogen fertiliser
based on a value of £0.48/m3.
Changing the composition of stored material
Switch to straw yards
The farm could switch to straw yards, but this would have major implications in terms of capital and running
costs. DairyCo’s Housing Wizard provides the estimated capital and operating costs for a straw yard building.
The existing cubicle building houses 220 milking cows in a feed sleep building. The cubicles could be removed
(estimated cost £10,000) to provide a straw yard for 220 cows with 7m2 per cow of bedded area, which
would mean the cows would be fed outside if the outside yard was roofed (estimated cost £30,540) with
a new feed manger installed (estimated cost £5,000). Even with the straw yard approximately 50% of the
slurry would still fall on the feed yard and go to the slurry store. This would reduce the annual slurry volume
by 1584m3 and reduce the storage requirement by 1263m3.
21
The partial budget is shown below:
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of replacing cubicles with straw yards
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
660
30
Units
£/unit
19,800
Capital
Straw
220
30
6,600
Slurry spreading
1584
1
1,584
Cost Savings
Capital
Take out cubicles
1
10000
1,200
Roof feed yard
509
60
3,665
Feed barrier
1
5000
Total (A)
£
0
Increased Costs
Straw
GAINS
Increased Income
600
25,265
Reduced slurry storage
1263
30
Total (B)
0
4,547
12,731
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = -£12,534
The budget shows that the profit would be reduced by £12,534 per annum, mainly due to the high cost of straw.
The proposed solution
The analysis of alternative strategies indicates that the only cost effective options for this dairy farm are to
divert all the roof water and to increase the storage capacity. The plan is to expand the dairy herd to 300
cows with the dairy heifers contract reared off the farm. Compared with the current farm system this reduces
the slurry output by just 212m3 to 5285m3 and the slurry storage requirement by 135m3 to 3541m3.
The best option would be to expand the current cow slurry store to provide around 3000m3 of total capacity.
The cheapest option would be to increase the depth of the existing store to at least 4m and to line with clay,
or if this was not an option to line with a HDPE membrane. The depth of the existing lagoon may be
constrained by sandstone rock and it may be desirable to determine the potential depth by test coring.
The next step is to discuss options with the EA and to consider planning consent.
22
2007 Case study: Identifying alternative slurry
strategies for Court Farm, Gloucestershire
Farm business profile
Farmer: Messrs. Pugh
Farm: Court Farm, Gloucestershire
Cows: 220 dairy cows plus followers
Yields: 9100 litres
Youngstock: 15 per annum
Land:
101ha
Crops: Grass & maize
NVZ:
The farm lies within an existing NVZ area
Slurry issues at Court Farm
• The farm falls within an existing NVZ area
• The farm scores 13 out of 18 in the slurry questionnaire (see page 4)
• The farm currently has 13 weeks storage ~ less than 60% of the 22 week requirement
Background
Court Farm is a 101 hectare specialist dairy farm with 220 dairy
cows and up to 30 dairy heifers of various ages. The farm lies within
an existing NVZ area. The farm has expanded over recent years and
there has been a moderate level of reinvestment. The business intends
remaining in milk production for the foreseeable future and is prepared
to invest in additional slurry storage if required.
Impact of the proposed NVZ rules
The farm total nitrogen loading is 250 kg/ha, which reflects the
intensive nature of the business. The farm already exports significant
quantities of organic manure to comply with the current NVZ
regulations. Court Farm would need to increase land area, reduce
Current slurry store at Court Farm
stock numbers or export more organic manure in order to comply
with the new reduced nitrogen loading limit of 170 kg/ha. The farm
currently has just less than three months slurry storage capacity,
whereas the NVZ regulations require five months capacity.
Nitrogen loading restrictions and storage capacity requirements contained in the revised NVZ regulations
both present challenges at Court Farm.
Current storage capacity
The current slurry storage comprises a slurry tower with a small reception pit. The tower is three rings high
and 22m in diameter. It has a capacity of 1730m3 with an additional 45m3 storage in the reception pit.
Automatic scrapers collect all slurry, which flows into the reception pit through a network of channels.
The parlour and dairy washings are collected in a sump below the pit and pumped automatically into
the slurry reception pit. All roof water is diverted as clean water.
23
Assuming a 22 week storage requirement the current capacity provides 57% of the requirement with
a shortfall in capacity of 1336 cubic metres.
The current annual slurry output is 8203 cubic metres, which gives an estimated annual spreading
cost at £1 per cubic metre of £8203.
Increasing the existing storage capacity
1. New slurry store
The current slurry tower is in good condition and works well practically, therefore replacing the existing
tower is not a favourable option. An additional second slurry store could be a sensible option and Mr Pugh
has expressed a desire to locate a second store (if required) away from the main dairy unit to facilitate
spreading on far fields and onto his neighbour’s land.
The benefits of locating a second store away from the main holding would include faster pumping while
spreading on distant land enabling cheaper and easier spreading of slurry. Also exporting slurry that can
be difficult and costly to handle (to comply with NVZ N loading restrictions) would be made easier.
To provide 22 weeks slurry storage (with no other changes) the new store would need a capacity of
1387m3 plus freeboard and allowance for rainfall onto the new store. The firm who installed the current
slurry tower at Court Farm have quoted £43,500 (all costs included) to install a second tower with the
required 1500m3 storage capacity.
2. Extend existing store
The current tower is three rings high (4.4m) however it was not built with the potential for an additional ring
to be added. If an additional ring was added the store would not be structurally guaranteed and would
therefore be in breach of The Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991.
Another option considered was to raise the current three rings and insert an additional ring at the base of
the store. The firm who installed the current tower has stated that concerns about integrity of the base, once
the extra capacity was added, would prevent them from extending the store in this way.
Reducing the amount to be stored
All options that reduce the amount of slurry produced (including reducing the water collected) also reduce the
spreading costs to the farm business by £1/m3. If the clean water could be collected and used rather than
diverted away this may also have a cost benefit.
1.Keep fewer dairy cows and/or other livestock
The farm is already mostly a flying herd buying in replacements for the dairy herd. A smaller herd size
would reduce the slurry production at Court Farm however it needs to be carefully assessed to ensure the
business remains viable with the reduced herd size.
To provide 22 weeks slurry storage (with no other changes) the herd size would need to be 110 cows
with 92 in milk. The partial budget shows that reduction in income is much greater than the cost of
installing additional storage capacity so this is not a viable option for the business. The budget is based
on a gross margin of £1421 per cow. The farm has a high rental value, equivalent to £200 per acre,
with the land released from 100 cows worth £25,000 per year.
24
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of reducing herd size by 100 cows to reduce slurry storage capacity requirement
LOSSES
GAINS
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
Dairy cow gross margin
100
1,421
142,052
Rent
125
200
25,000
1387
1
1,387
25,000
Increased Costs
Cost Savings
Slurry spreading Labour
100
250
Milk quota
910000
0.1
910
Electricity
910000
0.003
2,730
Water
100
36
3,600
Contractors
100
60
6,000
5,600
Capital
Capital
Cows
100
800
Slurry storage
150
30
Total (A)
142,052
Total (B)
5,400
75,627
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = -£66,425
The budget shows a reduction in profit of £66,425 from reducing the herd size to the slurry storage
capacity available currently.
2. Reduce the yield per cow to below the 9000 litre threshold
Above 9000 litres per cow the standard daily excreta output per cow rises from 53 litres per cow to 64
litres per cow. Currently the herd at Court Farm averages over 9100 litres sold per cow on a rolling 12 month
basis. A yield of below 9000 litres per cow would reduce slurry storage requirement (according to the
standard NVZ calculation procedure) by 311m3 over the 22 week period or 746m3 in a full year.
Although this is only a small reduction in milk sales the lost income is significantly higher than the annual
charge of installing the additional slurry storage capacity.
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of reducing milk yield by 101 litres/cow to reduce slurry storage requirement
LOSSES
GAINS
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
Dairy cows
220
1,421
312,514
Dairy Cows
220
1,401
308,133
Increased Costs
Cost Savings
Slurry spreading 746
1
746
Milk quota
22220
0.1
22
Electricity
22220
0.003
67
311
30
Capital
Capital
Total (A)
312,514
Capital investment
Total (B)
1,120
310,087
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = -£2,427
The budget shows a reduction in profit of £2427 per annum from reducing the milk yield and therefore
it is cost effective to maintain milk yield and to provide additional storage capacity.
25
3. Reduce the number of days livestock are housed
The NVZ regulations require cattle farms to have 22 weeks winter storage available and part of the calculation
process is an assessment of the proportion of slurry collected. If cows were not housed for part of the winter then
the storage requirement would be lower. However, variability in the weather and the impact of any closed spreading
period should be taken into account and the minimum storage capacity based on the worst case scenario.
Court Farm cows are housed all year round to maximise feed intake, maintain diet consistency, maintain
yield and maximise herd profitability. Even if grazing was introduced in to the diet it would not be during
the 22 week storage period.
4. Export slurry off the farm
Mr Pugh does export slurry by spreading onto neighbours’ land but this will be subject to the same closed
spreading period as the land at Court Farm. Slurry will therefore need to be stored by the Pughs until the closed
period finishes. Increasing exports will not reduce the storage requirement during the 22 week winter period.
5. Reduce wash down
Dairy and parlour washings are quite high, if a low volume hose was installed the daily water use could
be significantly reduced (from 30 to 20 litres per cow per day). However, care must be taken to ensure
that cleanliness of the dairy and parlour is maintained at the required Dairy Hygiene Inspectorate standards.
Reducing wash water usage to 20 litres/cow/day would reduce slurry storage requirement by 283m3 over the 22
week period, or 679m3 in a full year. This equates to a 9% reduction in the total slurry production at Court Farm.
Cost – purchase and installation of a high-pressure washer would cost £1000 at Court Farm. If this type
of wash system was fitted when the parlour was installed the cost would be the same as the high volume,
low-pressure system. There is also potential to reduce water costs where mains water is used. Without any
saving in water costs and with an increase in labour cost, to allow for any additional time taken to wash
down the parlour, changing to a high pressure, low volume wash system will improve the profitability of the
business by £743 compared to investing in additional slurry storage.
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of reducing wash water usage
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
£
Labour
183
8
1,464
Capital
Divert roof water
1
1000
Total (A)
Units
£/unit
£
Slurry spreading
679
1
679
Water
Capital
679
1
679
Reduced slurry storage
283
30
1,019
0
Increased Costs
GAINS
Increased Income
170
1,634
Cost Savings
Total (B)
Interest rate 7 %
Equipment depreciation rate 10%
Building depreciation rate 5 %
26
Additional Profit (B-A) = £743
2,377
The budget shows an increase in profit of £743 per annum by reducing the volume of water for washing
down, even allowing for increased labour cost. This additional labour cost may not be actually incurred.
6. Divert wash water into a separate dirty water store
Installation of a separate dirty water collection and storage system would significantly reduce the volume
of water entering the slurry store and enable the dirty water to be spread during the closed period. Court
Farm already has a sump in the parlour that collects the parlour and dairy washings. The contents of the
sump are pumped into the slurry tower reception pit using a submersible pump.
Diversion of these washings into a separate storage tank or lagoon would reduce the slurry storage
requirement by 847m3 over the 22 week period or 2030m3 in a full year. Installation of a dirty water
irrigation system to automatically spread the diverted washings would cost £5,500 to install, plus a further
£6,500 to provide the separate dirty water storage. Compared to installing additional slurry storage this
would improve profitability by £2,958 per annum.
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of diverting wash water into a separate store with automatic irrigation
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
GAINS
£
Increased Income
Increased Costs
Dirty water spreading
2030
0.2
£/unit
£
2030
1
2,030
847
30
3,049
Cost Savings
406
Slurry spreading
Capital
Dirty water lagoon
1
6500
780
Irrigaton system
1
5500
935
Total (A)
Units
0
2,121
Capital
Reduced slurry storage
Total (B)
5,079
Interest rate 7 %
Machinery depreciation rate 10%
Building depreciation rate 5 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = £2,958
The budget shows an increase in profit of £2,958 per annum from the reduction in the storage requirement
being greater than the cost of providing a separate dirty water store and irrigation system.
7. Reduce rainfall entering the store
a. Divert clean roof water – no clean roof water currently enters the slurry system.
b. Roof over yards – the loafing area used by the cows to access the out of parlour feeders could be roofed
over reducing the rainfall collection area by 406m2. Other benefits would include provision of shade
in summer months and additional shelter over the loafing area. Covering the loafing area would reduce
the storage requirement by 125m3 over the 22 week period or 300m3 in a full year.
Cost – 10-15m span open sided framed building (not inc. floor) £2,349 + £25.10/m2 = £12,389 plus
cost of connection to clean water drains. The estimated cost of £14,000 to cover the loafing area would
reduce profitability by £930 per annum compared to increasing the storage capacity unless the other
potential benefits can be quantified.
The budget shows a reduction in profit of £930 per annum, ie, the cost of roofing over the loafing yard
is greater than the cost of providing additional storage.
27
c. Roof over a silage pit - the maize silage pit has recently been roofed over to reduce the rainfall collection area
by 401m2. Other benefits include being able to use the building for storage when empty, improved working
conditions when filling the feeder and keeping the silage sheets dry so they are lighter to move. Covering
the silage pit has reduced the storage requirement by 125m3 over the 22 week period or 300m3 in a full year.
The work cost the farmer £7,000 because he did some
of the work himself. He estimated it would have cost
about £14,000 if fully fitted by contractors and the cost
would have risen further if the roof were not constructed
using the stanchions already in place on either side
of the maize clamp.
The cost of £14,000 to cover the maize clamp has
reduced profitability by £930 per annum compared
to increasing the storage capacity, but this does not
make any allowance for the other potential benefits.
d. Roof over the slurry store – the circular slurry tower could potentially be covered over to reduce rainfall
collection by another 400m2 (see above). However, adding a cover, due to the pressure it would place
on the top ring, would compromise the integrity of the tower and it is therefore not an option.
e. Alter apron levels to allow clean water to run away from slurry – the only clean water apron is the
6m x 6m slope running down to the slurry reception pit. This could be diverted into a nearby clean water
drain quite easily and cheaply using farm labour, this would save 11m3 over the 22 week period.
8. Re route cows to reduce dirty yards
The only dirty yard area created by the cows is the loafing area, which also provides access to the out of parlour
feeders. The cows could not be re-routed to reduce this dirty area but it could be roofed over (see above).
9. Use a slurry separator
The farmer has selected this option and a slurry separator was installed
in April 2007. The mechanical separator reduces the volume of slurry
entering the tower by 15 to 20%. The solid portion of the separation
process is sold ex-farm for £3/t and can also be spread during the
closed spreading period.
The separation process removes coarse solids from the slurry and
reduces the DM% by about 2% overall. The removal of these coarse
solids improves the flow properties of the slurry making it quicker, easier
and cheaper to spread. Mr Pugh estimates that the liquid portion is 25%
quicker to apply after separation. Standard cost of application of typical
dairy slurry is £1/m3, after separation this would reduce to 80p/m3 due
to the increase in flow rate. This cost saving applies to all slurry spread
during the year.
Slurry separation improves the consistency and reduces the solid content
of the liquid slurry, which significantly reduces the problems of sward
contamination when spreading slurry during the growing season.
28
Installing the separator enables the farmer to use slurry after first cut silage instead of an application of an after
cut fertiliser. The benefit of being able to spread slurry during the growing season will increase in value when
the closed spreading periods in the NVZ legislation are taken into account.
300kg/ha after cut fertiliser would apply 75kg N per ha at a cost of £34.50 (N only). An application
of 60m3/ha would provide the same amount of available N to the silage ground (81ha). If this slurry were
spread in the winter, rather than onto the growing crop, up to 62kg/ha (£29/ha) of available N would
be lost, while the spreading cost would be the same. The P & K value of nutrients in the slurry would
be the same whatever time of year it was applied.
A reduction of 20% of the volume from using the separator would reduce slurry storage requirement
by 361m3 over the 22 week period. The separation system cost the farmer £25,000 in total for a
reconditioned separator, new pump, gantry and installation.
Due to the high P & K levels on this farm the solids from slurry separation are sold to a neighbouring farm for £3/t.
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of installing a separator system
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
0
Sale of solids
866
3
2,598
8203 1
8,203
81 29 2,349
361
30
1,300
Increased Costs
Slurry spreading
6562 1
Separator/Pump maintenance 1
1000 Separator/Pump electricity 1
400 GAINS
£
6,562 Cost Savings
Slurry spreading 1,000 N Fertiliser (after cutting) 400
Capital
Separator Equipment
1
25000
Total (A)
Capital
4,250
Reduced slurry storage
12,212
Total (B)
14,450
Interest rate 7 %
Depreciation rate Buildings 5 %
Depreciation rate Equipment 10%
Additional Profit (B-A) = £2,238
The reduction in storage capacity requirement combined with the income from the sale of solids plus
the reduction in slurry spreading cost means the business is £2,238 better off per annum having installed
the separator compared to increasing storage. This may not be the case for other dairy farms where the
full cost of slurry separation would be around £50,000 and there may be no opportunity or benefit from
selling the solids.
Change the composition of the stored material
The NVZ legislation states that any organic manure with a high available N content (>30% available N)
is subject to both closed spreading periods and a minimum storage requirement of 22 weeks for cattle farms.
Any change to the composition of the stored material would need to create a manure with an available N
content below 30% to be exempt from these restrictions.
Switch to straw yards
The cubicle buildings at Court Farm are in good condition. The kennels have cow mattresses fitted and
are integral to the structure of the building. Conversion to a solid muck system is therefore not an option
to reduce the amount of slurry produced.
29
Changing composition of slurry by mixing with solid manure
Mixing slurry with solid muck could reduce the need for storage requirement. However, very little
solid muck is produced at Court Farm so mixing slurry with solid muck is not an option.
Changing composition of slurry by mixing with straw
No figures are available which quantify how much straw would need to be added to slurry to get
the available N content below 30%. However, the cost of straw and the significant quantity likely
to be required would mean this was not a viable option.
Proposed solution
The following options, when combined, would mean the current slurry tower has enough capacity
to store 22 weeks slurry production.
• slurry separation (20% reduction)
• diversion of wash water into separate dirty water system
• roof over silage pit (400m2)
• alter apron levels to divert clean water away (36m2)
Partial budget to assess the effect on annual profit of providing a cost effective solution
LOSSES
Reduced Income
Units
£/unit
Increased Income
Units
£/unit
£
0
Sale of solids
866
3
2,598
Increased Costs
Dirty water spreading 2030 0.2 GAINS
£
Cost Savings
406 Slurry spreading 2330 1
2,330
Separator/pump maintenance 1,000 Slurry spreading 4205 0.2
841
Separator/pump electricity 400 N fertiliser (after cutting) 81 29
2,349
Reduced slurry requirement
1333
30
Capital
Dirty water lagoon
6500
780
Irrigation system
5500
935
Maize clamp roof
14000
1,680
Separator installation
25000
4,250
Total (A)
9,451
Total (B)
4,799
12,917
Interest rate 7 %
Buildings depreciation rate 5 %
Machinery depreciation rate 10 %
Additional Profit (B-A) = £3,466
The partial budget shows an overall increase in profit of £3,466 per year compared to installing additional
slurry storage at Court Farm. Mr Pugh expected to have to install a second slurry tower costing £45,000,
which has been avoided by the combination of the other strategies. For this farm the highest return on the
capital invested is from dirty water separation (32% return), slurry separation (16% return) and the lowest from
the maize clamp roof (4% return).
30
Contacts for further information
Environment Agency
Rio House
Waterside Drive
Aztec West
Almondsbury
Bristol
BS32 4DU
Phone: 08708 506506
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.environmentagency.gov.uk
Environment Agency Wales
Head Office
Cambria House
29 Newport Road
Cardiff
CF24 0TP
Phone: 08708 506506
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.environmentagency.gov.uk
Scottish Environmental Protection Agency
SEPA Corporate Office
Erskine Court
Castle Business Park
Stirling
FK9 4TR
Phone: 01786 457700
Fax: 01786 446885
Website: www.sepa.org.uk
DEFRA
DEFRA publish a number of guides on the NVZ regulations and compliance including derogation. There are also
a number of factsheets along with Question and Answer definitions.
These can be found at the web address below.
www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/water/waterquality/diffuse/nitrate/index.htm
Tried and Tested
Industry bodies have come together to produce a nutrient management plan for the sector with data capture forms
and guides on compliance.
Website: www.nutrientmanagement.org
31
Appendix 1: Legislation in England
& Wales and Scotland
England and Wales – current legislation
Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ’s)
Current legislation has been driven by the EU Nitrates Directive and consists mainly of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones,
which are now part of Cross Compliance. The current legislation has been in place since 1 January 2009 and
a summary of the requirements are outlined below:
• Increase in coverage from 55% to 68% of England.
• Increase in coverage from 3% to 4% of Wales.
• Whole farm manure N loading limit: establishes a limit of 170kg/ha of total N from livestock manures (deposited
during grazing and spreading) per calendar year, averaged across the farmed area. If a farm is above this limit
a derogation can be applied for every year to allow up to 250 kg/ha of total nitrogen production each calendar
year – extra restrictions will apply.
• Closed period (organic manure): Prohibits the spreading of organic manures with high available N content
(including dairy slurry) during specified periods across all soil types.
• Manure storage: Requires farms to provide sufficient storage facilities to store all slurry produced by livestock
during a period of 22 weeks for cattle from 1 October to 1 March.
• Closed period (manufactured nitrogen fertilisers): Prohibits the spreading of manufactured nitrogen fertiliser during
specified periods – certain crops will be exempt if there is a crop nitrogen requirement.
• Crop nitrogen requirement limit: Requires farms not to apply more nitrogen than the crop requires and to assume
a level of efficiency of nitrogen supply from any manure applications.
• Spreading locations: Requires farmers to undertake a written assessment to identify areas of land at risk of runoff
and causing water pollution. Applications of nitrogen fertiliser and organic manures to areas of land identified
as posing a high risk of runoff are prohibited.
• Spreading techniques: Prohibits the use of high trajectory, high pressure application techniques for spreading
organic manure. Additionally, applications of organic manure to bare soil or stubble will require incorporation
into the soil unless applied by slurry injectors or dribble bar techniques.
• Record keeping: Establishes a requirement to keep a record of all N applications to land to facilitate
compliance checking.
Further details can be found on the implementation of the Nitrates Directive in England (1) or Wales (2).
Other cross compliance measures relating to slurry and manure
Cross Compliance requires farmers to demonstrate that they are keeping their land in Good Agricultural and
Environmental Condition (GAEC) and complying with a number of specified legal requirements in order to receive
Single Farm Payment.
The GAEC covering waterlogged soil requires that mechanical field operations, including spreading of manure and
slurry, must not be carried out on an area of waterlogged soil. In England only the GAEC for the protection of hedgerows
and watercourses states that you ‘must not apply manures to land within 2m of the centre of a hedgerow or watercourse’.
Cross Compliance Handbook for England (3) and Farmers’ Guide to Cross Compliance (4) contains further details
on Cross Compliance requirements.
Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991
These regulations set the minimum standards of design and construction for slurry stores in England and Wales.
Slurry includes yard and parlour washings and other dirty water. Runoff from solid manure stores also counts
as slurry for the purposes of the regulations. The Environment Agency enforce the regulations and must be notified
in writing at least 14 days before a new or substantially altered installation is brought into use.
32
The general requirements of the regulations are that it must
• Be constructed to last for 20 years with proper maintenance
• Meet performance standards
• Not be constructed within 10m of watercourses (inc. land drains)
Further essential guidance is provided in The Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil)
Regulations 1991 (5).
Code of Good Agricultural Practice
The Code of Good Agricultural Practice (COGAP) is a practical interpretation of legislation and good practice
which provides an important point of reference to help farmers and land managers understand their environmental
responsibility. The code is not a legislative requirement in its own right.
The new COGAP, which was released in 2009 has replaced the three old Codes of Good Agricultural Practice
for the protection of Water, Soil and Air. The new revised code is a single consolidated document which focuses
on high level, integrated messages on environmental protection based around the main operations that farmers might
undertake. More details can be found Code of Good Agricultural Practice to protect water, soil and air quality (6).
The Code covers England only. Previously England and Wales produced joint Codes but now they are produced
separately. It is intended that Defra will work with Wales to update the Codes that match as far as possible, subject
to any differing conditions and policies that apply within the respective countries.
National Dairy Farm Assurance Scheme
Most dairy processors require assurance under this scheme and the scheme requires a series of environmental
standards to be met. More information can be found in the NDFAS Standards (7).
• The farm must have access to, awareness of, and be able to observe the Codes of Good Agricultural Practice
(see COGAP section), which provide guidance on protecting the environment.
• The farm must ensure that potential pollutants are appropriately stored to avoid the risk of polluting watercourses.
• Manures and fertilisers must be spread in accordance with legislation and codes of good practice.
• The farm must have a Manure Management Plan.
Environmental Stewardship Schemes
Environmental Stewardship Schemes, encompassing Entry Level Stewardship and Higher Level Stewardship
in England and Tir Gofal and Tir Mynndd in Wales, promote improved environmental practice. More information
can be obtained from Natural England and Countryside Council for Wales.
Waste Management Regulations
These regulations cover the management of farm waste however, farm manure and slurry do not classify as waste
materials. They have considerable nutrient value and are therefore classed as a fertiliser.
England & Wales - future legislation
Water Framework Directive
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the main driver for future legislation on water pollution. It requires all
waters (surface and groundwater) to achieve ‘good’ ecological status (as defined in the WFD) by 2015. In order
to achieve the WFD targets, Defra and WAG have designated priority catchments to receive a campaign of free
advice aimed at improving resource use and reducing diffuse pollution. The project encourages early, voluntary
action but if it fails to improve practice it is likely that increased legislation will follow.
33
In England the Diffuse Water Pollution Consultation identifies ‘packages’ of policies that can be applied under three
broad headings – supportive, regulatory and economic. The consultation aims to identify what combination of the
various options will be the best way to address diffuse water pollution from agriculture. The conclusions drawn from
the consultation process will be applied in a Programme of Measures under the Water Framework Directive that needs
to be developed by 2009. Further information is contained in the Consultation on diffuse sources in England (8).
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)
As part of the WFD, large pig and poultry producers have had to comply with IPPC legislation. This requires
the farmer to use best available techniques (not entailing excessive cost) to reduce pollution.
Large dairy units are outside the scope of the current IPCC regulations, however some proposed new large dairy
units or significantly expanding units have been asked to provide an environmental impact assessment by planning
authorities. This legislation would have significant effect if it were expanded to cover the dairy industry.
Scotland - current legislation
Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ’s)
Current legislation has been driven by the EU Nitrates Directive and consists mainly of Nitrate Vulnerable Zones.
The objects of these proposals are to reduce the risk of nitrate loss to water by balancing applications with crop uptakes
and minimising losses. The current legislation has been in place since 1 January 2009 and is summarised below
• Coverage at 15% of Scotland.
• Whole farm manure N loading limit: establishes a limit of 170kg/ha of total N from livestock manures (deposited
during grazing and spreading) per calendar year, averaged across the farmed area. If a farm is above this limit
a derogation can be applied for every year to allow up to 250 kg/ha of total nitrogen production each calendar
year – extra restrictions will apply.
• Closed period (organic manure): Prohibits the spreading of organic manures with high available N content
(including dairy slurry) during specified periods. The closed periods now apply to all soil types. A reduced
maximum application rate of 30m3/ha now applies for the four week period before the closed spreading
period and after the closed period for applications made before 14 February.
• Fertiliser and Manure Plan: produce a fertiliser and manure plan to include a risk assessment for manures
and slurry, including risk of slope based on a four point plan.
• Crop nitrogen requirement limit: Requires farms not to apply more nitrogen than the crop requires,
to comply with a maximum upper application limit and to assume a level of efficiency of nitrogen supply
from any manure applications.
• Manure storage: Requires farms to provide sufficient storage facilities to store all slurry produced by livestock
during a period of 22 weeks for cattle and to minimise the risk of seepage from field middens.
• Spreading techniques: Prohibits the use of high trajectory, high pressure application techniques for spreading
organic manure from 1 July 2009, except on growing arable crops.
• Record keeping: Establishes a requirement to keep a record of all N applications to land to facilitate
compliance checking.
Further details can be found in the Protection of Scotland's Water Environment – Guidelines for Farmers
in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (9).
Other cross compliance measures relating to slurry and manure
Cross Compliance requires farmers to demonstrate that they are keeping their land in Good Agricultural and
Environmental Condition (GAEC) and complying with a number of specified legal requirements in order to receive
Single Farm Payment.
34
The GAEC covering waterlogged soil requires that mechanical field operations, including spreading of manure
and slurry, must not be carried out on an area of waterlogged soil. In England only the GAEC for the protection
of hedgerows and watercourses states that you ‘must not apply manures to land within 2m of the centre
of a hedgerow or watercourse’.
Cross Compliance Guidelines (10) contains further details on Cross Compliance requirements.
Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991
These regulations set the minimum standards of design and construction for slurry stores in Scotland. The current
definition of slurry includes yard and parlour washings and other dirty water including runoff from solid manure stores.
However, this definition is currently under review and may be relaxed, see section on Water Framework Directive.
The Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) enforce the regulations and must be notified in writing at least 28
days before a new or substantially altered installation is brought into use. The general requirements of the regulations
are that it must:
• Be constructed to last for 20 years with proper maintenance
• Meet performance standards
• Not be constructed within 10m of watercourses (inc. land drains)
Further essential guidance is provided in The Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil)
(Scotland) Regulations 2003 (11).
Prevention of Environmental Pollution from Agricultural Activity (PEPFAA)
The PEPFAA Code is a code of good practice which aims to provide farmers, crofters and those involved in farming
activities, such as agricultural contractors and companies involved in spreading organic manures to land, with
practical advice on how to prevent pollution. The code is not a legislative requirement in its own right.
There is extensive guidance on the collection, storage and application to land of livestock slurries and manures.
More information can be found in the Prevention of Environmental Pollution from Agricultural Activity (12).
National Dairy Farm Assurance Scheme
Most dairy processors require assurance under this scheme and the scheme requires a series of environmental
standards to be met. More information can be found in the NDFAS Standards (7).
• The farm must have access to, awareness of, and be able to observe PEPFAA, which provides guidance
on protecting the environment.
• The farm must ensure that potential pollutants are appropriately stored to avoid the risk of polluting watercourses.
• Manures and fertilisers must be spread in accordance with legislation and codes of good practice.
• The farm must have a Manure Management Plan.
Rural Stewardship Scheme
The Rural Stewardship Scheme (RSS), which is part of the Scottish Rural Development Plan, provides assistance
to encourage farmers, crofters and common grazing committees to adopt environmentally friendly practices
and to maintain and enhance particular habitats and landscape features. More information can be obtained
from the Scottish Executive.
Agricultural Waste Regulations
These regulations cover the management of farm waste however, farm manure and slurry do not classify as waste
materials. They have considerable nutrient value and are therefore classed as a fertiliser.
35
Scotland - future legislation
Water Framework Directive
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the main driver for future legislation on water pollution. It requires
all waters (surface and groundwater) to achieve ‘good’ ecological status (as defined in the WFD) by 2015.
In order to achieve the WFD targets, Scottish Executive have developed the Water Environment (Controlled Activities)
(Scotland) Regulations 2005 (CAR) to provide a means of control. All activities that pose a potential risk to the water
environment have to be authorised under general binding rules (GBRs) designed to protect the water environment and
to prevent actions which result in undue risks to the quality of water. Revisions to the GBR’s are currently under consultation
along with the proposal that farmers should be able to drain lightly contaminated farmyard water to a wetland constructed
for the purpose, as an alternative to collection of the run-off in a slurry store.
The Executive believes it is likely that there will still be problems associated with certain pollutants in some
catchments. For these areas it is planned that, in conjunction with River Basin Management Planning, the national
rules will be supplemented by further localised controls to apply to a particular land use activity.
Further information is contained in the Consultation on Diffuse Water Pollution from Rural Land Use (13).
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC)
As part of the WFD, large pig and poultry producers have had to comply with IPPC legislation. This requires
the farmer to use best available techniques (not entailing excessive cost) to reduce pollution.
Large dairy units are outside the scope of the current IPCC regulations, however some proposed new large dairy
units or significantly expending units have been asked to provide an environmental impact assessment by planning
authorities. This legislation would have significant effect if it were expanded to cover the dairy industry.
References
1
Agriculture England, Water England, The Nitrate Pollution Prevention Regulations 2008. DEFRA, No 2349.
2.
Agriculture Wales, Water Wales, The Nitrate Pollution Prevention (Wales) Regulations 2008. Welsh Assembly
Government, No 3143 (W.278).
3.
Cross-Compliance Handbook for England, 2008 Edition. Rural Payments Agency and DEFRA, 2008. PB12904.
4.
Farmers’ Guide to Cross Compliance. Welsh Assembly Government, 2004. G/285/04-05.
5.
The Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991 and as amended 1997 –
Guidance notes for farmers. DEFRA, April 1997.
6.
Protecting our Water, Soil & Air. A Code of Good Agricultural Practice for Farmers, Growers & Land
Managers. DEFRA.
7.
National Dairy Farm Assurance Scheme – Standards and Guidelines, 3rd Edition. NDFAS, 2004.
8.
The Protection of Waters Against Pollution from Agriculture. Consultation on diffuse sources in England. DEFRA,
August 2007. PB 12735.
9.
Guidelines for Farmers in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones. Scottish Executive, December 2008.
10. Cross Compliance Notes for Guidance 2006. Scottish Executive, December 2005.
11. The Control of Pollution (Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) (Scotland) Regulations 2003.
12. Prevention of Environmental Pollution from Agricultural Activity. Scottish Executive, March 2005.
13. Implementing the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003: Diffuse Water Pollution
from Rural Land Use – General Binding Rules and Related Provisions Consultation. Scottish Executive,
September 2007.
36
Appendix 2: European regulations
This provides a brief summary of regulations in some other European countries.
Holland
The application of animal manure is prohibited from 1 September to 31 January inclusive (except for grassland
application which is allowed in certain areas from 1 to 15 September inclusive). There is a requirement for
a minimum storage which exceeds the period when the application of animal manure to land is prohibited.
There is a general requirement that every farm should have storage capacity for six months manure production.
The use of animal manure is prohibited on grassland, arable land, fallow land or uncultivated land, unless the
manure is applied with a low level of emissions. There is a nitrogen limit of 170 kg/ha, although with derogations
in certain situations increasing the level to 250 kg/ha.
Denmark
All slurries must be either injected or band spread, nutrient planning (including animal feed) is compulsory and 10%
less than the economic optimum must be applied – these records must be submitted to government. All slurries are
counted as having book values of dry matter and nutrient content. All livestock farmers who have a need to export
manure from the holding must do so via a system of transfer notes which are submitted to a national database.
Receiving farmers must sign tickets to confirm that they have had however much N & P in kilograms – no nutrients
can be lost. All slurry in storage must be covered, at present a floating crust is sufficient, but there are moves to insist
on chopped straw or a more substantial cover. There are numerous more sensitive areas designated for various reasons
eg, near to bog habitats. Farms have to take extra measures to prevent ammonia losses. In Denmark there is a national
agricultural advisory service although it is paid for by fees to farmers.
Republic of Ireland
The interpretation of the nitrates directive in Eire means that farmers must test soils before applying any inorganic P
fertilizer. Farmers must carry out nutrient planning which also takes into account the nutrients imported on to the farm
by animal feed. The utilisation percentage of N in slurries that farmers have to rely on is increasing up to 50% over
the first three years of the new regulations. The regulations on P in manures do not begin until 2010 although this
is expected to have a serious impact on the pig industry. There is a derogation to apply above the 170kg organic
manures (250 kg/ha on grassland) which a farmer has to apply for each year.
There are varying storage requirements in different areas of the country, the longest of which is 26 weeks. There is
a 60% grant scheme to help with these costs which will also allow 40% for specific equipment such as separators.
Livestock farmers must complete manure plans to include where manure is to be spread on farms where manure is
exported to. The plan has to be submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Sweden
Only 22kg/ha of P can be applied per each year as organic manures. There is a voluntary program called Greppa
naringen ‘catch nutrients’ that is operating in an advisory capacity with an associated grant scheme looking at
nutrient planning, catch crops and constructed wetlands. Uptake is variable through the country.
37
Appendix 3: Farmer work sheet
Livestock excreta
Calculate the monthly volume of excreta collected as slurry for each category of livestock on your farm. The table below
is for a dairy herd with replacements. If you have other livestock on your farm then use the table at Appendix 5.
Stock Proportion of
excreta collected
Volume
produced per
Total volume
as slurry
month m3
per month m3
Number
Dairy cow (>9000 litres) 1.92
Dairy cow (6000 - 9000 litres) 1.59
Dairy cow (<6000 litres) 1.26
Dairy heifer 13 mths 1st calf 1.20
Dairy heifer 3 - <13 mths 0.60
Calf <3 mths 0.21
Total A
Calculate the total (A).
Rainfall
From the table of rainfall data at Appendix 4 select your monthly rainfall based on your STD telephone code.
Calculate the total and then divide by 5 to give B.
Month
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Total
Rainfall mm
Divide total by 5
B
Rainfall going in to the slurry store
Calculate the area of slurry stores plus concrete yard areas and enter the value below. Multiply by the average
monthly rainfall (B), divide by 1000 to give the monthly rainfall entering the slurry store (C).
Area
of slurry stores plus concrete surface area plus Average monthly
undiverted roof water m2
rainfall (insert B)
X
Monthly rainfall
volume entering
slurry store m3
divide by
1000 = C
Parlour and dairy dirty water going in to the slurry store
Where the parlour and dairy dirty water goes in to the slurry store enter the average number of cows in milk and
multiply by 0.6 for low volume (high pressure) washing and 0.9 for high volume hose washing to give the monthly
volume of parlour and dairy dirty water (D).
Number of cows
Wash water
in milk
used per month m3
X
Monthly dirty
water production m3
1000 = D
Minimum storage volume
Add together volumes A, C & D to give the monthly volume of diluted slurry (E). Multiply E by 5 to give
the minimum storage volume (F).
38
A
C
D
Monthly
diluted slurry m3
=
E
Minimum storage
volume m3
X 5
F
You may reduce the minimum volume to be stored if either below apply.
• You always export some of the slurry during the storage period to another farm for land spreading
(for agricultural benefit) or dispose of it via an environmentally acceptable route. Where slurry is applied
to land on another farm you must confirm details of the recipient, the amount of slurry exported and its
estimated total nitrogen content.
• You always use a mechanical separator to remove solids from the slurry, eg, by 15 to 20% for cattle slurry.
Revised minimum
storage volume
F
Slurry storage available
For square or rectangular stores: In metres multiply the height by the width by the length. Reduce the height
by 0.3 metres to allow for freeboard.
For circular stores: In metres multiply the height by the area (circumference divided by 3.142, then square
and multiply by 3.142). Reduce the height by 0.3 metres to allow for freeboard.
For earth banked stores: In metres multiply the average depth by the width by the length. Reduce the height
by 0.75 metres to allow for freeboard.
Safety note: Do not attempt to measure the depth of such a store while it contains slurry.
Enter the dimensions of your slurry stores and the capacity in the worksheet.
Length m
Width m
Area of circular store m2
Depth m (less freeboard)
Capacity
m3
Store 1
Store 2
Store 3
Store 4
Store 5
Store 6
Total existing capacity G
Compare the existing slurry storage capacity with the MINIMUM volume needed
If G is greater than F (or revised F) you have more than the MINIMUM storage required.
If F (or revised F) is greater than G you must provide extra storage capacity to make up the difference. However,
first you should consider if there are alternatives to reduce the volume of rainwater entering the store or to reduce
the quantity of slurry being produced (see slurry strategies section).
If you need new, or substantially enlarged or reconstructed storage you must comply with the Control of Pollution
(Silage, Slurry and Agricultural Fuel Oil) Regulations 1991 as amended.
39
Appendix 4: Annual rainfall data
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
0113
77
61
67
62
59
61
59
72
71
73
77
78
817
0114
92
70
77
69
65
62
54
66
67
74
87
92
875
0115
53
46
48
48
50
55
48
59
49
50
54
59
619
0116
53
45
49
50
52
60
47
61
50
50
55
59
631
0117
85
61
68
55
64
65
61
74
82
83
85
92
875
0118
69
48
58
49
54
53
43
56
60
63
68
74
695
01200
131
79
102
78
81
96
94
124
129
147
139
137
1337
01202
93
67
70
49
54
52
42
55
70
87
90
95
824
01204
129
84
103
80
86
97
96
125
124
142
137
137
1340
01205
51
39
47
47
50
54
46
59
48
46
56
52
595
01206
48
33
43
40
43
47
44
47
48
49
56
51
549
01207
72
49
57
52
60
56
57
76
62
59
69
65
734
01208
112
78
82
55
56
59
59
74
81
100
111
111
978
01209
136
103
100
64
67
64
61
74
85
113
126
137
1130
0121
71
54
64
60
66
61
54
72
65
65
68
79
779
01223
44
32
41
43
48
48
47
53
46
47
50
49
548
01224
83
53
58
53
62
53
65
75
69
77
73
71
792
01225
94
69
78
59
69
63
62
73
82
81
90
102
922
01226
78
62
66
63
58
58
48
61
58
63
76
79
770
01227
65
45
52
48
45
48
50
53
61
71
75
66
679
01228
73
44
58
43
55
60
66
78
83
82
76
68
786
01229
97
65
81
61
61
64
73
96
100
116
104
102
1020
01233
77
50
58
49
49
49
49
51
64
80
84
74
734
01234
45
35
46
46
48
50
46
53
47
51
51
54
572
01235
70
50
62
49
57
57
46
62
62
64
69
76
724
01236
111
74
91
58
68
67
69
97
116
119
115
106
1091
01237
113
79
84
61
61
65
69
83
98
115
123
119
1070
01239
138
91
98
75
73
73
67
90
107
143
136
147
1238
01241
84
57
64
53
64
59
64
78
77
79
72
72
823
01242
67
52
59
52
61
62
54
67
66
61
65
78
744
01243
75
52
60
50
49
46
43
53
64
76
80
77
725
01244
63
49
55
50
57
54
46
56
59
62
79
73
703
01245
54
37
48
45
46
50
50
54
51
54
58
57
604
01246
111
81
89
75
74
74
64
81
84
94
104
110
1041
01248
109
74
87
63
65
67
76
97
101
125
130
124
1118
01249
67
50
59
48
58
56
51
60
66
63
65
76
719
01250
84
58
62
43
63
62
66
78
80
82
71
76
825
01252
73
49
60
51
58
50
48
54
64
69
72
76
724
01253
79
54
64
50
51
59
59
78
87
95
91
88
855
01254
108
68
88
73
77
87
83
107
112
123
116
114
1156
01255
51
35
45
42
43
46
45
48
49
50
58
53
565
01256
93
62
74
56
64
61
57
66
78
85
90
97
883
01257
91
61
77
61
65
75
72
94
94
107
102
99
998
01258
113
83
85
59
66
57
50
69
86
102
105
116
991
01259
102
70
82
52
66
67
72
90
107
103
103
103
1017
01260
69
48
58
54
63
69
61
72
70
71
76
71
782
01261
64
45
55
44
51
53
61
79
71
70
78
67
738
01262
62
45
54
50
53
52
52
63
54
58
69
71
683
40
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01263
58
41
48
48
44
50
56
56
53
60
70
62
646
01264
85
57
68
49
58
55
45
63
64
73
77
88
782
01267
162
109
118
89
87
89
82
114
130
166
158
168
1472
01268
52
35
45
45
48
49
47
47
55
53
57
55
588
01269
161
107
117
87
89
95
89
121
135
161
157
167
1486
01270
57
43
50
48
61
56
50
59
59
62
70
67
682
01271
151
102
105
77
77
84
84
99
117
144
154
157
1351
01273
84
56
66
54
51
56
51
60
71
92
97
87
825
01274
100
78
84
72
65
64
58
79
84
92
99
104
979
01275
85
61
68
55
64
65
61
74
82
83
85
92
875
01276
62
43
54
48
56
51
48
53
59
62
63
66
665
01277
54
37
47
45
49
51
50
52
55
55
58
57
610
01278
81
63
61
50
56
51
48
61
61
72
74
83
761
01279
57
40
50
48
49
53
51
56
54
58
59
61
636
01280
60
45
57
47
57
56
51
59
55
58
58
67
670
01282
123
78
97
77
78
86
84
109
114
128
124
131
1229
01283
66
51
56
53
59
59
53
69
63
62
67
74
732
01284
49
34
44
45
46
51
48
51
51
52
57
54
582
01285
78
58
67
53
65
63
56
68
69
69
74
88
808
01286
218
148
174
117
117
129
136
181
193
241
241
246
2141
01287
78
57
69
62
63
64
66
81
74
73
92
83
862
01288
119
79
86
61
61
68
72
82
92
109
124
119
1072
01289
57
40
47
44
52
55
56
67
57
61
60
54
650
01290
130
81
101
63
75
74
87
112
136
146
135
127
1267
01291
112
85
85
65
70
70
67
83
95
103
105
119
1059
01292
121
77
95
59
65
68
82
104
131
137
131
120
1190
01293
95
62
73
64
64
62
53
66
83
92
95
98
907
01294
105
69
83
56
63
63
74
98
120
120
112
103
1066
01295
61
47
58
47
57
60
52
65
57
58
59
69
690
01296
62
44
56
51
57
57
52
62
57
61
62
69
690
01297
107
83
81
58
63
58
56
69
73
89
92
105
934
01298
132
93
106
85
84
82
78
97
100
113
124
132
1226
01299
72
56
63
57
64
58
56
68
67
66
71
81
779
01300
118
87
89
62
71
60
55
75
88
102
106
120
1033
01301
370
251
296
161
171
171
199
246
323
355
325
360
3228
01302
50
41
47
50
52
56
51
57
50
47
54
54
609
01303
76
50
60
53
50
53
55
52
69
84
95
76
773
01304
77
53
63
55
49
56
54
57
73
91
106
79
813
01305
89
67
71
50
51
47
44
58
66
82
87
92
804
01306
89
57
68
60
63
57
52
64
76
84
84
90
844
01307
87
57
61
47
61
59
63
73
75
75
67
72
797
01308
100
74
75
55
60
50
52
67
71
89
91
98
882
01309
51
37
45
36
45
53
59
73
62
59
63
52
635
0131
59
43
53
43
54
52
57
64
65
67
64
57
678
01320
252
179
233
112
122
119
121
151
217
264
266
275
2311
01322
59
39
49
47
51
49
46
50
57
58
59
61
625
01323
81
54
62
51
47
55
47
56
70
89
94
83
789
01324
119
78
101
59
69
71
75
102
125
120
126
121
1166
01325
62
45
53
51
53
54
52
68
52
55
61
57
663
01326
119
93
87
57
57
54
53
65
74
97
109
114
979
01327
58
44
55
47
55
57
53
65
53
57
58
67
669
41
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01328
62
43
53
51
53
55
59
63
56
60
74
65
694
01329
86
57
63
49
52
48
42
56
65
80
86
84
768
01330
102
63
69
56
65
60
72
77
74
86
80
85
889
01332
61
50
53
50
53
59
52
61
56
58
61
67
681
01333
71
52
60
49
59
58
63
75
74
73
73
69
776
01334
72
50
57
48
59
56
60
70
70
70
68
66
746
01335
89
65
72
63
68
73
64
80
76
79
88
93
910
01337
92
63
73
50
63
65
64
74
82
86
86
87
885
013397
101
59
69
58
67
62
70
77
78
88
84
86
899
013398
101
59
69
58
67
62
70
77
78
88
84
86
899
01340
75
55
70
60
69
67
76
90
80
85
90
79
896
01341
174
119
144
101
99
108
121
140
153
187
199
208
1753
01342
93
61
72
62
62
63
54
66
84
91
96
95
899
01343
55
40
49
39
48
53
60
75
62
61
66
55
663
01344
67
46
57
50
58
53
49
55
63
66
67
71
702
01346
70
47
57
44
50
51
58
73
71
71
79
72
743
01347
56
42
47
44
50
53
50
63
53
51
53
56
618
01348
109
74
80
62
59
64
60
87
96
118
120
132
1061
01349
83
59
71
42
55
56
52
66
69
84
91
84
812
01350
137
91
99
60
84
79
83
99
116
128
116
128
1220
01352
71
54
64
57
61
57
55
64
70
74
90
84
801
01353
44
33
43
42
50
53
47
54
45
47
52
49
559
01354
45
33
44
43
51
52
49
56
46
45
52
50
566
01355
143
92
118
72
81
82
92
125
157
156
152
142
1412
01356
109
72
76
56
73
62
67
78
84
94
84
88
943
01357
141
89
117
73
80
86
96
127
151
155
155
143
1413
01358
79
50
59
54
60
54
63
75
71
77
78
72
792
01359
49
34
43
43
45
50
48
49
50
52
57
52
572
01360
150
102
126
75
90
85
91
122
155
159
150
147
1452
01361
78
54
65
54
64
62
64
79
75
75
79
72
821
01362
61
43
52
51
52
55
57
60
56
60
73
64
684
01363
133
96
91
65
66
58
54
71
78
105
115
130
1062
01364
191
147
139
91
89
85
78
103
113
144
161
187
1528
01366
48
35
45
43
51
55
50
55
47
50
57
52
588
01367
60
44
55
46
55
54
44
55
55
58
59
67
652
01368
70
45
62
51
62
56
59
78
68
73
77
66
767
01369
179
114
142
85
94
98
113
142
189
185
174
172
1687
01371
52
37
48
45
45
49
51
54
50
54
58
57
600
01372
60
39
50
46
52
49
44
54
56
62
61
63
636
01373
99
74
82
61
69
64
62
77
80
82
94
104
948
01375
58
39
48
47
50
49
47
48
58
57
60
61
622
01376
49
34
45
44
44
51
45
50
48
52
55
52
569
01377
59
44
56
52
55
55
56
68
57
58
65
66
691
01379
48
34
41
41
45
50
47
47
48
53
57
52
563
01380
77
57
66
51
60
56
50
66
69
70
75
86
783
01381
67
49
57
40
55
59
60
75
69
74
77
69
751
01382
73
49
56
44
56
56
58
67
70
69
64
67
729
01383
67
49
57
43
52
53
59
72
77
73
74
68
744
01384
68
52
58
55
62
58
57
68
65
63
66
76
748
01386
63
47
54
49
58
56
52
68
61
55
61
72
696
01387
108
75
82
55
70
65
72
94
104
116
101
105
1047
42
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01388
65
47
55
51
56
55
57
70
58
58
65
63
700
01389
178
119
145
82
95
87
95
127
168
180
174
176
1626
01392
104
81
70
53
59
50
43
58
61
82
80
99
840
01394
53
37
46
44
44
46
48
47
53
54
61
54
587
01395
96
77
69
51
55
48
46
59
61
78
77
94
811
01397
250
174
218
108
114
132
150
173
239
269
248
258
2333
01398
140
101
103
78
82
74
76
93
103
120
130
142
1242
01400
53
42
49
51
54
53
46
61
48
47
55
54
613
01403
97
63
74
62
61
59
48
64
79
91
95
98
891
01404
118
90
86
64
70
64
63
74
82
97
97
116
1021
01405
48
36
48
48
50
54
53
62
51
48
54
54
606
01406
49
36
46
46
52
52
49
58
48
45
56
52
589
01407
81
55
63
53
49
51
53
72
73
88
96
92
826
01408
80
53
66
45
56
57
58
74
73
78
88
75
803
01409
133
89
91
65
67
71
77
88
97
116
130
136
1160
0141
130
85
105
60
76
68
69
99
131
138
129
124
1214
01420
92
62
73
56
63
56
55
61
74
83
89
95
859
01422
127
92
108
88
80
82
78
107
114
124
134
136
1270
01423
68
53
57
53
53
52
51
65
58
60
64
66
700
01424
88
57
65
53
50
55
52
60
72
94
100
87
833
01425
91
64
68
50
58
56
43
58
68
83
86
93
818
01427
48
38
47
51
52
56
53
59
50
47
54
54
609
01428
100
65
76
60
65
59
55
64
79
90
94
99
906
01429
55
41
52
48
52
54
55
67
55
56
71
59
665
014304
51
39
50
46
51
53
54
65
51
51
56
57
624
014308
51
39
50
46
51
53
54
65
51
51
56
57
624
01431
74
48
59
40
52
56
61
78
75
72
83
67
765
01432
82
60
62
51
60
53
44
60
65
67
70
79
753
01433
132
92
106
83
79
84
79
100
103
115
123
131
1227
014342
127
91
102
73
71
68
77
97
97
105
123
114
1145
014343
127
91
102
73
71
68
77
97
97
105
123
114
1145
014346
127
91
102
73
71
68
77
97
97
105
123
114
1145
014348
127
91
102
73
71
68
77
97
97
105
123
114
1145
01435
88
58
66
54
53
61
51
63
74
93
95
88
844
01436
194
124
151
87
95
95
106
135
187
189
179
182
1724
01437
101
72
76
57
54
57
50
75
83
107
109
115
956
01438
58
43
52
51
50
57
48
55
55
62
60
63
654
01439
71
50
62
50
57
60
60
70
66
68
70
72
756
01440
50
36
46
45
47
49
51
54
51
52
57
56
594
01442
78
55
67
58
63
66
58
72
68
74
76
84
819
01443
235
156
166
117
119
118
115
154
173
207
211
236
2007
01444
98
63
73
63
61
63
51
65
83
96
99
99
914
01445
181
129
173
101
95
111
126
138
214
225
232
222
1947
01446
104
74
81
59
65
69
70
85
94
104
105
107
1017
01449
51
36
44
44
45
47
49
48
50
55
59
52
580
01450
102
68
80
55
72
66
78
88
87
98
99
101
994
01451
73
55
64
52
63
62
55
68
66
66
70
83
777
01452
70
51
56
48
59
53
52
65
65
62
66
76
723
01453
79
58
64
53
65
60
58
71
73
72
75
87
815
01454
79
59
63
52
63
63
56
67
74
76
78
88
818
01455
55
45
50
49
53
60
49
65
52
51
56
61
646
43
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01456
138
99
118
62
79
67
70
89
110
140
145
145
1262
01458
69
53
52
43
54
49
51
61
59
63
67
73
694
01460
119
87
86
62
68
59
58
73
80
97
100
116
1005
01461
80
55
67
49
62
65
70
87
93
93
84
81
886
01462
52
38
47
48
48
53
47
55
51
57
55
57
608
01463
98
72
86
49
65
59
63
75
85
103
110
105
970
01464
87
57
69
63
66
61
70
80
78
88
91
83
893
01465
144
89
109
74
73
79
95
112
141
149
145
137
1347
01466
79
54
68
60
64
61
72
83
78
84
91
79
873
01467
86
53
61
54
60
55
64
74
68
79
77
75
806
01469
57
42
53
52
51
53
52
65
54
53
62
62
656
01470
209
133
180
83
87
104
118
132
192
233
217
213
1901
01471
324
207
285
146
139
161
188
222
325
355
350
338
3040
01472
59
44
54
54
50
52
49
62
52
52
63
61
652
01473
52
36
46
43
44
46
46
47
50
52
59
53
574
01474
75
50
59
54
55
55
53
56
70
70
75
78
750
01475
123
75
92
62
64
70
78
103
130
136
124
118
1175
01476
52
42
49
53
53
54
48
62
49
48
54
55
619
01477
61
44
53
50
63
62
55
66
64
66
72
67
723
01478
244
160
219
106
108
128
142
162
241
282
272
267
2331
01479
117
75
91
64
79
77
86
103
99
115
111
103
1120
01480
44
34
43
45
47
51
43
53
45
47
49
50
551
01482
55
41
53
51
52
53
52
67
54
53
61
62
654
01483
68
45
56
49
56
49
45
51
60
64
66
70
679
01484
120
88
106
88
75
78
73
99
100
116
131
126
1200
01485
53
38
49
45
52
56
52
59
50
51
64
58
627
01487
45
35
44
46
49
50
46
53
44
45
50
49
556
01488
82
58
72
55
61
61
50
69
68
73
79
88
816
01489
86
59
67
50
55
52
44
59
70
80
85
88
795
01490
146
100
108
79
79
68
69
90
113
130
146
158
1286
01491
68
48
60
51
57
60
48
66
63
66
67
77
731
01492
224
146
172
123
124
113
106
144
164
221
241
246
2024
01493
55
40
43
47
44
46
51
55
54
58
67
59
619
01494
76
53
66
56
62
65
55
70
68
73
75
82
801
01495
163
116
117
87
93
81
75
103
127
142
138
164
1406
01497
123
84
92
66
74
64
62
81
95
103
110
125
1079
01499
321
213
258
141
143
149
170
215
297
319
297
315
2838
01501
91
61
75
51
62
62
66
90
99
97
93
89
936
01502
54
40
43
47
44
47
51
51
53
57
64
58
609
01503
152
111
108
70
71
70
70
86
98
123
135
152
1246
01505
149
98
123
76
85
87
102
133
174
173
150
147
1497
01506
78
53
65
44
54
52
57
76
82
84
84
78
807
01507
60
45
55
55
51
53
47
61
50
51
64
60
652
01508
55
40
46
48
47
52
50
52
51
57
63
59
620
01509
54
46
49
49
52
57
47
62
50
49
55
60
630
0151
66
48
56
52
56
61
57
71
75
80
80
73
775
01520
234
163
218
123
119
137
153
174
254
276
276
275
2402
01522
47
38
47
48
49
53
48
57
45
44
52
52
580
01524
92
60
76
58
62
65
73
94
104
110
103
100
997
01525
56
41
54
51
55
54
54
59
55
59
60
64
662
01526
51
39
48
46
49
53
48
59
47
46
55
53
594
44
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01527
61
46
53
49
57
56
51
64
59
55
58
68
677
01528
190
130
160
76
97
87
90
112
158
195
187
185
1667
01529
52
41
49
52
54
53
46
61
48
47
54
53
610
01530
61
50
54
53
57
60
51
67
58
57
62
68
698
01531
67
51
53
46
57
53
48
60
64
60
61
72
692
01535
130
94
106
86
80
79
74
104
111
123
129
136
1252
01536
57
44
53
52
55
56
52
66
53
53
57
63
661
01538
85
62
72
64
69
73
67
84
78
80
89
92
915
01539
122
79
100
75
75
83
93
117
126
140
125
121
1256
015394
122
79
100
75
75
83
93
117
126
140
125
121
1256
015395
122
79
100
75
75
83
93
117
126
140
125
121
1256
015396
122
79
100
75
75
83
93
117
126
140
125
121
1256
01540
164
110
132
73
86
83
88
106
125
152
150
150
1419
01542
71
50
64
52
59
60
76
89
78
82
88
71
840
01543
64
50
55
54
59
57
53
68
62
60
64
72
718
01544
107
78
82
63
70
61
56
75
85
91
97
108
973
01545
105
70
76
63
63
68
67
83
97
118
110
113
1033
01546
203
130
165
96
98
107
134
162
208
220
208
201
1932
01548
114
93
88
58
60
60
60
70
75
91
103
113
985
01549
151
107
132
80
77
80
75
94
125
154
170
162
1407
01550
178
118
129
92
97
90
89
117
137
168
170
187
1572
01553
53
38
49
46
53
56
52
59
50
51
64
57
628
01554
133
91
97
76
77
83
76
103
117
144
136
139
1272
01555
110
71
89
55
68
66
71
95
108
117
115
109
1074
01556
138
93
107
71
74
74
77
106
130
143
133
134
1280
01557
122
82
95
70
69
75
79
108
123
132
118
118
1191
01558
190
124
137
95
100
97
94
129
145
176
177
194
1658
01559
164
109
119
89
87
90
85
114
132
167
159
170
1485
01560
118
75
98
63
72
75
90
118
147
138
129
119
1242
01561
98
63
70
57
72
57
68
77
78
87
83
81
891
01562
65
50
56
52
60
55
53
63
62
59
63
73
711
01563
93
60
77
50
60
62
76
98
119
113
105
95
1008
01564
68
54
61
55
61
62
55
76
63
62
66
76
759
01565
67
48
57
52
64
65
59
74
68
72
77
72
775
01566
176
116
119
79
83
83
92
104
114
145
158
172
1441
01567
284
190
219
110
135
116
125
160
222
253
243
269
2326
01568
79
59
64
52
59
54
48
63
70
71
72
85
776
01569
101
64
71
62
74
60
72
82
79
89
87
84
925
01570
141
91
101
78
80
82
82
104
121
144
140
149
1313
01571
107
74
98
60
53
70
76
90
131
134
139
117
1149
01572
57
45
54
55
53
56
53
67
54
56
59
63
672
01573
66
48
54
44
60
56
64
74
66
66
65
65
728
01575
95
64
69
49
65
64
68
83
87
84
77
82
887
01576
113
79
89
62
79
77
85
108
116
121
105
110
1144
01577
91
64
74
52
64
67
73
92
102
95
95
92
961
01578
87
63
71
53
69
62
68
82
81
81
76
79
872
01579
170
122
119
78
83
80
83
99
110
138
149
170
1401
01580
86
57
65
54
53
56
50
58
71
88
90
85
813
01581
133
83
100
72
69
77
80
108
129
139
131
127
1248
01582
71
50
62
58
59
61
54
60
63
71
70
76
755
01583
153
95
115
72
71
79
93
109
145
161
150
137
1380
45
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01584
78
58
66
56
62
57
52
69
71
70
72
85
796
01588
100
75
79
67
70
59
51
70
80
83
91
102
927
01590
88
61
68
51
57
54
44
59
71
82
87
89
811
01591
183
121
134
99
102
96
99
124
147
174
179
199
1657
01592
75
55
64
49
57
61
64
77
84
79
80
74
819
01593
85
56
67
46
54
60
65
85
88
83
98
81
868
01594
109
82
81
63
72
67
61
77
90
96
95
112
1005
01597
192
136
140
104
97
90
80
110
136
161
178
204
1628
01598
173
116
120
89
89
97
99
120
135
160
172
181
1551
01599
220
152
201
106
104
120
131
155
219
247
241
240
2136
01600
117
85
84
65
71
59
50
70
85
94
96
112
988
01603
57
42
48
49
45
51
55
55
52
59
67
61
641
01604
53
41
51
47
53
54
50
60
50
53
55
62
629
01606
63
46
54
53
62
62
58
70
65
70
76
70
749
01608
68
51
62
51
60
62
52
65
61
63
64
75
734
01609
55
42
48
47
49
51
48
61
47
49
54
52
603
0161
72
53
62
52
61
68
65
79
77
82
81
81
833
01620
44
31
41
36
47
47
54
67
58
56
55
46
582
01621
46
32
42
40
42
48
44
47
48
49
53
49
540
01622
76
51
58
51
51
51
46
51
64
76
79
77
731
01623
71
58
64
60
58
61
55
62
61
66
71
76
763
01624
146
96
109
86
76
84
84
111
126
150
143
145
1356
01625
76
53
63
55
67
71
67
80
77
79
83
80
851
01626
171
132
120
81
81
66
56
82
90
124
134
165
1302
01628
62
43
56
49
56
56
48
60
61
63
64
69
687
01629
105
77
84
72
71
73
63
78
79
88
99
105
994
01630
60
46
53
50
61
56
53
61
59
61
68
70
698
01631
259
168
211
110
115
120
144
174
253
283
248
260
2345
01633
103
78
82
63
65
67
64
82
92
99
104
111
1010
01634
75
50
59
54
55
55
53
56
70
70
75
78
750
01635
81
56
69
53
58
59
45
65
64
69
78
87
784
01636
48
42
47
49
48
53
46
56
45
45
51
53
583
01637
108
78
76
52
54
57
54
66
76
95
104
111
931
01638
46
34
43
44
48
51
47
53
49
49
53
52
569
01639
162
107
120
84
93
94
94
126
134
155
162
171
1502
01642
47
33
43
43
47
50
51
61
49
46
54
48
572
01643
142
104
104
76
79
70
67
89
101
119
124
146
1221
01644
208
133
151
94
98
94
98
134
172
196
187
192
1757
01646
96
71
74
55
52
55
47
72
79
105
104
105
915
01647
229
167
159
105
98
83
74
104
123
170
189
231
1732
01650
236
161
188
123
118
120
126
163
184
224
253
279
2175
01651
83
52
62
56
60
56
64
74
70
80
81
75
813
01652
56
41
52
50
49
53
54
63
53
53
60
60
644
01653
60
45
56
46
56
55
57
65
61
60
62
66
689
01654
157
107
131
92
93
101
113
132
142
169
182
188
1607
01655
131
83
100
64
67
70
86
103
132
134
132
123
1225
01656
119
80
87
66
73
77
78
99
108
123
125
127
1162
01659
181
121
133
79
99
89
91
123
149
171
161
170
1567
01661
60
42
53
45
52
49
53
70
55
52
63
54
648
01663
81
56
70
59
67
75
74
88
85
90
89
90
924
01664
54
45
51
53
53
58
53
65
53
55
57
60
657
46
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01665
83
59
70
55
62
55
62
79
68
69
88
77
827
01666
76
57
65
52
65
63
60
68
74
71
75
87
813
01667
55
40
49
37
50
57
59
72
64
64
69
60
676
01668
79
55
69
57
62
57
61
77
64
72
85
73
811
01669
88
64
76
57
63
58
64
81
72
72
92
83
870
01670
56
40
51
44
49
48
56
68
58
49
62
55
636
01671
178
116
138
93
87
98
101
144
168
178
166
165
1632
01672
81
57
70
54
61
60
53
69
70
75
76
88
814
01673
55
42
52
49
50
53
52
60
51
51
58
58
631
01674
86
56
61
47
63
51
59
68
70
77
69
70
777
01675
66
53
58
55
60
59
50
71
59
58
64
73
726
01676
65
54
57
53
58
62
54
74
60
59
65
72
733
01677
82
64
69
60
58
54
51
68
60
69
79
80
794
01678
208
145
156
107
104
92
94
122
157
195
207
225
1812
01680
244
152
193
108
111
120
146
171
238
264
235
243
2225
01681
139
84
107
65
64
69
90
99
140
151
137
138
1283
01683
192
129
146
92
108
95
105
136
179
182
166
177
1707
01684
62
48
51
45
55
51
47
59
62
55
57
69
661
01686
97
72
76
58
66
54
51
68
76
82
92
101
893
01687
186
123
166
97
94
110
134
154
211
218
212
200
1905
01688
170
99
128
77
76
84
110
124
166
179
163
165
1541
01689
72
47
59
55
57
55
51
59
68
70
72
75
740
01690
278
184
229
154
148
168
167
230
248
286
310
315
2717
01691
92
69
78
61
67
62
62
77
83
83
99
100
933
01692
57
41
48
48
44
50
55
57
51
60
68
61
640
01694
87
64
71
61
67
62
60
71
83
80
82
91
879
01695
77
54
65
56
59
67
65
83
84
93
90
85
878
016973
92
60
75
55
63
71
82
96
98
96
91
84
963
016974
92
60
75
55
63
71
82
96
98
96
91
84
963
016977
92
60
75
55
63
71
82
96
98
96
91
84
963
016978
92
60
75
55
63
71
82
96
98
96
91
84
963
01698
112
73
92
56
66
66
68
94
113
121
119
108
1088
01700
154
97
122
74
78
83
96
122
163
167
158
150
1464
01702
51
34
45
45
46
49
46
47
56
53
58
54
584
01704
73
50
61
51
53
62
60
77
82
89
86
81
825
01706
129
86
104
78
85
93
91
120
125
137
135
136
1319
01707
65
46
57
53
57
59
53
57
60
67
66
70
710
01708
51
35
45
44
50
49
47
50
54
54
55
55
589
01709
63
52
57
55
54
60
52
57
55
55
64
66
690
01721
108
74
90
63
73
75
81
100
105
110
106
102
1087
01722
88
64
72
53
63
58
49
69
71
78
85
96
846
01723
64
46
56
49
52
51
53
59
56
59
71
71
687
01724
49
36
49
48
48
53
52
63
52
49
55
55
609
01725
95
69
73
52
62
57
46
64
73
86
89
99
865
01726
146
106
105
68
68
68
68
84
97
121
133
145
1209
01727
66
45
57
53
57
59
51
56
59
67
66
71
707
01728
53
37
45
44
45
49
50
48
54
56
61
55
597
01729
127
80
100
72
74
82
83
112
113
135
136
135
1249
01730
102
66
78
62
64
57
51
64
81
91
96
100
912
01732
79
52
61
55
56
55
52
57
72
76
80
80
775
01733
46
36
45
47
50
49
46
53
44
44
51
50
561
47
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01736
149
116
111
73
74
73
69
86
95
127
143
152
1268
01738
114
79
86
53
71
64
65
80
95
100
103
100
1010
01740
56
39
50
48
51
54
55
67
55
55
63
57
650
01743
56
42
48
45
52
48
50
55
60
53
61
63
633
01744
77
54
65
56
59
67
65
83
84
93
90
85
878
01745
76
57
63
50
55
54
50
62
71
84
94
88
804
01746
72
56
63
58
64
57
54
68
66
65
71
80
774
01747
87
66
69
50
60
53
50
65
70
79
81
93
823
01748
90
66
76
63
64
60
62
77
69
78
89
87
881
01749
103
77
85
64
73
72
72
86
90
90
100
109
1021
01750
105
73
83
55
73
65
75
89
91
101
100
105
1015
01751
70
51
63
50
59
57
60
68
66
68
71
75
758
01752
124
98
93
62
64
60
58
72
81
102
107
127
1048
01753
63
43
56
49
57
56
48
58
61
64
65
66
686
01754
56
42
52
48
52
56
50
61
49
52
63
60
641
01756
130
87
106
78
80
84
87
116
117
130
129
138
1282
01757
56
42
51
48
53
53
54
66
56
54
58
59
650
01758
96
69
76
62
60
56
56
78
86
107
120
116
982
01759
56
42
52
47
53
53
55
65
54
54
59
60
650
01760
58
41
50
49
52
56
55
57
53
58
69
61
659
01761
115
83
94
71
78
74
74
91
98
97
109
120
1104
01763
45
31
41
43
46
47
46
52
45
47
50
49
542
01764
166
119
131
74
96
84
88
110
143
150
154
152
1467
01765
93
71
77
66
63
59
60
77
73
81
88
91
899
01766
171
115
137
105
98
111
123
138
150
185
195
201
1729
01767
44
32
42
44
45
48
42
52
45
48
49
49
540
017682
96
60
68
47
59
60
64
78
85
97
96
92
902
017683
96
60
68
47
59
60
64
78
85
97
96
92
902
017684
96
60
68
47
59
60
64
78
85
97
96
92
902
017686
96
60
68
47
59
60
64
78
85
97
96
92
902
017687
96
60
68
47
59
60
64
78
85
97
96
92
902
017688
96
60
68
47
59
60
64
78
85
97
96
92
902
01769
126
88
88
65
67
66
66
83
88
110
119
127
1093
01770
144
90
109
71
70
78
91
110
142
153
144
135
1337
01771
80
53
64
51
57
56
65
79
77
79
86
79
826
01773
74
59
63
57
59
65
59
67
66
69
73
79
790
01775
48
37
46
48
52
51
48
58
47
44
54
51
584
01776
136
85
103
71
69
73
78
105
130
145
135
130
1260
01777
50
41
49
51
51
54
49
55
47
46
53
55
601
01778
46
36
45
48
52
49
47
56
44
43
51
49
566
01779
74
49
57
46
53
49
61
70
71
75
78
72
755
01780
52
40
49
51
50
50
48
60
48
49
54
56
607
01782
77
57
67
62
68
69
64
80
75
76
83
84
862
01784
56
37
50
45
53
51
45
54
55
60
59
61
626
01785
62
47
54
52
61
58
53
65
62
59
66
69
708
01786
163
109
129
70
85
77
75
104
140
151
154
150
1407
01787
48
33
43
43
43
47
46
48
48
49
56
52
556
01788
55
43
51
47
54
58
51
68
51
53
55
64
650
01789
51
39
48
44
51
55
50
64
52
47
52
59
612
01790
56
43
53
49
53
56
50
62
50
52
62
60
646
01792
129
87
91
68
73
75
73
96
110
129
134
137
1202
48
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01793
69
51
61
49
58
57
49
61
63
65
66
77
726
01794
90
63
70
51
63
58
46
64
71
81
85
95
837
01795
60
39
50
49
46
47
47
49
59
63
66
61
636
01796
132
83
97
51
71
67
75
88
104
121
110
123
1122
01797
82
54
63
52
49
51
46
50
67
86
92
80
772
01798
103
67
79
64
63
60
52
66
82
93
99
102
930
01799
52
37
47
46
47
48
53
55
51
53
57
57
603
01803
145
115
106
71
73
70
67
85
91
111
124
142
1200
01805
131
88
92
67
68
75
79
90
100
118
130
135
1173
01807
83
56
75
61
71
74
83
96
93
100
96
87
975
01808
124
86
106
69
82
83
94
109
117
128
131
127
1256
01809
269
187
246
118
125
125
138
165
242
286
283
293
2477
01821
86
58
65
45
59
59
61
71
79
79
76
79
817
01822
148
107
102
71
78
72
78
91
96
123
130
145
1241
01823
104
79
77
57
59
52
53
59
69
84
85
101
879
01824
128
89
98
76
75
70
69
90
106
119
136
142
1198
01825
94
60
68
57
56
62
51
63
76
94
99
93
873
01827
58
46
50
50
55
55
48
63
54
53
57
64
653
01829
64
49
55
52
63
61
56
66
65
69
78
74
752
01830
107
79
93
62
68
70
75
94
92
97
109
111
1057
01832
51
39
47
49
49
51
47
55
46
47
53
55
589
01833
72
54
60
54
57
55
57
73
60
64
69
70
745
01834
110
81
84
63
61
59
51
81
90
121
117
120
1038
01835
74
52
60
48
64
57
68
76
66
72
74
73
784
01837
164
114
114
78
82
80
87
100
103
132
142
154
1350
01838
294
195
239
127
137
153
173
208
278
295
274
290
2663
01840
150
97
107
74
73
85
89
99
107
131
148
148
1308
01841
112
78
82
55
56
59
59
74
81
100
111
111
978
01842
51
36
47
44
52
56
51
55
50
53
59
55
609
01843
57
39
47
46
42
49
48
47
60
70
76
58
639
01844
56
39
50
45
54
56
49
62
56
57
56
63
643
01845
61
45
49
48
50
56
55
68
55
56
58
60
661
018476
96
67
75
54
52
57
59
78
91
94
116
103
942
018478
96
67
75
54
52
57
59
78
91
94
116
103
942
01848
136
92
100
67
80
69
71
97
123
135
126
130
1226
01851
130
92
110
69
64
67
79
90
129
145
141
135
1251
01852
180
111
144
81
84
92
118
132
188
206
184
180
1700
01854
149
109
136
79
78
92
95
118
160
180
181
175
1552
01855
327
221
281
149
150
170
206
238
329
351
319
344
3085
01856
107
74
85
58
50
53
58
78
101
112
123
114
1013
01857
110
74
89
58
48
52
56
77
105
120
127
119
1035
01858
57
45
53
52
54
58
52
67
53
55
58
63
667
01859
170
113
144
91
91
104
134
146
181
187
181
180
1722
01862
63
46
54
42
53
51
51
66
61
67
74
62
690
01863
143
100
124
76
75
72
67
83
113
144
161
151
1309
01864
170
106
127
77
94
84
94
118
143
159
147
150
1469
01865
58
42
53
46
56
56
45
56
54
56
56
65
643
01866
260
170
215
111
113
127
154
183
248
275
255
268
2379
01869
61
45
56
46
57
57
48
57
55
57
57
67
663
01870
142
93
112
61
63
69
82
92
130
149
142
136
1271
01872
141
105
100
64
63
64
60
73
87
114
129
139
1139
49
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01873
161
112
113
83
88
72
63
88
114
131
135
160
1320
01875
52
36
46
38
50
48
56
63
61
61
55
48
614
01876
158
104
124
78
76
84
104
116
150
165
157
160
1476
01877
209
144
171
91
111
104
111
144
196
210
194
202
1887
01878
164
102
124
70
72
73
94
100
157
171
156
152
1435
01879
132
83
101
62
61
64
81
98
134
146
127
126
1215
01880
170
103
131
80
78
86
100
121
163
178
169
159
1538
01882
180
120
144
70
93
82
90
108
137
162
146
164
1496
01883
83
54
66
60
62
60
53
64
76
80
83
87
828
01884
101
78
72
55
62
56
54
64
69
84
83
99
877
01885
70
51
59
51
60
56
52
63
65
64
65
76
732
01886
63
47
52
46
56
51
45
55
56
55
56
68
650
01887
137
91
99
60
84
79
83
99
116
128
116
128
1220
01888
82
53
65
56
60
58
66
79
75
81
87
78
840
01889
63
49
54
52
59
58
53
68
62
60
66
72
716
018902
55
39
47
43
49
52
57
64
56
58
58
52
630
018903
55
39
47
43
49
52
57
64
56
58
58
52
630
018907
55
39
47
43
49
52
57
64
56
58
58
52
630
018908
55
39
47
43
49
52
57
64
56
58
58
52
630
01892
87
58
65
55
56
60
51
61
75
88
91
87
834
01895
59
40
53
48
55
54
47
56
56
62
62
64
656
01896
97
69
77
54
70
61
69
83
84
89
86
91
930
01899
119
79
97
59
73
69
79
96
106
117
111
109
1114
01900
90
59
79
56
59
72
80
96
112
127
98
97
1025
01902
66
50
59
55
62
59
55
68
65
60
66
72
737
01903
75
50
61
51
49
49
42
55
61
80
83
78
734
01904
53
40
49
45
51
52
53
65
51
51
55
57
622
01905
62
48
51
44
55
52
45
56
57
54
56
67
647
01908
51
39
50
47
52
52
50
56
49
52
54
59
611
01909
60
50
55
56
56
59
54
59
56
55
63
65
688
0191
54
36
48
44
50
49
51
66
54
47
58
52
609
01920
59
42
51
49
50
55
50
54
54
59
60
63
646
01922
65
50
57
55
61
58
55
69
63
60
64
72
729
01923
67
46
59
52
58
59
50
60
60
67
68
72
718
01924
70
56
62
59
55
56
53
67
63
68
73
73
755
01926
54
43
50
45
53
56
52
67
55
51
55
62
643
01928
65
49
55
54
62
63
59
70
66
72
78
72
765
01929
92
69
73
49
51
48
41
56
70
88
93
97
827
01931
171
114
120
71
84
74
76
104
123
157
160
172
1426
01932
59
39
51
46
53
49
45
54
56
61
60
63
636
01933
49
40
48
48
52
55
48
58
48
49
53
58
606
01934
87
65
69
56
64
64
68
80
84
84
87
92
900
01935
96
71
72
49
62
54
52
66
71
79
80
98
850
01937
60
47
52
49
52
52
50
65
55
55
57
61
655
01938
108
80
84
64
71
62
59
77
86
90
104
115
1000
01939
61
46
53
47
55
51
55
60
63
59
68
70
688
01942
85
60
72
60
64
73
70
90
89
100
97
93
953
01943
97
73
81
71
68
67
60
80
83
89
95
100
964
01944
63
47
56
48
55
51
56
62
58
58
65
67
686
01945
47
34
45
44
51
51
51
57
47
45
54
51
577
01946
100
65
83
59
64
72
81
101
111
130
103
104
1073
50
STD Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
DecTotal
01947
68
49
57
52
56
54
55
69
58
65
78
73
734
01948
69
53
57
50
59
52
50
58
60
65
77
80
730
01949
51
45
47
48
49
55
49
59
49
49
53
57
611
01951
114
73
90
59
59
65
85
85
124
132
120
118
1124
01952
60
45
53
51
59
55
52
63
63
56
63
67
687
01953
54
37
46
47
48
53
51
51
52
57
63
57
616
01954
44
33
42
44
48
50
44
54
46
47
50
49
551
01955
91
65
71
53
50
52
59
76
87
88
103
95
890
01959
81
53
63
57
60
58
53
62
74
78
82
84
805
01962
89
62
70
51
59
57
47
61
73
80
84
93
826
01963
101
75
76
52
65
55
54
68
76
85
88
103
898
019645
58
43
54
52
55
53
52
67
55
56
66
68
679
019646
58
43
54
52
55
53
52
67
55
56
66
68
679
01967
304
205
258
142
147
157
181
221
305
339
299
316
2874
01968
100
70
86
60
67
72
79
98
109
110
104
99
1054
01969
186
126
148
102
102
103
110
142
161
178
183
193
1734
01970
52
38
46
42
48
50
54
63
65
75
75
62
670
01971
141
94
125
75
64
80
86
105
151
161
172
151
1405
01974
117
76
84
70
73
72
79
95
107
123
123
127
1146
019755
89
59
74
66
71
69
75
87
86
93
94
88
951
019756
89
59
74
66
71
69
75
87
86
93
94
88
951
01977
56
44
51
50
54
54
52
63
55
54
58
57
648
01978
110
80
85
71
76
65
61
78
88
102
113
122
1051
01980
73
52
60
45
55
52
42
59
60
66
71
81
716
01981
123
84
90
71
74
58
51
75
84
92
102
110
1014
01982
140
96
105
73
82
72
72
92
110
123
131
150
1246
01983
89
61
67
54
53
51
45
61
74
88
93
87
823
01984
142
104
104
76
79
70
67
89
101
119
124
146
1221
01985
94
71
77
57
66
61
58
75
77
83
89
101
909
01986
54
39
44
47
46
50
50
51
53
57
63
58
612
01988
119
78
90
67
64
72
74
104
116
127
114
112
1137
01989
91
66
67
55
63
53
44
62
69
73
74
86
803
01992
59
42
52
50
53
55
51
55
56
60
61
64
658
01993
62
47
57
49
58
59
49
60
58
60
60
70
689
01994
147
102
108
82
80
78
71
104
118
155
147
155
1347
01995
91
60
72
55
57
64
65
86
98
108
101
100
957
01997
123
89
105
60
69
66
63
76
96
118
134
132
1131
020
56
37
49
46
52
51
46
54
54
60
59
60
624
02310
86
57
63
49
52
48
42
56
65
80
86
84
768
02311
86
57
63
49
52
48
42
56
65
80
86
84
768
02380
87
59
65
50
54
51
43
57
69
81
86
87
789
02392
84
56
63
49
52
47
42
58
66
80
85
83
765
024
59
49
52
50
55
61
52
70
56
55
59
66
684
029
103
76
82
59
67
70
71
85
95
100
104
106
1018
Met Office
FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom
Phone: 0870 900 0100, Fax: 0870 900 5050
E-mail: [email protected],
Website: www.metoffice.gov.uk
51
Appendix 5: Livestock monthly excreta values
Livestock unit on slurry based system
Number on
Proportion
Volume per
Total monthly
slurry or collected
head per
volume m3
part slurry
as slurry
month m3
Cattle
Dairy cow Over 9000 litres
1.92
Dairy cow 6000 to 9000 litres
1.59
Dairy cow Up to 6000 litres
Dairy heifer 13 mths - 1st calf
1.26
1.20
Dairy heifer 3 - <13 mths
0.60
Calf <3 mths
Sucker cow >25 mths & over 500kg weight
0.21
1.35
Sucker cow >25 mths & up to 500kg weight
0.96
0.96
0.78
0.60
0.78 Bull for breeding >3 mths - <25 mths
Breeding bull >25 mths
0.78
0.78
TOTAL
Grower/faltener >25
Grower/faltener 13 mths - <25
Cattle >3 months - <13 mths
Bull beef >3 mths
Source: Defra NVZ guidelines
52
53
54
DairyCo is a division of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board (AHDB). AHDB/DairyCo seek to ensure that
the information contained within this document is accurate at the time of printing. However, subject to the operation of law
AHDB/DairyCo accept no liability for loss, damage or injury howsoever caused or suffered directly or indirectly in relation
to information and opinions contained in or omitted from this document. DairyCo seeks to ensure that the information contained
within this document is accurate. AHDB/DairyCo strongly recommends that professional advice is taken before any decision
is made based on the information contained within this document.
55
AHDB
Stoneleigh Park
Kenilworth
Warwickshire
CV8 2TL
T: +44 247 669 2051
E: [email protected]
www.dairyco.org.uk
February 2010