Basic Rigging
And Wire Rope
Presented By Master Builders of Iowa  Basic Rigging and Wire Rope Topics
‐ Four Commandments of Rigging
‐ Sling Angles
‐ Types Of Hitches
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‐ Types Of Slings
‐ Types Of Rigging Devices
‐ OSHA Rigging Regulations
‐ Wire Rope
Four Commandments of Rigging
1 Know Thy Weight
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y apac ty
2 Know Thy Capacity
3 Retain Thy Load
4 Control Thy Load
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•Sling Angle: Position Of Sling Relative To Horizontal
‐ Tension In Sling Increases As Angle To Horizontal Decrease
•Note Changes From Left To Right
‐ Sling Tension Doubles, Weight Remains The Same
•Good Practice To Keep Sling Angle Above 45 Degrees (Good) 60 Degrees (Best)
•Avoid Going Below 30 Degrees
•Types Of Hitches
Straight Pull
Or
Vertical
Choker
Basket
2
• Straight Pull (or vertical)
‐ Simplest
‐ Low Load Retention & Control
•Choker Hitch
‐ Highest Load Retention And Control
‐ Weaker Than Straight Pull
Caution:
Do Not Use As
A Single Hitch
For Loose Material
•To Determine Strength Reduction:
‐ D/d Ratio
‐ D = Diameter of Bend
‐ d = Diameter of Sling
‐ Applies To Any Hitch
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h
3
•Strength Of Choker = 75% of Straight Pull If: ‐ Sharp Corners Protected
‐ Sling Angles Not Less Than 45
•Pounding Down the eye
•Double‐Wrap Choker
‐ Makes 360 Deg Contact, Squeezes Load
‐ High Retention
•Basket Hitch
‐ Conditions For Maximum Capacity
‐ Retention Varies With Load
‐ Low Control
Caution
This Hitch Is The This
Hitch Is The
Biggest Cause For Cranes Loosing Their Loads
Caution
Most Basket Hitches Do Not Meet The Spec.
For The Full Basket Capacity Because Of Sling Angle or D/d.
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•Avoid Excess Spread
•Best Practice Keep Sling Angle Above 60 Degrees
60 Degrees or More
•Double Wrap Basket Hitch
‐ Makes 360 Degree Contact, Squeezes
‐ Legs Need Adjustment During Take‐Up
‐ High Load Retention
‐ Higher Control Than With Basket
Higher Control Than With Basket
•Bridles
‐ Combinations Of Hitches
‐ Sling Angle Factor Usually A Concern
‐ Problems With Load Share
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•Wire Rope Slings
‐ Most Common
‐ Economic, Lightweight, Flexible, Durable
‐ Damage Easily Detectable
‐ Tags Not Required But Good Idea
‐ Eyes
E
‐ Thimbles
•Wire Rope Slings (continued)
‐ OSHA Requirements
Not Allowed For Slings, Bridles, And
Bull Wires on Construction Projects
•Wire Rope Slings (continued)
‐ Remove From Service If:
‐10 Broken Wires In 1 Lay
‐5 Broken Wires In 1 Strand 1 Lay
‐Severe Abrasion
Severe Abrasion
‐Distorted Rope Structure
‐End Attachments Damaged Or Worn
‐1/3 Wear of Outside Wire
‐Heat Damage
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•Synthetic Web Slings
‐ Easy To Use, Lightest, Less Likely To Damage Load
‐ Easily Damaged
‐ Use Special Fittings
l
‐ Tags Required
‐ Safety Yarn
•Chain Slings
‐ Highly Resistant To Heat And Abrasion
‐ Prone To Weak
Prone To Weak‐Link
Link Failure
Failure
‐ Must Use Proper Chain And Fittings
Caution Use Only Chain Approved
For Hoisting
•Chain Slings (continued)
‐ Be Carful Not To Bend Links
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•Chain slings (continued)
‐ Wear
‐ Reach
‐ Tables
Measure a Known
Number of Links
When New and
Compare With Future Lengths
Check Tables
For Minimum
•Chain slings (continued)
‐ Readable Tags Required
•Shackles
‐ Recommended Types:
‐ Screw Pin
‐ Bolt
8
•Shackles (continued)
‐ Do Regular Inspections
•Shackles (continued)
-No Welding or Cutting
-No Bolts To Replace Plus
•Shackles (continued)
-Proper Choking
9
•Shackles (continued)
- Avoid Eccentric Loads
- De-rate
Not
Professional
•Shackles (continued)
-Can Be Symmetrically Side Loaded
Without Derating
120 Degree
Maximum
•Shackle Size
10
•Hooks
-Proper Use And Inspection Very Important
-Do Not Ignore
•Hooks (continued)
-Proper Load
-Number of Slings
-Exception For Shake-Outs
•Hooks (continued)
-Working Safety Latches
-Exceptions
Latch
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•Hooks (continued)
-Inspect Regularly
-Take Out of Service if:
•10% Wear Saddle
•Open up 15%
•Twist 10 deg.
•Hooks (continued)
-No Welding Or Cutting
Never
•Wire Rope Clips
-
Most Common Use On Cranes
Crosby Says Tail Is 6 Rope Diameters Except For
Rotation Resistant Which Is 20 Rope Diameters.
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•Wire Rope Clips (continued)
-OSHA Prohibited Use On Slings
-Allowed Uses
-ANSI Requirement
Forged Forged
Malleable
•Wire Rope Clips (continued)
- Proper Direction
Never Saddle
A Dead Horse
U bolt
Saddle
Dead End
•Wedge Socket
‐ Most Commons Method To Terminate Crane Rope
‐ Easy To Use
‐ Parts Must All Match In Size
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•Wedge Socket (continued)
- Correct Rope Installation
Yes
No
•Eye Bolts
- Must Have Load Rating
- Loading Bolts Without
- Shoulders
- Loading Bolts With Shoulders
Shoulderless
Eye Bolts May
Only Be Loaded
In This Direction
Shouldered Eye y
Bolts May Be Loaded Between 45 and 90 Deg.
90 Deg.
45 Deg.
•Spreader Beams
- Two Uses
•Spreaders
•Equalizers
Spreader
Equalizer
Unequalizer
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•Spreader Beams (continued)
- Often Custom Fabricated
- ANSI Considered As Load
This Equalizer
This
Equalizer
Becomes An
Unequalizer If
It Gets Out Of
Level
Cap. 22 Tons
•Rigging Equipment
- Regular Inspection Required
- Must Take Damaged Or Defective Out Of
Service
- Do Not Overload
- Custom-Made Equipment
•Slings
- Protect From Sharp Edges &
Corners
- Must Not Contain Kinks
- Cannot Be Pulled From Under
Load
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•Slings (continued)
- Means of Shortening
- No Wire Rope Clips To Form
Eyes
•Slings (continued)
- Web Sling Require Readable Tags
- Wire Rope
p Slings
g Do Not Require
q
Tags
- Requirements For Removal From
Service
•Chain Slings
- Allowed If Proper Material
- Require Readable Tags
- Required Written Inspection
Records
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Wire Rope
•Important Piece Of Equipment
•Requires Proper Use,
Use
Lubrication And Inspection
•Types Of Wire Rope
- Abbreviations Used
- Abbreviations Give Information About:
• Strand
Construction
• Lay
• Core
• Grade
•Strand Construction
-PRF….. Preformed
-NP ….. Non-Preformed
-S ….. Seale
-W ….. Warrington
g
-WS ….. Warrington Seale
-FW ….. Filler Wire
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•Lay Types
-RRL …..
-LRL …..
-RLL …..
-LLL
LLL …..
Right Regular Lay
Left Regular Lay
Right Lang Lay
Left Lang Lay
•Core Types
-FC ….. Fiber Core
-IWRC .. Independent Wire Rope Core
-PPC
PPC …. Polypropylene Rope Core
-SC …. Strand Core
•Common Rope Grades (wire)
-MPS ….. Mild Plow Steel
-PS ….. Plow Steel
-IPS ….. Improved Low Steel
-XIP ….. Extra Improved Plow Steel
-XXIP …. Extra Extra Improved Plow
Steel
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•Interpreting Abbreviations
-1 1/8” - 6x31, WS, RRL, EIPS,
PRF, IWRC
-1” – 6x25 FW, RLL, IPS, PRF,
IWRC
-Assumptions If Direction Omitted
-If Preform Designation Omitted
•Rotation-Resistant Rope
- Forbidden On Boom Hoist Systems –
Fiber Core Also
- Manufacturer’s Direction For Use Of
Swivels
17x7
18x7
34x7
12x6 over 3x4
•Rotation Resistant Rope (continued)
- Difficult To Find Damage
- Higher Safety Factors
- Removal From Service
2 broken wires in 6 rope diameters or
4 broken wires in 30 rope diameters
Core Failure Causing
Reduction in Diameter
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•Lay
- Three Meanings
1 Direction Of Strands
Right Lay
Left Lay
•Lay (continued)
2 Appearance Of Individual Wires
Right Regular Lay
Right Lang Lay
•Lay (continued)
3 Length Of Rope
Lay Length
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•Caring For Wire Rope
-Keep Clean
-Keep Lubricated
Brush Application
Shown There Are
Other Methods
Available
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