When does local solar noon always occur for an
observer in New York State?
つ when the clock reads 12 noon
υ when the sun reaches its maximum altitude
助 when the sun is directly overhead
０ when the sun is on the prime meridian
to questions 35 through 37 on
the following diagr.im of Earth. Some of the latltude
and longitude lines have been labeled. Points A
through E represent locations on Eartht surface.
Ease your answers
37. What is the approximate time at location
(3) 9 p.u..
(1) 5 r.ra.
(4) 12 midnight
(2) 12 noon
:t8.
D?
Ship X.and ship Y are sailing along the equator.
The difference in local solar time between their
locationt is 2 hours. What is their difference in
longitude?
(3) 30" , (4) 45"
(2) ls"
(1) o'
'
Base your answe6 to questions 39 and lO on the
following time zone map.
South Pole
35. What do locations A, B, and E have in common?
●
●
０
They are in the same season.
They have the same local time.
They have the same prevailing wind
39. What is the time in San Francisco when it
6 A.M. in Dallas?
direction.
. (1)
(4) They are atthe same latitude.
36. The latitude and longitude of which location are
4ll.
A
(2)
B
(3)
c
(4)
a.rvr. iZ)
Z
a.r'l.
(3) 3 ru. (4) 4 a.rvr.
The dashed boundaries between time zones are
how many degrees of longitude apart?
closest to those of New York State?
(1)
5
is
(1)
D
10'
(2)
ls'
(3)
23i
Qr
24"
Actual Motions of Earth's Moon
The revolution of the moon around Earth as Earth revolves around the sun
rcsults in many common observable events, including phases of the moon,
tides, and eclipses. The moon revolves around Earth in an elliptical. orbit
that is tilted about 5' from Earth's orbit and that has a period of 27 ! days.
Besides revolving around Earth in 27 l days. the moon also rotates on its
axis in 27 * days. Thus as the moon revolves once, it rotates once. This is the
reason why the same "face" or side of the moon always points towards
Earttr. Figure t1-12 provides some details of the orbital motions of Earth
and its moon.
Moon Phases
Half of the moon is always receiving light from the sun at any given
time---except during lunar eclipses. Since the moon revolves around Earth,
an obseryer on Earth sees varying amounts of this lighted half as the moon
rnoves tlirough its orbit. The varying amounts of the lighted moon as seen
'
Topic 4: Motions
ol Earth, Moon, and
Sun 7l
from Earth are known asthe rnoon′ s phases.
Center of
mass of
(See Figure 4-13)
earth-moon
Because the revoluion ofthe inoon around the
system
center ofthe Earth― moon system is cychc′ the
phases ofthe moon are also cyclic However/
because of the rev01ution ofthe Earth― mOOn
system around the sun′ the cycle of Phases is
Orb■ of
eanh-moon
somewhatlonger than the dme of one
system
around sun
Moon's motion
around center
of mass
ll留肝
t:凝胤
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「
穏I屁器:T轟 1略塩d
轟ツ轟駆
in Figure 4-14
Tides
The gravitalon beれ veen the Ear式,the rnoon′
and
the sun results in a cyclic rise and fal1 0f Ocean
I revolution
of moon
waters on Earth called Jdes Figure 4-15 illustrates
a tyPical ide pattem and how■ に vaving
POSi■ Ons of Earth′ the rn00n′ and the sun result in
different levels of ocean water
The idal effectis caused Priinarily by the rnoOn
notthe sun Even though the moon is much
sma■ er than the sun′ itis abOut 400 1mes c10ser
to Earth Figure 4-15 illustrates that there is a
The moon'' o.bit (A) The revolution ofthe
moon around Earth ii due to a balance between the inertia of the
moon and the gravitational attradion ol the moon to the center
ol the Earth-moon system. (B) The movements of the moon arE
exaggerated. (C) The moon" orbit of Earth is tilt€d 5' from Eanh3
orbital plane ot the sun.
Flgrre a-12.
Earth and moon as viewed
from space (looking down
on the North Pole)
Moon
一 Ｍ
ｏ
ｅ
員 Ｐ
“
師
Time
in
one
cycle
days for
phase
Phases as
viewed
from eanh
● l New
Ｏ 2 New
Ｏ 3:Iま
1l,a Ｏ 4糊
。
ぃ
Ｏ
18vz
Ｏ 6肌
22tn
Ｏ
Ｏ 8°
● l New
crescent
にer
14 tn
5 Fu∥
。ぃ
ア
26
29 tn
72
loptc
l:
Motions of Earth, Moon, and Sln
Third
quarter
bulge of water― a hlgh udr on Earth directly
under the rnoon′ s PosltiOn There is also a ligh
ide on the opposite side of Earth because the
solid Earth is closer tO the Earth― inoon center of
gravitaion than the ocean、 ″ate■ This causes
Earth to be pulled av`ay from the water/1eavulg
the hlgh ide Atright angles to the posilons of
high ide′ ■e gravitauOnal pull of u■ em。 。n is
least′ and the levels Of ocean water are loν ν
レ
resuli、 g h alow tide
Because Earth is rotathg′ thelow and hlgh ides
follow the straight lhe alittent betM′ een Earth
and the moon The in、 ing of high and 10w idesis
not only affected by the rOtaing Ear■1′
it is also
influenced by the moon revo市 ing around Earth
Thus′ the ideal time be椰 ′
een hvo high ides orれ vo
low tides、 vould be about12 hours and 25 minutes
A complete ideal cycle ofth7o high tides and bvo
10w udes at a locat10n wOuld then take about 24
hours and 50 mmutes Fe■ ′ocean shores experience
an ideal cycle of ides′ due to many factors
ld
crescent
Flgrr. 4-lt. lhe
ph.ses of the moon: The halt of the moon
facing the sun is always illuminated by light lrom the 5un. The
right side ol the diagram show5 how the moon appears a5 viewed
ffom Earth for ea(h phase ol the moon.
The effect of the sun on tides is largely that
of
reducing or enhancing their heights. When
EartlL the rnoon, and the sun are in a straight
Iine, the sun enhances the tidal effect, and high
tides are higher and low tides are lower. This
large tidal range happens during new and full
moon phases. When the moon is in one of the
quarter phases, the sun is pulling at right angles
to the moon. As a result, high tides are then
lower, and low tides are highei producing a
smaller tidal range.
Eclipses
Earth and the mooru hke all other opaque objects
that don't produce their own light, cast long
shadows into space. When a celestial obiect partly
or completely comes into the shadow of another
celestial object, there is an event called an eclipse.
bn誡
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4.Diffe腱 耐
闘早
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I￡ 驚
鑑場:
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e…
Wф aSfrOm
需榔 「棚 鰍 拐冨
市
9ure 4・
rev● :utう on and one phase cyc
=鴇
Lunar Eclipse When the moon
revolves into the shadow of Earth
at the full moon phase, a lunar
eclipse, or eclipse of the moon, can
occur. (See Figure 4-16.) A lunar
eclipse doesn't happen during
most fuII moons because the
moon's orbit of Earth is tilted
about 5 degrees compared to
Earth's orbit. If Earth's shadow
(umbra) covers only part of the
moon, there is a partial eclipse. The
curved shadow of the Earth on
the moon during a partial lunar
eclipse is evidence for the Earth's
spherical shape.
When there is a total lunar ecliPse,
the moon is completely covered bY
Earth's shadow and all peoPle on
the dark half of Earth can view the
eclipse for up to about 100 minutes.
The complicated cycle of lunar
eclipses results in an average of
two total lunar eclipses a Year.
Holght orlldes:n NewYon aけ
ｔ
聖
■
一
２
，●
お
だ
。
一
０
エ
No嗜 h
pb)
1
New moOn
in ew York City: Wh€n the moon is in ihe
neri or full moon phase (positions I and 3), the gravity of the moon and sun ate in a
straight line. Thk 6uses higher high tidet and lowe. low tides-a large tidal range'
When the moon is in the quarter thase (positions 2 and 4), the gravitatioral folte ot
Flgure 4-15. lderl tido pattern
the 3un ii at a 90' angle to the moon3 force. This (ausei lower hlgh tides and higher
low tides-a smaller tidal range.
Solar Eclipse Under rare ideal conditions at the new moon phase, the moon
can iust barely block out the sun, casting a shadow on Earth that causes a
solar eclipse. As seen in Figure 4-12 the moon's shadow can just barely
reach Earth, making solar eclipses a rare event. A total eclipse of the sun
can only be observe"d at any one location on Earth for up to 7 l minutes
once every 200 years or so.
Topic 4: Motions of Earth, Moon, and
Sun 73
Figrte 4.16. Lunar eclipsei
Diagram A shows the condition
of a total e.lipse when the moon
i5 <ompletely covered by Earth3
shadow (umbra). Diagram B shows
a partial lunar e<lipre as viewed
trom Earth when the moon is only
partly in Earth's shadow. (Distan(e
and size are not drawn to scale.)
Faglrre 4-17. Solar eclipset.' when the new moon revolves in front of the 5un, the diagram shows that the moon!
shadow (umbra) just barely Jeaches Eanh and the path of the total eclipse is 5mall. when only the lighter part of the
moon's shadow (penumbra) hits Earth, people in this shadow see the sun only partly blocked out-a partial solar edipse(Oistances and sizes are not to s(ale.)
Base your answers to questions 41 through 47 on
the following diagram. The diagram represents the
moon in various positions in its orbit around Earth.
Letters A through E reptesent five of the moon's
p05itions.
41. Which diagram best represents the appearance
of the moon to an observer on Earth when the
moon is at position B?
○)DD
(2) (3) (4)
42. The moon would not be visible from Earth when
the moon
(1)A
is
at position
(2)E
(3)C
(4)D
43. Why would an observer on Earth see a complete
cycle o{ phases of the moon in approximately
one month?
(1) The moon rotates on its axis.
(2) The moon revolves around Earth.
(3) Earth rotates on its axis.
(a) Earth revolves around the sun.
ヽ
■
●
74
Topic 4: Motions of Earth, Moon, and Sun
44.
lf the distance of the moon from Earth were to
increase, the length of time the moon would
take to complete one revolution around Earth
would
(l) decrease (2) increase (3) remainthesame
51. A high tide occurs at Boston on a certain day
3 p.M. The next high tide may be expected to
occur at
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
How does the moon appear to an observer in
New York State when the moon is located at
position
E?
o
(1)
46. The shadow
① Ｏ ○
of ②
the moon ｏ
fall on
at
Earth
4フ .
(2)
B
(3)
c
(4)
53, During which
phase
eclipses occur?
(1)C and E
(3)B and C
(2)A and D
)A and B
(3) a solar eclipse
(4) a lunar eclipse
ofthe moon do solar
(3) last quarter moon
(1) new moon
(2) first quarter moon (4) full moon
D
At which positions of the moon do the smallest
high tides occur on Earth?
P.M. the same day
n.u. the following day
A.M. the following day
P.M. the following day
(1) a Jupiter eclipse
(2) an Earth eclipse
position
(1)A
9:25
3:25
9:52
3:52
52. During which event does our moon receive the
least amount of sunlight?
(4)
may
at
The following diagram represents the landscape on
the moon with Earth shown in the background. Use
this diagram to answer quettions 54 through 57,
“
48. lf a full moon occurs on November l, the next
full moon phase will occur about
１
２
(3) December 5
(4) December 13
November 22
November 30
two
to three feet high that follows the moon's
movement around Earth is a
49. ln the open ocean, a bulge of water
い
０
０
“
tide
tsunami
wlnd wave
54.
surface ocean current
following diagram represents a north polar
view of Earth in relation to the moon and the
50. The
sun.
C
つ ― ●
0む 一
∝
A
OE
scale.) Earth
The tides that occur when the sun, moon, and
Earth are in the relative positions indicated by
the diagram are best described as
(1) the highest high tides and the lowest
(Not drawn to
low tides
(2) the highest high tides and the highest
low tides
(3) the lowest high tides and the lowest
low tides
(4) the lowest high tides and the highest
low tides
As viewed
from Earth, what ir the phase of
the moon?
(1)neW
(2)fu∥
(3) quarter
(4) gibbous
With respect to the diagram, which statement
true?
● No eclipse could occur.
２ A lunar eclipse might occur.
０ A partial solar eclipse might occur.
“ A total solar eclipse might occur.
following the period shown in the
diagram, the amount of the moonl surface that
is illuminated by the sun will
56. ln the week
(1) increase
(2) decrease
(3) remain the same
(4) increase, then decrease
57. What is the most probable cause oJ the lunar
features indicated by A?
Topic 4: Motions of Earth, Moon, and
Stop Here
is
Sun 75