Case and Events in Transitive Impersonals*
!
James E. Lavine
!
!
!"#$%&'$"! #$%&! '(')*! '*+,%-)&! (.! ),)./0&/*12/1*(3! (.(34&%&! +5! (221&(/%,)! (&0
&%6.7)./! %.! 89*(%.%(.! (.-! :1&&%(.! %7')*&+.(3! '*)-%2(/)&"! ;+.&/*12/%+.&! %.!
<$%2$! (221&(/%,)! +221*&! %.! /$)! (=&).2)! +5! (.! )>/)*.(3! (*617)./?! %")"?! #*(.&%0
/%,)! @7')*&+.(3&?! (*)! 5+1.-! /+! =)! .)2)&&(*%34! -4(-%2! (.-! 2(1&(/%,)A! +.)! (*0
617)./! %-)./%5%)&! (! 2(1&%.6! +*! %.%/%(/%.6! ),)./! <$%3)! (! &)2+.-! (*617)./! %&!
(&&+2%(/)-!<%/$!/$)!,)*=B&!2+*)!7)(.%.6"!#$)!2(1&%.6!),)./!%&!%./*+-12)-!=4!(!
&4./(2/%2!$)(-!<%/$%.!/$)!,)*=B&!)>/).-)-!51.2/%+.(3!'*+C)2/%+.!/$(/!%&!*)&'+.0
&%=3)!5+*!(221&(/%,)!,(31(/%+.?!=1/!%&!.+/!(*617)./0'*+C)2/%.6!D5+33+<%.6!E4390
9F.).!GHHIJ"!K,)./! &/*12/1*)!%&! /$)*)=4!3%.9)-! -%*)2/34!/+!;(&)?!51*/$)*!)312%0
-(/%.6!/$)!*+3)! +5!(!%.!(221&(/%,)! ,(31(/%+.?!(.-!'*+,%-%.6!.)<!),%-).2)!5+*!
),)./! -)2+7'+&%/%+.(3! (''*+(2$)&! /+! &4./(>"! L--%/%+.(3! &1''+*/! 5+*! /$%&!
(''*+(2$!%&!(--12)-!5*+7!(!.+.02+6.(/)!%7')*&+.(3!2+.&/*12/%+.!%.!:1&&%(."!
!
1. Introduction
#$)! 89*(%.%(.! %7')*&+.(3! '(&&%,)! ('')(*&! <%/$! (221&(/%,)! +.! /$)!
#$)7)! (*617)./?! )>2)'/%+.(334! 5*+7! (! /*(-%/%+.(3! E*%.2%'3)&! (.-! E(0
*(7)/)*&!')*&')2/%,)"!L221&(/%,)!(3&+!('')(*&!+.!/$)!#$)7)!(*617)./!
+5! %7')*&+.(3! '(*/%2%'%(3! '*)-%2(/)&! /$(/! (*)! -)2%-)-34! .+.0'(&&%,)?!
%")"?!%.!/$)!2(&)!+5!1.-)*34%.6!1.(221&(/%,)&"!M$%3)!%/!%&!<%-)34!9.+<.!
%.!N3(,%2!3%.61%&/%2&!/$(/!(221&(/%,)!2(&)!(&&%6.7)./!.))-!.+/!=)!3%.9)-!
/+! /$)! '*)&).2)! +5! (.! )>/)*.(3! (*617)./! D2+./*(! O1*P%+B&! Q).)*(3%P(0
/%+.J?! /$)! (2/1(3! -%&/*%=1/%+.! +5! (221&(/%,)! %.! /$%&! 2+./)>/! *)7(%.&! 1.0
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
R!#$%&! '(')*! )3(=+*(/)&! +.! %-)(&! +*%6%.(334! 5+*713(/)-! %.! S(,%.)! (.-! T*(.9&! GHHI"! @!
/$(.9!N/),).!T*(.9&!5+*!712$!1&)513!-%&21&&%+.!(.-!6*(/)51334!(29.+<3)-6)!/$)!$)3'0
513!2+77)./&!<)!*)2)%,)-!(/!TLNS!UV"!L.!)(*3%)*!,)*&%+.!+5!/$%&!'(')*!<(&!'*)&)./)-!
(/!NSN)W!%.!;+317=1&?!X$%+"!Y(.4!/$(.9&!/+!/$)!NSN!(1-%).2)?!'(*/%213(*34!/+!Z+(..(!
O[(&P2P(9!(.-!L&4(!E)*)3/&,(%6"!N,%/3(.(!L./+.4190\1-%.(!'*+,%-)-!%.,(31(=3)!(&&%&0
/(.2)! <%/$! /$)! 89*(%.%(.! -(/(! (.-! +55)*)-! 7(.4! $)3'513! 2+77)./&! +.! /$)! (.(34&%&"!
T%.(334?!@!<%&$!/+!(29.+<3)-6)!/<+!(.+.47+1&!*+,)*),%)<)*&!5+*!2+77)./&!3)(-%.6!/+!
7(.4! %7'*+,)7)./&! %.! /$)! '*)&)./! ,)*&%+.! +5! /$)! '(')*"! L33! )**+*&! (.-! +7%&&%+.&!
*)7(%.!74!+<."!!
Journal of Slavic Linguistics 18(1): ##–##, 2010.
2
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$%&'!()*+'*,-%.*/0$$0,12*+*,&$$*%345!*.-%.*.-!*%##!%3%'6!*0/*73%'1&8
.&9!* +:#!310'%$1* &'* ;<3%&'&%'* =%'(* >511&%'?* &1* (!.!3:&'!(* @A* .-!*
1.356.53!*0/*.-!*!9!'.*(!163&@!(*@A*.-!*9!3@*%'(*.-!*,%A*&'*,-&6-*.-!*
!9!'.*&1*60:#01!()B**
C@1!39!* &'* =BDE?* .-%.* %6651%.&9!* %11&4':!'.* 0'* .-!* 7-!:!* %3458
:!'.* 0/* ;<3%&'&%'* 73%'1&.&9!* +:#!310'%$1* (!#!'(1* 0'* .-!* '%.53!* 0/*
.-!* !9!'.5%$&.A* (!163&@!(* %'(2* &'* .-!* 6%1!* 0/* !9!'.12* .-!&3* (!43!!* 0/*
60:#$!"&.A* =60:#$!"* !9!'.1* %3!* @&8!9!'.&9!2* 60'.%&'&'4* %'* 05.!3*
6%51&'4* !9!'.2* ,-&6-* :%A* @!* &:#$&6&.2* %'(* .-!* 603!* !9!'.* (!'0.!(* @A*
.-!*9!3@?F*
*
* =B?* G%11&9!*H@&8!9!'.&9!I*
!"#$%&%$&'
*
*
* +'0J!:6K%* @5$0* #01%(L!'0* (0* 9MK%J'A6&)*
* /03!&4'!3())* ,%1* #$%6!(*+(,-. * .0* #3&10'*
*
* NO*/03!&4'!3*,%1*#5.*&'*#3&10')M*
*
* =P?* Q0'8G%11&9!F*RA%(&6*;'%6651%.&9!*H@&8!9!'.&9!I*
*
*
!"#$%&%$&'
* R&:*
@5$0* 1#%$!'0*
@$A1<%9<0K5)*
* -051!())* ,%1* @53'!(8(0,'*+(,-.* $&4-.'&'4/012*
*
* N7-!*-051!*,%1*@53'!(*(0,'*@A*%*1.3&<!*0/*$&4-.'&'4)M*
*
* =S?* %)* Q0'8G%11&9!F*T0'%(&6*;'%6651%.&9!*H:0'08!9!'.&9!I*
*
*
* *
* *
UR&:*
J-03!'0)*
U-051!())* @53'!(8(0,'*+(,-.*
*
* *
H+'.!'(!(F*N7-!*-051!*@53'!(*(0,')MI*
*
*
* @)* R&:*
J-03&9)**
* * -051!0345451,* @53'!(8(0,'451,*
*
*
* *
!"#$%&%$&'
N7-!*-051!*@53'!(*(0,')M*
********************************************************
B
* 7-!* &:#!310'%$* #%11&9!* #%3.&6&#$!* &'* ;<3%&'&%'* %##!%31* ,&.-* '0'8%43!!&'4* =03*
(!/%5$.?*#3!(&6%.!8/&'%$*:03#-0$04A*&'*.-!*/03:*0/*.-!*%$$0:03#-1*V8'0V*%'(*V8.0V)*W&'6!*
V8'0V8.0V*/03:1*$%6<*%43!!:!'.*/!%.53!12*.-!A*%3!*4$011!(*%1*XHDOY>IZ)*[03*:03!*0'*.-!*
-&1.03A* 0/* ;<3%&'&%'* 8&6V8762* %'(* &.1* G0$&1-* 605'.!3#%3.2* 1!!* \%9&'!* P]]^)* 7-!* .!3:*
X73%'1&.&9!*+:#!310'%$Z*&1*(5!*.0*_0-'*`0,!31*=P]]P?)*
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
! "#$! %&'()*(+,()!-)(.*,/0(!120/0*3(4!
!
!
3
!"#$%&%$&!
! 563/+/! 789:! ;.<3:3/+:!
*=)/>?:@8A!
! 563/+'((! B/2! 28)')*2(.)*'+,-! 0:<./01!
!
! 16+0(+.(.C!D63/+!B/2!28)')*2(.!/0E7<!0=(!0:<AF4!
!
G=(!/,,82/0*3(!/''(/)2!H(9*,*0:829<!*+!0=(!'/22*3(!*+!"I$!/+.!*+!0=(!+:+J
'/22*3(! .</.*,! 8+/,,82/0*3(! *+! "K$A! G=(! =<':0=(0*,/9! J&2EJ32! H:)L! :H!
L:+/.*,!8+/,,82/0*3(!452#%36!D78)+! .:B+F!*2!)89(.!:80!*+!"M/$N!*+!,:+J
0)/20! 0:! *02! ,/82/0*3(! ,:8+0()'/)0N! 78$9636! DOPQR%S78)+! .:B+F! *+! "K$A!
T:+/.*,!452#%36!)(U8*)(2!/!+:L*+/0*3(!287@(,0N!/2!*+!"M7$A!P,,82/0*3(!*2!
9*?(B*2(!)89(.!:80!H:)!%&'()*(+,()!')(.*,/0(2N!/2!*+!"#$A!
V(0! 82! /228L(! 0=(! H:99:B*+W! ,:+.*0*:+2! *+! "X$! =:9.! H:)! /,,82/0*3(!
/22*W+L(+0!*+!G)/+2*0*3(!6L'()2:+/92C!!
!
! "X$! /A! P,,82/0*3(!9*,(+2*+W!*2!!"#"$!"$%N!*+!0=(!2(+2(!0=/0!*0!*2!
/22*W+(.!*+!:'':2*0*:+!0:!/!=*W=()!/)W8L(+0!':2*0*:+!!
",HA!T/)/+0;!IYYIZ![*00+()!/+.!\/9(!IYY]Z![/?()!K^^_$Z!!
!
! 7A! G=(!=*W=()!/)W8L(+0!L820!*.(+0*H<!/!&'()'%*+",)(-."+"$%A!!
!
6+!0=(!,/2(!:H!L:+/.*,!8+/,,82/0*3(2N!0=()(!*2!+:!=*W=()!/)W8L(+0!':J
2*0*:+! B*0=! B=*,=! 0:! (20/79*2=! 0=(! +(,(22/)<! .('(+.(+,<Z! H:)! (&'()*J
(+,()! ')(.*,/0(2N! /,,82/0*3(! *2! :'':2(.! 0:! /! 0=(L/0*,/99<! 9:B()N! +:+J
,/82/0*3(! G=(L(! /)W8L(+0! "2((! V/3*+(! /+.! `)/+?2! K^^_! H:)! /! 2*L*9/)!
/+/9<2*2! :H! G)/+2*0*3(! 6L'()2:+/92! *+! a822*/+$A! 60! B*99! 7(! /)W8(.! 0=/0!
/,,82/0*3(! L/)?*+W! *2! 0=(! L:)'=:2<+0/,0*,! )(H9(&! :H! /! ,:L'9(&! (3(+0N!
0=()(7<!9*+?*+W!0=*2!/+/9<2*2!B*0=!L8,=!)(,(+0!B:)?!:+!(3(+0!20)8,08)(!
/+.! P?0*:+2/)0! "2((N! /A:AN! \/9(! /+.! b(<2()! IYYMZ! T/)/+0;! IYYcZ! -<9?J
?d+(+! K^^^N! K^^_Z! 3/+! \:80! K^^^Z! R3(+:+*82! K^^IZ! [:)()! K^^XZ! a*,=J
/).2:+! K^^cZ! a/L,=/+.! K^^_Z! R:+! /+.! O:9(! K^^_Z! /+.N! *+! '/)0*,89/)N!
T/)?L/+!K^^#!:+!G)/+2*0*3(!6L'()2:+/92!*+!a822*/+$A!G=(!:72()3/0*:+!
0=/0!/,,82/0*3(!,/2(!*2! .('(+.(+0!H:99:B2!H):L!0=(!)(U8*)(L(+0!0=/0!*0!
:,,8)!B*0=!/!+:+JG=(L(!/)W8L(+0!B*0=!,/82/0*3(!2(L/+0*,2A!O:+2*.()!
L:+/.*,! 3#%7&:36; D78)20F! 3()282! .</.*,! ,/82/0*3(! #24%#<$36; DOPQR%S
78)20N!'*(),(F!*+!"]Sc$C!
!
! "]$! 5b89@8!
0)*2+80:A!
!"#$%&%$&!
!
! 7/99::+'((! 78)20)*'+,-!
!
4
JAMES E. LAVINE
! "#$! %&'(&!
)*+,)-./*0!
!
! 1.''**/())! 2,3)435*+(,-.!
!"#$%&%$&'
!
! 6783!1.''**/!9.:!2,3)4350;!
!
</! "#$=! >83! ?3./,/@! *A! 1&):>,/@! ,:! 5,:>),1&>35! *-3)! >9*! :&1B3-3/>:C! .!
4.&:,/@!3-3/>!./5!>83!1&):>,/@!3-3/>0!783!?3./,/@!*A!61&):>D2,3)43;!,/!
"#$!.::3)>:!.!:34*/5!.)@&?3/>!)3:2*/:,1'3!A*)!>83!8,@83)!"4.&:,/@$!:&1B
3-3/>0!<>!?.E!.223.)!*-3)>'E!.:!/0123"456!62,/789:;!*)!;<5$=4>!6/.,'789:;F
,/! ./E! 4.:3=! ,>! ,:! &/53):>**50! <>! ,:! 2)34,:3'E! >83! ".1:>).4>$! 2)3:3/43! *A!
>8,:! :34*/5! .)@&?3/>! >8.>! ,53/>,A,3:! >83! 8,@83)! 4.&:,/@! 3-3/>=! 98,48!
',43/:3:!.44&:.>,-30!</!4*/>).:>=!>83!?3./,/@!*A!1&):>,/@!,/!"G$!,:!?*/*B
3-3/>,-3C! /*! 4.&:.>,*/! ,:! .::3)>350! </5335=! ,/! >83! A,/,>3! 3H2)3::,*/! ,/!
"I$=!>83!2)3:3/43!*A!.!:34*/5!.)@&?3/>!,:!)&'35!*&>C!
!
! "I$! %&'(.!
>),:/&'.! "JK2E';L*(&D!J4-(.H*?$0!
!"#$%&%$&'
!
! 1.''**/8?@! 1&):>!
"J2,/789:! J/.,'789:!
!
! 6783!1.''**/!1&):>0;!
!
M*>,43=!>83/=!>8.>!#4A%#<$B1! 8.:!./!.&@?3/>35!3-3/>!:>)&4>&)3!9,>8!)3B
:234>!>*!B#%C&6B10!N44&:.>,-3! A*''*9:! /.>&).''E=!.44*)5,/@!>*!"O$=!,/!>83!
4.:3!*A!>83!A*)?3)0!783!PL).,/,./!<?23):*/.'!7)./:,>,-3!,:!/343::.),'E!
5E.5,4!./5!4.&:.>,-30!
Q34>,*/! R! 2)*-,53:! ./! 3H2',4,>! .44*&/>! *A! >83! )3'.>,*/! 13>933/!
4.&:.>,-,>E! ./5! .44&:.>,-3! .::,@/?3/>! ,/! >83! PL).,/,./! B&4DBB4! 4*/B
:>)&4>,*/0! <! .)@&3! >8.>! >83! /*/B783?3! .)@&?3/>! ,/! 5E.5,4! &/.44&:.B
>,-3:! ,53/>,A,3:! .! 4.&:.>,-3! A3.>&)3! ,/! <=! 98,48! :3)-3:! .:! ./! .44&:.>,-3!
2)*13=!A*''*9,/@!SE'LLT/3/!RUUI0!</!Q34>,*/!V=!<!3H>3/5!>83!./.'E:,:!>*!
./! &/)3'.>35! ,?23):*/.'! 4*/:>)&4>,*/! ,/! W&::,./0! 783! 2)*1'3?! *A! .4B
4&:.>,-3! .::,@/?3/>! ,/! >83! .1:3/43! *A! /*?,/.>,-3=! 98.>! <! 5&1! XN44&B
:.>,-3!Y,):>Z! :E/>.H=! ,:!>.L3/!&2! ,/!Q34>,*/![0!</!Q34>,*/!O=! <! :8*9!>8.>!
3-3/>:! ./5! :>.>3:! 8.-3! 5,:>,/4>! 4.:3! ./5! .@)33?3/>! 2.>>3)/:! ,/!
PL).,/,./! 2.::,-3! 2.)>,4,2,.'! 2)35,4.>3:=! &/53):4*),/@! >83! 8E2*>83:,:!
>8.>! >83! /.>&)3! *A! >83! 3-3/>&.',>E! 53/*>35! 1E! >83! -3)1! 8.:! :234,A,4!
?*)28*:E/>.4>,4!4*/:3\&3/43:0!!
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
5
2. Dependent Case and Event Structure: The Ukrainian Transitive
Impersonal
"#$! %&'(! &)! *#+,! ,$-*+&.! +,! *&! '/0'.-$! '! 0+$1! &)! '--2,'*+0$! *#'*! +,! /$3
4$./$.*5! +.! *#$! ,$.,$! *#'*! ',,+%.6$.*! &)! '--2,'*+0$! /$4$./,! &.! *#$!
47$,$.-$! &)! '.&*#$7! '7%26$.*! 4&,+*+&.5! './5! -72-+'((85! &.! *#$! ,$6'.3
*+-,!+.*7&/2-$/!98!*#+,!,$-&./!'7%26$.*5!+.!:$$4+.%!1+*#!;<'=9>?!@#+($!
A! ',,26$! ;,*'./'7/(8>! *#'*! *#$! ,&27-$! )&7! '--2,'*+0$! +.! "7'.,+*+0$! A63
4$7,&.'(,! +.0&(0$,! *#$! 0$79B,! $C*$./$/! )2.-*+&.'(! 47&D$-*+&.! ;+?$?5! !>5! A!
'7%2$!*#'*!'--2,'*+0$!+,!.&*! 0'(2$/! 98! 6$7$!',,&-+'*+&.!1+*#!;'9,*7'-*!
!3)$'*27$,!&)>!!?! E8! 4274&,$! +,!*&!$(2-+/'*$!*#$!)'-*&7,!7$,4&.,+9($!)&7!
!B,! $C-$4*+&.'(! '-*+0+*8! +.! *#$! -',$! &)! ,&6$! 2.'--2,'*+0$,5! 92*! .&*!
&*#$7,?F!
A*! 1',! ,#&1.! *#'*! *#$! "7'.,+*+0$! A64$7,&.'(! +.! G:7'+.+'.! ',,$7*,!
*#$!47$,$.-$!&)!'!,$-&./!'7%26$.*!1+*#!-'2,'*+0$!,$6'.*+-,?!H&64'7$!
*#$!-'2,'*+0$!/8'/+-!2.'--2,'*+0$!+.!;I>!1+*#!*#$!.&.3-'2,'*+0$!/8'/+-!
JC4$7+$.-$7!47$/+-'*$!+.!;KL>M!
!
! ;I>! N2(D2!
7&O+70'.&!
-0D'C&6?!
"#$%&'&%'(
!
! 9'((&&.)**! 4+$7-$/+,)-./ ! .'+(0123!
!
! P"#$!9'((&&.!1',!4+$7-$/!98!'!.'+(?B!
!
! ;KL>! QA0'.'! 92(&! 0*+R$.&!
.&08.&D2?!!
!
! QA0'.)**! 1',! -&.,&($/+,)-./! .$1,0123!
"#$%&'&%'!
!
! SA.*$./$/M!PA0'.!1',!-&.,&($/!'*T98!*#$!.$1,?BU!
!
H&.,+/$7!.&1!*#$!-'2,'*+0$T+.-#&'*+0$!'(*$7.'*+&.!+.!;KK=KF>M!
!
! ;KK>! V'O2!
92(&! 7&O98*&!
0+*7&6?!!
"#$%&'&%'!
!
! 0',$)**! 1',! 97&:$.+,)-./! 1+./0123!
!
! P"#$!0',$!1',!97&:$.!98!*#$!1+./?B!
!
! ;KF>! V'O'!
7&O98('3,D'! ;Q0+*7&6>?!!
!
! 0',$1456762-! 97&:$762-6.879! ;Q1+./0123!
!
!
! P"#$!0',$!97&:$?B!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
F
!W$$!W$-*+&.!X?F!&.!*#$!7&($!&)!($C+-'(!',4$-*!+.!'--2,'*+0$!0'(2'*+&.?!
"#$%&'&%'!
6
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$%&$' ()*(' ()$' +%$#$,-$' ./' *' #$-.,01' ,.,23)$4$' *%564$,(1' 7)$,'
80$,(8/98,5'*'-*6#8,5'#6"2$&$,(1'-.%%$:*($#'78()'()$':8-8('*++$*%*,-$'./'
*--6#*(8&$'.,'()$'3)$4$;'<,'()$'*"#$,-$'./'()8#'=$&$,('80$,(8/8$%>'?&*,'
@.6(' ABBBC1' *#' 8,' ()$' DE+$%8$,-$%' +%$08-*($' 8,' ?FBC' *,0' 8,-).*(8&$' 8,'
?FAC1'*--6#*(8&$'0.$#',.('.--6%;'G$('6#'-.,#80$%'7)*('()$'#$-.,0'*%562
4$,('8#'0.8,5'#6-)'()*('*--6#*(8&$'8#':8-$,#$0'.,:9'8,'8(#'+%$#$,-$;'3)$'
+%.":$4'8#'#-)$4*(8H$0'"9'()$'84+:8-*(8.,'8,'?FICJ'
'
' ?FIC' KL!"#$%&'()'!'KL&%%'
'
M--6#*(8&$' *##85,4$,(' .,' ()$' 3)$4$' *%564$,(' 8#' 0$+$,0$,(' .,' ()$'
#$-.,0' ?.":8N6$C' 8,($%,*:' *%564$,(' .,:9' 8,08%$-(:9;' 3)$' #$-.,0' *%562
4$,(1' 8/' *,' *"#(%*-(' -*6#$%' ?K*(6%*:' O.%-$1' P.6%-$1' $(-;C1' 80$,(8/8$#' *'
=-*6#8,5>'.%'=8,8(8*(8,5>'$&$,('*".&$'()$'-.%$'4$*,8,5'./'()$'&$%";'M-2
-6#*(8&$'-*#$' 8#'*##85,$0'7)$,'()$' &$%"Q#'4$*,8,5'8#' 08#(%8"6($0'.&$%'
()$#$'(7.'#6"2$&$,(#;'R,*--6#*(8&$#'(9+8-*::9':*-S'*--6#*(8&$'4*%S8,5'
.,' ()$' 3)$4$' *%564$,(' +%$-8#$:9' "$-*6#$' ()$9' 5$,$%*::9' -.,#8#(' ./' *'
#8,5:$'$&$,(1',*4$:91'()$'-.%$'?.%'=%..(>C'4$*,8,5'./'()$'&$%";''
L9:SST,$,'?ABBB1'ABBUC'*--.6,(#'/.%'-*6#*(8.,'8,'()$'*"#$,-$'./'*,'
$E($%,*:' *%564$,(' ?DMC' "9' #+:8((8,5' ()$' /6,-(8.,*:' /8$:0' ./' *' 8,(.' (7.'
#9,(*-(8-'+%.V$-(8.,#1'58&$,'8,'?FWCJI'
'
' ?FWC' '
*2X!<YDL'
3
'
' DMZK!['
*2X!<YD\'
3
' '' '
*2X!<YD!
*2YMRPDL'
3
*2YMRPD'
XL'
@
'
' ' '
MYY'
'
*2X!<YD1' .%858,*::9' 06$' (.' ]%*(H$%' ?F^^_C1' 8,(%.06-$#' $E($%,*:' *%562
4$,(#'?8;$;1'0$,.($#'*'()$4*(8-'%$:*(8.,'"$(7$$,'()$'$E($%,*:'*%564$,('
*,0' ()$' $&$,(' 0$#-%8"$0' "9' ()$' &$%"C;' *2YMRPD' 8,(%.06-$#' *' -*6#8,5'
$&$,(;' R,:8S$' *2X!<YD1' *2YMRPD' 8,' L9:SST,$,Q#' #9#($4' 0.$#' ,.(' 8,2
(%.06-$'*,'*%564$,('.%'*##85,'*'()$(*'%.:$;'3)$'*%564$,('%$#+.,#8":$'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
I
'P$$'[*%S4*,'ABBW'/.%'%$:*($0'08#-6##8.,'*,0'P$-(8.,'W;I'"$:.7;'
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
7
"#$!%&'()%"*%(+!!,-./012!3(&!)4'!53673)%8'!'8'()!%)!%()$#&65'72!$'5'%8'7!
%)7!)4')3!$#9'!:3(&!537';!%(!)4'! <$'7'()!3(39*7%7! %(!7)3(&3$&!"374%#(! =*!
>! 3)! ?'$+'@! A)! %7! <$'5%7'9*! 37! 3(! 3$+6?'()! #"! >2! $3)4'$! )43(! #"! )4'!
4%+4'$! 53673)%8'! >B!74'99!:!;2!)43)!)4'! C3)6$39!D#$5'E0#6$5'!3$+6?'()!
%&'()%"%'7! !,-./012! $'"9'5)%(+! )4%7! <3$)%5693$! !"#$%&'#()! 37<'5)! #"! 8'$,
=39! ?'3(%(+@! F43)! %72! G'! 'H<'5)! 9'H%539! '(5*59#<'&%5! %("#$?3)%#(! <$#,
8%&'&! =*! 8'$=7! )#! %&'()%"*! 7)$65)6$'! %(! )4'! "6(5)%#(39! &#?3%(! #"! )4'!
59367'@I!D#$!1(+9%742!G4'$'!8#9%)%#(39!3+'()7!:1.;!3(&!3=7)$35)!5367'$7!
3$'!)$'3)'&!%&'()%5399*2!B*9JJK('(!5#993<7'7!!,>LA-1!3(&!!,-./01!%()#!
3!7%(+9'!4'3&!:4'$!M>#%5',=6(&9%(+N!<3$3?')'$;@! F4%7!*%'9&7!)$3(7%)%8'!
CLOP.--! 59367'7! "#$! 399! 53673)%8'! <$'&%53)'72! $'+3$&9'77! #"! )4'! "%('$!
7'?3()%57!#"!)4'!53673)%#(!%(8#98'&@!-3673)%8'!M'8'()!(#?%(397N!:B3$,
7#(7!QRRS;!7654!37!"#$%!3$'!=6(&9'&!G%)4! >LA-1! 7*()35)%5399*2!*%'9&%(+!
)4'! ?#$<4#7*()3H! #"! 3(! 'H)'$(39! 3$+6?'()! :%@'@2! (#?%(3)%8'! 537';@T!
-#?<3$'! 1(+9%74! :QT;! G%)4! %)7! /J$3%(%3(! F$3(7%)%8'! A?<'$7#(39! 5#6(,
)'$<3$)!%(!:QU;V!
!
! :QT;! F4'!$3%(!"9##&'&!)4'!8399'*@!
!
! :QU;! W#9*(6! X39*)#!
&#YZ'?@!!
&'"#$%$#%!
!
! 8399'*())! "9##&'&*+(,-.! $3%(/012!
!
! [F4'!8399'*!G37!"9##&'&!=*!$3%(@\!
!
A(! B*9JJK('(\7! )'$?72! )4'! /J$3%(%3(! ,%3E,43! 5#(7)$65)%#(! %(! :QU;! %7! 3(!
M6(355673)%8'! 53673)%8'@N! A)! %7! 3! 53673)%8'! G%)4#6)! 3(! 'H)'$(39! 3$+6,
?'()! :%)! 5#()3%(7! (#! !,>LA-1! <$#]'5)%#(;@! B*9JJK('(! :^SS_V! _RPRT;!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I
!A! 3776?'! )43)! )4'! 5367%(+! :#$! %(%)%3)%(+;! 3$+6?'()! %7! )4'?3)%5399*! ?#$'! <$#?%('()!
)43(!)4'!355673)%8',?3$J'&!F4'?'!:)4'!"#$?'$2!3!M<$#)#,3+'()N2!%(!W#G)*\7!QRRQ!<$#,
)#)*<'! )4'#$*;! 3(&! %7! )4'$'=*! ?'$+'&! 4%+4'$! %(! )4'! >B2! (3?'9*! 37! %)7! 7<'5%"%'$2! 5#(,
)$3$*!)#!)4'!7)$65)6$'!<$#<#7'&!"#$!F$3(7%)%8'!A?<'$7#(397!%(!`38%('!3(&!D$'%&%(!^SS^2!
37!#=7'$8'&!=*!3!5167$'8%'G'$@!F4'!&'$%83)%#(!#"!('6)$39!G#$&!#$&'$!:(3?'9*2!)4'!<$',
8'$=39!355673)%8'!CB;!$'?3%(7!3!?3))'$!#"!1BB!73)%7"35)%#(!37!&'75$%='&!%(!`38%('!3(&!
D$'%&%(!^SS^2!a3%9*(!^SSI2!3(&!'97'G4'$'@!!
T
!.7! (#)'&! %(! B*9JJK('(! :^SS_V! RRPQSS;2! )4'! 8#%5',=6(&9%(+! <3$3?')'$! :G4')4'$! !!
#556$7!37!#('!M=6(&9'&N!4'3&!#$!%7!"6$)4'$!3$)%5693)'&!37!>LA-1!3(&!-./01;!%7!?#&'9'&!
#(!)4'!7<9%),A("9!<3$3?')'$2!&'8'9#<'&!%(!a#=39]%J!3(&!F4$b%(77#(!QRR_2!3(&!'97'G4'$'@!
F4'! "#$?'$! $3(+'7! #8'$! )4'! 8'$=39! &#?3%(! 3(&! )4'! 93))'$! #8'$! )4'! F'(7'E.+$''?'()!
&#?3%(@!
8
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#"$%&'()"*(+,+$-'.'(%/(0,+110'+2.#"(1+0'+2.#"'(3.,(&+*24(%,(2)"(5+'.'(
%/(2)"(6+&+,"'"(+!#"*'.2-(1+0'+2.#"(.,(37849:(
(
( 3784( ;+*%%<=+( >0'0?%<%( '.,<+'"<2+@((
!"#"$%&%(
(
( ;+*%'()( '%,*++(
!." +*,-./0*-1(
(
( +@( A;+*%(1+0'"!().'('%,(2%(!."@B(
(
( 5@( A;+*%B'('%,(!."!(%,().>@B(
(
;)"( =$%''( .,( 378+4( =.#"'( 2)"( "C&"12"!( 1+0'+2.#"( *"+!.,=@( ;)"( .,2"*&*"<
2+2.%,( .,(37854(.'(2)+2(%/(2)"(+!#"*'.2-(1+0'+2.#"9(2)"( ,%>.,+2.#"(+*=0<
>",2( .'( ,%2( 2)"( 1+0'"*D( 502( *+2)"*( +,( +//"12"!( +*=0>",2( %/( 2)"( 1+0'"!(
"#",2( 3!-.,=4E( 2)"( ;)">"( +*=0>",2( .'( >+*?"!( +110'+2.#"( 5-( 2)"(
FGHIJ()"+!@(;)"(1+0'.,=("#",2(.2'"$/(.'('2+2"!(%&2.%,+$$-(.,(2)"(/%*>(%/(
+,(%2)"*K.'"(&+''.#"(23<&)*+'"(3<$453677%4D(+'(.,(37L498(
(
( 37L4( ;+*%%<=+( '",'%%<,.<-%22"( >0'0?%<%( '.,<+'"<2+@((
!"#"$%&%(
(
( ;+*%'()( K+*89(
'%,*++(
!." +*,-./0*-1(
(
( A;+*%B'('%,(K+'(1+0'"!(2%(!."(%,().>(5-(2)"(K+*@B(
(
F%,'.!"*( 0,=*+>>+2.1+$( 37M4D( .,( K).1)( +,( +=",2.#"( 23<&)*+'"( .'( 0'"!(
.,(&$+1"(%/(2)"("#",2(,%>.,+$(:";89(.,(37L49(
(
( 37M4( N;+*%%<=+( O+,+?%<,.<-%22"( >0'0?%<%( '.,<+'"<2+@((
!"#"$%&%(
(
( N;+*%'()( O+,+?%89(
'%,*++(
!." +*,-./0*-1(
(
( PQ,2",!"!9(A;+*%B'('%,(K+'(1+0'"!(2%(!."(%,().>(5-(O+,+?%@BR(
(
;)"("C+>&$"(.,(37L4(.'(+,( 0,+110'+2.#"(1+0'+2.#"9(.2(.,#%$#"'(<<FGHIJ(
K.2)( ,%( "C2"*,+$( +*=0>",2@( ;)"( 0,=*+>>+2.1+$.2-( .,( 37M4( +*.'"'( +'( +(
*"'0$2(%/(2)"(+&&"+*+,1"(%/(+,(+=",2<%*.",2"!(23<&)*+'"(.,(2)"(+5'",1"(
%/( 2)"( "C2"*,+$<+*=0>",2<.,2*%!01.,=( <<STQFJ@( ;)"( &*"'",1"( %/( +(
1+0'.,=("#",2(.,(2)"(6+&+,"'"(+!#"*'.2-(1+0'+2.#"(.'(/0*2)"*("#.!",1"!(
5-(2)"(.,1%>&+2.5.$.2-(%/(2).'(1%,'2*012.%,(K.2)(2)"(+!#"*5.+$(>%!./."*(
="77%$4(A5-(.2'"$/>(3U-$??V,",(WXXL9(7YXZY749(
(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
:
8
(;)"("C+>&$"'(+,!([0!=>",2'(=.#",(.,(378ZW74(+*"(2)%'"(&*%#.!"!(.,(U-$??V,",(WXXL@(
(I.,1"( 37L4( .'( ,%2( &+''.#"D( Q( +''0>"( 2)"( <$453677%( &)*+'"( .,2*%!01"'( 2)"( '+>"( 5+'.1(
'">+,2.1'(+'(2)"(.,'2*0>",2+$(.,(37:4D(5%2)(/0,12.%,.,=(2%(.!",2./-(2)"(1+0'.,=("#",2@(
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
! "#$%! &&'()**+,(! -./.0*+*! 0(11234! 0*)*5+(/2+1(6!!
!
! &&'()*'()! /*3*++!
57+/289! 9(88+:*;3+*,-./0*-1!
!
9
!"#"$%&%!
! <=3123:2:>!?@*-21A43,!B(./2:!'()*C/!/*3!1*!9(88!:*;3!*3!A4-!(88!
57!A4-/2896CD!
!
=3!B*31)(/1E!1A2!-*3(:4B!.3(BB./(14F2!43!"#G%!(//2)1/!3*!B(./43,!2F231!
(3:E!A23B2E!4/!,)(--(14B(8!;41A!2"33%$4>!
!
! "#G%! '()**+,(! 0(11234! 0*)*3:(6!!
!"#"$%&%!
!
! '()*'()! 57+/289! 9288+:*;3!
!
! ?'()*!9288!:*;3!(88!57!A4-/2896C!
!
'A2!H0)(434(3!(:F2)54(8!&"56#76&784!?57!41/289C!;*)0/!I)2B4/287!1A2!/(-2!
;(76!=1!4/!.3,)(--(14B(8!;A23!(II842:!1*!1A2!')(3/414F2!=-I2)/*3(8!43!
"##%!/43B2!41!B*31)(:4B1/!1A2!B(./(14F2!/2-(314B/!1A(1!1A2!H0)(434(3!B*3+
/1).B14*3!(//2)1/6!
!
! "##%! JK(L.!
5.8*! )*L571*!
/(-.!I*!/*546!!
,29"4$4"$!
!
! JF(/2*++/:! ;(/! 5)*023;<*=>?! 57+/289*++/:6
!
! <=3123:2:>!?'A2!F(/2!;(/!5)*023!57!41/289CD!
!
MA23! -*:49743,! 1A2! 43BA*(14F2! .3(BB./(14F2! 43! "#N%E! &"56 #76 &784! 4/!
,)(--(14B(8!O./1!(/!41!4/!43!1A2!P(I(32/2!.3(BB./(14F2!43!"#G%>!1A2!.3(B+
B./(14F2! 4/! :2B4:2:87! -*3(:4BE! 1A./! 1A2)2! 4/! 3*! B*31)(:4B14*3! ;41A! (3!
*.12)E!B(./43,!2F2316Q!
!
! "#N%! K(L(!
)*L578(+/O(! /(-(!I*!/*546!!
,29"4$4"$!
!
! F(/2'()/:! 5)*02:/-=/>.:@! 57+/289'()/:6
!
! ?'A2!F(/2!5)*02!57!41/2896C!
!
@*! 9()E! 3*12! 1A(1! ;A23! 1A2! A+I)*O2B14*3! 4/! 3*1! 5.3:82:E! (/! 43! P(I(32/2!
(3:!H0)(434(3E!5*1A!A+KR=ST!(3:!A+SUH@T!/2)F2!(/!(BB./(14F2!I)*52/6!
'A(1! 4/E! 43! 3*3+K*4B2+5.3:843,! 8(3,.(,2/E! 241A2)! 2V12)3(8! *)! 4312)3(8!
B(./(14*3! 4/! /.994B4231! 1*! F(8.2! (BB./(14F26! 'A2! P(I(32/2! (:F2)/417!
B(./(14F2!B*3/1).B14*3!/A*;/!*F2)1!2F4:23B2!"43!1A2!9*)-!*9!1A2!B(./(+
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Q
!W()0-(3! "#$$X%! (II842/! 1A2! ?57! /289C! 12/1! 1*! 1A2! Y.//4(3! ')(3/414F2! =-I2)/*3(8! ;41A!
1A2!/(-2!)2/.81/6!
10
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$% &'()*$&$% +!"!#,% -'(% .*/!% .$% &/0% !/1$% /2% /3% "34"($5!% -'(&% '-%
5/62/!"#"!0%"3%!*$%71(/"3"/3%8(/32"!"#$%9&)$(2'3/:;%<'!*%5'32!(65!"'32%
/22$(!%/%5/62/!"#$%26=+$#$3!>%*$/4$4%=0%$+?@7AB;%%
3. The Russian Transitive Impersonal
93% .*/!% -'::'.2>% 9% 4$&'32!(/!$% !*/!% !*$% (/3C$% '-% "&)$(2'3/:% 5:/62$2%
!*/!% 26(-/5$% ."!*% /5562/!"#$% -/::2% '6!% 3/!6(/::0% -('&% /% 5'&&'3% $#$3!%
2!(65!6($;% D$!% 62% 5'&)/($% '6(% -"34"3C2% !*62% -/(% ."!*% /% 3'3+5'C3/!$%
8(/32"!"#$%9&)$(2'3/:%"3%E622"/3;%!
3.1 The Russian Paradigm
D"1$%71(/"3"/3%%&'F+('>%E622"/3%*/2%/%3'3+/C($$"3C>%3'&"3/!"#$:$22%63+
/5562/!"#$%5'32!(65!"'3%!*/!%/))$/(2%."!*%/5562/!"#$%'3%!*$%8*$&$%/(+
C6&$3!;G% @:2'% :"1$% 71(/"3"/3>% E622"/3% */2% '!*$(% 63/5562/!"#$2% !*/!%
5(65"/::0% 4'%3'!% 26(-/5$%."!*%/5562/!"#$%'3%!*$%8*$&$;% ?'&)/($%E62+
2"/3%HIJKIL,M%
%
% HIJ,% /;% NO/("1%
:')36:';%%
)*!!+"&%
%
% % N=/::''3,--% =6(2!./,0)1%
%
%
% =;% O/("1%
:')36:;%
% % =/::''323454560% =6(2!4560%
%
% % P8*$%=/::''3%=6(2!;Q%
%
% HIL,% O/("1%
)('!136:'% =6:/#1'R;%%
%
% =/::'3,--% )"$(5$4./,0)1 % )"37268%
)*!!+"&%
%
% P8*$%=/::''3%./2%)"$(5$4%=0%/%)"3;Q%
%
8*$% 5'3!(/2!% "3% C(/&&/!"5/:"!0% =$!.$$3% &'3/4"5% 9*:!(% "3% HIJ,% /34%
40/4"5% 5/62/!"#$% 9*:!(F;+#:<#= "3% HIL,% "2% ('=62!% /34% 4"($5!:0% )/(/::$:% !'%
71(/"3"/3% HSKT,;% 93% !*$% 5/2$% '-% !*$% &'3/4"5% 63/5562/!"#$>% 3'&"3/!"#$%
&/(1"3C% '3% !*$% 8*$&$% /(C6&$3!>% /2% "3% HIJ=,>% "2% !*$% '3:0% )'22"=":"!0;%
@44"!"'3/:%E622"/3%$U/&):$2%/($%C"#$3%"3%HISKIT,V%5-;%71(/"3"/3%HIKW,M%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
G
%8*$%E622"/3%5'32!(65!"'3%"2%=$2!%13'.3%."!*"3%!*$%A:/#"5%!(/4"!"'3%/2%/3%X@4#$(2"!0%
9&)$(2'3/:Y% H</==0%ZGGJ,;% [3%!*$% )($2$3!%/55'63!>%!*$%/4#$(2/!"#$%2$&/3!"52%4$("#$2%
-('&%:"31"3C%/5562/!"#$%/22"C3&$3!%!'%"3!$(3/:%H"3/3"&/!$,%5/62/!"'3;%
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
! "#$%! &'! ()*+!
,-*./0*'!!
!
! ! (1*2,/'((! 32.4/565*74)*'+!,!
!
!
!"##$%&!
! 3'! )*+!
,-*./0'!
! ! 1*2,/-./0/01+! 32.4/565*74/01+!
!
! ! !891/!1*2,/!32.4/5!5*74':!
!
! "#;%! )*+!
,*<-0*!
25&.*+! +*04=='!!
!
! 1*2,/'((! 32.4/565*74)*'+!,! ,>.=?/2-13! *@60=-1>4=4-!
!
!
11
!"##$%&!
! 891/!1*2,/!7&,!32.4/5!5*74!3A!&!,>.=?/!*@!0=-1>4=4-':!
B@! >1/! C./,/4>! &4&0A,=,! =,! *4! >1/! .=-1>! >.&D?E! =>! @*00*7,! >1&>! FGC/.=6
/4D/.! C./5=D&>/,! ,1*205! 4*>! &CC/&.! @/0=D=>*2,0A! =4! >1/! 9.&4,=>=H/! B+6
C/.,*4&0! D*4,>.2D>=*4! ",//! 9,/5.A?! #IIJ%'! 91*2-1! 5A&5=DE! ./D&00! >1&>!
>1/! &DD2,&>=H/6+&.?/5! FGC/.=/4D/.! KL! =,! *CC*,/5! >*! &4! &.-2+/4>! *@!
!"#$%! >1/+&>=D! C.*+=4/4D/E! 71=D1! D.2D=&00A! @&=0,! >*! /G1=3=>! D&2,&>=H/!
,/+&4>=D,'! FGC/.=/4D/.! C./5=D&>/,! &./! >12,! 24-.&++&>=D&0! &,! 9.&4,=6
>=H/!B+C/.,*4&0,E!&,!C./5=D>/5M!
!
! "#N%! (O/3/4?&!! 4&C2-&0*!
=-.2P?*Q'!!
!"##$%&!
!
! (D1=05'((! @.=-1>/4/5)*'+!, ! >*A2-13!
!
! RB4>/45/5M!891/!D1=05!7&,!@.=-1>/4/5!&>!>1/!>*A':S!
! !
"9,/5.A?!#IIJM!J#$%!
!
T>&>=*4&.A!=4,>.2+/4>&0,E!,2D1!&,!$45"6789!8>*A:!=4!"#N%E!&./!=4,2@@=D=/4>0A!
5A4&+=DU>1/A! &./! 4*>! C*,,=30/! V=4=>=&>*.,W! *@! >1/! /H/4>! 5/,D.=3/5! 3A!
>1/!H/.3E!=4!>1/!,/4,/!>1&>!>1/A!5*!4*>!C*,,/,,!>1/!C1A,=D&0!@*.D/!4/D/,6
,&.A!>*!V+*H/W!>1/!5=./D>!*3Q/D>'XI!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
XI
!T*+/!,C/&?/.,!&5+=>!FGC/.=/4D/.!C./5=D&>/,!=4!>1/!9.&4,=>=H/!B+C/.,*4&0!D*4,>.2D6
>=*4!,*!0*4-!&,!>1/!91/+/!=,!4*46,>&>=*4&.AE!,2--/,>=4-!>1&>!D&2,&>=H=>A!*C/.&>/,!*4!&!
,D&0/E!7=>1!>1/!+*./!5A4&+=D!/45!*@!>1/!,D&0/!D*+C&>=30/!7=>1!&DD2,&>=H/!=4!>1/!=+C/.6
,*4&0! D*4,>.2D>=*4'! Y0>1*2-1! "=%! 3/0*7! =,! -/4/.&00A! Q25-/5! &,! 5/H=&4>E! ,C/&?/.,! >AC=6
D&00A!C./@/.!=>!>*!"#N%M!
!
!
"=%! ZZO/3/4?&! 4&C2-&0*!
-.*[*Q'!!
! ZZD1=05'((! @.=-1>/4/5)*'+!,! ,>*.+2-13!
!
! 891/!D1=05!7&,!@.=-1>/4/5!3A!>1/!,>*.+':!
!"##$%&!
12
JAMES E. LAVINE
3.2 Experiencer Predicates and Causation
!"#$%&$' ()*(' +,' ()$' -$%#.,*/' 0.,#(%10(+.,' 2+()' *' ,.3+,*(+&$' 4)$3$5'
*001#*(+&$',.2'*--$*%#'6%*33*(+0*//7'.,'()$' 89-$%+$,0$%:'4)$' ,.3+;
,*(+&$'4)$3$'0.%%$/*($'.<'=>?@'+#'6+&$,'+,'=>A@B'
'
' =>A@' C$"$,D*' ,*-16*/*'
+6%1ED*:''
!"##$%&'
'
' 0)+/F'((' <%+6)($,$F)*+,' (.7-./*)*+,'
'
' G4)$'0)+/F'2*#'<%+6)($,$F'"7'()$'(.7:H'
'
4)$' -%.-.#$F' *,*/7#+#' .<' 4%*,#+(+&$' I3-$%#.,*/#' $,(*+/#' ()*(' 89-$%+;
$,0$%'-%$F+0*($#'31#('0.3$'+,'(2.'&*%+$(+$#B',.,;0*1#*(+&$'*,F'0*1#*;
(+&$:JJ' 4)$' ,.,;0*1#*(+&$' &*%+$(7' +#' $9$3-/+<+$F' "7' ()$' #(*(+.,*%7' +,;
#(%13$,(*/' 4)$3$' +,' =>?@:' 4)$' ,.3+,*(+&$' 4)$3$' +,' =>A@' +#' 0*1#*(+&$:'
I<'()$',.3+,*(+&$'4)$3$'+,'=>A@'2$%$',.('0*1#*(+&$5'()$'*--$*%*,0$'.<'
*001#*(+&$' .,' ()$' 89-$%+$,0$%' 2.1/F' "$' 1,$9-/*+,$F' .,' ()$' -%$#$,('
*00.1,(:' K$(' 1#' <.//.2' L$#$(#D7' JAAM' +,' %$<$%%+,6' (.' ()$' ,.3+,*(+&$'
4)$3$' +,'=>A@'*#'*'N*1#$%5'+,' 0.,(%*#('(.'()$' #(*(+.,*%7'4)$3$'+,' =>?@'
=L$#$(#D7H#' O4*%6$(PQ1"R$0(' S*(($%TU' #$$' */#.' V%+3#)*2' JAAWB' >>X>Y@:'
4)$'*,*/7#+#'+#'-%$3+#$F'.,'()$'+F$*'()*('2$'*%$'F$*/+,6'2+()'(2.'F+#;
(+,0('()$(*'%./$#'+,'=>?@'*,F'=>A@:'!,/7'()$',.3+,*(+&$'ZL'+,'=>A@'+#'0*;
-*"/$' .<' +F$,(+<7+,6' *' 0*1#+,6' $&$,(' =0;N[\Q8@5' ,.(' ()$' +,#(%13$,(*/'
4)$3$' +,' =>?@:' 4)$' /*(($%' +#' O+,$%(T' 2+()' %$#-$0(' (.' $&$,(' #(%10(1%$'
=C*30)*,F'>WW?@5'*00.1,(+,6'<.%'()$'F$&+*,0$'.<'*001#*(+&$'#+,0$'()$%$'
+#',.'<1,0(+.,*/'#)$//'F.3+,*(+,6'()$']L:'4)$'D$7'-.+,('+#'()*('.,/7'89;
-$%+$,0$%'-%$F+0*($#'()*('*%$'0*1#*(+&$'/+0$,#$'*001#*(+&$:'I'#133*%+^$'
()$'()$3*(+0'%$/*(+.,#'-%.-.#$F'<.%'=>?X>A@'+,'=YW*X"@5'%$#-$0(+&$/7B'
'
!"##$%&1
' =YW@' *:' _C$"$,D*',*-16*/.'+6%1ED.R:''
'
' '
8`L '
4a8S8'
'
'
'
' ":' C$"$,D*',*-16*/*'+6%1ED*:1
' ' 8`L'
N[\Q8C'
N.,#+F$%').2'&$%"*/'3$*,+,6'+#'0.,#(%10($F'+,'()$'0*#$'.<'89-$%+;
$,0$%' -%$F+0*($#:' [00.%F+,6' (.' L$#$(#D7' =JAAMB' AMXJW>@5' *' &$%"*/' %..(5'
#10)' *#' b[S\Q8' =+,' L$#$(#D7H#' ,.(*(+.,@5' )*#' ,.' $9($,F$F' <1,0(+.,*/'
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
JJ
'I'()*,D'c.*,,*'de*#^0^*D'<.%'1#$<1/'F+#01##+.,'.<'()+#'-.+,(:'
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
13
"#$%&'()$*+)(! ),! *&)(-&#! './,.()0&1! *$#! &0&*! 0&#2.3! 4-&*! )*)().335! ,&6
3&'(&7!8#$9!(-&!3&:)'$*!;,&&!.3,$! <.#.*(=!>??@AB!C*!(-&! *$9)*.3)=.()$*!
!"#$%&' ()*&#)#+,1! D$&5' ),! *$(! (-&! .E&*(! $#! './,&! $8! .9/,&9&*(1! 2/(!
#.(-&#!(-&!$*&!.9/,&7!;(-&!F:"&#)&*'&#AB!G)H&4),&1!)*!(-&!'.,&!$8!I/,6
,).*! -(./+"' *0/12#+/#! JK.,-.L,! ,/#"#),&L1! K.,-.! ),! (-&! $*&! 2&)*E! ,/#6
"#),&71!*$(!(-&!$*&!'./,)*E!,/#"#),&B!M-&!'./,.()0&!0&#2.3!8$#9!),!2/)3(!
/"! 25! .77)*E! .! './,.()0&! 8/*'()$*.3! ,-&331! 16NOPKF! $#! 16QRCNF1! ($!
4-)'-! Q! #.),&,B! M-&! 2.,&! 8$#9! ),! .88):&7! 4)(-! #&83&:)0&! 6&3(1! "&#-.",!
'$/*(&#)*(/)()0&351!(-$/E-!4)7&35!H*$4*!($! 2&!(-&!'.,&!4)(-)*!K3.0)'B!
F92&77)*E!(-&!2.,&!0&#2!4)(-)*!16NOPKF!$#!16QRCNF!,/""#&,,&,!6&3(1!
(-&!7&(.)3,!$8!4-)'-!*&&7!*$(!'$*'&#*!/,B!O!'$*,&S/&*'&!$8!(-),!.*.356
,),!),!(-.(!+(4*5(2"!J8#)E-(&*&7L!)*!;TUA!),!.!'./,.()0&1!(-$/E-!4)(-$/(!.!
N./,&#! .#E/9&*(B! M-),! ),! (-&! ,$/#'&! $8! )(,! /*E#.99.()'.3)(5V! .*! ,6
,&3&'()$*!0)$3.()$*B!N$9".#&!F*E3),-!;W>A!.*7!;WTA!;8#$9!X&,&(,H5!>??YV!
Y@A1!4-)'-!.#&!(-&9.()'.335!.*.3$E$/,!($!;TUA!.*7!;T?AV!
!
! ;W>A! D$-*!4$##)&7!.2$/(!(-&!(&3&0),)$*!,&(B!
!
! FZX!
M[F<F!
!
! ;WTA! M-&!(&3&0),)$*!,&(!4$##)&7!D$-*B!
!
! NOPKFI!
FZX!
!
M-&! '3.)9! (-.(! (-&! *$*6F:"&#)&*'&#! .#E/9&*(,! )*! ;W>A! .*7! ;WTA! 2&.#!
(4$!7)88&#&*(!(-&(.!#$3&,1!$*35!$*&!$8!4-)'-!),!.!N./,&#1!,(&9,!8#$9!(-&!
8.'(! (-.(! (-&! ,&*(&*'&,! -.0&! 7)88&#&*(! (#/(-! '$*7)()$*,! ;X&,&(,H5! >??YV!
YY\]^AB!_$#!;WTA!($!2&!(#/&1!)(!),!,/88)')&*(!(-.(!(-&!(&3&0),)$*!,&(!"#$0$H&!
(-&! ,(.(&! $8! 4$##51! (-$/E-! (-&! 4$##5! *&&7! *$(! '$*'&#*! (-&! (&3&0),)$*!
)(,&38B!_$#!;W>A!($!2&!(#/&1!)(!),!,/88)')&*(!$*35!(-.(!(-&!4$##5!'$*'&#*!(-&!
(&3&0),)$*! ,&(B!M-&! './,&!$8!(-&!4$##5! '$/37!#.*E&!8#$9! 8)*.*').3! '$*6
'&#*,!($!'$*,)7&#.()$*,!$8!)*(&#)$#!7&'$#.()*EB!C(!),!"#&'),&35!(-&!3.'H!$8!
7)#&'(!'./,.()$*!)*!;W>A!.*71!25!-5"$(-&,),1!)*!;TUA1!(-.(!3&.7,!($!(-&!7&6
0).*'&! $8! .''/,.()0&! )*! (-&! 3.((&#B! `&! "#$'&&7! /*7&#! (-&! .,,/9"()$*!
(-.(!4-&*!(-&!*$*6F:"&#)&*'&#!.#E/9&*(!.""&.#,!.,!.!*$9)*.()0&!,/26
%&'(1! )(! ),! .! N./,&#B! `-&*! (-&! *$*6F:"&#)&*'&#! .#E/9&*(! .""&.#,! .,! .!
QX6)*(&#*.3!$23)S/&3569.#H&7!aX1!)(!),!.!*$*6'./,.()0&!M-&9&B!
C8! (-),! .*.35,),! $8! F:"&#)&*'&#! "#&7)'.(&,! ),! '$##&'(1! (-&*! (-&! "#$6
"$,.3! (-.(! .''/,.()0&! #&S/)#&,! .! N./,&#! )*! (-&! .2,&*'&! $8! .*! &:(&#*.3!
14
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$%&'() *+) %!*'(!*'&,-./) 0+) 1&+&(+23) 45+&"6&+7) (8*+) 5"*'#+) (8&) %!9:
9*'#)4;)<5=&>()?@9&"*&'>&")6&"5+)*')A*'&)B*(8)B*,&A3)!>>&9(&,)(8&%!(*>)
8*&"!">8*&+) C&-#-7) D!$+&"E0#&'() F) ?@9&"*&'>&") F) G4!AEH4$">&EI!($"!A)
J4">&)F)K8&%&L-)0>>$+!(*6&)%!"2*'#)4')!')45=&>()?@9&"*&'>&")*')4994:
+*(*4') (4) !) (8&%!(*>!AA3) A&++) 9"4%*'&'() '4%*'!(*6&) K8&%&) B4$A,) 5&)
&@>&9(*4'!A) B*(8) "&+9&>() (4) (8&%!(*>) %!99*'#-) M;7) 84B&6&"7) (8&) 45=&>()
?@9&"*&'>&") *+) 4994+&,) (4) !) 8*#8&") D!$+&") !"#$%&'(7) (8&') (8&) %!9:
9*'#)9"45A&%),*+!99&!"+-)K8*+)*+)9"&>*+&A3)(8&)>!+&)*')C/NL-.O)
4. Analyzing Accusative First Syntax
P0>>$+!(*6&) J*"+(Q) *+) (8&) !++*#'%&'() 4;) !>>$+!(*6&) *') (8&) !5+&'>&) 4;) !)
'4%*'!(*6&:%!"2&,) I1-) 0>>$+!(*6&) J*"+() +3'(!@) *+) &@>&9(*4'!A) B*(8*')
1"*'>*9A&+) !',) 1!"!%&(&"+) K8&4"3) *') A*#8() 4;) R$"S*4T+) G&'&"!A*S!(*4'7)
B8*>8)84A,+)(8!()!)6&"5)!++*#'+)*'(&"'!A)C!>>$+!(*6&L)>!+&)*;)!',)4'A3)*;)
*() !++*#'+) !') &@(&"'!A) (8&(!) "4A&-) CD84%+23) .NU.V) ./WX) R$"S*4) .NUYV)
.ZUL-.W)M')"&>&'()B4"27)R$"S*4T+)G&'&"!A*S!(*4')8!+)5&&')"&>!+()!+)!)(49:
,4B') "&9"&+&'(!(*4'!A) ;*A(&") 2'4B') !+) PI4%*'!(*6&) J*"+(7Q) B8*>8)
+(!(&+)(8!()*;)'4%*'!(*6&)*+)!6!*A!5A&)*()%$+()5&)$+&,)CH*#$"[++4')/\\OX)
]44A;4",)/\\OL-)^',&")I4%*'!(*6&)J*"+(7)!>>$+!(*6&)>!+&)!++*#'%&'()*+)
,&9&',&'() '4() 4') !) 8*#8&") !"#$%&'() 94+*(*4'7) !+) 9"494+&,) 8&"&7) 5$()
))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
./
)_&>!AA) (8!() ?@9&"*&'>&") 9"&,*>!(&+) !"&) *'>4%9!(*5A&) B*(8) (8&) ^2"!*'*!') K"!'+*(*6&)
M%9&"+4'!A) ;4") (8&) +!%&) "&!+4'V) (8&) '4':?@9&"*&'>&") !"#$%&'() ;!*A+) (4) *,&'(*;3) !)
>!$+*'#)&6&'()C!:D0^H?L-)K8&)&@!%9A&)*')C.\L)*+)"&9&!(&,)5&A4B)*')C*LV)
)
)
C*L) `M6!'!) 5$A4) 6(*a&'4)
'463'4=$-))
) `M6!'())) B!+) >4'+4A&,*+(,-. ) '&B+/012)
"#$%&'&%')
K4) #&() !) >!$+!(*6&) "&!,*'#) 4') b'&B+T7) *() %$+() !99&!") *') (8&) '4%*'!(*6&) *') (8&) ;*'*(&)
<5=&>()?@9&"*&'>&")>4'+("$>(*4')*')C**LV)
) C**L) D=!) '463'!)
6(*a3A!)
M6!'!-))
)
) (8*+) '&B+0345651,) >4'+4A&,651,) M6!'()))
)
"#$%&'&%')
) bK8*+)'&B+)>4'+4A&,)M6!'-T)
K8&"&)*+)'4)>!$+!(*6&)9!++*6&)9!"(*>*9*!A)6!"*!'()4;)C*L-))
.O
)I4(*>&)(8&)"&+*,$!A)9"45A&%)4;)B4",)4",&")*')C/NL-)M;)B&)(!2&)&7$89#%)b(43034T)(4)5&)!)
D!$+&"7)"!(8&")(8!')!)K8&%&7)B&)B4$A,)&@9&>()*()(4)4>>$")+&'(&'>&:*'*(*!AA3)$',&"),*+:
>4$"+&:'&$("!A)B4",)4",&"V) D!$+&")4$("!'2+)K8&%&)4')(8&%!(*>)8*&"!">8*&+-)M)!++$%&)
(8!() B4",) 4",&") *+) '4() &@8!$+(*6&A3) ,&(&"%*'&,) 53) (8&%!(*>) 9"4%*'&'>&) C>4'+*,&")
8&"&7);4")&@!%9A&7)(8&)"4A&)4;)!'*%!>3)!',)(49*>:844,)*'),&(&"%*'*'#)B4",)4",&"L-)
.W
)H&&)R!553).NUNE/\\/);4")(8&)+&%*'!A)B4"2)4')R$"S*4T+)G&'&"!A*S!(*4')!+)!99A*&,)(4)
HA!6*>-))
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
15
"#$%&"! '(! $%&! )"*'"! +&),'-.&($! '/! .'")%','0*1#,! ('.*(#$*2&345! 6&!
%#2&!#,"&#+-!7&&(!$%#$!8'.*(#$*2&!9*"7$!.#:&7!+*//&"&($!&.)*"*1#,!)"&;
+*1$*'(7!$%#(!$%'7&!<#7&+!'(!&2&($!7$"=1$="&!#(+!1#=7#$*2*$->!?%&"&!#1;
1=7#$*2&!*7!#77*0(&+!*(!'))'7*$*'(!$'!#!%*0%&">!!"!;('.*(#$*2&!1#=7&"3!!
6&! ('?! $="(! $'! )"&2*'=7! #(#,-7&7! '/! @"#(7*$*2&! A.)&"7'(#,! 1'(;
7$"=1$*'(7! *(! B:"#*(*#(! #(+! C=77*#(3! D&1$*'(! E34! "&2*&?7! &#",-! F"*(1*;
),&7! #(+! F#"#.&$&"7! #11'=($7! '/! $%&! G"'0=&H! B:"#*(*#(! )#77*2&! !"#!
#11=7#$*2&3!D&1$*'(!E3I!#(#,-J&7!.*(*.#,*7$!#$$&.)$7!$'!+&"*2&!K="J*'L7!
M&(&"#,*J#$*'(3! D&1$*'(! E3N! $"#1&7! "&1&($! #(#,-7&7! '/! O11=7#$*2&! 9*"7$!
7-($#P! *(! $&".7! '/! $%&! Q2&($;D$"=1$="#,! #))"'#1%! #+2#(1&+! *(! $%*7!
)#)&"3!
4.1. Parameterizing Case Absorption
@%&! &#",-! )"&'11=)#$*'(! ?*$%! )#77*2*J#$*'(! ?*$%*(! F"*(1*),&7! #(+! F#;
"#.&$&"7!@%&'"-!?#7!#*.&+!#$!+&2&,')*(0!.&1%#(*7.7!$%#$!?'=,+!+&;
"*2&! K="J*'L7! M&(&"#,*J#$*'(>! ?%*,&! &P),#*(*(0! #?#-! *$7! #))#"&($! &P;
1&)$*'(73! 6%#$!*7!#$!*77=&! %&"&!*7!$%&! =(&P)&1$&+! ,#1:!'/! R#7&;#<7'");
$*'(!*(!$%&!B:"#*(*#(!;$%S;&%!1'(7$"=1$*'(3!@%*7!)"'<,&.!%#7!<&&(!%#(;
+,&+! *(! 2#"*'=7! ?#-7! *(! $%&! )"&;.*(*.#,*7$! ,*$&"#$="&T! D'<*(! U4VW5X!
7'=0%$! $'! )#"#.&$&"*J&! $%&! #)),*1#$*'(! '/! R#7&;#<7'")$*'(! *$7&,/! U7&&!
K#<<-!4VWVSIYYI!/'"!#!1"*$*Z=&!'/!D'<*(!4VW5X[!K#:&">!\'%(7'(>!#(+!C'<;
&"$7!U4VWVX!7'=0%$!$'!)#"#.&$&"*J&!$%&!1#7&!$%#$!*7!#77*0(&+!$'!$%&!)#7;
7*2&! .'")%&.&>! /',,'?*(0! \#&00,*L7! 4VW]! )"')'7#,! $%#$! $%&! )#77*2&!
.'")%&.&! *7! #! ('.*(#,! #"0=.&($! #(+>! $%=7>! .=7$! "&1&*2&! <'$%! 1#7&!
#(+! #! $%&$#! "',&3! 9'"! G7$#(+#"+H! )#77*2&7>! $%*7! .&#($! $%#$! $%&! )#77*2&!
.'")%&.&!?#7!$'!<&!#77*0(&+!#11=7#$*2&!1#7&!#(+!$%&!2&"<L7!&P$&"(#,!
$%&$#!"',&>!$%&"&<-!,*(:*(0!$%&!$?'!)"')&"$*&7!#77'1*#$&+!?*$%! K="J*'L7!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
45
!K'$%! D*0="^77'(! IYYN! #(+! 6'',/'"+! IYYN! $"&#$! #11=7#$*2&! #7! G+&)&(+&($H! *(! 7'.&!
?#-! '(! $%&! '11=""&(1&! '/! ('.*(#$*2&3! D*0="^77'(! "&/'".=,#$&7! K="J*'L7! M&(&"#,*J#;
$*'(!#7!%*7!GD*<,*(0!R'""&,#$*'(HT!#(!'(,-!1%*,+!1#(!<&!#!)'$&($*#,!',+&"!7*<,*(0!U_!('.*;
(#$*2&X>!<=$!$%&"&!*7!('!?#-!'/!<&*(0!#!-'=(0&"!7*<,*(0!U_!#11=7#$*2&X!?*$%'=$!$%&!',+&"!
'(&3!D$"=1$="#,!1#7&>!$%&(>!*7!#77*0(&+!#11'"+*(0!$'!$%&!/',,'?*(0!*.),*1#$*'(! U#(+!(&;
0#$*'(!'/!*$7!'))'7*$&XT!!
!
U*X! UO11!!!8'.X!#(+!`!U8'.!!!O11X3!!
6'',/'"+!UIYYNX!*.),&.&($7!8'.*(#$*2&!9*"7$!*(!a)$*.#,*$-;@%&'"&$*1!$&".73!O11=7#;
$*2&! 9*"7$! #"*7&7! #7! #! "&7=,$! '/! 2*',#$*(0! #! .#":&+(&77! 1'(7$"#*($! UGO77*0(! ('.*(#$*2&!
?%&(!$%&"&!*7!#!1%'*1&!<&$?&&(!7$"=1$="#,!1#7&7HX!*(!/#2'"!'/!'<&-*(0!#!G1%&1:*(0!+';
.#*(H!1'(7$"#*($!UGO77*0(!1#7&!,'1#,,->H!?%*1%!)"'%*<*$7!@!/"'.!)"'<*(0!*(7*+&!bFX3!
16
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#"$%&'(%)'*#+, -*$, ).", /0$%'#'%#, 1!"21#", 3%44'5"6, %, 43"7'%&, 3%$%8")"$,
7%&&"9, :*$, !", 7%4", %44';#8"#), )*, ).", 3%44'5", 8*$3."8"6, )."$"<=, "#1
4>$'#;,).%),%77>4%)'5",$"8%'#,%5%'&%<&",:*$,).",?."8",@A%0"$6,B*.#4*#6,
%#9, C*<"$)4, DEFEG, HIJKLMN+, O*)'7", ).%)6, '#, 4><4)%#7"6, ).", A%0"$6, B*.#1
4*#6, %#9, C*<"$)4, 3$*3*4%&, 9'::"$4, 5"$=, &'))&", :$*8, ).%), *:, P*<'#+, A*).,
*<4"$5", ).%), Q%4"1%<4*$3)'*#, 9*"4, #*), %33&=, >#'5"$4%&&=, '#, 3%44'5",
7*#4)$>7)'*#46,R.'&",#"')."$,3$"9'7)4,).",0'#9,*:,5%$'%<&",Q%4"1%<4*$31
)'*#,R",.%5",*<4"$5"9,R').'#,%,4'#;&",&%#;>%;"+DJ,
S))"83)4, )*, %77*>#), :*$, ).", /0$%'#'%#, ?$%#4')'5", T83"$4*#%&, <=,
8"%#4, *:, )$"%)'#;, ).", 3%44'5", 8*$3."8", %4, %#, %$;>8"#), ';#*$", ).",
:%7), ).%), /0$%'#'%#, ?$%#4')'5", T83"$4*#%&4, %$", !"!13%44'5", %4, R"&&U
<>'&), V>4), %4, :"&'7')*>4&=, *#, >#9"$&='#;, @9=%9'7N, >#%77>4%)'5"4+, ?.>46,
)."=, 9*,#*),%&R%=4,'#5*&5",).",3$*3"$)=,*:,4>33$"44'#;,).", 5"$<W4,"X1
)"$#%&, %$;>8"#)+, ?.", >#%77>4%)'5", 7%>4%)'5"4, '#, @HN, %#9, @DDN, %$", $"1
3"%)"9,<"&*R,'#,@IIKILNG,
,
, @IIN, Y'8,
<>&*, 43%&"#*,
<&=40%50*V>+,,
$%&'(!('!,
,
, .*>4")**, R%4, <>$#"919*R#+,)-./, &';.)#'#;0123,
,
, Z?.",.*>4",R%4,<>$#"9,9*R#,<=,%,4)$'0",*:,&';.)#'#;+W,
,
, @ILN, [%(>,
<>&*, $*(<=)*,
5')$*8+,,
$%&'(!('!,
,
, 5%4")**, R%4, <$*0"#+,)-./, R'#90123,
,
, Z?.",5%4",R%4,<$*0"#,<=,).",R'#9+W,
,
/#9"$,).",)."*$=,).%),).", 3%44'5", 8*$3."8",'4,%#,%$;>8"#)6,4>7.,%#,
%$;>8"#),R*>&9,:%'&,)*,<",).")%18%$0"9,'#,4>7.,"X%83&"4G,)."$",%$",#*,
\'83&'7')], %$;>8"#)4, '#, @IIKILN+, ?.", 3%44'5", 8*$3."8", R*>&9, ).>4,
4)%#9, '#, 5'*&%)'*#, *:, ).", ?.")%1Q$')"$'*#+, ?.", 3%44'5", 8*$3."8",
R*>&9, %&4*, 4)%#9, '#, 5'*&%)'*#, *:, ).", Q%4", -'&)"$G, %77>4%)'5", 7%4", '4, %&1
$"%9=, 9'47.%$;"9, %#9, #*8'#%)'5", '4, #*), %5%'&%<&", '#, #*#1%;$""'#;,
3$"9'7%)"4, '#, P&%5'7+, ?.", $"%&, 3$*<&"8, '4, ).%), #*, &%$;"$, 3%))"$#, '4, 9'41
7"$#"9+,^<4"$5",).%),).",#*#13%44'5",/0$%'#'%#,1!"21#",:*$8,'4,#*,8*$",
*$,&"44,"X7"3)'*#%&,).%#,).",3%44'5",:*$8_,<*).,&'7"#4",%77>4%)'5",'#,).",
4%8",R%=6,$";%$9&"44,*:,R.")."$,).",3$"9'7%)",7*#)%'#4,%,;"#>'#","X1
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
DJ
,P"", -$%#04, DEE`, @I`HKJMN, :*$, %#, %#%&=4'4, ).%), 3$"4"$5"4, ).", Q%4"1%<4*$3)'*#, 8"7.1
%#'48, <=, 8"%#4, *:, 3%$%8")"$'('#;, ).", 3*4')'*#, '#, R.'7., -no2 -to '4, &*7%)"9+, -$%#04,
9"$'5"4,).", -no2 -to a,%77>4%)'5",3%))"$#,<=,3$*3*4'#;,).%), -no 2-to '4,;"#"$%)"9,'#,S;$P6,
R."$",#*8'#%)'5",'4,%<4*$<"96,$%)."$,).%#,'#,S;$^6,R.'7.,%<4*$<4,%77>4%)'5"+,
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
!
17
"#$%&'! &$()*#%"+! ,-#! ./)$0#! /1! &00).&"23#4! /%! "-#! 5$#.#%"! &00/)%"4!
1/''/6.!72$#0"'8!1$/*!"-#!27#%"2120&"2/%!/1!&!!9-#&74!2".#'1!&!1)%0"2/%!/1!
"-#!3#$:;.!*#&%2%(+<=!
4.2 On v
>-/*.?8!@<AAB4!0-+!CD!./)(-"!"/!'2%?!&00).&"23#!0&.#!'20#%.2%(!62"-!"-#!
.&*#!1)%0"2/%&'!-#&7!$#.5/%.2:'#!1/$!5$/E#0"2%(!"-#!#F"#$%&'!"-#"&!$/'#4!
%&*#'8! !4! "-#$#:8! 7#$232%(! G)$H2/;.! I#%#$&'2H&"2/%! 5-$&.#9."$)0")$9
&''84!&.!2%!@JBDK!
!
! @JBD! ! !L!
2
!
! MN!
!O!
2!
!
! ! !!
PL!
@
!
! !
N>>!
!
Q%!5&..23#.!&%7!)%&00).&"23#.!/%!>-/*.?8;.!&00/)%"4!!!2.!#2"-#$!&:.#%"!
/$!7#1#0"23#!@>-/*.?8!<AAB4!RSS<4!&%7!#'.#6-#$#D+<T!,-#!.8."#*!2%!@JBD!
2.!"-).!2%&7#U)&"#!1/$!,$&%.2"23#!Q*5#$./%&'.+!
Q%! G/6#$.! RSSR4! "-#! 1)%0"2/%.! /1! !! &$#! 72."$2:)"#7! /3#$! &! L$#720&9
"2/%! L-$&.#! @L$LD4! $#.5/%.2:'#! 1/$! "-#! 5$/E#0"2/%! /1! "-#! #F"#$%&'! &$()9
*#%"4! &%7! &! ,$&%.2"232"8! L-$&.#! @,$LD4! $#.5/%.2:'#! 1/$! "-#! &..2(%*#%"!
/1!&00).&"23#!0&.#4!&.!2%!@JVDK!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
<=
!G&?#$!@RSSTD!&$()#.!"-&"!2%!"-#!0&.#!/1!"-#!5&..23#!2%!W&?-&!@,)$?20X!W2:#$2&D4!&00).&9
"23#!/%!"-#!,-#*#!2.!7#5#%7#%"!/%!"-#!2*5'202"!.):E#0"4!27#%"212#7!2%!@2D!:8!"-#!#F"#$%&'!
&$()*#%";.!$/'#!2%!'20#%.2%(!&%!&(#%"9/$2#%"#7!&73#$:K!
@2D! >&&??89%8! !"#$%&'!
Y"ZE#9%#%!
&'7E&"98'8%9%&+!!
2%"#%"2/%&''8! -&**#$()"*! :$/?#%+&"*,+&"",+&-*!
! 0)5&''!
!
!
!
"#$%#!
! [,-#!0)5!6&.!:$/?#%!2%"#%"2/%&''8!62"-!&!-&**#$+;!
Q"! 6/)'7! :#! 2%"#$#."2%(! "/! 2%3#."2(&"#! 6-#"-#$! W&?-&! .2*2'&$'8! 1/$*.! 5&..23#95&$"2029
52&'!)%&00).&"23#!0&).&"23#.+!Q%!"-#!"#$*.!&..)*#7!-#$#4!"-2.!6/)'7!$#U)2$#!"-&"!W&?-&!
-&3#!&%!\)%:)%7'#7]!!9>N^WM!-#&7+!
<T
!Q%!_$&"H#$!<AAV4!"-#$#!&$#!"6/!"85#.!/1!P`Q>M!-#&7.K!&0"23#!&%7!%/%9&0"23#+!,-#!&0"23#!
P`Q>M! -#&7! 2%"$/7)0#.! "-#! #F"#$%&'! &$()*#%"! &%7! &..2(%.! &00).&"23#! 0&.#4! "-).! .2*29
'&$'8! '2%?2%(! &! 3#$:;.! #F"#$%&'! "-#*&"20! 5$/5#$"8! &%7! 2%"#$%&'! 0&.#+! ,-#! %/%9&0"23#!
P`Q>M!-#&7!2.!%/%9&$()*#%"95$/E#0"2%(+!Q"!2.!.#'#0"#7!1/$!5&..23#.!&%7!)%&00).&"23#.+!
18
JAMES E. LAVINE
! "#$%!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
&'&!
2
()!
&'*!
2!
!
&'!
+'&!
2!
!
+'!
,&!
@
! !
)--!
./0123456!7481!"#$%!49! 51:199;'<=2';59424>42<!49!;5!45?1@15?152! @'/@A
1'2<!/B!:7;C919D!5/2!'17;21?!2/!231!@'/@1'2<!/B!1E21'5;7!;615:<D!;5?!/57<!
45!2349!F;<!:;5!;!@'1?4:;21!G1!?1'4>1?!45!F34:3!;::C9;24>1!;@@1;'9!/5!
231!+3101!45!231!;G915:1!/B!;5!1E21'5;7!;'6C0152H!IC2!3/F!?/!F1!612!
231! '4632! ?492'4GC24/5! /B! 0/'@3/7/64:;7! ;::C9;24>1J! +31! 92'C:2C'1! 45!
"#$%D!G<!42917BD!@/21524;77<!/>1'6151';219!;::C9;24>1!;994650152!45!23191!
:;919HKL! I/F1'9M! :341B! :/5:1'5! 49! 192;G7493456! +';59424>42<! ;9! ;5! 45?1A
@15?152! :;216/'<N! 31! ?/19! 5/2! :/594?1'! 231! '/71! "/'! /G746;2/'<! @'19A
15:1%!/B!231!5/5A+3101!;'6C0152H!O49!;::/C52D!2315D!?/19!5/2!;??'199!
231!C56';00;24:;742<!/B!231!3<@/23124:;7!B/'09!45!"#P;QG%R!
!
! "#P%! ;H! S8';454;5!"'1@1;21?!B'/0!"$%%!
!
!
! !
! !
TUC7VC!
2'495C2/H!
TG;77//5!""! GC'92#$!%&'!
!
! !
WX5215?1?R!Y+31!G;77//5!F;9!GC'92HMZ!
!
! GH! [C994;5!
!
!
! !
! !
T&'4\7/!
6;]12CH!
T;''4>1?#$!%&' ! 51F9@;@1'!""!
!
!
! !
WX5215?1?R!Y+31!51F9@;@1'!;''4>1?HMZ!
)! F4?17<! 317?! >41F! /5! ;::C9;24>1! >;7C;24/5! 49! 23;2! 231! '171>;52!
B1;2C'1! 45! (! :/5:1'59! 71E4:;7! ;9@1:2! "911! U4@;'98<! KLL^D! U';2]1'! _``aD!
I/'1'!_``bD!;5?![4:3;'?9/5!_``PD!;H/H%H!c5!U';2]1'M9!"_``a%!04540;7492!
40@710152;24/5D! W)--Z! /5! d&9! 49! @C2! B/'23! ;9! 231! C54521'@'12;G71!
:/C521'@;'2!2/!;5!4521'@'12;G71!B1;2C'1!45!"/'!;G/>1%!(!74581?!2/!2174:42<D!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
KL
!&'!49!5/2!;5!;'6C0152A@'/V1:2456!31;?!45!231!:;91!/B!+';59424>1!X0@1'9/5;79H!
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
19
"#!$%&!'()&!*(+!$%($!,#"#$&-.-&$(/0&!12345!6#!27'!"'!0"#8&9!$6!$%&!!:
;&($,-&'!"#!<! =7&'&$'8+!(#9!<6--&>6!?@@ABC! DEE,'($"F&!6#!$%"'!(EE6,#$!
"'!$%&-&/+!F(0,&9!F"(!(#!(>-&&)&#$!-&0($"6#!*"$%!(!1<GHIJ5!;&($,-&!"#!!C!
K%"0&!0&L"E(0!('.&E$!"'!',-&0+!"#F60F&9!"#!'6)&!"#'$(#E&'!6;!(EE,'($"F&!
F(0,($"6#M!$&0"E!!!;(0'&0+!.-&9"E$'!$%&!>-())($"E(0"$+!6;!$%&!&L().0&'!"#!
=NO(P/BM! ('! *&00! ('! $%($! 6;! F"-$,(00+! (00! ,#(EE,'($"F&'! =6#! $%&! *"9&0+!
%&09!('',).$"6#!$%($!,#(EE,'($"F&'!(-&!#&E&''(-"0+!$&0"EBC!3#!$%&!F"&*!
$%($! 0&L"E(0! ('.&E$! F(0,&'! (EE,'($"F&M! $%&! 0(E8! 6;! -&>,0(-! (EE,'($"F&!
)(-8"#>!6#!$%&!<%&)&!(->,)&#$!6;!$&0"E!,#(EE,'($"F&'!"'!.-6/0&)($"EC!
3#&! 8"#9! 6;! &L.0(#($"6#! -&0"&'! 6#! $%&! ,#-&0($&9! '$".,0($"6#! 6;! 26)":
#($"F&! Q"-'$R! $&0"E! !! "'! -&'.6#'"/0&! ;6-! (EE,'($"F&! !"# $"%&# '!# (")*+",
$"&-.'$#%"(-%'/-01#-!#'$)1'23#2-!.+')&12!='&&M!&C>CM!S6-&-!?@@TR!U@PUAV!
(#9!W"E%(-9'6#!?@@OR!A@?P@TBC?@!
<%&! .-&'&#$! (EE6,#$! )("#$("#'! $%&! "#$,"$"6#! $%($! "#$&-#(0! (->,:
)&#$'!.0(+!(!E-,E"(0!-60&!"#!&F&#$!E6#'$-,E$"6#C!DEE,'($"F&!F(0,($"6#!"#!
=NOB! ;("0'! 6#! $%&! (#(0+'"'! (9F(#E&9! %&-&! 9,&! $6! (#! "#',;;"E"&#$0+! E6):
.0&L! &F&#$C! 46#(9"E! ,#(EE,'($"F&'! (-&! -,0&9! 6,$! *"$%! (EE,'($"F&!
)(-8"#>!/&E(,'&!$%&-&!"'!#6!="#9"-&E$B!"#$&-#(0!(->,)&#$!$%($!E(#!(;;&E$!
$%&! 9"-&E$! 6/X&E$M! /-"#>"#>! (/6,$M! 6-! E(,'"#>M! $%&! /,-'$"#>! 6-! (--"F"#>!
9&#6$&9!/+!$%&! F&-/C!W&E(00! 7+088Y#&#Z'!=?@@@M!?@@UB!'$-,E$,-&!;6-! ,#:
(EE,'($"F&! E(,'($"F&'M! -&.&($&9! /&06*! "#! =NUBC! [3IJG:7M! *%"E%! "'! #6$!
.-6X&E$&9!"#!$%&!(/'&#E&!6;!(#!&L$&-#(0!(->,)&#$M!"'!6)"$$&9R!
!
! =NUB! !
!:JD\]G7"
3!
!
! !:JD\]G!
[7!
@
!
! ! !
DJJ!
!
7+088Y#&#Z'!'$-,E$,-&!'%(-&'!*"$%!$%($!6;!S6*&-'Z!"#!=N^B!$%&!.6$&#$"(0!
;6-! (EE,'($"F&! (''">#)&#$! "#! $%&! (/'&#E&! 6;! &L$&-#(0! (>&#E+M! /,$! E-,:
E"(00+!0"#8'!$%"'!.6''"/"0"$+!*"$%!$%&!.-6X&E$"6#!6;!(EE,'($"F&:.-6/"#>!!:
JD\]GM!"#9"E($"#>!$%($!(EE,'($"F&!(''">#)&#$!6EE,-'!"#!',E%!"#'$(#E&'!
'6!06#>!('!$%&!.-&9"E($&!"'!E(,'($"F&C!26$"E&!$%($!!!-&)("#'!$%&!(EE,'(:
$"F&!.-6/&M!#6*!-&0($"F"_&9!;6-!$%&!$+.&!6;!E(,'($"6#!=-(#>"#>!;-6)!F6:
0"$"6#(0!(>&#$'!$6!(/'$-(E$!E(,'&-'BC!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
?@
!K&!)">%$!(0'6!*6#9&-M!)6-&!>&#&-(00+M!;6006*"#>!K"00"()'!=?@@`BM!*%+!(!'&)(#$"E!
;(E$6-!',E%!('!$&0"E"$+!*6,09!(;;&E$!.,-&0+!!/)4./4)'$!E('&!)(-8"#>C!
20
JAMES E. LAVINE
4.3 Transitive Impersonals are Causative
!"# $%&'# (# )%*+# %&,-+.# /)%/# 0&%123/3*+# (45+&2"1%62# 31# 78&%313%1# %1.#
9-223%1# %&+# 1+:+22%&36;# :%-2%/3*+# 31# /)+# %<2+1:+# "$# %1# +=/+&1%6# %&,->
4+1/?#0)+# -1+=5+:/+.#%::-2%/3*+#4%&831,#"1#/)+#0)+4+#%&,-4+1/# 31#
/)+# %<2+1:+# "$# %# 1"431%/3*+>4%&8+.# @A# 32# 6318+.# /"# /)+# 4"&+# %&/3:->
6%/+.#*+&<%6#$-1:/3"1%6#2/&-:/-&+#.+*+6"5+.#<;#A;688B1+1#CDEEEF#DEEGHI#
!>JK7!L'#%#*%&3%1/#"$#!MN"3:+'#32#%1#%::-2%/3*+#5&"<+'#O)36+#2+&*31,#%1#
"/)+&O32+# .32/31:/# $-1:/3"1# $&"4# /)+# +=/+&1%6>%&,-4+1/>5&"P+:/31,#
*%&3+/;# "$# !?# !>JK7!L# 31/&".-:+2# %# :%-231,# 2-<>+*+1/# 31/"# /)+# 2+4%1>
/3:2# "$# /)+# *+&<# 31# %::"&.%1:+# O3/)# /)+# *+&<Q2# 6+=3:%6# +1:;:6"5+.3:#
4+%131,?#0)%/#32'#%#NA#."431%/+.#<;#!>JK7!L#.+1"/+2#/)+#:"&+#*+&<%6#
4+%131,'# N# C2%;'# "#$%& '()%H'# 56-2# %1# +*+1/# 1"431%6# C*+,-.%+%,'# )+%''#
+/:?H#/)%/#313/3%/+2#"&#:%-2+2#/)+#+*+1/#.+1"/+.#<;#N?#&
0)+# 5&+2+1/# %1%6;232# "$# 0&%123/3*+# (45+&2"1%62# 31# /+&42# "$# +*+1/#
2/&-:/-&+#32#1"/#1"*+6?#A;688B1+1Q2#/)+"&;#"$#:%-2%/3*3R%/3"1#%1.#+*+1/#
2/&-:/-&+'# %1.# /)+# S2563/T# !A# %22":3%/+.# O3/)# /)32# /)+"&;'# O%2# $3&2/#
%5563+.#/"#/)+#9-223%1#0&%123/3*+#(45+&2"1%6#<;# U%&84%1#CDEEVH?DW#K#
:+1/&%6# :"1:+&1# $"&# U%&84%1# 32# /)+# 2/%/-2# "$# X-&R3"Q2# Y+1+&%63R%/3"1?#
!)+#"<2+&*+2#/)%/#X-&R3"Q2#Y+1+&%63R%/3"1#:%1#<+#*3"6%/+.#"16;#31#/)"2+#
6%1,-%,+2#31#O)3:)#!>NZ(JL#%1.#!>JK7!L#"::-&#%2#.32/31:/#)+%.2#C3?+?'#
31#1"1>*"3:+><-1.631,#6%1,-%,+2H?#0)32#4%8+2#5"223<6+#/)+#%223,14+1/#
"$# %::-2%/3*+# 31# /)+# %<2+1:+# "$# %1# +=/+&1%6# %&,-4+1/'# 2"# 6"1,# %2# !>
JK7!L# 32#%1#%:/3*+#%::-2%/3*+#5&"<+?#X-&R3"Q2#Y+1+&%63R%/3"1#32#1"O#%#
2/%/+4+1/# %<"-/# *+&<%6# 4+%131,# %1.# /)+# :"&&+25"1.31,# 2/&-:/-&+# "$#
/)+#+*+1/I#%223,1#%::-2%/3*+#/"#/)+#.3&+:/#31/+&1%6#%&,-4+1/#3$#%1.#"16;#
3$#/)+#+*+1/#32#:"456+='#:"1/%3131,#:&-:3%66;#%#:%-231,#"&#313/3%/31,#2-<>
+*+1/?##
(1# "1+# 5%&/3:-6%&# .+5%&/-&+# $&"4# U%&84%1# DEEV'# (# %22-4+# /)+#
5&+2+1:+# "$# S:%-2+&2T# %2# S+*+1/# 3.+1/3$3+&2T# 31# 0&%123/3*+# (45+&2"1%6#
:"12/&-:/3"12?DD# K1;# 5&+.3:%/+# :%1# 5"/+1/3%66;# <+# :%-2+.?# (/# $"66"O2#
########################################################
DW
#02+.&;8# CDEEVH# %62"# "$$+&2# %1# %1%6;232# "$# /)+# 9-223%1# 0&%123/3*+# (45+&2"1%6# 31#
A;688B1+1Q2#$&%4+O"&8?#@"/+'#31#5%&/3:-6%&'#02+.&;8Q2#%1%6;232#$"&#/)+#1"1>"::-&&+1:+#
"$#L=5+&3+1:+&#5&+.3:%/+2#31#/)32#:"12/&-:/3"1'#O)3:)#&+63+2#"1#%#:"456+=#31/+&%:/3"1#"$#
/)+# /;5+# "$# 5&+.3:%/3"1# C:%/+,"&3:%6# *2?# /)+/3:H'# /)+# /3431,# "$# !AQ2# !5+66>Z-/'# %1.# /)+#
5"223<363/;#"$#S.+$%-6/T#312/&-4+1/%6?#
DD
#SJ%-2+&T#32#1"/#-2+.#)+&+#/"#&+$+&#/"#%#25+:3$3:#/)+/%#&"6+'#%2#31#/)+#+%&63+&#.32:-223"1#
"$#A+2+/28;#W[[\'#<-/#%2#%#:"*+&#/+&4#$"&#%1;#"$#%#1-4<+&#"$#/)+/%#&"6+2#/)%/#4%&8#/)+#
:%-2%/3*+#2-<>+*+1/?#
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
21
"#$"! !%&'()*! +,-./0"1! 2,//345! 6#/7/8/,! 9"! 91! 9:/7"929/:! ;4! $7! 97"/,7$3!
$,<=>/7"?!@7!+,9709+3/5!!%&'()*!0$7!;/!9:/7"929/:!:9,/0"34!;4!$!0$=1$%
"98/!>-,+#/>/5!$1!97!"#/!A$+$7/1/!/B$>+3/!97!CDEF5!-,!97:9,/0"34!C97!"#/!
1/71/! -2! G-,/,! HIIJF! ;4! $7! 97"/,7$3! $,<=>/7"?! K#/! ,-3/! -2! 97"/,7$3! $,%
<=>/7"1! 97! 9:/7"92497<! /8/7"! 1",=0"=,/! 91! 6/33! :-0=>/7"/:! $7:! 97%
03=:/1! "#/! 69:/34! :910=11/:! 0$1/! -2! "/390! $=<>/7"$"9-7?! K#/! /8/7"!
9:/7"929/,15!L$"=,$3!M-,0/!$7:!)-=,0/5!$,/!97"/,+,/"/:!97!1=0#!$!6$4!$1!
"-! 2-,0/! "#/! +,-./0"9-7! -2! "#/! $++,-+,9$"/! C0$=1$"98/F! 2=70"9-7$3! 1",=0%
"=,/?!N;1/,8/5!2-,!/B$>+3/5!"#$"!"#/!*B+/,9/70/,!+,/:90$"/1!COF!$7:!CDIF!
2$93!:=/!"-!"#/!-::9"4!-2!"#$%&'()*!P"-4+,-.Q!$7:!/(!0/()*!P7/61+,-.Q!-7!$!
0$=1$"98/!,/$:97<?!!%&'()*!91!970->+$"9;3/!97!"#/1/!971"$70/1!69"#!"#/!
2=70"9-7$3!972-,>$"9-7!+,-89:/:!;4!"#/1/!3/B90$3!9"/>1?!K#/!3/B90$3!/7%
0403-+/:90! 972-,>$"9-7! +,-89:/:! ;4! 8/,;1! >$4! 9:/7"924! $7! R$;1",$0"!
0$=1/,S!-,!7-"?!T$>0#$7:!CHIIUV!EIF!$,<=/15!RW8/,;1!1#-=3:!;/!1+/09%
29/:! 69"#! ,/1+/0"! "-! "#/! /3/>/7"1! 97! "#/! 2=70"9-7$3! 1/X=/70/! "#/4! 0$7!
9:/7"924?S!@7!1#-,"5!-;./0"1!;=93:!"#/!/8/7"?!K,$719"98/!@>+/,1-7$31!0-7%
8/,</! -734! 92! !%&'()*! 91! +,-+/,34! 9:/7"929/:! ;4! "#/! 7-7%K#/>/! $,<=%
>/7"?!K#/!T=119$7!/B$>+3/!97!CYZF!2,->![$,\>$7!HIIO!91!"#=1!7/0/1%
1$,934!/339+"90$3V!
!
! CYZF! ]->!
1-^<3-?!!
1*22"%/!
!
! #-=1/344! ;=,7/:%:-67563718!
!
! PK#/!#-=1/!<-"!;=,7/:!:-67?Q!
!
'! 1/0-7:! 97"/,7$3! $,<=>/7"5! 69"#! 0$=1$"98/! 1/>$7"9015! 91! /39:/:?! '!
"4+90$3!,/1+-71/!"-!"#/!1/7"/70/!97!CYZF!91!9:;!P;4!6#$"!>/$71_!#-6_Q5!
,$"#/,! "#$7! <=:! P6#/,/_Q! -,! !(> 2'(?@'(! P$"! 6#$"! "9>/_Q`! -734! "#/! 2-,>/,!
9:/7"929/1!"#/!/39:/:!$,<=>/7"?!K#/!,/X=9,/>/7"!"#$"!K,$719"98/!@>+/,%
1-7$31! -00=,! 69"#! $! 0$=1/,! 91! +,/091/34! 6#$"! ,=3/1! -="! "#/! 970#-$"98/!
,/$:97<!-2!"#/!(\,$979$7!/B$>+3/!97!COIFV!
!
! COIF! a9\7-!
;=3-! ,-b;4"-?!!
A'$%"/"%/!
!
! 697:-6 344! 6$1! ;,-\/7563718!
!
!
! cC$F! @70#-$"98/!
!
! PK#/!697:-6!;,-\/?Q!
!
!
!
! C;F! &$=1$"98/!
! !
PK#/!697:-6!6$1!;,-\/7!C;4!$!1"90\5!$!;$335!#$935!/"0?FQ!
22
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$%&'()*+,&-*,.*#(.*./0,1%"%2*)*"'()*3'$*0,+0+'*1&'(#&//0,-*4*#',&,
#&5+&'()*, +562*)*"'7, 8$*-*&+, 9-&"+('()*, !1:*-+%"&/+, &-*, "*#*++&-(/0,
.0&.(#;,,
<$&', &-*, 8*, '%, 1&=*7, '$*"7, %>, 1%"&.(#, 5"&##5+&'()*+, '$&', +$%8,
'-&"+('()*7, ?@##5+&'()*, A(-+'B, +0"'&CD, E&)("*, &"., A-&"=+, FGHHIJ, #%"2
+(.*-, '$*, #&+*, %>, K5++(&", )*-6, >%-1+, /(=*, !"#$%&", L"&5+*&'*.M, &"., '()&",
L#-&1:*.M7,N()*",(",FOPQOGJ7,6%'$,K5++(&"RGS,,
,
, FOPJ, &;, T&15,
'%U"(',
%',
N%/%)"%4, 6%/(;,
,
, , 1%'$*-*++, (+2"&5+*&'*.,-*./0 , >-%1, $*&.,
&#$*.12,
,
, ,
LT%'$*-,(+,"&5+*%5+,>-%1,&,$*&.&#$*;M,,
,
,
, 6;, V',
W'(C, XY2*), '%U"(',
%Z*"M, 1"%N(C,
, , >-%1, '$*+*, XY+.12 , (+2"&5+*&'*.,-*./0 , )*-0, 1&"0,
,
,
, ,
, ,
/45.*4;,
:*%:/**++,
,
, ,
L@,/%',%>,:*%:/*,&-*,+(#=*"*.,60,'$*+*,XY+;M,
,
,
, #;, ^N%,
+'%U"(/%;,
, , $(1*++, 6*#&1*2"&5+*&'*.,-*./0,
[\%%N/*],
,
, , L_*,)%1('*.;M,
,
, FOGJ, &;, T"*, :%+'%4&""%, +)%.(',
"%N5, %',
60+'-%4, C%.M60;,
,
, , 1*3*45 #%"+'&"'/0, #-&1:+,-*./0, /*N*++,>-%1, >&+',
8&/=,
,
, ,
LT0,/*N,&/8&0+,#-&1:+,>-%1,>&+',8&/=("N;M,
,
,
, 6;, K5=5, +)*/%;,
, , &-1*++, #-&1:*.,-*./0,
,
, , LT0,&-1,#-&1:*.;M,
,
V", '$*, :-*+*"', &##%5"'7, $67')6!%$8, &"., 9:6;<%$8, (", K5++(&", 15+', 6*,
#&5+&'()*3(;*;7, '$*, 1*&"("N, %>, '$*+*, )*-6+, 15+', #%"'&(", &, #&5+("N, %-,
("('(&'("N,*)*"'7,-*N&-./*++,%>,8$*'$*-,%-,"%','$*,#&5+*,(+,="%8";,9$&',
(+7, !"#$%&", &"., '()&", &-*, %"/0, &::&-*"'/0, 1%"&.(#;, 9$*, &##%5"', :-%2
:%+*.,$*-*,F&".,(",E&)("*,&".,A-&"=+,GHHIJ,>%-,%'$*-,@##5+&'()*,A(-+',
#%"+'-5#'(%"+, /*&.+7, ("+'*&.7, '%, '$*, #%"#/5+(%", '$&', !"#$%&"5 &".5 '()&"5
15+',(",>&#',6*,.0&.(#;,<$*",%)*-'7,&,`%5-#*,&-N51*"',(+,*C:-*++*.,60,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
GS
,9$*,*C&1:/*,(",FOG&J,(+,.5*,'%,&",&"%"01%5+,=>?,-*)(*8*-;,
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
!
23
"#!!"$%&'"()*!"(!+#!,-."/01!"#2!,-3"1*!045!)6)#!7&)#! (+8)#5*!"(!+#!,-.91!
"#2!,-301*!"!:;4'9)!+(!+<%8+9+5=! >(! ?"00@!,3AAB1!%;+#5(!;45*!5&)!:;4'9)!
;C! #$%&'$"(#)*! *+$,-(#)*! *.!))(#)/ ,D4((+"#E! 0$.!1(.!1*! )59=*! +(! ;C5)#! 4#$
F#;7#*! 5&;4G&! (@#5"95+9"88@! "95+6)*! +#! 5&)! %')()#5! "99;4#5*! C;'! 5&)!
%4'%;()(!;C!)6)#5!9;<%;(+5+;#!,())!"8(;!D+9&"'2(;#!3AABE!.A-*!C#=!H31=3-!
5. Events and States
I#! 5&)! &@%;5&)(+(! 5&"5! 5&)! #"54')! ;C! 5&)! )6)#54"8+5@! 2)#;5)2! 0@! 5&)!
6)'0! +(! ')C8)95)2! +#! 9"()! "#2! "G'))<)#5! %"55)'#(*! J! #;7! 54'#! 5;! "! 2+($
5+#95+;#! 7+5&+#! KF'"+#+"#! %"((+6)$%"'5+9+%+"8! 9;#(5'495+;#(! 0)57))#!
)6)#5(! "#2! (5"5)(=! L&)! %')()#5! "#"8@(+(! %')2+95(! 5&"5! ;#8@! )6)#5(*! "#2!
#;5! (5"5)(*! ;994'! %;5)#5+"88@! 7+5&! "#! "994("5+6)! ;0M)95=! :5"5)(! 9;#5"+#!
;#8@! NO%)'+)#9)'(! "#2! L&)<)(*! #)+5&)'! ;C! 7&+9&! +2)#5+C+)(! "#! "994("$
5+6)! %';0)! +#! 2=! P;<%"')! 5&)! L'"#(+5+6)! J<%)'(;#"8! $#!Q$"!! C;'<! +#!
,-R"1!7+5&!+5(!"G'))+#G!9;4#5)'%"'5!+#!,-R01E3H!
!
! ,-R1! "=! S)')6;!! T'40"#;=!!
34+$(#($#!
!
! ! 5'))566! 945$2;7#7859:;!
!
! !
UL&)!5'))!7"(!C)88)2=V!
!
!
! 0=! S)')6;!!
T'40"#)=!
! ! 5'))<=>?<?@9! 945$2;7#<?@9!
!
! ! UL&)!5'))!+(!945!2;7#=V!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3-
!?"00@! ,3AAB1! ;0()'6)(! 5&"5! 5&)! %')()#9)! ;C! 5&+(! ()9;#2! "'G4<)#5! ,"#! 4#F#;7#!
W"54'"8!X;'9)!;'!:;4'9)1!+(!2)5)95)2!+#2+')958@!0@!+5(!"0+8+5@!5;!9;#5';8!5&)!YDI!(40M)95!
;C!"26)'0+"8!%"'5+9+%8)(!,ZND1!"#2!+#C+#+5+6)(=!:))!,+/++1*!')(%)95+6)8@E!
!
!
!
,+1! ["\+#4! T"#)(8;!
#"! %;6;';5)*! '"T6)'#46!
))! %;%)')F! \;(()=!
! 9"'566! 5&')77859:;! "5! 0)#2!
&"6+#G$54'#)29A:! +5! "9';((! &+G&7"@!
! UL&)!9"'!(F+22)2!"5!5&)!0)#2*!&"6+#G!&4'8)2!+5!"9';((!5&)!&+G&7"@=V!
! ,++1! ];2F4! \6@'#48;!
#"! %'+0')^#@)! F"<#+*! _5;0@! 545!^)!
;0';(+5V!
!
! 0;"5566! 5&')77859:;! ;#! 9;"(5"8!
';9F(! PI[Y! +<<)2+"5)8@! 5;$5&';7!
!
!
! ;0'"5#;! 6!
<;')=!!
! 0"9F!
+#5;! ()"!
!
! UL&)! 0;"5! 7"(! 5&';7#! "G"+#(5! 5&)! 9;"(5"8! ';9F(*! ;#8@! 5&)#! 5;! 5&';7! ,+51! 0"9F!
+#5;!5&)!()"=V!
3H
:%&&($#!
!L&)!)O"<%8)(!+#!,-R"/01!"')!24)!5;!];')#!?+88+#G(!,.``R1=!L&)!G8;((+#G!"#2!"#"8@(+(!
"')!<@!;7#=!
24
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$ %&'##()&$ *+',$ ()$ -./01$ %22#'32$ +)45$ 3"#$ 23%3#$ +*$ 3"#$ 3'##6$ )+3$ 3"#$
#7#)3$3"%3$0'+8&"3$%0+83$3"(2$23%3#9$!"#$!'%)2(3(7#$:,;#'2+)%4$()$-./%1$
%22#'32$ 3"#$ ;'#2#)<#$ +*$ %)$ 8)(=#)3(*(#=$ %'&8,#)3$ >(3"$ ?<%82#$ 3+$ @A$
2#,%)3(<26$3"82$%<<+8)3()&$*+'$3"#$;'#2#)<#$+*$!BCDEFG$%)=$3"#$%33#)B
=%)3$ %<<82%3(7#$ ,%'H()&$ +)$ 3"#$ !"#,#9$ G7#)3B=#)+3()&$ -./%1$ +<<8'2$
>(3"$ 0+3"$ #7#)3$ )+,()%426$ 28<"$ %2$ !"#$%&$ I>()='()*J$ %)=$ +,-./0!/%12$
I4(&"3)()&'()*J6$ %)=$ 7+4(3(+)%4$ %&#)326$ 28<"$ %2$ '!03%&4 I:7%)'()*J9$ C%82%B
3(7#$ %)=$ %&#)3(7#$ ()23'8,#)3%426$ %2$ >#44$ %2$ 3"#$ #7#)3(7#$ '#%=()&$ ()$
&#)#'%46$%'#$=(2*%7+'#=$()$%&'##()&$*+',26$28<"$%2$-./01$-2##$#K3#)2(7#$
=(2<822(+)$()$F"#7#4+7$LMN/O$P(#<Q+'#H$LMRSO$%)=$D=%,2$LMMR19$T+3#6$
*+'$ #K%,;4#6$ 3"%3$ +)45$ -./%1$ (2$ ;'%&,%3(<%445$ %;;'+;'(%3#$ >"#)$ *+4B
4+>#=$056$564.#0,%.104!47%368",%/$I3"(2$"%;;#)#=$+)$U+)=%56J$>"#'#$3"#$
;'+)+8)$ 56$ I3"(2J$ '#*#'2$ 3+$ 3"#$ #7#)39$ :)$ 3"#$ %&'##()&$ <+)23'8<3(+)$ ()$
-./01$3"#'#$(2$)+$28<"$#7#)3$*+'$56$3+$(=#)3(*59$$
!"#$*+44+>()&$#K%,;4#2$()$-..V.W1$*'+,$F"#7#4+7$-LMN/X$L.Y1$=#,B
+)23'%3#$3"#$()<+,;%3(0(4(35$+*$3"#$23%3(7#$'#%=()&$>(3"$3"#$(,;#'2+)%4$
%<<82%3(7#$<+)23'8<3(+)X$
$
$ -..1$ ZZZ[2)+7)#$ Q)%\#))]%$ 24+7%$
Q+2#'#=^#)+$
7$ H+'#)(9$
$
$ ZZZ0%2(<$
,#%)()&9::$ +*B>+'=$ <+)<#)3'%3#=;<9=>?$ ()$ '++3$
$
$ _:)3#)=#=X$I!"#$0%2(<$,#%)()&$+*$3"#$>+'=$(2$<+)<#)3'%3#=$()$(32$
'++39J`$$
@/$0"3"03$
$
$ -.W1$ ZZZT%a8$ "%Q#38$
3(2)+$ Q7]%Q%)+$
Q$
\53%\%,59$
$
$ ZZZ+8'$ )#>2;%;#'9::$ <4+2#45$ <+))#<3#=;<9=>?$ >(3"$ '#%=#'2$
$
$ _:)3#)=#=X$I[8'$)#>2;%;#'$(2$<4+2#45$<+))#<3#=$>(3"$(32$
'#%=#'29J`$$
@/$0"3"03$
$
!"#$ #K%,;4#2$ ()$ -..V.W1$ %'#$ =#&'%=#=$ 0#<%82#$ 3"#'#$ (2$ )+$ ;#'2+)$ +'$
<%82#$3"%3$<%)$<+)<#)3'%3#$3"#$,#%)()&$+*$%$>+'=$()$(32$'++3$+'$;"52(B
<%445$ <+))#<3$ %$ )#>2;%;#'$ 3+$ (32$ '#%=#'29$ D2$ #K;#<3#=6$ 3"#$ 8)&'%,B
,%3(<%4(35$ (2$ =8#$ 3+$ 3"#$ %;;#%'%)<#$ +*$ %<<82%3(7#$ ()$ %$ )+)B#7#)3(7#$
<+)3#K39$ C+,;%'#$ -..V.W1$ >(3"$ 3"#('$ &'%,,%3(<%4$ %&'##()&$ <+8)3#'B
;%'32$()$-.NV.S1X$
$
$ -.N1$ [2)+7)#$ Q)%\#))]%$
24+7%$
Q+2#'#=^#)#$
7$ H+'#)(9$
$
$ 0%2(<$
,#%)()&(ABC(C)=$ +*B>+'=$ <+)<#)3'%3#=(C)=$ ()$ '++3$
$
$ $ $
@/$0"3"03$
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
25
! "#$%! &'('! )'*+,'!
,-./0! *12'*'/'!
*!
34,'3'546!
!
! 078! /+9.:':+8!"#$%$&'! ;<0.+<4! ;0//+;,+=%$&'! 9-,)! 8+'=+8.!
!
! !
!
()*+,-,+-!
!
>..75-/?! ,)',! @A:+8-+/;+8! :8+=-;',+.! =+.;8-B+! .,',+.! "C'8.0/.!
DEEFG! HFHIFJ%K! -,! /09! L0<<09.! ,)',! ,)+! 7/?8'55',-;'<! M-.NM/.! L085.! 0L!
,)+! @A:+8-+/;+8NO)+5+! ;0/.,87;,-0/.! -/! "#%! '/=! "DF%! .)07<=! B+! ?8'5M
5',-;'<!-/!,)+!'?8++-/?!L0856!P/=++=K!,)-.!-.!:8+;-.+<4!9)',!9+!L-/=!-/!
"#QI#E%G!
!
! "#Q%! P1'/!
B71! *=4101'/42! -)8'(R0276!!
()*+,-,+-!
!
! P1'/!"#$#$&'! 9'.! .78:8-.+=#$&'! ,040!&1!
!
! SP1'/!9'.!.78:8-.+=!',!,)+!,046T!
!
! "#E%! P1'/!
B71! 1,-(+/42!
/014/0276!!
!
! P1'/!"#$#$&'! 9'.! ;0/.0<+=#$&'! /+9.0!&1!
()*+,-,+-!
!
! SP1'/!9'.!;0/.0<+=!B4!,)+!/+9.6T!
!
>==-,-0/'<!@A:+8-+/;+8!1+8B.!-/!,)+!'?8++-/?!L085!'8+!?-1+/!-/!"UFIUD%G!
!
! "UF%! V'87.2'!
B7<'! 0B8'W+/'! /',2'R056!!
()*+,-,+-!
!
! V'87.2'!"#$%$&'! 9'.! -/.7<,+=%$&'! .7??+.,-0/0!&1!
!
! SV'87.2'!9'.!-/.7<,+=!',!,)+!.7??+.,-0/6T!
!
! "UD%! X<0:+;T!
B71! 18'W+/42!
R8'.027!
=-134/46!!
!
! B04!"#$#$&'! 9'.! '5'*+=#$&'! B+'7,40!&1! 0LM?-8<!
()*+,-,+-!
!
! SO)+!B04!9'.!'5'*+=!',!,)+!?-8<T.!B+'7,46T!
!
YB.+81+!-/!"#QIUD%!,)',!,)+!/0/M@A:+8-+/;+8!'8?75+/,!-.!/0,!;'7.',-1+G!
-,!L'-<.!,0!-=+/,-L4!'!;'7.-/?!+1+/,K!8+.7<,-/?!-/!,)+!<';R!0L!'!2C!:802+;M
,-0/K! '/=! ,)+! 'B.+/;+! 0L! ';;7.',-1+6! ><,)07?)! ,)+8+! +A-.,! Z,8'/.-,-1+!
;'7.',-1+[! ;07/,+8:'8,.! ,0! ,)+.+! :'8,-;-:-'<! @A:+8-+/;+8! :8+=-;',+.!
"=-.;7..+=! -/! \+;,-0/! J6H%K! ,)+.+! .+/,+/;+.! =0! /0,! )'1+! ,)+! .'5+! ,87,)!
;0/=-,-0/.6!]+;'<<!,)+!,8'/.-,-1+!;'7.',-1+!;07/,+8:'8,!0L!"#E%K!?-1+/!-/!
L/6!DHK!'/=!8+:+',+=!B+<09!-/!"UH%G!
!
26
JAMES E. LAVINE
! "#$%! &'(! )*+,)(!
+-./,0(!
1+()(2!!
!
! -3.4! )564'()*+*,-! 7*)4*058+*,-! 1+().//!
!"#$%&%$&!
!
! 9:3.4!)564!7*)4*058!1+()2;!
!
<*=! ">?%! -*! @5! -=A5B! .-! .4! 4ACC.7.5)-! *)0,! -3(-! -35! )564! 7*)75=)! 1+();4!
7*)4*0(-.*)B! )*-! 8.=57-0,! 7(A45! *=! D=*+*E5! .-2! <*=! "#$%! -*! @5! -=A5B! -35!
)564!FA4-!.-450C!7(A45!1+();4!7*)4*0(-.*)2!:3A4B!.-!.4!D*44.@05!C*=!">?%!-*!
@5! -=A5! .)! (! 475)(=.*! .)! 63.73! -35! )564! .4! D5=4*)(00,! 85+(4-(-.)G! -*!
1+()B!@A-!-35!F5=5!(7-!*C!=575.+.)G!.-!7*)4*058!3.FB!635=5(4!"#$%!6*A08!
)*-! @5! -=A5! A)85=! 4A73! 7.=7AF4-()7542! H4! (=GA58! 5(=0.5=B! -35! )*)IJKI
D5=.5)75=!(=GAF5)-!@5(=4!-6*! 8.CC5=5)-!-35-(!=*054L!:35F5!.)!">?%!()8!
&(A45=!.)!"#$%2!1-!C*00*64!-3(-!*)0,!-35!0(--5=!45)-5)75!7*)-(.)4!-35!)57I
544(=,!CA)7-.*)(0!F(-5=.(0!8*F.)(-.)G!MN!-*!(44.G)!(77A4(-.+52!
6. Summary and Conclusion
:35!7*FD05K!5+5)-!)57544(=,!C*=!-35!0.75)4.)G!*C! (77A4(-.+5!.)!:=()4.I
-.+5!1FD5=4*)(04!=5OA.=54!(!8,(8.7!D=58.7(-5L!*)5!(=GAF5)-!-*!.85)-.C,!
5(73! 4A@I5+5)-P-35! 7(A4.)G! 5+5)-! ()8! -35! 5+5)-! (44*7.(-58! 6.-3! -35!
7*=5! +5=@(0! F5().)G2! :35! =5OA.=5F5)-! -3(-! (44.G)F5)-! *C! (77A4(-.+5!
*77A=4! .)! *DD*4.-.*)! -*! 4*F5! 3.G35=! (=GAF5)-! D*4.-.*)! "455! "#(%%! .4!
@*=)5!*A-!(4!(!)57544(=,!7*)8.-.*)Q!=57(00B!-35!7(45!*C!F*)(8.7!A)(77AI
4(-.+54B! .)! 63.73! -35! :35F5! .4! F(=E58! )*F.)(-.+5! .)! -35! (@45)75! *C!
4A73! (! 3.G35=! (=GAF5)-2! JKD5=.5)75=R:35F5! D=58.7(-54! .)! -35! :=()4.I
-.+5! 1FD5=4*)(0! 7*)4-=A7-.*)! 6*=E! -35! 4(F5! 6(,L! (77A4(-.+5IF(=E58!
S@'57-IJKD5=.5)75=4! (=5! *DD*458! -*! (! -35F(-.7(00,! !"##! D=*F.)5)-!
:35F5R:(=G5-RTA@'57-!U(--5=!()8B!(4!(!=54A0-B!8*!)*-!*77A=!.)!-3.4!7*)I
4-=A7-.*)2! :35! (77A4(-.+5! D=*@5B! .-450CB! .4! 0.)E58! "4-()8(=80,%! -*! -35!
+5=@;4!5K-5)858!CA)7-.*)(0!D=*'57-.*)B!0N2!:35!E5,!*@45=+(-.*)B!8A5!-*!
N,0EEV)5)!"$WWX%B!.4!-3(-!-35!CA)7-.*)4!*C!0B!)(F50,!".%!-35!D=*'57-.*)!*C!
()!5K-5=)(0!(=GAF5)-!()8!"..%!-35!.)-=*8A7-.*)!*C!(!7(A4.)G!*=!.).-.(-.)G!
5+5)-B! (=5! D*-5)-.(00,! 4D0.-! .)-*! -6*! 4,)-(7-.7! 35(84! "0IMS1&J! ()8! 0I
&HYTJB!=54D57-.+50,%B!5(73!CA)7-.*).)G!(4!()!(77A4(-.+5!D=*@5!"(04*!455!
Z*65=4! $WW$! ()8! =50(-58! 8.47A44.*)! .)! T57-.*)! >2$%2! H77A4(-.+5! *77A=4!
.)! -35! (@45)75! *C! ()! 5K-5=)(0! (=GAF5)-B! ,.508.)G! ()! A)(77A4(-.+5!
7(A4(-.+5! "(! -,D5! *C! :=()4.-.+5! 1FD5=4*)(0%B! 4*! 0*)G! (4! 0I&HYTJ! .4!
.85)-.C.58!@,!()!.)-5=)(0!(=GAF5)-!*C!-35!+5=@!"455!"#@%%2!!
:35!F(.)!-35*=5-.7(0!.FD0.7(-.*)!*C!-3545!C.)8.)G4!.4!-3(-!-35!)(-A=5!
*C!-35!5+5)-A(0.-,!8547=.@58!@,!-35!+5=@!.4!5)7*858!.)!+5=@(0!CA)7-.*)(0!
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
27
"#$%&'()$*+,! -.&*(! +(#/'(/#&! )+! (0&#&12! 3)*4&5! 5)#&'(32! ($! '6+&! 76*5!
68#&&9&*(:! "6((&#*+;! #6(0&#! (06*! 6++$')6()*8! '6+&! )*5&"&*5&*(32! <)(0!
3&=)'63!)(&9+!7.&#1+!6#&!&)(0&#!(#6*+)().&!$#!*$(:!$#!>/*'()$*63!0&65+!7!!)+!
&)(0&#! "#&+&*(! $#! *$(:,! ?*5&&5;! "6++).&! "6#()')")63! "#&5)'6(&+! )*! @$*A
(&9"$#6#2! B4#6)*)6*! 1&6#! $/(! (0&! 5)#&'(! '$*+&C/&*'&+! $>! (0&! &.&*(D!
+(6(&! 5)+()*'()$*! >$#! '6+&! 6*5! 68#&&9&*(,! E0&! )9"&#+$*63! A"#DA$#! >$#9;!
<0)'0!"6((&#*+!<)(0!(0&!6''/+6().&;!$13)86($#)32!'$*(6)*+!6*!6#8/9&*(!
(06(! )5&*()>)&+! 6*! 6''/+6().&! "#$1&,! F0)3&! (0&! E#6*+)().&! ?9"&#+$*63!
6++&#(+! (0&! "#&+&*'&! $>! 6! '6/+)*8! &.&*(;! (0&! 68#&&)*8;! +(6().&! >$#9! 6+A
+&#(+! (0&! 61+&*'&! $>! '6/+6()$*G(0&#&! )+! *$! +/1A&.&*(! ($! 1&! )5&*()>)&5;!
*$!'06*8&!$#!(#6*+)()$*!)*.$3.&5!)*!(0&!&.&*(/63)(2;!$*32!6!+)9"3&! 5&A
+'#)"()$*!$>!6!"6#()'/36#!+(6(&!$>!6>>6)#+,!H).&*!(0&!36'4!$>!6*!6''/+6().&!
3)'&*+)*8! 9&'06*)+9! )*! 6! +(6().&! '$*(&=(;! *$9)*6().&! 6""&6#+! /*5&#!
68#&&9&*(,! I8&*().&! 6*5! '6/+6().&! J%&A"0#6+&K! )*+(#/9&*(63+! 6#&!
5)+>6.$#&5! )*! (0&! +(6().&! "6++).&! 1&'6/+&! '6/+6()$*! )+! *$(! #&3&.6*(! ($!
(0&! +(6(&,! E0/+;! B4#6)*)6*! "6++).&! "6#()')")63! "#&5)'6(&+! "#$.)5&! *&<!
9$#"0$+2*(6'()'! &.)5&*'&! >$#! 6*! &.&*(A+(#/'(/#63! 6*632+)+! $>! '6+&;!
)*5&"&*5&*(32! +/""$#()*8! &.&*(! 5&'$9"$+)()$*63! 6""#$6'0&+! ($! +2*A
(6=,! I(! (0&! +69&! ()9&;! '$*+)5&#613&! 655)()$*63! &.)5&*'&! >$#! (0)+! 6"A
"#$6'0! <6+! 655/'&5! >#$9! 6! *$*A'$8*6(&! )9"&#+$*63! '$*+(#/'()$*! )*!
L/++)6*;!<0)'0!$1&2+!(0&!+69&!'$*+(#6)*(+!$*!(0&!6++)8*9&*(!$>!6''/A
+6().&!>)#+(,!
!
References
I569+;!I336!M&56+04).+46,!7NOOP:!'()"*+$+!+$&,-.()/0)$+1*,-)"2-2+*1#3(*4+"- $54- 0#(.5#*&"$)6- #7- 1#"$40.#()(&- 89()+"+)",! Q0,R,! 5)++&#(6()$*;!
B*).&#+)(2!$>!Q)((+1/#80,!
S6112;! T&$*6#5,! 7NOPODUVVU:! JW/1%&'(3&++*&++;! &=(&#*63! +/1'6(&8$#)X6A
()$*;!6*5!(0&!"#$%&'()$*!"#)*')"3&K,!:%#("+9-;)$+14-<(.*94-=)-7+>#>#/+?3+- >+"/!+*$+93- YU7U:Z! [\]V,! ^L&"#)*(&5Z! @#3(")>- #7- <>)!+1- >+"/3+*$+1*- NVZ!
Y]N\PP,_!
! ! ,! 7NOO]:! JI! (0&(6A(0&$#&()'! 6*632+)+! $>! 65.&#+)(2! )9"&#+$*63!
+&*(&*'&+!)*!L/++)6*K,!W&#8&2!I.#/()*;!W(&.&*!`#6*4+;!6*5!T%)3%6*6!
Q#$8$.6';! &5+,! A#(0)>- )..(#)154*- $#- <>)!+1- >+"/3+*$+1*B- '54- ;C'044$+"/,!I**!I#1$#;!a?Z!a)'0)86*!W36.)'!Q/13)'6()$*+;!Ub\c[,!
! ! ,!7UVV[:!JI#&!65.&#+)(2!)9"&#+$*63+!)9"&#+$*63dK!B*"/13)+0&5!
9+,;!Q#)*'&($*!B*).&#+)(2,
28
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$%&'( )*+&,( -.//01( 234&45"$#647( 8&945:#*&2,( !"#$%"&' &"()$")*' "(+'
&,()$,-#,.'#/*0%1'..;(<=0>,(
!"?45'( @"5?,( -.//A1( BC&( D+4( E*&F#GH5"D#*&"$( "::#G&I4&D( *F( "EEH:"D#94(
E":4( #&( J"?+"K,( L"$?( M54:4&D47( "D( N#&GH#:D#E:( J*E#4D%( *F( OI45#E"'(
O&&H"$(@44D#&G'(P+#E"G*'(8N,(
!"?45'( @"5?'( Q%$4( )*+&:*&'( "&7( 8"&( R*S45D:,( -<>A>1( BT"::#94( "5GHU
I4&D:(5"#:47K,(2,()$,-#,.',(3$,%1'./;(.<>=V<,(
!#$$#&G:'( N*54&,( -<>>W1( BO( &*D4( *&( 4XM$4D#94:( #&( Y?5"#&#"&( 4(054#0' M":U
:#94:K,(6&"7,.'-1(#"8'(*9-&*##*%'W;(<=A,(
!#DD&45'( @"5#"( "&7( Q4&( Z"$4,( -<>>[1( BL+4( :D5HEDH5"$( 74D45I#&"D#*&( *F(
E":4("&7("G544I4&DK,(2,()$,-#,.',(3$,%1'.\;(<=[A,(
!*S"$]#?'( )*&"D+"&( ^"9#7( "&7( Z_:?H$7H5( L+5`#&::*&,( -<>>A1( BLa*(
+4"7:("54&bD("$a"%:(S4DD45(D+"&(*&4K,(61(#"8'<;(W\=\<,(
!*545'( Z"G#D,( -.//V1( 6#%$.#$%,()' -*(-*:' ;/*' (0%<"&' .0$%-*' 0=' *7*(#->' c4a(
d*5?;(CXF*57(Y&#945:#D%(T54::,(
!*a45:'()*+&,(-.//.1(BL5"&:#D#9#D%K,(2,()$,-#,.',(3$,%1'WW;(<AW=..0,(
!H56#*'(NH#G#,(-<>A[1(?#"&,"('-1(#"8,(^*5754E+D;(R4#74$,(
P+*I:?%'( c*"I,( -<>A<1( 2*.#$%*-' 0(' )07*%(<*(#' "(+' @,(+,():' ;/*' A,-"'
&*.#$%*-,(^*5754E+D;(e*5#:,(
( ( ,(-<>>V1(;/*'B,(,<"&,-#'A%0)%"<,(P"IS5#7G4'(@O;(@8L(T54::,(
( ( ,(-.//<1( B^45#9"D#*&( S%( M+":4K,( @#E+"4$( Q4&:D*a#E6'( 47,( C*('
D"&*:'E'&,=*',('&"()$")*,(P"IS5#7G4'(@O;(@8L(T54::'(<=V.,(
^*aD%'(^"9#7,( -<>><1(BL+4I"D#E(M5*D*U5*$4:("&7( "5GHI4&D(:4$4ED#*&K,(
2"()$")*([\;(V0\=[<>,(
e5"&?:'( JD494&,( -<>>V1( A"%"<*#*%-' 0=' 6&"7,.' <0%F/0-1(#"8,( c4a( d*5?;(
CXF*57(Y&#945:#D%(T54::,(
35#I:+"a'( )"&4,( -<>>/1( E%)$<*(#' -#%$.#$%*,( P"IS5#7G4'( @O;( @8L(
T54::,(
Z"$4'(Q4&&4D+("&7(J"IH4$()"%(Q4%:45,(-<>>W1(BC&("5GHI4&D(:D5HEDH54(
"&7( D+4( $4X#E"$( 4XM54::#*&( *F( :%&D"ED#E( 54$"D#*&:K,( Q4&&4D+( Z"$4(
"&7( J"IH4$( )"%( Q4%:45'( 47:,( ;/*' 7,*9' =%0<' G$,&+,()' HI:' J--"1-' ,('
&,()$,-#,.-' ,(' /0(0%' 0=' 61&7",(' G%0<@*%)*%,( P"IS5#7G4'( @O;( @8L(
T54::'(VW=</>,(
)"4GG$#'(C:9"$7*,(-<>A[1(BT"::#94K,(2,()$,-#,.',(3$,%1'<\;(VA\=[..,(
Q#M"5:?%'( T"H$,( -<>>A1( BT"5D#D#94( E":4( "&7( ":M4EDK,( @#5#"I( !HDD( "&7(
f#$+4$I(34H745'(47:,(;/*'F%0K*.#,0('0='"%)$<*(#-:'2*8,."&'"(+'.0<F04
-,#,0("&'=".#0%-,(JD"&F*57'(PO;(PJN8(THS$#E"D#*&:'(.[V=W/\,(
!
CASE AND EVENTS IN TRANSITIVE IMPERSONALS
29
"#$%&'#(! )*+',-.$/! 012234! 56'7'#-*+! %8'! '9%'#*$,! $#+:;'*%! <#=;! -%>!
7'#?@/! A=8$*! B==#CD.! $*E! F$:#-'! G$#-*+(! 'E>/! !"#$%&' %(#)*()#&' $+,'
("&'-&./*0+/!H=#E#'D8%I!",:J'#(!1K2LMN/!
! ! /!0OKKP4!5Q',-D-%C!$*E!%8'!;'$*-*+!=<!=?R'D%-7'!D$>'@/!A$DS:',-*'!
T:U#=*! $*E! A$DS:',-*'! F'D$#;'(! 'E>/! 1"&' %2+($.' 03' (/4&/! V$;W
?#-E+'(!X)I!XYQ!Z#'>>(!M[2LPOM/!
F$7-*'(! A$;'>/! 0OKK\4! 5Q8'! ;=#]8=>C*%$9! =<! Z=,->8! $*E! ^.#$-*-$*!!
5+065(0@/!70)#+$-'03'8-$9/*'-/+:)/%(/*%'1MI!N\L11N/!
F$7-*'(!A$;'>!$*E!6%'7'*!_#$*.>/!0OKK[4!5`*!$DD:>$%-7'!<-#>%@/!)*E#'-!
)*%=*'*.=(! A=8*! _/! a$-,C*(! $*E! V8#->%-*$! b/! a'%8-*(! 'E>/! ;0#4$-'
$<<#0$*"&%' (0' 8-$9/*' -/+:)/%(/*%=' 1"&' 8(0+2' >#00?' 4&&(/+:/! )**! )#?=#(!
XYI!X-D8-+$*!6,$7-D!Z:?,-D$%-=*>(!OM1LPN/!
F$7-*'(! A$;'>! $*E! B=?'#%! _#'-E-*/! 0OKKO4! 5Q8'! >:?R'D%! =<! E'<'D%-7'!
Q0'*>'4!-*!6,$7-D@/!70)#+$-'03'8-$9/*'-/+:)/%(/*%'1KI!O\1L[N/!
X$#$*%&(! ),'D/! 012214! 5V$>'! $*E! ,-D'*>-*+@/! T'#;$*! c'>%]8$,(!
a'*R$;-*! )=(! $*E! d''WB$8.! V8$'(! 'E>/! !#0*&&,/+:%' 03' ("&' &/:"("'
@$%(&#+'8($(&%'A0+3&#&+*&'0+'B/+:)/%(/*%/!V=,:;?:>(!`dI!H']$#%;'*%!
=<!F-*+:->%-D>(!Q8'!`8-=!6%$%'!^*-7'#>-%C(!OMPL\M/!
! ! /! 0122N4! 5e=! '>D$]'! <#=;! >C*%$9I! H=*f%! %#C! ;=#]8=,=+-D$,!
$*$,C>->! -*! %8'! ]#-7$DC! =<! C=:#! =J*! ,'9-D=*@/! ),'9->! H-;-%#-$E->(!
F$:#$! 6-'+',(! V,$#->>$! 6:#'.WV,$#.(! $*E! ),'9$*E'#! c-,,-$;>(! 'E>C'
!#0*&&,/+:%' 03' ("&' (D&+(253/#%(' $++)$-' !&++' B/+:)/%(/*%' A0--0E)/)4/!
Z8-,$E',]8-$I! H']$#%;'*%! =<! F-*+:->%-D>(! ^*-7'#>-%C! =<! Z'**>C,7$W
*-$(!OK1LO\/!
X$#.;$*(!g-%$/!0OKKP4!5V$:>$%-7'>!J-%8=:%!D$:>'#>!$*E!a:#&-=f>!T'*W
'#$,-&$%-=*@/! "'-#! X=:,%=*! $*E! X$%%8'J! c=,<(! 'E>/! !#0*&&,/+:%' 03'
("&''F0#("'@$%('B/+:)/%(/*'80*/&(2'GH/!);8'#>%(!X)I!TF6)(!PO\LPPK/!
Z$#>=*>(! Q'#'*D'/! 0122K4! @9&+(%' /+' ("&' %&4$+(/*%' 03' @+:-/%"=' I' %(),2' 03'
%)J$(04/*'%&4$+(/*%/!V$;?#-E+'(!X)I!XYQ!Z#'>>/!
Z'>'%>.C(! H$7-E/! 0122\4! K&#0' %2+($.=' @.<&#/&+*&#%' $+,' *$%*$,&%/! V$;W
?#-E+'(!X)I!XYQ!Z#'>>/!
Z'>'%>.C(!H$7-E!$*E!h>%8'#!Q=##'+=/!0OKK14!5QW%=WV!;=7';'*%I!V$:>'>!
$*E!D=*>'S:'*D'>@/!X-D8$',!"'*>%=J-D&(!'E/!L&+'M$-&='I'-/3&'/+'-$+5
:)$:&/!V$;?#-E+'(!X)I!XYQ!Z#'>>(!M\\LPO3/!
ZC,..i*'*(! F--*$/! 0OKKK4! 5B']#'>'*%-*+! D$:>$%-7'>@/! a#'*E$*! A$D.>=*!
$*E! Q$*C$! X$%%8'J>(! 'E>/! !#0*&&,/+:%' 03' 8&4$+(/*%' $+,' B/+:)/%(/*'
1"&0#2''NO/!Y%8$D$(!ebI!VFV!Z:?,-D$%-=*>(!V=#*',,!^*-7'#>-%C/!
! ! /!0OKK[4!P+(#0,)*/+:'$#:)4&+(%/!V$;?#-E+'(!X)I!XYQ!Z#'>>/!
30
JAMES E. LAVINE
!"#$%"&'()*+,,+"&-)./0012)!"#$%&"'()(*%'(+%,-"%."/)01(2%3%4)#5,%6-'5"%57(8
,'/-)3"#45+'678)3"#45+'67)9&+:75;+<=)>57;;-)
!+$%"5';?&() @=,+7-) ./00A2) 9'5"% '(+% '56"0,% )(% :.';)0-) BCD?5'8) BCD?5')
9&+:75;+<=)>57;;-)
E%7:7,?:() *7?567-) .FGHI2) <-"% 57(,'/% 14% &1+"#(% .),"#'#7% =>#')()'(-) J%7)
K"6L78)M?L<?&-)
E+6L5N;;?&() K",,'O5-) ./00I2) P3";78) Q4;<5"$<) :;-) #?5R%?,?6+$",S-) T,,7&)
U5"&'&75) "&') K7+V7) W+&;#7+;<75() 7';-) ?"@% 6"#56"0,);"5% 1(% 0'5"%
,-"1#7-)E<"&D?5'()3Q8)3EXY)>L4,+$"<+?&;()//IZHA-)
E?4+&() [+$%?,";-) .FG1\2) P3";7) ";;+6&#7&<) +&) 9V5"+&+"&) #?5R%?,?6+$",)
R";;+:7)$?&;<5L$<+?&;S-)A)(*B)5,)0%)(CB)#7%FH8)H]GZH/-)
E?&() M+&^7?&6) "&') >7<75) 3?,7-) ./0012) PQ&) 7:7&<_4";7') "$$?L&<) ?D))
_@Q[)$?&;<5L$<+?&;)+&)E<"&'"5')Y&'?&7;+"&S-)A'(*B'*")1]8)F/0ZH0-)
E:7&?&+L;() >7<75-) ./00F2) P3";7) "&') 7:7&<) ;<5L$<L57S-) [+&") W%"&6() 7'-)
D3:%E00'5)1('.%6'6"#5%)(%A)(*B)5,)05%/H()FGAZ/FA-)
J;7'5=V() T6?5-) ./00]2) P3";7) "&') "6577#7&<) +&) !L;;+"&) "':75;+<=)
+#R75;?&",) $?&;<5L$<+?&;S-) B,6") Q5&"L'?:"() `"=,7;) U5?a&7()
M"5b")XL+;")!+:75?()"&')c"&+^7,")E<?^"&?:+d()7';-)F1#&'.%'66#1'0-"5%
,1% :.';)0% .)(*B)5,)052% <-"% E,,'@'% &"",)(*-) Q&&) Q54?5() MY8) M+$%+6"&)
E,":+$)>L4,+$"<+?&;()]FGZ]IG-))
:"&) K?L<() Q&67,+7V-) ./0002) P>5?^7$<+?&) 4";7') ?&) 7:7&<) ;<5L$<L57S-)
>7<75)3??R#"&;()M"5<+&)T:75"75<()"&')e"&7)*5+#;%"a()7';-)A"/)0'.%
56"0)4)0',)1(%'(+%)(5"#,)1(-)>%+,"'7,R%+"8)e?%&)U7&^"#+&;()]0IZ/A-)
`+7$f?57V() c+"&"-) .FG1A2) Pg?5#=) &") 8(1G% 8,1% f) +&;<5L#7&<",+;) "67&<+;)
.;L4+7$<+2) a7) a;ROh$f7;&7^) LV5"+i;f$f=j&+7S-) :.';)'% 1#)"(,'.)5% IH8)
\\FZ\G-)
`+,,+"#;() T'a+&-) ./00G2) Pc75+:"<+?&",) R57D+C7;) "57) R5?^7$<+:7() &?<)
57",+f"<+?&",S-)9&RL4,+;%7')#;-()>5+&$7<?&)9&+:75;+<=-)
`??,D?5'() T,,7&-) ./00I2) PUL5f+?k;) *7&75",+f"<+?&) "&') #"5V7'&7;;S-)
T,,7&)U5"&'&75)"&')K7+V7)W+&;#7+;<75()7';-)?"@%6"#56"0,);"5%1(%0'5"%
,-"1#7-)E<"&D?5'()3Q8)3EXY)>L4,+$"<+?&;()I0FZ/G-)
)
)
)
X+&6L+;<+$;)>5?65"#)
!7$7+:7'8)QL6L;<)/001)
UL$V&7,,)9&+:75;+<=)
!7:+;7'8)QR5+,)/00G)
X7a+;4L56()>Q)FA1IA)9EQ)