NEED BASED TRAINING MODULE ENGLISH
TOPIC – ADJECTIVES
DIET PRINCIPAL
SHRI R.S.JAMARA
CONVENER
SHRI B.S.TANWAR
DIET, KHARGONE
CONTRIBUTERS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SHRI SHRI KRISHAN SHARMA
PRINCIPAL,GOVT. GIRLS HSS SEGAON
Dr. ANIL VERMA
APC, D.P.O. - KHARGONE
SHRI RAJESH KANOONGO
APC, D.P.O. – KHARGONE
Mrs. SWADHA PANDIT
VARISHTHA ADHYAPAK, HSS BORAWA
RAJENDRA PRASAD ARYA
SAHAYAK ADHAYAPAK, MS SITAPURI (SEGAON)
NOUN
Nameless world would loose its recognition.
( Introduction & Rationale)
ifjp; ,oa vk/kkj
Nouns ukeksa dh ,d jkspd nqfu;k gS A izfrfnu ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr okrkZyki esa gesa
mu 'kCnksa ls nks pkj gksuk iM+rk gS] tks dksbZ u dksbZ uke gksrk gS A Nouns ,d basic parts
of speech gS A ftldk Nk=ksa dks Kku gksuk vko’;d gS A dYiuk dhft, ;fn fdlh Hkh ewrZ
;k vewrZ pht dk dksbZ uke u gks rks mlds ckjs esa ckr djrs le; gesa fdruh leL;kvksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+xs k A
tjk lksfp,&
vkidh d{kk esa fdlh Hkh Nk=&Nk=k dk dksbZ uke ugha gS] rks okrkZyki esa
D;k&D;k dfBukbZ;kW vk,xh \
fcuk ukeksa dh nqfu;k dSlh gksxh \
i<+xs sa A
bl bdkbZ esa ge Nouns ds ckjsa foLrkj ls tkusxsa rFkk mlds ikWp izdkjksa ds ckjs esa
Need
vko';drk
Nouns dk lgh Kku vko’;d gS D;ksfa d Nouns dk Lo:i Numbers vkSj Gender ds
vuqlkj ifjofrZr gksrk gSA vr% okD; esa 'kCn ds lgh iz;ksx gsrq Nouns ds O;kdj.k dk
Bhd&Bhd Kku gksuk t:jh gS A
General and specific objectives
lkekU; ,oa fof’k"V mn~n’s ;
General objectives
Student’s recall and comprehension is measured and developed.
Oral language skills are improved.
Students get basic knowledge of parts of speech.
Specific objectives
Students will learn what are nouns with examples ?
They will learn kinds of nouns.
Countable and Uncountable nouns esa varj tkusxsa A
Gender D;k gksrs gS ,oa fdrus izdkj ds gksrs gS \ ;g lh[ksxsa A
,dopu ,oa cgqopu laKk,W cukuk lh[ksxsa A
What is a Noun
A noun is a word which is used to refer to a person, a place, a thing an idea or a
quality whether within the context of a sentence or not.
¼laKk og 'kCn gksrk tks fdlh O;fDr] LFkku] oLrq] fopkj ;k fdlh xq.k dk uke gksrk gS
A pkgs ;g 'kCn fdlh okD; esa iz;Dq r gks ;k Loar= gks A½
Example :
computer, car, bala, panchmari, idea, honesty etc.
Broadly we can classify nouns into parts –
1.
Concrete Nouns ¼ewrZ laK k,W½
2.
Abstract Nouns ¼vewrZ laKk,W½
1. Concrete Nouns ¼ewrZ laKk,W½
A Noun that is a physical object something that can be touched seen such as an
animal, window, moon, bus etc is a concrete Nouns.
¼og laKk tks fdlh ewrZ oLrq dk uke gksrh gS ftls ge ns[k lds] Nw lds tSls izk.kh] f[kM+dh] pkWn]
cl vkfn ewrZ laKk dgykrh gS A½
Further concrete nouns can be divided in four parts.
1. Proper Nouns –
A proper noun is a specific noun of a place, a person or a thing.
The first letter of a proper noun is always represented by a capital letter.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Nouns of places
Titles of people.
Raibahadur
Names of the Months and days.
Names of the books, newspaper, plays etc.
Names of rivers.
Names of ocean.
Name of famous buildings.
Name of Mountain ranges.
Indore, Bhopal
Mahatma, Shri, Smt.,
Sunday, Monday, July, June
Ramayan, Quran, Naiduniya,
Ganga, Narmada, Kaveri,
Arabian sea, Indian ocean
Taj Mahal, White house.
Himalyas, Satpuras.
2. Common Nouns –
A common nouns is a noun that refers to a person, thing and place in another
words a common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same
class or kind.
i.e. -
boy, girl, man, women, dog, school, house, etc.
Note –
1.
2.
3.
Common nouns are represented in the singular and plural form.
Common nouns are represented by lower case letters.
Proper nouns are sometimes used as a common nouns.
i.e.- Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare of India.
3. Collective noun –
Collective nouns are noun that refer to tings or people or animals as a unit.
¼;g O;fDr;ksa] izkf.k;ksa vFkok oLrqvksa dk lewg ;k >q.M gksrk gs A½
i.e. - family, police, crowd, band, army, mob, library, century, team, class, galaxy
Collective dk vFkZ gS lkewfgd & Collective nouns is the name of a number of persons or
things taken together and spoken of.
As – Army 'kCn lSfudksa ds lewg dk uke gS A ;g fdlh ,d lSfud dk futh uke ugha gS A
A fleet - a collection of ships.
A crowd- a collection of people.
4. Material noun –
os izkd`frd oLrq,W ftuesa euq";d`r oLrq,W curh gS ;k ,sls izkd`frd inkFkZ ftuls ge ekuo ds
mi;ksx dh nwljh phtsa cuk ldrs gS Material noun dgykrh gS A
As - gold, silver, iron, wheat, milk , wood, cotton, silk, stone etc.
We can turn gold into jewellery or a coin.
Milk can be used to make tea, butter etc.
How to transact the content
fo"k;oLrq dk v/;kiu dSls djsxsa
fo"k;oLrq gsrq TLM 'kCn dkMZ
fp= dkMZ
Real objects
dyj lhV ds 4’ x 5’ VqdMs dkVdj mu ij 'kCn dkMZ ,oa fp= dkMZ rS;kj djsxas A
Activities I –
Write names of 10 things that you see in the classroom. ¼d{kkdk;Z½
f'k{kd fuEu 'kCn dkMZ rS;kj dj cPpksa dks fn[kk;s rFkk buds uke CySd cksMZ ij fy[ksa A
cow
Bhopal
car
flower
doctor
mango
Khargone
cat
kite
kitchen
Mahatma Gandhi
umbrella
a bunch of grapes
mother
Proper noun
Mahatma Gandhi
Khargone
Bhopal
Common noun
cow
car
flower
doctor
mango
cat
kite
kitchen
umbrella
mother
Collective noun
a bunch of grapes
Activities II ( common noun) –
Write the name of these pictures.
f'k{kd fuEu fp=dkMZ cPpksa dks fn[kkdj muds uke iwNs rFkk CySd cksMZ ij fy[ksa A
dog
banana
hat
hut
tree
apple
pencil
mijksDr uke ,d gh Js.kh ds gS blfy, common noun dgykrs gS A
(Group work)
f’k{kd ;g xfrfof/k CySd cksMZ ij dkWye [khapdj iw.kZ djok;sa A
Activities III
Write the names of any five countries, five great men and five cities.
County ,
great men
city
India
Mahatma Gandhi
Indore
Japan
Subhash Chandra Bosh
Bhopal
China
Mother Terrasa
Hydrabad
Canada
Swami Vivekanand
Puna
Australia
Jawahar lal Neharu
Mumbai
;g lHkh uke O;fDr fo’ks"k] LFkku ;k ns’k dk uke gS A vr% ;g proper noun dgykrs gS A
Exercise
Make a list of twenty things that you see in the classroom and outside.
-------------------------------------------------------------
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Activities V
f'k{kd fuEu 'kCnksa dk vFkZ cPpksa dks Bhd rjg ls le>kkrs gq;s tksM+h cukok;sa A
Match the names and write in the blanks.
a bunch
stones
a heap
flowers
a crowd
of
bees
a swarm
cattle
a herd
people
a bunch of flowers
a heap of stones
a crowd of people.
a swarm of bees.
a herd of cattle.
Qwyksa dk xqPNk
iRFkjksa dk <sj
yksxksa dh HkhM+
e/kqeD[kh dk >qMa
tkuojksa dk lewg
Note - bu lHkh 'kCnksa esa fdlh ,d pht ds lewg dk uke gS A vr% ;s collective nouns dgykrs
gS A
Home work (Project)
vius ?kj ls fuEufyf[kr tkudkjh bdV~Bk dj uksVcqd es fy[kssa A
ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds uke
ikWp ikyrq ,oa taxyh i'kqvksa ds uke
vius xkao dk uke
xkao esa fdlh eafnj dk uke
xkao esa ;k vklikl fdlh unh dk uke
Abstract Nouns ¼vewrZ laKk½
A noun that is not a physical object it can’t be touched physically. They are ideas
and feelings or a quality.
Example –
Love, bravery, honesty, truth, experience, violence, culture
An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state considered apart
from the object to which it belongs as
Quality – goodness, kindness, darkness, wisdom, bravery
Action – laughter, theft, movement, judgement, flight,
State – childhood, boyhood, youth, sleep, death, poverty.
The names of the arts and science (e.g. grammar, music, chemistry ) are also abstract
nouns.
We can speak of a brave soldier or a strong man or a beautiful flower.
We can think of these qualities apart from any particular person or thing and speak of
bravery, strength, beauty by themselves.
The word abstract means ^^ drawn off **
We can form more abstract nouns like these –
kind
Kindness
honest
honesty
obey
obedience
grow
growth
child
childhood
slave
salvery
Countable and Uncountable nouns –
Read the following sentences carefully.
1.
I have four books.
2.
There is a tree in front of my house.
3.
The boys are playing.
4.
My sister gave me a pen, some pencils and a toy.
Åij fy[sk okD;ksa esa underline fd;s x;s nouns dks ge fxu ldrs gS blfy, ;s nks :iksa
esa ik;h tkrh gS -singular¼,dopu½ eg. tree o plural cgqopu eg. trees bu nouns¼laKk 'kCnksa ½
dks countable nouns dgrs gS A
Now read the following sentences.
1.
I like Milk.
2.
Give me some sugar.
3.
Would you like to take tea ?
4.
Gold is used to make ornaments.
Mother bought some bread , butter and oil.
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa underline words ,slh s nouns gS ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk gS A
budk :i ,d gh jgrk gS cnyrk ugha gS A milk dk milks ;k sugar dk sugars :i ¼cgqopu½
dHkh ugha gksrk gS bu nounsdks dks Uncountable nouns dgrs gS A
Some more examples of the countable and uncountable nouns.
Countable
Uncountable
girl
beauty
boys
nature
egg
man
donkey
book
computer
cattle
milk
sugar
rice
honesty
How to form singular and plural numbers
Nouns Number – Read the following sentences.
She has two pens
1.
I have a pen.
2.
Look at the flower
Look at the flowers.
3.
This apple is good.
These apples are good.
4.
I like this story.
I like stories.
mijksDr okD;ksa esa vk;s underlined words dks /;ku ls i<us ij vkidks le> vk;sxk fd
,d gh 'kCn ¼laKk½ ds nks :i gks ldrs gS A a pen dk vFkZ gS ,d isu o pens dk vFkZ gS ,d ls
vf/kd A tc noun word dk vFkZ ^,d* gks rks ml noun dks singular number o tc noun
word ,d ls vf/kd dk cks/k djkrk gS rks mls plural number dgrs gS tSls &
Singular
Plural
girl
girls
pen
pens
book
books
Ways of forming the plurals of nouns
singular ls plural number cukus ds dqN lkekU; fu;e gS &
*
vf/kdrj nouns ds singular form esa ‘s’ yxkdj plural cukrs gS A tSls &
fan
school
tree
*
*
fans,
schools
trees
cat
shop
pen
-
cats
shops
pens
ftu nouns ds var esa (singular form es½a s,ss, x, sh, ch gksrk gS muesa es yxdkj plural
cuk;s tkrs gS A
gas
glass
bench
bush
box
tSls &
-
-
gases
glasses
benches
bushes
boxes
bus
class
bunch
dish
trench
-
buses
classes
bunches
dishes
trenches
ftu nouns ds var esa ’o’ o.kkZ{kj gksrk gS] muds lkFk es tksMd
+ j plural cuk;s tkrs gS A
hero
-
heroes
buffalo
-
buffaloes
mango
potato
mangoes
potatoes
ysfdu fuEu nouns flQZ ’s’ yxrk gS &
bamoo
bamboos
piano
pianos
*
tomato
mosquito
-
tomatoes
mosquitoes
photo
dynamo
-
photos
dynamos
;fn nouns ds var esa y gks vkSj yls igys dksbZ (consonant) O;atu gks rks pluarl cukrs
le; y gVkdj ,oa ‘ies’ yxkdj mldk plural curk gS A
army
lady
duty
family
*
armies
baby
babies
ladies
body
bodies
duties
country
countries
families
story
stories
uksV& Vowels ¼Loj½ - a,e,i,o,u gkrs gS A
Consonant ¼O;atu½ & mijksDr dks NksMd
+ j vU; lHkh o.kkZ{kj
;fn nouns ds var esa y gks o mlls igys Loj (vowel) v{kj gks (a,e,i.o.u)rks mldk
plural cukus ds fy, ‘s’ yxkrs gS A
bay
bays
boy
boys
way
ways
day
days
toy
toys
donkey
donkeys
monkey
monkeys
ray
rays
key
keys
valley
valleys
*
ftu nouns ds var esa f ;k fe gksrk mudk plural, f/fe dks veses cnydj cuk;k tkrk gS
&
calf
knife
wolf
*
*
-
caves
knives
wolves
dqN nouns esa Loj (vowel - a,e,i.o.u)cnydj
man
men
mouse
mice
foot
feet
goose
geese
shelf
leaf
wife
-
shelves
leaves
wives
plural cukrs gS &
tooth
woman
louse
-
teeth
women
lice
dqN nouns ds :i esa en, ren tksMdj plural cuk;k tkrk gS &
ox
-
oxen
child
-
children
*
Compound nouns ¼os nouns tks nks ;k nks ls vf/kd 'kCnksa ls feydj cus gS½ dk plural
lkekU;r% eq[; 'kCn esa s yxkdj cukrs gS &
step son
step sons
father in law fathers in law
passr by
passers by bR;kfn
*
dqN nouns dk singular o plural :i ,d tSlk jgrk gS &
sheep, deer, fish, score etc.
*
fuEu nouns ges’kk singular esa gh iz;ksx gksrs gS &
furniture, news, innings, scenery, mathematics, physics etc.
*
fuEu nouns ges’kk plural esa gh iz;ksx gksrs gS &
scissors, trousers, cattle, people, police, alms, poultry etc.
*
tSls &
dqN nouns dHkh flQZ singular number esa o dHkh flQZ plural esa iz;ksx yk;s tkrs gS A
hair, fish, etc.
Exercise
Now write the correct plurals of the following nouns.
bird _______
bench _________
bush _________
class _________
pony _________
proof _________
mouse ________
piano _________
army _________
deer __________
leaf __________
tomato ________
donkey __________
Knife ___________
company _________
ox ______________
dozen ___________
leady ___________
Noun – Gender
Read the following sentences.
1.
The boy is playing football.
2.
The girl is singing a song.
3.
He is playing with a ball.
4.
Mohit is my friend.
*
igys okD; esa boy, male ¼;k uj O;fDr½ ds ckjs esa crkrk gS blfy, ;g iqfYyax
(masculine gender) dgykrk gS A
A noun that denotes a male person or animal is said to be of the Masculine
gender e.g. boys, man, uncle, son, kings, lion, brother etc.
*
nwljs okD; esa underline 'kCn girl ¼L=h tkfr½ ds ckjs esa crkrk gS blfy, bls (feminine
gender) dgrs gS
A noun that denotes a female person or animal is said to be of the Feminine
Gender. e.g. woman, girl, queen, sister, lioness etc.
*
rhljs okD; esa non living thing ¼futhZo oLrq½ (ball) ds ckjs esa crkrk gS blfy, bls
(neuter gender) dgrs gS A
A noun that denotes a thing without life that is neither male nor female, is said to
the Neuter Gender e.g. house, knife, bal, toy, table etc.
*
pkSFks okD; esa underline word friend dk iz;ksx male o female nksuksa ds fy, gks ldrk
gS, blfy, bls (common gender) dgrs gS A
A noun that denotes either a male or a female is said to be of the Common
Gender. e.g. child, friend, cousin, student, teacher, person, doctor etc.
bl izdkj vaxt
zs h esa nouns ds pkj izdkj ds gender gksrs gS &
1. Masculine Gender
3. Neuter Gender
2.Feminine Gender
4. Common Gender
How to change Masculine into Feminine genders.
Masculine gender dks Feminine gender esa cnyus ds
1.
By adding ‘ess’ to the masculine gender.
lion
lioness
host
hostess
prince
princess
god
goddess
tiger
tigress
2.
*
*
*
By a different word boy
cock
sir
brother
king
-
girl
hen
madam
sister
queen
lkekU; fu;e gS &
poet
priest
actor
master
-
poetess
priestess
actress
mistress
uncle
son
dog
horse
husband
-
aunt
daughter
bitch
mare
wife
s s
Collective. Material vkSj abstract nouns dks neuter gender da varxZr j[krs gS tSl
army, iron, gold, child etc.
dqN oLrq,W egRrowi.kZ ,oa Js"Brk ds dkj.k masculine gender esa vkrh gS tSls sun, wind,
ocean, etc
dqN Olrq,W lqnajrk o dkseyrk ds dkj.k feminine gender esa vkrh gS tSls moon,
nature, earth etc
Exercise –
Look at this sentences.
a)
The poet received the prize from the queen.
b)
The priest blessed the heiress with the crown.
c)
The hunter shot a peacock.
d)
Mrs. Chopra is a good acress.
e)
The hero of the film took the horse with him.
Now wirte the gender of the underlined words.
Evaluation ¼ewYw ;kadu½
lewg dk;Z ,oa d{kk dk;Z ds nkSjku vkadyu
los{Z k.k fof/k
O;fDrxr ijh{k.k
Hard spots ¼fo"k;oLrq dh dfBu vo/kkj.kk,W½
fo'ks"k voLFkkvksa esa proper noun dk common noun vkSj common noun dk material
noun dh rjg iz;ksx ugha le> ikrs A
noun ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dks oxhZdr` djus esa dfBukbZ eglwl gksrh gS A
plurals cukus ds fofHkUu fu;eksa ds vuqlkj 'kCn cukus esa xyfr;kW gksrh gS A
Diagnostic/ Remedial teaching ¼funkukRed ijh{k.k rFkk mipkjkRed f’k{k.k½
Proper, Abstract vkSj material nouns ds igys tc fdlh article – a, an, the dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj buds ckn dksbZ nwljk noun ugha gksrk gS rks os common nouns cu tkrs gS A
Proper noun
:
Newton was a great scientist.
tSl&
s
Common noun
:
He is the Newton of our age.
Abstract noun
Common noun
Material noun
Common noun
:
:
:
:
Justice is a noble quality.
He has been appointed as a justice.
The ring is made of gold.
The gold of the temple was carried off by the
invaders.
dqN common nouns fos’ks"k n’kkvksa esa Material noun cu tkrh gS &
Fish live in water. ( Common noun)
Fish was brought for food. ( Material noun)
ge fofHkUu noun ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dks fuEu rjg ls cny ldrs gS &
Common
musician
books
star
year
Proper
Tansen
the Bible
venus
2010
Collective
band
library
galaxy
century
Pick out the nouns and say whether they are proper, common, material or abstract.
Sentences
C
P
M
A
1. The cow eats grass
2. Mr. Sharma teaches us
hindi.
3. Blankets are made of wool.
4. Without health there is no
happiness.
5. Ashok was a great king.
6. Put some sugar in the tea.
7. The class was sitting
peacefully.
cow, grass
Write ten uncountable nouns ( teacher will observe)
fo"k;oLrq ls lcaf/kr izkn’kZ iz’u
1.
Pick the names of person, place or country and write them in the box below.
Nepal, bottle, Rajat, chair, Newyork , Redfort, pen, London, book
Proper
Common
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.
Underline the nouns in these sentences.
The fruit was put in the basket.
The dog slept near the bus.
The Sun rises in the east.
Sujata is wearing red bangles.
I were a watch on my right wrist.
Separate the countable and uncountable nouns in the following words.
apple, pencil, sugar, book, oil, tree, rice, water, cat
milk , salt, fish, grapes, shoes
Chage into plural forms.
Cow,ox, class, knife, umbrella, child, foot, proof, trousers. shoe, hero, box, army
Rewrite the following words in the three columns given below as in the example.
girl
man
boy
women
tree
ball
prince
queen
mother
borhter
house
sister
table
father
baby
uncle
hen
lady
king
fox
bull
wife
nephew
husband
ox
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
man
woman
Ball
Reference - books, magazine, internet etc.
vkSj vf/kd v/;;u gsrq lanHkZ & iqLrds]a if=dk,a] bUVjusV
*
Gower, Roger and et.al. 1995 Teaching Practice Handbook Great Britain : The
Bath Press.
*
*
Eastwood, John - 2000 Oxford Practice Grammar Oxford : Oxford
University Press.
Murphy , Raymond. 2000 English Grammar in Use: A self-study refer
ence and practice book for intermediate students Cambridge : Cam
bridge University Press.
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PRONOUNS
When nouns want to go on a rest, pronouns replace them.
( Introduction & Rationale)
ifjp; ,oa vk/kkj
Pronouns are alternative words for nouns. Pronouns have its own importance in
the parts of speech. They are handy little words because when we use them we do not
have to keep repeating nouns all the time.
Need
vko';drk
tc ge cksyus ;k fy[kus esa Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gS] rks og gekjh 'kSyh vkSj O;fDrRo
dks n’kkZrk gS A pqWfd nouns ds nksgjko ls Hkk"kk esa vViVkiu yxrk gS A vr% ekSf[kd vkSj
fyf[kr vfHkO;fDr ds fy, vkSj Hkk"kk ds mfpr mi;ksx ds fy, Pronouns dk leqfpr Kku
gksuk vko’;d gS A
blh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s ge bl bdkbZ esa Pronouns D;k gS vkSj muds fdrus izdkj
gksrs gS rFkk mudk lgh iz;ksx dSls fd;k tkrk gS blds ckjsa esa foLrkj ls tkusxsa A
General and specific objectives
The following educational objectives are met by this pronouns based lesson.
General objectives
Vocabulary is enriched.
Learners will learn about the part of speech.
They will learn correct grammatical usage.
Specific objectives
Children will get to know the concept of pronouns and its kinds.
They will learn replacing noun with pronoun.
Students will understand the function of pronoun words in a sentence.
They will learn what is the link between pronoun words and other parts of speech.
Their oral and written expressions will be improved using pronoun words.
Content
What are Pronouns ?
Read the following sentences –
1.
Raju is flying a kite. Raju has blue kite.
2.
Rriya is dancing. Priya is a good dancer.
3.
Priya and Bala are singing a song. Priya and Bala ae good singers.
mijksDr okD; dz0 1 ,oa 2 esa dze’k%a Raju o Priya ds LFkku ij heo she o okD; dz0 3
esa Priya vkSj Bala ds LFkku ij They dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A bldk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd
Nouns ds LFkku ij iz;Dq r gksus okys 'kCnksa dks Pronouns dgrs gS A
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. e.g. I, you, she, he, they etc.
Kinds of Pronouns – Pronouns fuEu izdkj ds gksrs gS &
1. Personal Pronouns Personal Pronouns refers to specific people and things. In order to use personal
pronouns, it is important to know about case ( Subject, object and possessive) number
(singular, plural) and Person (first, second and third Person).
A)
Case - Subject, object and possessive.
Subject Pronoun
1.
2.
I am the lion tamer and you are just the lion.
It was she who did that.
mij ds nksuksa sentences esa underlined word subject pronoun gS A
A subject pronoun is used as a subject or a predicate noun.
eg. I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Object Pronoun Shyam told me to give him the cake.
The teacher saw you do it.
The boys are going with us and them.
mij ds nksuksa okD;ksa esa underlined words object pronoun gS A
An object pronoun is used as an indirect object, direct object or object of a preposition
eg. me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
Pronoun come in subject/object pairs.
Subject
I
you
he
she
it
we
they
Object
me
you
him
her
it
us
them
Possessive Pronoun:Her sandwich is much thicker than his.
Gita’s sandwich is much thicker than Shyam.
;gkW okD; dz0 1 esa underline words possessive Pronoun gS ,oa okD; dz0 2 esa Gita vkSj
shyam, Possessive noun.
1.
2.
Possessive pronoun take the place of possessive nouns ( nouns that show ownership)
my
your
her
his
its
our
their
Possissive Pronoun
mine
yours
hers
his
its
ours
theirs
dHkh Hkh mine, yours, hers, ours vkSj theirs ds i'pkr~ nouns ugha j[kuk pkfg, A
D;ksafd ;s possessive noun ds LFkku ij gh fy[ksa tkrs gS A
Numbers – ( Singular – Plural)
fdlh pronoun dk number ;g crkrk gS fd pronoun single person or thing ds fy,
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS v
a Fkok more than single Person or thing ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS A
number important gS D;ksafd ;gh crkrk gS fd verb dkSu lh mi;ksx (singular/plural) esa ykuh
gS A
Singular Pronoun – I, me, my, mine, He, She, him, her, his, hers it and its..
Plural Pronoun – We, us, our, ours, they, them, their, and theirs.
Person cksyus okyk O;fDr &
tSls & I, we, me, us, mine, our
ftlls ckr dh tk;s &
tSls & you, your
ftlds ckjsa esa ckr dh tk;s &
tSls & he, she, him, her, his, they, them, it, their etc.
First person
-
Second person
-
Third person
-
Person
Ist Person
Case
Subject
Object
Possessive
Subject
Object
Possessive
Subject
Object
IInd Person
III nd Person
I
me
my, mine
you
you
your, yours
He, she, it
Him her it
hers, its
Number
We
us
our, ours
You
You
your ,yours
they
them
theirs
2. Reflexive & Emphatic ( emphasinsing ) Pronouns –
;s pronouns, personal pronouns tSls & my, our, your, him, her, it rFkk them esa
self/selves
tksMdj cuk;s tkrs gS & singular number Pronoun ds lkFk self ,oa plural
number Pronounds lkFk selves tksM+rs gS A
e.g.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I hurt myself.
She prepared tea herself.
They went there themselves.
Boys, do it yourselves.
Gita, do your home work yourself.
I will go there myself. - esa Lo;a ogkW tkÅWxk A
I myself will go there. - eSa Lo;a gh ogkW tkÅWxk A
Reflexive vkSj emphatic Pronoun, nksuksa esa self/selves yxkrs gS] iajrq tc fdlh ckr ij
vf/kd tksj fn, tkus vFkok n`<+rk ls dgs tkus ds fy, pronouns dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rks ogkW
reflexive ds LFkku ij emphatic Pronoun dk iz;ksx djrs tSlS &
(i)
He said so himself.
- ¼a mlus Lo;a ,slk dgk Fkk ½
He himself said so.
- ¼a mlus Lo;a gh ,slk dgk Fkk½
(ii)
They admitted their guilt.
- ¼a mUgksus Lo;a viuk vijk/k Lohdkj
fd;k Fkk ½
They themselves admitted their guilt.
Fkk½
- ¼a mUgksu
a s Lo;a gh vijk/k Lohdkj fd;k
3. Demonstrative pronouns –
;s pronouns mu nouns dh vksj ladrs djrs gS ftuds fy, bUgsa iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS & e.g.This, that, these, those.
This is a book.
That is a book.
These are books.
Those are books.
Note : this/that dk iz; ksx singular number ds LFkku ij o these/those dk iz;ksx plural
number noun ds LFkku ij gksrk gS A
4. Interrogative Pronoun –
budk iz;ksx iz’u iqNus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
eg.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Who are you ?
What is this ?
Which is your book ?
Whom do you want to meet ?
Note : “wh” word (interrogative) ds ckn verb fy[kk tkrk gS A
5. Indifinite pronoun –
;s O;fDr ;k oLrq dh vfuf’pr la[;k ;k ifj.kke dk cks/k djkrs gS & tSls some, many, all, none
etc.
eg.
1.
2.
3.
All are present today.
Some were absent yesterday.
Many of the girls are absent.
6.Distributive Pronouns –
;s fuf’pr oLrq ;k O;fDr dk cks/k djkrs gS A tSls each, either, neither.
eg.
1.
2.
Neither of these statements is true.
Each of the girls got a prize.
7. Relative Pronouns –
,sls pronoun ¼lkekU;r%% ‘ wh ’ words½ tks nks clauses dks tksMrs gS o noun ls viuk
lac/a k LFkkfir djrs gS relative pronouns dgykrs gS A
eg.
1.
2.
3.
I know the boys who made the picture.
This is the house which we built.
This is the boy whose nature is good.
How to transact the content
Teacher will tell any student to come in front
Teacher - Suresh come here.
Then he will say the class – This is Suresh He is a boy.
Now indicating a girl .
Look, Sita is writing. She has a notebook.
Like this,
Indicating the blackboard - Look at the board. It is black.
Now look outside the class,
Children are in the playground. They are playing.
mijksDr okD;ksa esa Suresh dh txg he, Sita dh txg she, board dh txg it rFkk children
dh txg they dk iz;ksx gqvk gS A ;g 'kCn subject pronouns dgykrs gS A
Activity
Step 2
Teacher will tell a student to stand up.
Teacher -
Manoj, please stand up.
Now teaher says –
Look, I told him to stand up.
Now Reena, please you stand up.
Teacher says –
Look, I told her to stand up.
Now Manoj and Reena please, you both stand up.
Now teacher says the class –
I told them to stand up.
mijksDr okD;ksa esa him her, them dk iz;ksx objective case esa gqvk gS A vr% ;s objective
pronouns dgykrs gS A
Look at some more examples.
He is Postman uncle. He gave me a letter.
My brother does not have a pen. I gave him the pen.
Sita is hungry. I gave her a banana.
1.
2.
3.
Underlined words me, him and her are objective pronouns.
An object pronoun is used as indirect object, direct object or object of a preposition.
eg. me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
Possessive Pronoun :
f’k{kd ikWp fuf’pr oLrq,W Vscy ij j[kdj ml ij uke dh slip jcj cSMa ls yxk ns A
pen (Ram), notbook (Sita) , pencil(Manoj), bag (Gopal), umbrella (Rina)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ram - This is my pen This is not yours.
Ram – Sita, this is your notebook. This is not mine.
Sita – This umbrella is not mine. It is hers (Reena).
Gopal – This pencil is not his(Ram). It is his (Manoj).
Teacher – All these things are not mine. These are of theirs(Ram,Sita, Manoj,
Gopal, Reena).
mijksDr okD;ksa esa underlined words ;g crkrs gS fd ;g oLrq,W fdl dh gS A vr% ;g
Possessive Pronouns dgykrs gS A
Exercise – ( Class work)
Read the following paragraph carefully and fill in the blanks with suitable word.
Look at Reena _______ (she/he) is studying Mother and Father have come to see
_____________ ( her/him). ________ (They/Them) are glad to see __________ (
her/him) studying. _______ (She/He) is also glad to see _______________.
Activity for reflexive and emphatic pronouns –
f'k{kd N% ifpZ;kW fuEukuqlkj rS;kjdj d{kk esa ckWV nsa A
I – myself
he- himself
she – herself
they – theirselves
you – yourself
we – ourselves
vc f’k{kd CySd cksMZ ij fuEu okD; fy[ksa A /;ku jgsa Mohan o himself 'kCn coloured chalk ls
fy[ksa A
Mohan will go to Bhopal himself.
vc Nk=ksa ls dgs fd Mohan o himself word dks viuh iphZ ds 'kCnksa ls replace dj u;k okD;
cksys A
i.e.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
I will go to Bhopal myself
She will go to Bhopal herself
You will go to Bhopal yourself
He will go to Bhopal himself.
They will go to Bhopal themselves
We will go to Bhopal ourselves.
mijksDr okD;ksa esa myself, herself, yourself, himself, themselves vkSj ourselves 'kCn
reflexive pronouns dgykrs gS A
tc viuh ckr ij tksj nsuk gS rks mijksDr underlined words(reflexive pronouns) dks personal
pronouns ds rqjar ckn fy[k ldrs gS A rc ;g emphatic pronouns dgykrs gS A
vc f’k{kd iqu% mijksDr xfrfof/k nksgjk,xsa ysfdu okD; dk pattern bl rjg jgsxk &
I myself will go to Bhopal.
bl iSVuZ ij Nk= iqu% okD; cuk,xsa &
She herself will go to Bhopal.
You yourself will go to Bhopal.
He himself will go to Bhopal.
They themselves will go to Bhopal.
We ourselves will go to Bhopal.
Activity– f’k{kd ,d fdrkc vius ikl Vscy ij j[ksa rFkk nwljh fdrkc FkksM+h nwj j[k nsa A
fQj dgs &
This is a look.
That is a book.
¼ikl dh fdrkc½
¼ nwj dh fdrkc½
Underlined 'kCn fdrkc dh vksj b’kkjk djrs gS A vr% ;g Demonstrative pronouns dgykrs gS
A ikl dh oLrq ds fy, this rFkk nwj dh ds fy, that dk mi;ksx djrs gS A
ysfdu ;fn ftl Hkh O;fDr ;k oLrq dks bafxr dj jgs gS og cgqopu :i esa gks rks This dh txg
These rFkk that dh txg These dk mi;ksx djrs gS A
f’k{kd vc ikl esa rhu fdrkcsa j[ksa vkSj dgs &
These are books.
vc fdrkcsa vius ls nwj j[kdj dgs &
Those are books.
Activity – f’k{kd ,d Nk=k dks [kM+kdj fuEu iz’u iwNs
What is your name ?
vc ,d Nk= dks vksj b’kkjk djrs gq;s iwNs &
Who is is this ?
vc nksuksa ls ,d&,d isu ys vkSj fQj ,d Nk= ls iwNs &
Which is your pen ?
what, who, which fdk iz;ksx iz’u iwNus esa fd;k tkrk gS vr% bUgsa interrogative pronouns dgrs
gS A
Activity f'k{kd viuh d{kk dh mifLFkrh iath ns[ksa vkSj tkus fd d{kk esa fdrus ntZ gS vkSj fdrus mifLFkr gS
fQj fuEukuqlkj okD; iz;ksx djs &
1.
2.
All are present today.
Some were absent yesterday.
nks Nk=kvksa dks bafxr dj dgs &
1.
2.
Each of you can get a prize.
Neither of your two answers is correct.
mijksDr okD;ksa esa All, Some 'kCn vfuf’pr la[;k dks crkrs gS vr% ;s Indefinite pronouns gS
rFkk Each vkSj Neitherdze’k% rqeesa ls izR;sd rFkk nks esa ls dksbZ Hkh ¼fuf’prrk dks½ crkrs gS A
vr^% ;s Distribution pronoun dgykrs gS A
1.
2.
3.
I know the boys who made the picture.
This is the house which we built.
This is the boy whose nature is good.
Who, Which rFkk whose dks coloured chalk ls fy[ksa rFkk underline djsa A
vc okD; uacj 1 dks fuEu rjg nks Hkkxksa esa fy[ks &
1.
2.
I know the boys.
He made the picture.
bl okD; dks ge who 'kCn ls tksMdj iqu% okD; dz0 1 ds :i esa fy[k ldrs gS S vr% who 'kCn
relative pronoun dgykrk gS A
bl rjg okD; dz0 2 ,oa 3 esa dze’k% which ,oa whose relative pronoun gS A
Exercise
Now fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
Leena was on her annual visit to her uncle is house. She always enjoyed it because
_____ was allowed to spend most of the day down at the mango grove. Reena’s uncle
was friend of the man who owned the grove and ________ always gave mangos at a
special rate. This year ______ aunt joined ______ and together they set off across the
fields to the grove. The bunches of the trees were covered with fruits and so bowed down
with the weight that __________ almost touched the ground. ________ spent hours
picking the fruit eating most of _________ and sleeping in the shade.
Project work
Collect some pictures of the persons working in different professions and write 3
sentences about them one is done for you.
1.
2.
3.
Mrs. Kirti verma is a teacher.
She works in a school.
She teaches English.
Evaluation
¼ewYw ;kadu½
Through class activity.
Real situation example.
Group activity.
Hard spot
vo/kkj.kk,W
¼fo"k;oLrq dh dfBu v
o/kkj.kk,W½
Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds pronouns dk okD; esa iz; ksx djus esa dfBukbZ
eglwl gksrh gS A
Diagnostic/ Remedial teaching
¼funkukRed ijh{k.k rFkk mipkjkRed f’k{k.k½
f’k{kd fuEu okD;ksa dks CySd cksMZ ij fy[ksa rFkk oSdfYid pronouns dks coloured chalk ls n’kkZ;s
rFkk lgh pronouns dk p;u djus esa Nk=ksa dh enn djsa A
Nk= igys ;g xfrfof/k Lo;a djsxsa rFkk f’k{kd mldk voyksdu djsxk A xyrh gksus ij f’k{kd Nk=ksa
dh lgh
pronouns dk p;u djus es enn djsxas A
1.
My mother is a doctor. _________ (He/She) works in a government hospital.
2.
There are five teachers in my school. ___________ (They/Them) are very
hardworking.
3.
Father and _______ ( I/me) went shopping.
4.
Give it to _________ (them/they)
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
I have lost my pen. Can I have one of __________ ( you/yours)
_______(All/every) is well.
(Neither/nobody) ________ of you will go there.
This is the man _________( who / whom) I met yesterday.
This is the Picture ________ (who/which) was painted by me.
Model questions
fo"k;oLrq ls lcaf/kr izkn’kZ iz’u
1. Rewrite the sentences using pronouns in place of nouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mohan has a watch. Mohan bought the watch yesterday.
I met a man. The man was old. The man was hungry.
Look ate Rani is reading book.
The teacher is teaching the children. The children are writing.
This is a chair. The chair is made of wood.
2. Fill in the blanks with proper form of reflexive pronouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
She met the teacher _______________________.
The girl hid ______________________________.
The boys leant ___________________________.
I washed the shoes _______________________.
Mohan reads the letter ____________________.
3. Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Raj is in the ground _________is playing. ( she, he, it)
Sheetal has a book. __________ has many picutes. ( he,she, it)
Where is Rita ? call ________ now. ( he, them, her)
Raj and Mahesh are friend. _________ are playing. ( he, they, we)
I am hungry. Give ________ some food. ( me, you, us)
4. Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate pronoun from the
bracket.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mrs. Sharma is a teacher. _________ teaches us English. ( she/her)
Rani went to market with _________ mother. ( her/she)
___________ sister ( I/my) teaches ___________. ( their/them)
Where is the book ____________ I gave you. ( which/who)
Reference - books, magazine, internet etc.
vkSj vf/kd v/;;u gsrq lanHkZ & iqLrds]a if=dk,a] bUVjusV
*
Gower, Roger and et.al. 1995 Teaching Practice Handbook Great Britain : The
Bath Press.
*
*
Eastwood, John - 2000 Oxford Practice Grammar Oxford : Oxford
University Press.
Murphy , Raymond. 2000 English Grammar in Use: A self-study refer
ence and practice book for intermediate students Cambridge : Cam
bridge University Press.
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