Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: Books: Boylston, Zabdiel. “An Historical Account of the Smallpox Inoculated in New England, upon All Sorts of Persons, Whites, Blacks, and of All Ages and Constitutions with Some Account of the Nature of the Infection in the Natural and Inoculated Way, and Their Different Effects on Human Bodies : With Some Short Directions to the Unexperienced in This Method of Practice : Humbly Dedicated to Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales.” Boston: Printed for S. Chandler ; MDCCXXVI ; Reprinted at Boston in N.E. for S. Gerrish in Cornhill, and T. Hancock, 1726. Print. This was a book describing the American physician Boylston’s many inoculations of patients. I learned about the varying effects of inoculation/variolation, with some patients more severely affected than others. Douglass, William. “A Practical Essay concerning the Small Pox.” Boston: Printed for D. Henchman, Overagainst the Old Brick MeetingHouse in Cornhill, and T. Hancock at the Sign of the Bible and Three Crowns in AnnStreet., 1730. Print. This book was packed with observations of the smallpox illness from start to end. It helped me learn more about the disease itself and the methods of treatment for it before vaccination. Jenner, Edward. “On the Origin of the Vaccine Inoculation.” London: Printed by D. N. Shury, Berwick Street, Soho, 1801. Print. This small pamphlet written by Edward Jenner gave explanations to points of doubt people had about vaccination. From it, I learned how Jenner never gave up after being disapproved of and managed to overcome the obstacles. Jenner, Edward. “The Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox.” Vol. XXXVIII, Part 4. The Harvard Classics. New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1909–14; Bartleby.com, 2001. < www.bartleby.com/38/4/ .>. This was a collection of electronic copies of the three books that Edward Jenner wrote about his research of vaccination. They helped me achieve a better understanding of his personality and what was going on at the time. Waterhouse, Benjamin. “A Prospect of Exterminating the Smallpox Being the History of the Variolae Vaccinae, or Kinepox, Commonly Called the Cowpox ; as It Has Appeared in England : With an Account of a Series of Inoculations Performed for the Kinepox, in Massachusetts.” Cambridge: Printed for the Author, at the Cambridge, by William Hilliard, and Sold by Him, and the Other Sellers in Boston., 1800. Print. It was from this book that I learned more about smallpox in America. Waterhouse expressed his fascination with cowpox, which unlike smallpox, was unknown in the U.S. From here, I saw how big Jenner’s discovery was, as it had spread overseas. Documents: "To Dr. Edward Jenner Monticello, May 14, 1806." American History From Revolution To Reconstruction and beyond. GMW, 30 Apr. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2015. < http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/thomasjefferson/lettersofthomasjefferson /jefl172.php >. After finding fragments of Thomas Jefferson’s letter to Jenner in the Jenner Museum website, I went here to see it in its entirety. From it, I saw how respected Jenner became in the U.S. for his work. Images: Abbott, Lemuel F. “William Woodville (17521805).” Web. Found at: < http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/williamwoodville175218051 92320 >. This is a painting of William Woodville, one of the people who helped popularize Jenner’s vaccine and contributed to its success. “Ali Maow Maalin.” World Health Organization. Web. Found at: < http://www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/last_cases/en/index1.html >. This is a photograph of Ali Maow Maalin, the last person in the world to naturally succumb to smallpox. “An Inquiry.” Web. Found at: < http://library.sc.edu/spcoll/nathist/jenner2.html >. This is the cover of Edward Jenner’s infamous book, An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae: A Disease Discovered in Some of the Western Counties of England, Particularly Gloucestershire, and Known by the Name of the Cow Pox . Board, Ernest. “Dr. Edward Jenner performing his first vaccination on James Phipps.” Welcome Museum. Web. Found at: < http://www.missedinhistory.com/blog/missedinhistoryedwardjenner/ >. This is a painting depicting Jenner’s experiment with James Phipps and Sarah Nelmes. In this picture, Jenner inoculates Phipps with cowpox. “Chinese Variolation.” Web. Found at: < http://plaza.ufl.edu/sesd/PREVENTION.htm >. Variolation was a very old concept, and the practice is shown in this Chinese painting. “Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.” CDC. Web. Found at: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox >. Three former directors of the WHO (Dr. J. Millar, Dr. William H. Foege, and Dr. J. Michael Lane) are pictured with the magazine declaring the ultimate end of smallpox. Dupré, Julien. “A Milk Maid with Cows and Sheep.” Web. Found at: < http://lifeasahuman.com/2011/feature/medicaltalesofsmalpoxmilkmaidskilts andsalt/ >. This was a painting of a milkmaid with two cows which I used to support the tale of milkmaids and smallpox immunity. “Edward Jenner.” Web. Found at: < http://publish.ucc.ie/boolean/2012/00/Wade/24/en >. This is a drawing of Edward Jenner standing next to a tree. “Edward Jenner Portrait.” Web. Found at: < http://educationportal.com/academy/lesson/edwardjennersmallpoxvaccineco ntributionsquiz.html >. This is a portrait of Edward Jenner, the doctor who introduced the concept of vaccination to the world. “English nurses tend to smallpox patients.” Web. Found at: < http://www.scienceclarified.com/scitech/BacteriaandViruses/EarlyDiscoveries. html >. This is an illustration in the 19th century showing smallpox victims receiving medical care in Britain. It is meant to give an idea of how big of an issue smallpox was in Europe. Ettinge, Sol. “Man being vaccinated.” Web. Found at: < http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/smallpox/sp_resistance.html >. Pictured here is a man getting vaccinated for the dreaded smallpox. “Extracting cowpox from infected cow udders.” Web. Found at: < http://hpsolution.org/2013/01/15/thehistoryofhomeoprophylaxis/ >. Instead of using just armtoarm transfer of the cowpox disease to vaccinate, people started harvesting cowpox from cows to get larger quantities of the matter more efficiently, as depicted in this picture. “George Pearson, MD, FRS (17511828).” Web. Found at: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Pearson_(doctor) >. This is a portrait of George Pearson, one of the people who popularized Jenner’s vaccine. However, Pearson also attempted to take credit for it. Gillray, James. “The CowPock—or—the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation!—.” Web. Found at: < http://austenonly.com/2012/10/17/madamelefroytheobituarie/800pxthe_cow_ pock/ > This is a notorious cartoon depicting vaccinated patients growing cow heads on their bodies. Its purpose was to discourage people from getting vaccinated. “Hallmark of vaccine development: Edward Jenner vaccinates a boy against smallpox.” Web. Found at: < http://www.dkfz.de/en/f035/Projektverzeichnisaktuell.html >. This is a drawing of Jenner vaccinating his son to gather more evidence for his theory of vaccination. “Illustration of cowpox pustules.” Henry Barton Jacobs Collection. Web. Found at: < http://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2015/01/07/375598652/acowheadwill noteruptfromyourbodyifyougetasmallpoxvaccine >. This was an illustration of cowpox pustules on a hand. It was used in Jenner’s inquiry. Jackson, John. “John Hunter.” Web. Found at: < http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter >. This is a portrait of John Hunter, a very famous surgeon in London and the mentor and friend of Edward Jenner. “Jenner and Phipps.” Web. Found at: < http://www.med.umich.edu/opm/newspage/2007/paintings.htm >. This is another illustration of Jenner vaccinating Phipps for the first time with cowpox. “Jenner inoculating his son.” Web. Found at: < http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/edward_jenner/ >. Edward Jenner was very determined to get enough evidence to prove his theory of vaccination, so he experimented on many children such as his own son, as pictured here. “Jenner.” Web. Found at: < http://www.blatner.com/adam/consctransf/historyofmedicine/3immunology/3lec ture.html >. This is a painting of Jenner with a book, a human skull, and a prehistoric skeleton. The picture reflects Jenner’s passion for nature. “John Haygarth.” Web. Found at: < http://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/johnhaygarthfrs17401827/ >. This is a portrait of John Haygarth, the doctor who introduced vaccination to the United States. “John Hunter.” Web. Found at: < http://www.bshpch.com/18thcentury.html >. John Hunter was very popular as a surgeon in London, and he became great friends with Jenner during their mentorship. “La vaccination gratuite contre la variole dans le grand hall du Petit Journal.” Web. Found at: < http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/12/dickensestherandsmallp oxableakprognosis.html >. This is a painting of people getting free smallpox vaccinations. “Mesoamerican infected with smallpox.” Florentine Codex. Web. Found at: < http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/timeline/180.html >. This is an ancient piece of native american art depicting a person suffering from the smallpox. Millar, John D. “Awaiting Vaccination.” CDC. Web. Found at: < http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/05/15/smallpoxblueprint/ #.VQDGTY54pHr >. This is a photograph of people in Niger, West Africa lining up to get vaccinated for smallpox during the WHO’s smallpox eradication campaign. Northcote, James. “Edward Jenner (17491823), Discoverer of vaccination.” Web. Found at: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner >. This is a portrait of Edward Jenner sitting. It reflects a knowledgeable view onto Jenner. “Smallpox is Dead.” World Health Organization. Web. Found at: < http://endtheneglect.org/2010/08/smallpoxisdead/ >. This is the cover for the WHO’s magazine announcing that “smallpox is dead!” “The first vaccination.” BBC. Web. Found at: < http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/famouspeople/edward_jenner/ >. This is another depiction of Jenner vaccinating James Phipps with cowpox. “Vaccinating the Baby.” Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine—Harvard Medical School. Web. Found at: < http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/vaccination.html >. Illustrated here is a baby undergoing smallpox vaccination. “Vaccination Acts.” Web. Found at: < http://www.stgite.org.uk/media/cablestreetdirectory1921.html >. This is a painting depicting many people being vaccinated due to the Vaccination Act in Britain. “Working conditions of the Smallpox Eradication Programme (SEP) team.” World Health Organization. Web. Found at: < http://www.who.int/features/2010/smallpox/work_conditions/en/index4.html >. This is a photograph of workers of the Smallpox Eradication Programme and the vaccinated children. Journals: Wakefield, Andrew J. "Ileallymphoidnodular Hyperplasia, Nonspecific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children." The Lancet 351.9103 (1998): 63741. PMC. Print. This article written by Andrew Wakefield was what sparked the modern vaccination controversy. It suggested that the MMR vaccine was linked to autism. From this, I had a better understanding of the vaccine debate and its origin. Websites: "List of Vaccines Used in United States." CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Aug. 2011. Web. 14 May 2015. < http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpdvac/vaccineslist.htm >. This website listed the many diseases that could be prevented with vaccines. From it, I learned more about the current diseases today and how vaccines have impacted it. Secondary Sources: Articles: Donway, Roger. "The Enlightenment Spirit Of Edward Jenner." The Atlas Society. Fullestop, 31 May 2003. Web. 21 Apr. 2015. < http://www.atlassociety.org/enlightenmentspiritedwardjenner >. This article contained facts about the severe smallpox and how Jenner became the savior of Europe with his vaccine. It also displayed a new perspective of Jenner, with him being the “Enlightenment” of humanity. Heyworth, Kelley K. "Vaccines: The Reality Behind the Debate." Parents Magazine. Meredith Corporation, 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. < http://www.parents.com/health/vaccines/controversy/vaccinestherealitybehind thedebate/ >. This article discussed the presentday controversy regarding vaccination and its apparent correlation with autism, showing that the procedure is still rejected by many. King, Lester S. "Edward Jenner." Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2015. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. < http://school.eb.com.proxy.elm4you.org/levels/middle/article/43524 >. This article provided information on who Edward Jenner was and what he did. It served as the foundation of my research. Seppa, Nathan. "Journal Retracts Flawed Study Linking MMR Vaccine and Autism." Science News. Society for Science & the Public, 3 Feb. 2010. Web. 16 May 2015. < https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/deletedscenes/journalretractsflawedstudy linkingmmrvaccineandautism >. This reading went over Andrew Wakefield’s controversial study involving the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine being linked to autism. It also contained a number of arguments and evidence against Wakefield’s study. Widmer, Ted. "How an African Slave Helped Boston Fight Smallpox." The Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, 17 Oct. 2014. Web. 13 Apr. 2015. < http://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/10/17/howafricanslavehelpedboston fightsmallpox/XFhsMMvTGCeV62YP0XhhZI/story.html >. This reading talked about the fears of smallpox back then, stating that it’s comparable to what people think of the ebola outbreak today. It helped me understand more about the perceptions of the smallpox disease and its presence in the U.S. Books: Baron, John. “The Life of Edward Jenner: With Illustrations of His Doctrines, and Selections from His Correspondence.” London: H. Colburn, 1838. Print. This was a biography of Edward Jenner written by his official biographer. It was very detailed and helped me learn more about Jenner’s early life, and it also contained several letters that were helpful for quotes. Wittenstein, Vicki O. “For the Good of Mankind?: The Shameful History of Human Medical Experimentation.” TwentyFirst Century, 2013. 910. Print. This book examined controversial experiments conducted by doctors and scientists throughout history. It showed me a new, interesting view on Jenner testing his vaccine on the young James Phipps. Images: “Cowpox virus.” Web. Found at: < http://askabiologist.asu.edu/memorybcell >. This is a microscopic view of the cowpox virus, the harmless disease that could prevent the smallpox. Farrant, Leon. “Vaccine Infographic.” Web. Found at: < http://www.forbes.com/sites/matthewherper/2013/02/19/agraphicthatdrivesho mehowvaccineshavechangedourworld/ >. This is an infographic illustrating the decline in deaths of many different diseases including polio, measles, and mumps. It shows how much vaccines have helped humanity with its protection from all of those diseases. “London Kensington Gardens Italian Gardens Statue of Dr. Edward Jenner 1862 by William Calder Marshall, RA.” Web. Found at: < http://www.panoramio.com/photo/28243409 >. A statue of Edward Jenner, as seen in this photograph, currently stands in Kensington Gardens, London. Murphy, Fred, and Sylvia Whitfield. “Smallpox virus.” CDC. Web. Found at: < http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/7265 >. This is a blackandwhite view of the smallpox virus under a microscope. “Smallpox.” Web. Found at: < http://uhavax.hartford.edu/bugl/histepi.htm >. This is a closeup view of a single smallpox virus under a microscope. “Smallpox as percent of all burials.” Web. Found at: < http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373148/figure/fig01/ >. This is a graph displaying the percentage of burials in London that resulted from smallpox. It showed a big decline after vaccination was introduced. “The Smallpox Virus.” Eye of Science. Web. Found at: < http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article2197533/Asprettypicturelotdea dlyKillerdiseasesyouveseenbefore.html >. This is a colored microscope view of the smallpox virus, also known as variola. “Thumb lancets and spring lancets with leather cases, ca. 1800ca. 1900.” Web. Found at: < http://jeffline.jefferson.edu/SML/Archives/Highlights/Pox/ >. This was a picture of several lancets, which were sharp tools used for variolation and vaccination back then. “Vial containing variolation material recovered from India during the early 1970s.” CDC. Web. Found at: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inoculation >. This is an old bottle of smallpox material used for variolation. It was recovered in India, and is shown to have a description in Urdu. Journals: B., D. "Herd Mentality." Natural History 122.2 (2014): 14. Science Reference Center [EBSCO]. Print. This reading mentioned the controversies of vaccination, talking about George Bernard Shaw’s superstitions to Andrew Wakefield’s autism suggestion. It also reinforced the fact that vaccines are safe so parents don’t have to worry about it. Davenport, Romola, Leonard Schwarz, and Jeremy Boulton. “The Decline of Adult Smallpox in EighteenthCentury London.” The Economic History Review 64.4 (2011): 1289–1314. PMC. Print. This article discussed the eventual decrease of smallpox deaths over time and displayed how big of a change the smallpox vaccine made in death rates. It also included several graphs that were helpful in visualizing the drop of deaths. Grauerholz, John. "A New Defense for an Old Enemy." Insight on the News 16.42 (2000): 25. Science Reference Center [EBSCO]. Print. This article stated how big of a threat smallpox would be if it were to be reintroduced today. It gave me some background information about smallpox being a weapon such as in the French and Indian war and told how easy and dangerous smallpox would be if weaponized. Moses, Phyllis B. "Vaccinia Virus: Reinventing the Wheel." BioScience 36.3 (1986): 14850. Science Reference Center [EBSCO]. Print. This journal talked about the presentday uses of the vaccinia virus, which was originally used for smallpox vaccination. I learned more about the virus itself and its properties and also how it can be used for protection against other diseases with genetic engineering. Riedel, Stefan. “Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination.” Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 18.1 (2005): 21–25. Print. This reading gave me a more indepth look into the deadly history of the smallpox and how Jenner got involved. It also introduced me to Jenner’s longterm impact and legacy. Wilson, Jim. "A Century of Science." Popular Mechanics 177.1 (2000): 6474. Science Reference Center [EBSCO]. Print. This article briefly mentioned the polio vaccine as one of the scientific innovations of the 20th century. It was enough for me to learn about the polio disease and how vaccination had helped to nearly eradicate it like smallpox. Wilson, Samuel M. "On the Matter of Smallpox." Natural History 103.9 (1994): 6469. Science Reference Center [EBSCO]. Print. From this article, I learned about the history of variolation. It told of the origin of the procedure, the risks, controversy, and overall concept. It also contained information about vaccination in Central America and the smallpox samples stored in the U.S. and Russia today. Videos: dartfordtech. "Edward Jenner Story." YouTube. YouTube, 17 Apr. 2010. Web. 11 May 2015. < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJwGNPRmyTI >. This cartoon depicted Jenner’s breakthrough with the smallpox vaccine. It had a humorous theme but still remained informative about his experiment with Phipps and the importance of Jenner’s vaccine. Pollen, George. "Edward Jenner." YouTube. YouTube, 27 July 2011. Web. 11 May 2015. < https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ga0B9PjUOhw >. This video walked through Jenner’s life in a detailed manner from his interest in smallpox to the eventual success of his vaccine. It told me more about the difficult path Jenner took to establish vaccination. Websites: "DR JENNER." Dr Jenner's House. Dr Jenner's House, 5 May. 2014. Web. 4 Feb. 2015. < http://www.jennermuseum.com/ >. This website contained a lot of detailed information about Jenner’s life and the impact he made on the world. It also gave me some interesting facts that I didn’t find in other sources such as the details of Jenner’s childhood variolation. "Edward Jenner (1749 1823)." BBC. BBC, 1 Feb. 2002. Web. 3 Feb. 2015. < http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/jenner_edward.shtml >. This webpage was a small reading that covered the basic facts of what Jenner was known for. It also stated specific negative feedback that Jenner received from his vaccine and reinforced my existing research. Farrant, Leon. “Vaccine Infographic.” Behance. Adobe Systems Incorporated, 12 Jul. 2014. Web. 14 May. 2015. < https://www.behance.net/gallery/2878481/VaccineInfographic >. This collection of images contained an infographic and table of the impact of vaccination on many different diseases such as polio and diphtheria from the 20th century compared to recent reports. Lambert, Tim. "A Brief History Of Medicine." Local Histories. Local Histories, 2 May. 2006. Web. 2 Apr. 2015. < http://www.localhistories.org/medicine.html >. This reading discussed the history of medicine from ancient times to the 21st century. It educated me on the importance of medicine in Britain in the 18th century during Jenner’s time. Trueman, Chris. "Edward Jenner." History Learning Site. HistoryLearningSite.co.uk, 1 Oct. 2002. Web. 2 Feb. 2015. < http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/edward_jenner.htm >. This website went over Jenner’s experiment with Nelmes and Phipps and his rejection to success. It had a few extra details about Jenner’s experiment such as how Jenner actually inoculated Phipps with cowpox and smallpox not once, but multiple times. Yuan, Jennifer. "Quotes about Small Pox." Quotes about Small Pox. Stanford University, 19 Feb. 1999. Web. 14 Apr. 2015. < https://web.stanford.edu/group/virus/pox/quotes.html >. This webpage consisted of quotes relating to the smallpox disease, and I used some of them. It also let me see several point of views regarding the smallpox.
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