household employment
and income
morbidity and mortality from
heat and cold
R5
+
fuel
poverty
R5 fuel poverty: The more energy is needed to achieve
optimal household temperatures (for wellbeing), the
less affordable temperature optimisation becomes (the
energy efficiency of dwellings influences this).
likelihood of temperature
extremes indoors
+
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture optimi s a tion
-
household employment
and income
-
morbidity and mortality from
heat and cold
time s pent i n home
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
R7
R5
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
fuel poverty
+
-
the burden of illness from extremes of
temperature reduces people’s ability to go
out to work (R7 people out of work spend
more time at home).
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture optimi s a tion
-
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
, the burden of illness from extremes of
temperature also increases the time people
spend in their homes (R6 people who are
unwell spend more time at home)
-
physical health and fitness
R6
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
-
morbidity and mortality from
heat and cold
-
+
R7
R5
fuel
poverty
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
-
+
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
physical health and fitness
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
R6
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
R7
+
-
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
R5
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
fuel poverty
-
+
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
level of household
crowding
total energy used to optimise
indoor temperatures
+
proportion of rooms
heated
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
physical health and fitness
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
R6
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
R7
+
-
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
R5
fuel
poverty
peopl e out of
work s pend more
time a t home
+
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
-
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
level of household
crowding
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
proportion of rooms
heated
+
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
R8
+
societal expectation of number of
rooms used and warm
cheaper heating and cooling it was proposed that
households have been shifting their patterns of
heating and cooling from only living areas to all the
rooms in the house, with shifting societal
expectations (R8).
-
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
physical health and fitness
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
R6
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
+
-
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
+
-
-
level of household
crowding
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
-
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
+
R9
-
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
fuel poverty
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
with increasingly available heating and cooling it was
people’s expectation of indoor temperature variability
was considered to reduce (R9), enhanced by other
factors, such as patterns of heating and cooling in
workplaces.
R5
R7
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
-
physical health and fitness
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
R8
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
R9
+
-
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
R7
fuel poverty
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
-
-
level of household
crowding
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
-
+
R9
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
-
+
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
physical health and fitness
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
+
-
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
R7
R5
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
fuel
poverty
+
-
R4
-
level of household
crowding
+
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
R9
-
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
tempera ture a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
+
-
+
Increasing energy use for heating and
cooling does not allow this physiological
adaptation to a range of temperatures to
happen (R4)
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
R6
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
-
physical health and fitness
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
R6
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
-
+
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
R7
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
-
R4
-
level of household
crowding
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
-
R9
-
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
fuel poverty
+
tempera ture
a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
+
R5
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
physical health and
fitness
R6
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
The total energy used to heat and cool homes also
contributes to the urban heat island (UHI) effect in
cities (although it is only one contributor of many). In
turn, the UHI creates increased energy use in summer
R2 ).
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
+
-
R7
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
-
fuel
poverty
+
+
+
-
R4
R2
tempera ture a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
-
level of household
crowding
total urban human heat
generation
+
R5
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
+
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
+
+
urban heat island
effect
-
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
-
R9
-
+
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
-
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
The total energy used to heat and cool homes also
contributes to the urban heat island (UHI) effect in cities
(although it is only one contributor of many). In turn, the
UHI creates reduced need for heating energy in winter –
B2)
-
physical health and
fitness
ambient outdoor winter
temperatures
energy required to optimise
household winter temperatures
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
B2
household
employment and
income
-
urba n hea t a nd
need for wi nter
hea ting
time s pent i n home
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
+
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
+
R7
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
R5
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
fuel
poverty
+
+
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
+
-
R4
R2
urban heat island
effect
R6
tempera ture a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
+
-
level of household
crowding
total urban human heat
generation
+
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
-
R9
-
+
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
-
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
energy required to optimise
household winter temperatures
-
-
physical health and
fitness
ambient outdoor winter
temperatures
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
B2
household
employment and
income
urba n hea t a nd
need for wi nter
hea ting
time s pent i n home
+
+
-
+
-
tempera ture a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
+
cl i ma te cha nge a nd
need for s ummer
cool i ng
-
level of household
crowding
total urban human heat
generation
+
+
+
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
R1 (climate change and need for summer cooling),
where increasing ambient summer temperatures lead
to greater energy required (and used) to cool houses,
generating further greenhouse gas emissions
fuel
poverty
+
R4
R2
housing
greenhouse gas
emissions
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
urban heat
island effect
R5
+
+
R1
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
R7
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
+
-
+
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
expected climate change
R6
-
R9
-
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
B1 (climate change and winter heating),
where over time the need for winter
heating is expected to significantly
reduce.
energy required to optimise
household winter temperatures
-
-
physical health and
fitness
ambient outdoor winter
temperatures
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
-
+
B2
B1
-
urba n hea t a nd
need for wi nter
hea ting
time s pent i n home
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
+
+
+
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
+
-
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
R1
R7
R5
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
fuel
poverty
+
R4
-
tempera ture a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
-
housing
greenhouse gas
emissions
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
+
R2
urban heat
island effect
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
+
+
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd need for
s ummer cool i ng
-
+
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd wi nter
hea ting
expected climate change
household
employment and
income
R6
level of household
crowding
total urban human heat
generation
+
+
+
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
R9
-
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
+
disruption may also mean that
households are not able to access
energy for their needs (B3).
B3
s i gni fica nt
i nfra s tructure fa i l ures
di s ruption to da i l y
l ea vi ng keeps
peopl e a t home
energy required to optimise
household winter temperatures
-
-
physical health and
fitness
ambient outdoor winter
temperatures
+
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
-
B2
B1
expected climate change
urba n hea t a nd
need for wi nter
hea ting
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd wi nter
hea ting
+
+
+
+ ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
cl i ma te cha nge a nd
need for s ummer
cool i ng
+
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
R2
urban heat
island effect
+
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
-
housing
greenhouse gas
emissions
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
R4
+
-
tempera ture
a nd
phys i ol ogi ca
l a da pta tion
level of household
crowding
-
+
+
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
R9
-
+
fuel poverty
-
total urban human heat
generation
+
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
R7
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
+
-
R5
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
R1
household
employment and
income
time s pent i n home
R6
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
-
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
-
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
+
B3
In the absence of adequate climate change
mitigation, more extreme effects may cause
infrastructure failures, which could keep people at
home and increase household energy requirements
(R3).
s i gni fica nt
i nfra s tructure fa i l ures
di s ruption to
hous ehol d
energy s uppl y
energy required to optimise
household winter temperatures
-
R3
-
ambient outdoor winter
temperatures
+
physical health and
fitness
di s ruption to da i l y
l ea vi ng keeps
peopl e a t home
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
-
B2
B1
+
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
+
+
+
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
+
R7
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
R4
-
tempera ture a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
-
housing
greenhouse gas
emissions
level of household
crowding
total urban human heat
generation
+
+
fuel poverty:
+
R2
+
R5
+
R1
urban heat
island effect
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
-
-
+
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd need for
s ummer cool i ng
-
+
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd wi nter
hea ting
expected climate
change
-
time s pent i n home
urba n hea t a nd
need for wi nter
hea ting
household
employment and
income
R6
-
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
-
+
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
+
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
R9
-
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
R8
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
-
s i gni fica nt
i nfra s tructure
fa i l ures
+
B3
di s ruption to
hous ehol d
energy s uppl y
energy required to optimise
household winter temperatures
-
-
-
-
<household
crowding>
-
extremes of age
level of ventilation
-
+
-
+
+
+
peopl e who a re unwel l
s pend more time a t
home
R6
+ of
thermal mass
housing stock
<solar gain>
<area and quality of
greenspace>
NHS costs
physical health and
fitness
+
-
-
<expected changes to Britain's
weather patterns from climate
change 2>
population aging
-
ambient outdoor winter
temperatures
+
R3
household
employment and
income
-
-
morbidity and mortality
from heat and cold
time s pent i n home -
B1
expected climate
change
urba n hea t a nd
need for wi nter
hea ting
B2
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd wi nter
hea ting
-
+
energy required to optimise
household summer
temperatures
-
-
cl i ma te cha nge
a nd need for
s ummer cool i ng
housing
greenhouse gas
emissions
+
peopl e out of work
s pend more time a t
home
likelihood of
temperature extremes
indoors
R4
physiological adaptation to
ambient temperatures
-
urba n hea t
a nd s ummer
cool i ng
+
sleep deprivation
a fforda bi l i ty of
tempera ture
optimi s a tion
+
financial stress
+
level of household
crowding
total urban human heat
generation
+
-
+
total energy used to
optimise indoor
temperatures
-
+
+
proportion of
rooms heated
+
thermal comfort
rebound effects of
a fforda bi l i ty i ncrea s e
energy us e (B for s ummer, R
for wi nter)
R9
-
+
-
mental and emotional
wellbeing
happiness and
homeliness
+
-
strength of attitudes of
frugality
family violence
+
-
personal actions to
acclimatise (e.g. clothing)
ability to have
visitors 2
-
-
+
tempera ture
a nd
phys i ol ogi ca l
a da pta tion
greenhous e ga s i ntens i ty
of energy s uppl y
-
fuel poverty
+
R2
urban heat
island effect
R7
+
+
total energy required to achieve
optimal household temperature
+
R1
R5
+
+
ambient outdoor summer
temperatures
+
children's
educational
attainment
+
+
-
R8
+
interaction between
household members
+
societal expectations of thermal
comfort (behavioural adaptation)
+
societal expectation of
number of rooms used and
warm
elevation
availability and affordability of central
heating and cooling systems
workplace indoor
temperature ranges
proportion of houses with
southerly orientation
-
shading from other
buildings
use of drapes and
shutters
+
-
-
sun exposure of
housing stock
-
+
+
solar gain
+
levels of natural light
indoors
+
vitamin D exposure
+
mental and physical
wellbeing
-
shading from trees
albedo/reflectiveness of houses
number and size of
windows
adequacy of task related
light
-
level of artificial light
required
household energy
use