Grasshopper Pests of Grazingland
Vegetation and Their Management
in Indian Desert
D. R. PARIHAR
lfflIiJRQ
leAR
CENTRAL ARID ZONE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
JODHPUR-342003 (INDIA)
1987
CAZRl
Publication
No. 29
: . I
'.
June 1987
Publication Committee
P. K. Ghcsh
: Chairman
-Yinod Shankar
: Member
S. Kathju
Member
R. K. Abichandani
Member
Sr. Account Officer (P. N. Vali)
Ex-Officio Member
Sr. Administrative Officer (S. N.
Jha~
: Ex-Officio Member
Publ_isbed by the, Director, Central Arid Zone Research Institute,
Jodhpur, India
Printed by Jain Printers, 806, Chopasni Road, Jodhpur Phone: 28782
FOREWORD
In an arid zone, ranges and grasslands should be considered as a major
resource as they provide a better cash return in the form of livestock
production. Inspite of realisation of this basic requirement for aridland
management, only a meagre importance is usually gIven to measures
essential for escalating the production from the natural ranges.
Adverse climatic conditions, overgrazing and other biotic factors
are not only the impediments for grassland production but the insect
pests playa serious negative role depleting vegetational resources.
Dr. D. R. Parihar has been studying the insect pests of grasslands in tl;le Rajastban desert for a consIderable duration and has
compiled information collected by him and his colleagues on the
grasshoppers which damage the grasses and other fodder crops. He
has worked out several strategies to minimise losses inflicted by them.
He has compiled and collected these aspects pertaining to grasshopper
pests of grazinglands. We hope that Dr. Parihar's efforts to maximi~e
fodder production by control of insect pests will be utilised by all the
concerned 1>cientific and developmental agencies.
CAZRI
Jodhpur
May 23, 1987
-So P. Malhotra
Direct or (0ffg.)
PREFACE
The purpose of this mono.graph is to. assist the diagno.sis of grasshopper
damage and to. suggest meaf>ures fo.r its preventio.n and controL' 29
species o.f grasshoppers have been recorded from western Rajasthan.
ho.wever, some of them are at very severe pest status degrading grazingland vegetation in this region.
Grasshopper pro.blem is at its prime particularly in the wet
seaso.ns from July to. September in natural pasture lands and in forage
crops. Livestock of this region depends mostly o.n grazingland vegetation. Suitable management of grasshoppers can lead to. substantial
increase in forage production.
To. face the pest menace the author has been working on this
problem sinCe;! 1975 on vario.us aspects of their studies likes fauna distribUtion, eco.lo.gy, bio.geography, populatio.n, annual losses of yield and
integrated control of these insect pests. The summarised results of
the stu dies are presented in this contribution.
--D. R. Parihar
n
ACKNO\VLEDGEMENTS
The' author records with a great pleasure his gratitute and tbanks to
Dr. K. A. Shankarnarayan, E)irector, Central Arid Zone Research
Institute, Jodbpur, for bis constant encouragement in conductmg
research on forage pests management. Grateful thanks are due to
Dr. M. S. Shishodia, Zoological 'Survey of India, Calcutta for identification of grasshopper species. Dr Ishwar Prakash, Prof. of Eminence,
and Head, DivIsion of Plant Studies, C. A. Z. R; I., Jodhpur, for
offering their valuable suggestions during the progress of these investigations. My tbanks are due to both of them.:
CONTENTS'
Introduction
1
Life-Cycle
4
Eco-Fauna of Grasshoppers
6
Biology of Some Important Grasshoppers
13
Food and Feeding Behaviour of Grazingland Grasshoppers
24
Population Structure and Seasonal Losses of Grazingland
Vegetation by Grasshoppers
28
Integrated Pest Management
36
References
40
Appendices" ..
1.
2.
3.
Plant Protection EquipmeDts
Care in Handling Pesticides
Treatments and Antidotes for Insecticides Poisoning
47-50
47
49
50
INTRODUCTION
For placing the economy of vast arid
land of India on more sound footing,
farming has to be restricted and integrated with livestock production. It is,
therefore, inevitable to rehabilitate and
systematically manage our natural pastures or grasslands by upgrading and
controlled grazing, and simultaneously
increasing the fodder production. Such
a programme can only be successful
with soil conservation and plant protection practices only.
In recent years, farmers have understood that the losses caused by insects
in forage crops and pastures are as high
as in the agricultural crops. They are
now aware of the importance of Plant
Protection measures. But plant protection can not produce lasting relief
unless extended simultaneOUSly to the
entire grazing land vegetation, which are
infested by more or less allied fauna,
including forages, weeds and pastures,
shrubs, etc., which harbour unlimited
fauna that have to migrate on crops
from the adjunct fields, particularly
during the agricultural off season. To
get a comprehensive results, aspec:s
like habitat, distribution, habits with
the ecosystem should be considered
before developing an economical and
effective programme of insect management.
Grasshopper have been of interest
to entomologists and ecologists because these insects are often in direct
competition for food with man or his
domesticated animals. Recently, they
have been studied in terms of the role
they playas primary consumers in ecological systems (Smalley, 1960; Van
Hook, 1971; Wiegert, 1965). Insect
pe:>ts are :continually adjusting to
changing man-made or natural ecological situations. Several species like
the Phadka grasshopper, Hieroglyphus
regrorepletus and Katra
( Amsecta
n,oorei) have undergone evolutionary
adaptations to fit in the areas of
some uncertain precipitation like
Rajasthan desert (Parihar,
1981;
Room\ al,' 1976).
In the arid zone, grasshopper problem is at its prime, devastating the
plantations particularly to green fodder
plants in the wet season, from July to
September. To face the pest mennce,
the scientists of plant protection section
are being working on this problem
since 1975 on the various aspects of
their study like fauna distribution,
ecology, biogeography,
population,
annual losses of yield and integrated
control of these noxious insects.
Summarised results of their study is
presented in this contribution.
Ill. Beeclzwal (28 0 05' N latitude
and 73° 18' E longitude) : The average
rainfall is about 250 mm and the sandy
plains here support a mixed grazinglands dominated by Lasiuru.5 sindicus
and CYlIlbopogon snoenanthus commu-
nity
IV. Pa/sana (27° 30' N, 75 16' E) :
0
Range Management Area where the
annual rainfall is about 400 mm and
Cenc/zrus ciliaris is the dominant grass
community.
Tbe Study Area
Rajasthan desert lies between 25°
and 30° North latitudes and 69.so and
76° East longitudes, is about 60 per
cent of total Indian arid land. This
Vegetatioll : The characteristic vegetation is open scrub of low bushes and
thorny, stunted trees mostly zerophytic plants such as species of Ca/otropis,
Euphorbia, Capparis, Acacia: Prosopis and
Zizyphuy and several grasses and w<::eds.
Wide areas are little else but sand
dunes with practically no vegetation
cover
The prominent grass~s are
region has been the subject of our
grasshopper studies since 1975, is
situated on the eastern most fringe of
the Sahara-Rajasthan belt.
To obtain a comprehensive data on
the population structure and seasonal
losses, the study was further concentrated on four sites of Range Manage-
Lasiurus sindicus, Aristida spp., Cy/llbopogon, Eleusine compressa, Cellchrul
spp. Detailed information on vegetation of Rajasthan desert has been given
by Mann and Vinodshankar (1981).
ment areas as follows:
I. Jodhpur (26° OS' N,73° 01'
E) : The annual rainfall is about 320
mm. , This region is well covered with
Climate: The climate of the desert
is extreme hot and dry in summer (with
the hot wind or 100 blowing), and cold
and dry in winter. In summer the
mean monthly maximum temperatures
go up to 39.1°-43.0°C. and the mean
minimum down to 26.1 0 -29.5°C.
The
daily maximum may reach 50. 5°C in
some parts of Barmer district. In
winter the mean maximum 19 9°-25.4°C,
the lowest daily reaching down to
4.soC at Jaisalmer. The diurnal range
Cenchrus c{liaris, C. setigerus, C. bifloru~, Lasiurus sindicus, Aristida sp.
II. Chandan (26°-54' N
latitude
71 ° 45' E longitude and 189 m altitude
from MSL) : The average annual
rainfall in this tract is about 150 mm:
Lasiurus sindicus shows high preponderance and is the major grass cover.
of this arid belt.
2
is
always great in both summer and
winter. May is the hottest month, and
January the coldest. The annual rainfall is scanty (below 600 mm often
less). Rain is received mostly during
tbe monsoon months (mid-June to mid
September). The much fuller informations on the climate of Rajasthan has
been summarised by Pramanik and
Hariharan 1952.
3
LIFE CYCLE
The life-cycle of a typical desert
grasshopper comprises three stages :
can be fertilized by one male.
Laying and eggs
After the copulation, females become restless and walk about. They
begin to select a suitable pl:>ce to lay
their eggs by probing and selecting the
soil WIth ovipositor. When a female
gets a suitable place it pushes the
ovipositor into the soil and makes a
hole. The abdomen stretches to about
twice its normal length and the eggs
are laid. The eggs are bounded by a
frothy secretion which form an
egg pod. They absorb water from the
soil to allow them to develop successfully, if they do not get required quantity of water they will not hatch.
(parihar, 1970; Parihar and Pal, 1978).
EGG--+HOPPER--+ADULT
The time spent in each stage, the
number of hopper in stars and the
time required for the adult to become
sexually mature vary greatly between
species and even shows considerable
variation within a single species depending upon the environmental conditions.
The life cycle of typical grasshopper
is may be summarised.
Adults
They become sexually mature in a
few weeks, according to weather. If
they have the right kind of food and
weather maturation can take place
rapidly in one to three weeks. Male
grasshoppers start to mature first
than the females as under :
Incubation period and hatching
The rate at which eggs develop varies
according to the available temperature
(Parihar, 1971; Parihar and Pal, 1978).
When they are fully developed in the
eggs, the young hopper burst their
way out of the egg shell and immediately shed a thin white skin.
Copulation
This is the mating act. The time
spent in copulation varies from, few
minutes to few bours. Several females
4
Hoppers
The young insect appearing after
the intermediate moult resembles an
adult in its general appearance and is
usually called a hopper. The development of hoppers consist growth associat-
ed with periodic moults. The first instar hopper. after the immediate mount,
is called a hatchling. There are 5-7
of hopper instars in acridoid insects,
variation in the instar number within
the same species is of particular
interest.
A GENERALISED LIFE CYCLE OF THE INDIAN
DESERT GRASSHOPPER
6 or 7 Instars (rarely) +-_ _ _ _ _ _ __
(10-13 days)
t
t
Moulting
t
ADULTS
male & female
(13-48 days)
Most Feeding
this stage
5th Instar
(13-25 days)
t
t
Moulting
~
EGGS
The static stage
soil moisture
requires for
development
4th Instar
(12-20 days)
t
Moulting
i
3rd Instar
(l0.15 days)
i
Moulting
i
2nd Instar
(7-13 days)
--ell
>.
~
"0
o
CI)
N
S
o
....,
.....
'-'
I
r:I)
t
Moulting
T
1st Instar
(8-15 days) + - , - - - -_ _ _ _ _ __
5
HATCHING +-
ECO-FAUNA OF GRASSHOPPERS
The grasshopper fauna of the Indian
desert has been practically little investigated. However, the fauna of southern
region, mainly Udaipur and its neighbouring places (covered with wetter or
humid climate) has been investigated
by Kuswaha (1976) and he reported 34
species of grasshoppers of humid zone.
Some preliminary informations on few
grasshoppers of northern region have
already been published (Parihar, 1974,
81; Venkatesh, 1977; Batia and Ahluwalia, 1962, a, b; Venkatesh and
Harjai, 1972).
For the convenience of non-taxonomists
all genera and species mentioned in
this chapter are given under each
family and subfamily with their full
scientific names.
26 genera and 29 species have been
recorded in the desert (Table 1).
A.
PYRGOMORPHrDAE
I. Poekilocerus pictus (Fabricius)
2. Chrotogonus trachypterus trachyp·
terus (Blanchard)
,
3. Pyrgomorplza
(Bei-Bienko)
I. Classification on desert grasshoppers
4. Tenuitarsus orienlalis (Kevan)
Classification of desert grasshoppers
has been prepared in accordance with
Dir* (1965) with little modifications.
Table 1.
bispinosa desert;
5. Atractomorplta crel1ulala (Fabricius)
Composition of the fauna of grasshoppers of Rajasthan desert
Family
Pyrgomorphidae
Acrididae
Tetricidae
Tettigonidae
Number
Genera
Percentage
5
15
60
20
4
4
,16
6
Species
Number
Percentage
5
19
1
4
17.3
65.5
3.4
13.8
B.
FAMILY: TETTIGONIDAE
ACRIDIDAE
26. Euconocephalus palibidis
27. Sathrophyllia rugosa (Linnaeus)
28. HollJchlora indica (Kirby)
29. Latana inftata (Brunner)
II. Faullisti c distribution of grasshoppers
I. Sub-family: Hemiacridinae
6. Hieroglyphus nigrorepletus (Bolivar)
II. Sub-family: Acridinae
7. Acrida exaltata (Walker)
III. Sub-family: Catantopinae
8. Catantops
pinguis
innotabilis
1. Poekilocerlls pictus (Fabricius) :
The pest is distributed throughout the
Indo-Pakistan
subcontinent where
annual precipitation in below 100 mm
(Pupov and Kevan, 1979). The insect
is a habitant of dry conditions and
well flourishes on Calotroj:is procera
plants. In Rajasthan, this pest has
been observed in these localities :
Jaisalmer, Chandan, Ajmer, Barmer,
Jodhpur, Pali, Chohtan, Jaswantpura,
Sanchor, Nagaur, Sikar (Palsana),
Suratgarh and Jhunjhunu. Elsewhere.
it has been reported from many states
of India like Kerala, Tamilnadu,
Mysore, Orissa, Maharashtra. Gujarat,
Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Himachal
Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab.
Delhi
(except Bengal and Assam). In Pakistan, it is found throughout Sindh and
Punjab, Baluchistan region, Afghanistan
and Nepal.
(Walker)
9. Catantops pinguis pinguis (Stal)
IV. Sub-family: Oedipodinae
10. Acrotylus
humbertianus (Saus-
sure)
II. Acrotylus inficita (Walker)
12. Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche & Fairmaire)
13. Oedaleus abruptus (Thunberg)
14. Oedaleus senegalensis (Krausa)
15. Sphingonotus rebescens (Walker)
16. Sphingonotus savignyi (Saussure)
V. Cyrtacanthacridinae
17. Anacridium
rebrispinus
(Bei-
Bienko)
18. Cyrtacanthacris
tatarica
(Lin-
neaus)
19. Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal)
VI. Sub-family: Truxalinae
20. Leva indica (Bolivar)
21. Truxalis eximia eximia
(Eich-
wald)
2. Chrotogollus trachypterus trac/zypterus (Blanchard) : The common desert
22. Ochrilidia affinis (Salfi)
VII. Sub-family: Eyrepocnemidinae
23. Heteracris littoralis (Rambur)
represe ntative of the genus (Kevan,
1959) and all the specimen collected in
the western Rajasthan appeared to
belong to Chrotogon t. trachypterlls. It is
widely distributed in the areas of cultivation associated with low grasses
and herbs in the grounds. Mo~t fre-
VIII. Sub-family: Gomphocerinae
24. Aulacobothrus sp.
FAMILY: TETRICIDAE
25. Euparatettix histricus (Stal)
7
quently collected in the nurseries,
gardens and the irrigated areas. It is
throughoutly distributed in the plain
of India, Orissa, South Arcot, Madura,
Coimbator, Bellary
and Madhya
Pradesh. In
Rajasthan,
it
has
been observed at Jodhpur, Bikaner
district (Kolayat. Beechwal, Lunkaransar, Suratgar!:l), Slkar, Palsana, Merta,
Jalore, Bilara and Jaswantpura, Ajmer
Malpura and Jaipur.
suitable patches of grasssiands of Jaisb.lmer, Chandan, Ramgarh, Pokaran,
Phalodi, Bikaner, Nagaur, Jodhpur,
Ratangarh, Sikar, Palsana, Jhunjhunu,
Merta, Pali, Jaswantpura, and Bilara.
6. Aulacobothrus /uteipes (Walker) :
It is distributed to Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Burma,
China, Thialand. In India it is found
at Udaipur, Solan, Jodhpur, Kurukhshetra, M,P. and Kashmir.
In the
desert, it ic; restricted to the semi-arid
portion only.
3. Plyrgomorpha bispino,a deserti
(Bci-Blenko) : Jt is found in the drier
parts of the region and common on
the short grasses. Pest is abundantly
distributed throughout the Indian
desert, bOlh in wet and dry seasons. It
has been recorded at Jaisalmer, Chandan, Phalsud, Phalodi, Shergarh,
Pachpadra, Bilara, Jodhpur, Osian,
Pali, Bikaner, Merta, Nagaur, Palsana,
Dungargrarh, Sanchore, ]aswantpura
Jalore, Sheo, Barmer.
7. Catantops pinguis innotabilis (Walker) : It is known from Pakistan, India
lwidespread), Nepal, Srilanka, Bangladesh, Laccadive Islands, Burma, Thialand. In India, it is found at Udaipur
Kurukhshetra. It is also recorded from
many parts of the desert (Pokaran,
Jaisalmer, Chandan, Bikaner. Barmer,
Jodhpur, Pali, Nagaur, Sikar and
Bikaner.)
8. Attractomorpha crenulata (Fabricius) : According to Kevan and Chen
(1969) A. crenulata has been recorded
from Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldive,
Laccadive Islands, Sri lanka, Andman
Islands Burma, Cambodia, South
Vietna1ll, Malaya, Thialand. north west
Sumatra. In India. it is distributed
throughout the plain, Orissa, Coirnbatore, Godawary, Karnal, BeJlary, M.P.
Pest is restricted to wetter regions
(Agrawal, 1955). It has been occasionally observed around the vicinity of
water in semi-arid districts (Jaipur,
Ajmer, Udaipur, Sikar and Pali) of
Rajasthan.
, 4. Tenuitarsus orientaJis (Kevan) :
This species is restricted to extreme
hot arid and very low rainfall zone of
desert, particularly at Chandan (Jaisalmer district). It liked bare ground near
sand punes with little and small vegetation. It has only one generation in
year. Winter is passed with hopper
-stage, while adults were seen in April,
May to July. The crop contents showed that species fed exclusively on forbs.
5. Acrida exaltata (Walker) : It is
widely distributed thloughout the plain
of India, Delhi, Solan, Kurukhshetra,
M.P. In the desert, it is observed on
8
9. Hieroglyphus negrorepletus (Bolivar) : Widely distributed in India
as a pest of klla rif crops throughout
north India, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan
(Ajmer, Pali, Bhilwara. Bikaner, Churu,
Jodhpur, Nagaur, Udaipur, Raipur,
Sojat, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Banaskanta, Kutch, Surat,
Katiawar), U.P. (Aligarh, Allahabad,
Azamgarh). Gorakhpur, Pratapgarh,
Varanasi, Ballia, Deoria Pusa (Muzaffargarh) and Orissa.
10. Catantops pinguis pinguis (Stal) :
Distributed in very small region of the
Western Rajasthan, where water is
available. It has t\\O generations. Crop
contents showed that species fed both
on forbs and grasses.
very short grasses. All the nymphs and
adults examined were eaten grasses.
Localities: Bikaner, Chandan, Jodhpur
and Palsana.
13. Locusta migratoria mig,ratorlOides (Reiche & Fairmaire) : Swarm of
this locust was never observed in
Rajasthan desert but occasionally some
solitarious insects were observed at
Jaisalmer.
14. Oedaleus abruptus (Thurn berg) :
It is known to occur from Pakistan,
Sri Lanka, Nepal (upto 1800 m),
Bangladesh, Burma, China, Thailand.
In India it is found at Udaipur,
Madhya Pradesh, Northern India,
Pali and Palsana.
15. Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) :
It is widely distributed in Africa
(Senegal, Mauretania, West Africa,
Sudan, Nigeria, Cameroons, Solnaliland, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanganyika,
Congo (Dirsh 1965). In Rajasthan it
is recorded from Udaipur, Bikaner,
Jodhpur, Pali, Slkar districts.
Localities : Sikar and Pali
11. Acrotylus humbertianus (Saussure) : A geophilous species found in
every dry situation, sometimes, abundant in the sandy areas, generally
associated with bare grounds and frequently found in badly weeded areas of
cultivation.
The species appears to
be a mixed feeder.
16. Sphingonotus rubescens (Walker) :
It is widely occurred in Africa, whole
of N. Africa, Sahara, Riode Ore,
Mauretania, Sudan, Ethopia, Kenya
(Dirsh 1965). It is thoroughly d istributed in the Indian desert (Jaisalmer,
Chandan, Phalodi, Bap, Kolayat,
Bikaner, Jodhpur, Gajner, Nagaur,
I"adnun, Palsana, Shergarh, Nokha,
Lunkaransar, Churu).
Localities: Jaisalmer, Chandan, Pokaran, Phalodi, Kolayat, Nokha, Beechwal, Lunkaransar, Shergarh, Barmer,
Siwana, Pali,
Tibi, Raishinagar,
DUngargarh, Palsana, Sikar, Jhunjhunu,
Nagaur, Raipur, Chohtan.
12. Acroty!usinjicita (Walker) : The
species usually associated with A.
humbertianus in sandy habitats of the
desert. It prefers bare ground with
17. Sphingonotus sal'ignyi (Saussure):
It is found in Africa (whole of N.
9
Africa), Sahara, Riode Ore, Mauretania, French West Africa, Sudan,
Ethiopia, Somaliland. Kenya, S.W.
Asia (Dirsh, 1965). It has been recorded
from the Indian de~ert (Blkaner, Jodhpur, Nigaur districts) in bare patches
of sandy and gravel areas.
Europe.
Sandy areas of Rajasthan.
Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Barmer districts
form some of its re~ular breeding grounds. During swarm free years (197678·81) the few individuals wele found
on grasses and forbs in the desert
whereas a swarm of locust was also
observed during 1977 in Rajasthan
desert (Jaisalmer, Chandan, Ramgarh,
Bikaner and Barmer).
18. Anacridium rubrispinus (BebiBienko) : Very rarely distributed in
the desert (Venkatesh and Bhatia, 1966).
It had very low population build-up
throughout the year. However mature
and immature adults of the tree locust
were available during the whole year.
Adults collected during Jant;ary and
February were observed having fully
developed eggs. Copulation was observed in December and January and
laying occurred in early February. There
were 6 to 7 instars. There are atleast
two generations of this species in
nature. They fed on grass and forb.
21.
Truxalis eximia eXlmla (Eich-
wald) : One of the commoner species
widely distributed in the desert. It
prefers sparsely distributed grasses
and is occasionally found in short
grasses and forbs along the road sides
(Jaisalmer, Ramgarh, Chandan, Sheo,
Barmer, Pokaran, Phalodi, Shergarh,
Chacha, Jodhpur, Pali, Nagaur. Gajner,
Kolayat, Beechwal. Ratangarh. Jhunjhunu. Ladnun and Palsana). Elsewhere,
it is throughout districts in the plains
of India.
Localities: Jodhpur, Bikaner (Beechwal
and KoJayat).
22. Heteracris littoralis (Ram bur):
A desert species sometimes abundant
and usually found on the tail grasses
of 60 cm to 19 cm above the ground.
19. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Linnaeus) : It has been recorded from western. central. eastern and southern
Africa. Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal;
Burma, Thailand, Philippines, Sumatra
and Malaya (Roffery, 1979). It is
widely distributed in desert (Bikaner,
Pati, Jodhpur and Sikar districts).
Localities : Suratgarh. Lachmangarb,
Bikimer, Beechwal, Ga]ner, Kolayat,
Ratangarh, Jodhpur, Os ian, Pokaran,
Palsana, Sikar and Pali.
. 23. Ochrilidia affinis (Sfllfi): It is
widely distributed in the desert. It
prefers tall grasses for roosting. A
grass feeder.
20 Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) :
It is a voracious pest of the international status, affecting various parts of
three continents, viz, Asia, Africa and
Localities: Jaisalmer district (Ramgarb,
Pokaran, Chacha, Nachana, Lathi,
10
III rainy season (June to September).
They fed on grasses and forbs.
Phalsud), Bikaner district (Kolayat,
Beechwal, Blkaner, Chattargarh, ldarmsar, Gajner, Lunkaransar, Suratgarh),
Durgagarh Churu, Laxamangarh, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur district (Osian, Bilara,
Shergarh), Banner district (Barmer
Sheo, Gadra road, Chohtan), Pali and
lalore.
Locality : Jodhpur.
27. Sathrophyllia rougose (Linnaeus) :
It was observed in the bushy vegetation and were disgused with them.
They were recorded in few numbers
July, August and September. They
fed on forbs.
Lei'a indica (Bolivar) : Only
rarely collected and confined to one
locality. Large number of nymphal
ins tars were observed in August and
adults in October. It has one generation only. They fed both on forbs on
grass.
24.
Locality
Localities: Jodhpur and Pali.
28. Holochlora indica (Kirby) : They
were seen in rainy seaSOll (July to
September). They lived upon bushy
plants and were well concealed. Neem
and Khejli old trees are usually
frequented by these insects, colour
blendmg with the green vegetation.
The fed on forbs.
Palsana.
TETRICIDAE
25. Euparateltix hh,tricus (Stal):
They are nocturnal in habit; only visible around the light sources. Adults
found in November, none was found
after December, a forb eating species.
Localities : Jodhpur, Pali and Palsana.
29. Latana inftata (Brunner): Mature
and immature adults were seen in
January, February and March on the
old trees of K hejri (Prosopis cineraria).
They simulated ",ilh green vegetation.
A forb feeder species.
Localities : Jodhpur, Palsana and Pali.
TETTIGONIDAE
26. Euconocep/zalus palbidis : They
simulated the foliages of inhabited
vegetation. It lived upon tall grasses
and were concealed. Adults were seen
Locality: Jodhpur.
Di3tribution in accordauce with desert
vegetation is presented in Table 2.
11
Table 2.
Distribution of grasshoppers relative to vegetation
Composition of habitat
Grasshopper species
Bare field
(Very poor vegetation)
Chrotogonus t. trachypterus,
Temlitarsus
orientalis, Acrotylus {lumbertianus, A. injicita.
Sphingonotus sal'ignyi
Short grasses and weed !I
Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deserti, Chrotogonlls
t. tachypterus, Acrida exaltata, Acrotylus
humbertianus, Odelells senegalensis SphingolIotuS rubescens, Trixalis eximia eXimia,
Tall grasses and weeds
Aulacobothrus sp., Catantgops pinguis i1l1l0fabilis, Locusta migratoria, Schistocerla
gregaria oedaleus abruptus, Heteracris littoratis, Dchrilidia affinis, Euco1locephallls
polbidis, Sathrophyllia rugosa, HolochIora
indica.
. Shru bs and trees
Poekilocerlls pictus, Locusta migratoria,
Schistocerca gregaria, Anacridium ruprispinlls
Latona infiata
Cultivated field and irrigation
water
Atractomorpha
crenu[ota,
Hieroglyp/zus
negrorepletus, Caton tops pillguis pinguis,
Deda/ells abruptus, Cyrtacanthacris tatarica,
Lel'a indica.
12
BIOLOGY of SOME IMPORTANT GRASSHOPPERS
Biology of short-horned grasshopp~rs have been the subject of studies
by several workers in India, the most
notable being those of Pradhan &
Peswalii (1962), Roonwa! (1976) Katiyar
(l952. 1960 and 1961), Kusli:JWa and
Blz2rd:mj (1976) Venkateslz and Bhatia
(1966). Venkatesh and Harjia (1972)
Parihar (1970. 1971, 72, 1974, 1979
1981 a b) Pari/wr and Pal (1978 a & b)
in which the various biological
studies have been presented. Work on
the life-histories of Indian Acridoidea
is limited and only the following
species have been studied in detl1il,
viz. HieroglYP/lliS nigrorepletus (Roon ..
wal 1945), Atractomorpha crenu!ata
(Agarwal 1955), Aularches pUllctatus
(Katiyar 1955).
Parahieroglypl!us biline:lllls
Bol.
(Katiyar, 1956) Eyprepoonemisrosous
(Katlyar, 1961), Poekilocerus pictus
(Parihar, 1974), Pyrgomoroha bispi·
110sa deserti (Parihar,
1979) and
Ochrilidia afjinis (Parihar, 1981 b.).
Regarding the biology of the Indian
Desert grasshoppers, we have very
- 13
limited information and many points in
knowledge are either obsc'ured or still
remain to be studied. Data on the
biology of each species are summarised
in Tables 3 & 4. Information regardihg daily collections in 1977 and 1978
are grouped one month periods for
nymphs and adults separately (Tables 5
& 6). Sex-ratios of both the field as
well as the laboratory breeding of
different grasshopper species a re given
in Table 1. Data on measurements
of some important body parts of these
species are given in Table 8. The brief
account of the biology of some impor...
tant grasshoppers is as follows:
I. Trllxalis eximia eximia (Elchwald)
There are two generations in year,
the first one statts with the operation of the monsoon showers, whereas
the second one is due to the hatching
in September, Egg-pods varied from
90mm-IOOmm in length and 5·6 mm in
width, and number of eggs per pod
ranged from 65-112. There were 5
hopper instars and sixth being the
adults. Incubation period ranged from
India (Lefroy, r906~ Ayyar .[940; Kfum
and Sharma, 1971).
11-26 days. A preponderance of femafe'
insects was generally observed. The
population- build-up of nymphs was the
maximum in August whereas it was
October for the adults, and the mode
of population is of both the riding
type and the side by side posture.
Grasshopper has never been observed
in tbe desert as a crop pest, and
generally confined to the grasses.
Ill. Acrida exa{tata (Walker) : Eggs
are long, cylindrical and slightly
curved and it measnres 5-7 mm in the
length and 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter
and tbe number of eggs per pod varied
from 56-72.
The hatchability was
greatly influenced by the availabilIty
of water and occasionally, it might be
delayed due
to
late
monsoon
showers. Jncubati,ln period varied
from 7-20 da,ys. There were two gener;ltions
in
a year, first
due
to hatching of e!!gs in July and the
second one in September. Percentage
of hatchability of second generation
was poor as compared to that of
first generation. The adults of this
species were common in both the long
and the short grasses throughout the
year. A female laid 2 to 3 eggs per
pod in he r life time. The adults were
more collected in October and the
nymphs in August and they were mostly common in short grasses or on the
bare soil. It was observed that this
species had 5 hopper stages and the
sixth was the adult. Preponderance of
the male was observed III the field
cullections. The mode of copulation
is side by side position, and it was
completed within 15-25 minutes and
the female remained movementless
during the process.
IV. Heteraci~ littoralis CRam bur) :
The eggs were deposited 5cm-7cm deep
in the soil iu the egg-pod which in
structure were similar to those descri-
II. Cyrtacantlzacris tatarica (Linnaeus) : Under the field condItions, there
appears to be one main breeding season
a year. Oviposition occurred between
June to August, depending upon the
a~ailability of the soil moisture and the
eggs were laid below 3-5 em, under
the moist soil. It was observed that
the females laid flO to 180 eggs per
pod and the newly laid eggs were bright yellow but turned brown after 24
hours of the exposure. Egg-pods were
measured (40 mm-55 mm in the length
and 4-6 mm in the diameter). There
were 5 hoppers instars and the total
period
taken
for
development
ranged from 93-138 days in the laborator) breeding.
Sex-ratios went in the favour of
famales over males and a prepond~­
ranee of females was observed both in
the field and in the laboratory breeding. The mode of copulation is of
riding type. The maximum popUlation
of nymphs was in August and that
of the adults in October. It has been
reported as a minor pest of the
agricultural crops in the plains of
14
bed for Pyrgomorpha bispinosa deY!rt i
by Parihar (1979). Oviposition occurred
In July to August and most of the eggs
were laid from July to September and
a female laid on an average two to
four eggs-pods in her life time. Copulation was observed in adults that
were of two to three weeks old and
lasted from ten minutes to one hour.
A female mated three to five times in
her life time and the egg!aying started
usually when the females were about
23-35 days old. In desert, only one
generation per year was observed. Preponderence of female insect was observed ill the collections. Maximum number of adults were collected in September and nymphs were in August.
Incubation period of the eggs laid by
a female varied from 19-45 days.
Copulation is of banging type as
described by Jbingran (1944) in Heleracris capensis.
V. Catar.tops
pinguis innotabilis
(Walker). : Distributed all over in
western Rajasthan and they were collected from grasses and weeds. The
adults of this species were common in
both long and short grasses throughout
the year but there was a decrease in
population in the dry months of the
year. The nymphs were abundant in
short grasses except from October to
January when tbe nymphal population
was low. Egg laying was observed
from July to September and two
generations' of this species have been
noted. Mating took place in the four
15
week old aduhs and the ovipoisition
started after another- two weeks. A
female laid two to five egg-pods in her
life time. The Adults in the laboratory
lived for 32-80 days. Maximum population of nymphs was recorded in July
and that of adults in September.
Copulation is of the riding type as in
Schis/ocerca gregaria l Uvarov, 1966)
and in Poekilocerus P(ctus (Parihar,
1974).
VI. Oedaleus senega/ensi::. (Kraussure):The adults and the nymphs of this
species were common in short grasses.
Egg laying was observed from August
to September, the months of high
moisture content in the desert. Females
preferred generally bare soil or very
small grasses or weeds for oviposition.
Three to four week old females oviposi.
ted and both of diarause and nondiapause types of eggs were laid by
them. Considerable variations in the
incubatio n period has been observed.
The eggs which were in non-diapause
stage took 9- I 5 days whereas those of
diapause
t"ggs
completed
their
development within 178-308 days.
One generation has been noted. High
mortility of young hoppers (I and II
instars) in laboratory reacing has been
ret:orded. Adults bved for 42-84 days
in tbe laboratory, and the preponderanctl
of femnles was observed. They mated
two or three times before starting
OviPOSition. The mode of copUlation
is of the hanging type as described by
Katiyar (1952) in Parahierog{uphus bili.
neatus.
The adults of this species
were maximum in September whereas
the nymphs were in August. Bhatia
and Ahluwalia (1962) observed an
epidmic of this grasshopper in Bikaner
district of Rajasthan.
VI. Ochrilida affinis (Saltl) : Dist.
ributed thoroughly in the desert and it
has been observed as one of the serious
grasshopper pests of grazingland vegetation. Two generations of the ins~ct
have been recorded in a year; the first
was started hatching of egg-pod~ III
July whereas the second occurred il;l
November. Pods measure about 35
mm-65 mm in the length and 4-S mm III
diameter and they were usually laid
by the gravid females 5-7 em below the
soil. A preponderance of female insect
was observed. Oviposition occurred
throughout the year and most of the
eggs were laid from July to September
and they were not collected during
,March and June. A female laid on the
average two to four egg pods in her
life time. The adults in the laboratory
lived for 52 to 72 days. Copulations
was observed in adults that were two
to. three weeks old and lasted from 8
minutes to 63- minutes. The mode or'
copulation was of the riding type. A
female mated three to five times in her
life time.
V n. Pyrgomorpha biJpinosa deserti
(Bei Bienko) : There are two generations of this grasshopper in year, one
which started
by
hatching of
eggs from the egg pods in January,
while the second generation with
those eggs hatched during July. There
are six hopper stages and the seventh
being adult. Egg pod measured 6.0
cm to 6.5 cm in length and O.S cms
to 1. JO cm in diameter. The incubaati on period varied 13-20 days.
Number of eggs varied from 7 to 13
per pod. Copulation was riding type.
Preporderance of female was recorded.
Peak hopper population was observed
in August where as of adults in
September.
VIII. Acrotylus humertianus (Saussure) : Distributed all over the desert
and collected from both the short and
tall grasses, and also from the forbs.
Nymphs were abuudant in short
grasses except from April to May,
when the nymphal population was
low. Egg laying was observed from
July to October. Two generations has
been noted in the desert the first commenced from the eggs hatched in July
whereas the second hatching. Female
oviposited throughout the year the
eggs deposited from July to September
and the pods measured about 41-45
mm in the length and 1.1 mm-I, 5 mm
'in width. Mating took place in three
week old adults. A female laid two
to fiy.: egg pods in her life time and the
mode of copulation was of the riding
and hanging types, it lasted for 12-25
minutes. The female preponderated
the sex-ratio.
IX. Poekilocerus pictus (Fabricius) :
There is only one annual generation
16
A
B
C
Fig .• A. Hoppers of Truxalis eximia e.n mia. a, 1st instar, b, Hnd instar. B. Two
moults of T. eximia eximia... C. Fourth instar hopper at moulting.
A
B
C
Fig. A. IVth instar of T. eximia eximia. B. Vth instar,
eximia eximia.
C. Male of Truxalis
A
B
Fig.
C
A-C. Gras!lhoppers of grazing land. A Female of Catantops pingllls innolabilis. B. Male of C. p. innolabilis C. Female of P),rgomorpha hispinMG
deserti.
•
A
B
C
Fig. A. Two males in a£sociation with a female of Poekilocerus pictus. B. 5th
instar hopper of P. pictusc. C. Copulation posture in P. pictus.
in year.
The eggs were deposited
13 .;m to 15 cm deep in soil. Oviposition took place generally in June or
July with the onset of monsoon showers and most of the eggs were laid
by females in July. Duration of incubatIOn varied from 40 to 45 days,
and the number of eggs laid per female
ranged between 65 to 116 days. Six
hopper stages were observed in laboratory rearing. The mode of copulation
was of the rid ing type and the rna les
did not copulate immediately after
becoming adults but only after 1::'-20
days while the females were ready
for copulation soon after the eclosion.
A preponderance of females was
ob~erved both in the field as well as in
the laboratory rearing. The maximum
population of nymphs was recorded
in January whereas of adults in June.
It has recently been recorded as a pest
of agricultural and horticultural crops
in the plains of India (Khan & Sharma,
1971; Butani, 1975; Rai and Negesh
Chandra, 1973 and Khurana, 1975),
but in desert, it was confined to some
wild plantations (Parihar, 1974). and
did little harm to the cultivated crops.
X. Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus (Blanchard) : Surface grasshopper IS one of the
minor
pests in the
desert,
where the
It has
cultivated crops flourishes.
also been reported as a polyphagus
minor pest on the agricultural crops
in the plains of India (Ayyar, 1940;
Chahal and Sohi, 1965; Gupta, 1972;
Sen Gupta and Behura, 1975). Cotes
17
(1894) and Lefroy (1906) observed that
tbe attack by this pest was so serious
tbat the crops had to be resown.
Females preferred the barren fields
with short grasses for the oviposition.
The predominance of female was
observed in the infested field. The influence of soil moisture was very pronounced on the viability and the rate
of egg development (Parihar and Pal,
In winter, insects buried
1978).
themselves in the soil to over pass low
temperature(maximum 12°C to 18°C)of
the surface. The egg laying took place
throughout the year, where the soil
water was available specially in tbe
gardens, nurseries and irrigated crop
fields. The incubation period varied
between 12-38 days in the laboratory,
and the number of eggs laid by one
female were 5-12. The peak period
of tbe population build up for adults
was February and while September for
the nymphs.
XL Sphingollotus rebescens (Walker) : The insects were more prominent
in gravel areas and bare patches of
sandy areas with very little vegetation.
There are atleast two generations in
yell.r. Females selected dry top soil
for laying and the egg-pods were laid
by a female at a depth of 3.5-4.6 cm
layer 01 sand, and eggs in egg pod
varied 7-12 and they were yellowish in
colour. Egg development could be
categorised into two phases. Some
eggs hatched after 12-38 days, whereas
others had gone into diapause and
hatched after 120-151 days. There
was 5 to 6 hopper stages. Copulation
was of riding type. Maximum population of hoppers was recorded in August
whereas of adults in October and the
cannibalism was never obsened either
in hoppers or in adults.
C%uration : More species either in
hopper or adult stages have been recorded in green colouratlon in the rainy
season that might well have been related to the moisture condition of the soil.
Some species showed seasonal changes
in colouration and this was most mar·
ked in the cases of Acrida exaltata,
Truxalis eximia exfmia and pyrgomorpiza bispinosa deserti, in which
over 90 per cent were green in the
period from August-September. As
the other drier times of the year (December to June), -a large proportion of
the population was either grey or brown
that have be:!n related to the colflur
of the grasses. In drier period, grasses
were grey or brown in colour while
they were green in wetter months.
Hunter Zones & Ward (1960) have
shown in the laboratory that GaMrimargus africanus tends to assume a
green colouration when reared in more
humid conditions and it appears that
this is aho true in the field (Chapman,
1962). Observations were taken on the
biology of twelve important species of
short-horned grasshoppers very com·
monally distributed in the [ndian
desert. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica, Heteracris littoraliJ, Oedaleus senega/ensis
and Poekilocerus pictus have one
generation per year, whereas the other
species have two generations except
Chrotogonus trachypterus trachypterus
which has three. Egg diapause was
observed in Oedaleus senegalensis an~
Sphingonotus rubescens. Adults and
nymphs of all the twelve species
studied, were present in both short and
long grasses but the number of nymphs
amongst the long grasses was usually
low. It was further observed that
most of the species either breed or
shows definite preference for roosting
on the short grasses ('Parihar, 1981 c)
and only migrated to the long grasses
after a certain nymphal stages. Three
Acrida exaltata, Truspecie, e. g.,
xalis eXimfa eximia and Pyrgomorpha
bispinosa deserli showed seasonal
changes in colourations.
From foregoing account it is clear
that in a number of the desert gra<s·
hoppers, breeding continues throughout the year but that most oecurred
during the wetter months (mcnwon)
orily whereas it is slow in the dry
months (October to May) with the
exception of Poekilocerus pictus that
breed mostly in dry season (Parihar,
1974). This insect has only a single
annual generation in the desert.
18
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2
23
FOOD AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF
GRAZING GRASSHOPPERS
Three species like Acrida exaTtata,
Ochrilid;a affinis and Acrotylus humbertianus, wer~ studied in detail. The
food preference values are being presented in Table 8. It has been
hopper
observed that the y()ung
(1-3 instars) highly preferred grasses
and weeds, whearas the adults exhibited the choice for grasses and crop
plantations and little liked weeds. Few
plants, e.g., Cyamopsi:, tetragonoloba,
Brassica campestl is and Ricinum
communis were either rejected or very
little preferred by both the hoppers as
well as the adults. Some crop plants,
e.g., Sorghum I'ulgare, Pel7nisetum
typhoides and Vigna sinensis were the
top preferred by tlie adults of AeroI)'/US humbertianus, Ochrilidia ajfinis
and Acrida exaltata.
It has been
investigated that the first ins tar hoppers wt:re selective to the gr:asses and
local weeds and their further development after the' emergenc~ depends
upon the availabil ity of the preferred
ho~t
plants, otherwise, there are
more chances of high mortality of
the young hoppers.
The breeding
24
areas of these grasshoppers are found
in the overgrazed pastures or in the
sparsely distributed vegetation (Parihar.
1981c) and because of overgrazing by
sheep or cattle they provide suitable
places for oviposition, and must have
succulent and palatable green vegetation for the young nymphs, at their
emergence in monsoon (July to September). Cridle (1933 a) observed in Manitoba both, in the field as well as in cage
experiments that a large number of
natural egg beds were abandoned by
the grasshoppers because of lack
of succulent vegetation even after the
insects had begun oviposition.
He
was convinced that in every case the
absence of succulent food or mixture
resulted in a marked reduction in
breeding activity and at times in death.
Similar relationship
between food
plants and distribution of grasshoppers
has been observed by Vestal (1913),
Hubbell (1922), Strohecker (1937) and
Centrall (1943) in north America and
Anderson and Wright (1952) in Montana. This is the reason· why the later
stages of grasshoppers are generally
Fig.
The first instar hoppers of Hieroglyphus negrorepletw" damaging a fodder
plant.
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found in the field having the above
mentioned plants. Hence it may be
concluded that grasshoppers select only
those plants which are favourable for
their development. Similar correlation
have also been established by Rubtzov
(1932) in Siberian Acridides, Pfadt
(1949 a, b) in A. ellioti, Scharff(1954)
in M. maxicanus nl:JxicanlJs and Misra
(1962) in C. pellicid:l. The early stage
of these insects readily fed on seasonal
grasses and weeds like Cenchrus ciliaris,
C. setigerus, Diclzantlzium al1llu!atum,
Cymbopogoll jlvarallcusa,
Lasiurus
sindiclls, Aristida co mpre() so, Digitaria
adscenden. Braclliaria lamosa, Euphorbia
hirta and Chloris sp. and Cyperus spp.
and the later stages preferred field crops
like Pelll1isetum typllOides and Sorghum
rulgare. It is the reason why removal
of weeds from the breeding sites might
check the population of the grasshoppers considerably (Brett, 1947;
Pfadt, 1949 a; Smith et af., 1952;
Barnes, 1955 and 1965). It has also
been found that the selection of the
above speeies· is probably because of
(i) its succulence (ii) its nutritive value,
and (iii) it_s palatability. If all these
qualities are present in a particular
plant, it is classed as first preference
as compared to any other lacking either
of the above. If other physical factors
are favourable either singly. or jointly
they constitute as additional' advantage.
Misra (1962) observed in Caml1ula
peilucida that this grasshopper fed on
read canarygrass due to its succulence,
26
while the other grasses like red top,
eastern couch-grass, oats, slough,
grass, brome, fascue, kentucky bluegrass as well as many forbs had preference values much more lower than
read canary grass. He therefore concluded that the physical factors were
unimportant if the composition of the
plant was nutritionally unfavourable
to the grasshopper. This contends to
the fact that only one physical factor
of the succulence can be considered.
It was further experienced that in the
laboratory cages, grasshoppers returned to a particular site-resting site,
and it could be assetted that there is
definite traffic patterns between feeding
and resting site. In the field it has
been observed that they roost on the
plants other than those fed upon.
The interesting point was that the
grasshoppers continually left the host
plants and then later reoriented for
feeding. They were highly mobile and
capable of a great deal of activities.
The net effect of the activity was to
move from plant to plant. The less
-acceptable the available plants, the less
would be eaten at anyone time. The
lower the density of the available
plants, the greater the distance covered
in each move.
Grasshopper of super family Acridoidea have been observed by many
workers (Hussain et al., 1946; Kevan,
1954; Williams, 1954; Anderson &
Wright, 1952; Barnes, 1958 & 1965;
Mulkern, 1967; Asketsing, 1961; Dadd,
j963; Misra, 1962; Pfadt, 1949; Rubt1932; Smith etal., 1952; Ball, 1936;
Roonwal. 1953; Iqbal and Aziz, 1975) to
feed on a wide variety of plants. Uvarov
{1966) has described that grasshoppers
are polyphagus and says that although
&ome Acridoidea are more selective, no
o,~ov,
27
obligate monophagus species is known
for certain. Moreover, the preference
values of the Indian grasshoppers have
little b:en investigated (Husain et al.,
1946; Roonwal, 1953; Asketsingh, 1961;
Iqbal and Aziz, 1975).
POPULATION STRUCTURE AND SEASONAL
LOSSES OF GRAZINGLAND VEGETATION
BY GRASSHOPPER
The studies reported here are patterned
after those made in 1977, 1978 and
1979 in the four different ecologically
situated grasslands in the Indian desert
(Fig. 6). These areas were monsoon
pastures, which were kept protected
from grazing by liv.!stock and did not
interfere with the measurements of seasonal damage caused by grasshoppers.
The species composition, preferred host
plants and the losses done by them are
presented as follows.
grasshorp~r
species mostly took place
in June or July. The popUlation of the
hoppers Was observed the highest in
the last week of August, whereas the
peak population of the adult was recorded in September. The fluctuation of
popUlation density of grasshopper fau.
na from 1977 to 1979 is predicted in
Fig. 7.
The per cent forage losses in term of
the dry weight and the average number
of grasshoppers per sq metre during
three years (1977 to 79) are exhibited
in Table 10. Comparative hIgher loss,
about 38.2 gm (11.9%), was recorded in 1977 and the lowest loss, 25.6
gm (12.1%) noted in 1978.
CHANDAN SITE
Ochrilidw affillls (Salfi) constituted" the
highest gro'up composition amongst
acridoidea collected. About 54 per cent
of the total grasshoppers collected were
represented by this species (Table 9).
The most preferred plants were Lasiurus sindicus, Elellsine compressa. The
next to this was Acro/ylus humbertjanus
(Saussure) hold, and the plants eaten
by them were Aristida mu/abi/is, Citrullus co{ocynthis, Eleusine compressa and
Cyperus rotundus.
Hatching of the
BEECHWAL SITE
Like Chandan, here also Ochrilidia
affinis exhibited the superiority (27.3%)
in the collection of the acrid aid population and it Was followed by 12.5%,
each Acrotylu; humbertiallus and Oedaleus senegalensis, Pyrgomorplza bispillosa
28
70"
_,..
MAP -SHOWING EXPERIMENTAL
SITE IN WESTERN
no
0
20
4()'0
.I)
("
RA"ASTHA~.I/ eo MIL£!
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.
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HECHWAL
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Fig.
Map showing the sites
conducted.
w~ere
the experiments On forage losses were
CHAMOUI
•
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sr-
--t ' - - 1 9 7 f t - - - ' _ _ _ _ I Q 7 C _
Fig. Graph showing fluctuation in population of grasshoppers during monsoon
season at three experimental sites. .
Tabl~
9.
Species composition and host plants or grasshoppers at Chandan site
Species
Host plants
Per cent
of total
collection
Ochrilidia affillis (Salfi)
54.6
Lasiurus sind/cll.\', Eleusine
(ompressa
Acro'ylus humbutianus (Saussure)
30.4
Aristidah mutabilis Citrullus
colocynthis, Elellsille COtllpressa, Cyperus roJundus
P),rgomorplz2 b';spinosa deserti (Bei Bienko)
8.5
Elellsine compre}~a, Cyperus
sp., Cen(hrlls biflorus
CYl'tacanthacris tatarica (Walker)
1.5
Losiurus sindicus, Cel1chrus
bifloru:;, Gisekia pharnaceoides
Heteracris iiltoralis (Rambur)
25
Lasiurus sindicu.\, Cellchrus
bijlorl/s
Truxali.,' exil1lia eximia (Eichwald)
1.6
Eleusil1e compressa, Dact)'ioctenium sp.
Tenl1ifal'SllS orielltalis (Kevan)
0.5
Citrullus culocynthis
Acrida exaltafa (Walker)
0.5
Crotalaria burMa Aristid:1
sp . Eletlsine cOl1lpressa
desertt. had 11.5% population of the
collection whereas Cyrtacanthacris tatarica represented about 8.8% density
of the composition
(Table 11).
Oclzl'ilidia affinis was the voracious grass f.:eder which not only devoured
grasses but also cut off the numerous
grassleaves which fell on the ground.
36 5% in 1979,
PALSANA SITE
As compared with Chanda n site, grasshoppers
did more losses throughout the three years. Forage lost in
term of dry weight during 1977-1979
is shown in Table 12. In the year 1978,
losses were the highest (44.3%) whereas
these were 43.9%
m 1977 and
29
On this site, 14 species of grasshoppers were found with a density
varying between 12.7-17.2 per sq metre
durmg the period of July to September
(the monsoon season). The most dominant species was PYl'gomorpha bispinosa
deserti which covered 33.7 p~r cent
population of the total coIIection
during the periocis of investigation
(Table 13). Most of the losses might be
attributed by Pyrgol1lOrpha b. deserti,
which is both grass and forb feeder
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30
T.lbfe II.
Species composition and host.pi:lnts of grasshoppers at Beechwal siee,
Per cent
of total
collection
Species
Ochrilidia ajjinis (SaUi)
27.3
Acrotylus IlUmbertianus (Saussure)
12.5
PYl'gomorplza b. deserti (Bei-Bienko)
1l_5
Clzrotog01711S t. trarcllypterus (Blanchard)
3.5
TlUxalis exilllia eximia (Eichwald)
2.5
Host plants
Lasiurlls sl11dlcus, Cencizrlls
citiaris, Cymbopogoll sclzaenol
Cenchrus bif/orus, Citrullus
Euphorbia hirta
Aristida hirtigluma, Citrullus sp., Cellchrus biflorus,
Lasiurus :,indicus.
Eleusine compressa, Aerl'a
peJ"sko/ Hejio/J"ophJJJJ
AcrotY/liS inficita (Walker)
10.5
Oeda/eus senega/ensis (Kranss)
12.5
Sphingonotus rubescens (Walker)
0.3
Catan/ops pinguis illllOtubi!/;s (W al ker)
1.0
Heteracris /Ittoralis (Ram bur)
5.4
C),rtacantlzacris tatarica (Linnaeus)
8.8
Anacridill III rubrispinlls (Bei -Bienko)
OA
A crid.l exaltata (Walker)
1.5
Hierogl),p/llIs negrorepJellis (Bolivar)
2.3
31
sp.
Aristida juniculata, LasiuruJ
sindiclls, Cenchrus biflorus,
lndigofera cordi/olia
Cyperlls arenariufll, Citrul/us,
Cemhrlls bifloru.l, C. ciliaris.
Lasiurus sindiclls, Eleusine
co mpressa , Aerl'a persica.
Euphorbia sp., Aerl'a persica
Lasiurus sindicus, Cene/lrus
ci/iaris.
Aristida spp., Triaulus alat-'
us, Cencllrlls ciliari!>, C. bijiorus.
Lasiurus sindiclls, Cenchrus
ci/iaris, C. bijiorlfs, Cyrtr.
sp. Boerhal'ia difJust
Lasiurus sindicus, LeptadeIlia, C),mbopogon sp.
Leptodenia sp. Indigofera
Lasiurus sindicus, Aristida
juniculata. Elellsine compressa.
Lasiurus ~indicus, Cymbopogon sp.
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species with no particular host preference shown. The next superiority
was maintained by OcllriJidia {lJfiilis
that covered 23.5 per cent of the coral
collection. Acrotylus hUmhertiamls has
only 12.5 per cent hold and the remain.
109 species had less than 6 per !Oell t
hold. The damage done by these
grasshoppers is predicted in Table 14.
The measurement of damage indicate
that the highest losse9 of forage was
recorded (47.9 per cent, 14.0 grass·
hoppers per sq metre) in 1978, wherea~
11.5 per cent (12.5 grasshoppers per
~q metre) in 1977 and 3.5.0 per .. ent
in 1979.
Losses of vegetati(Yn due to grasshoppers have also been evaluated
thoroughly in some other parts of the
globe, e.g., 6 to 12 per cent of the
available forage is consumed by them
in U. S. A. (Cowan, 1958). In the
Sadrinuk district of Siberia (U.S.S.R.)
in 1891 grasshoppers destroyed 47
per cent of the entire wheat croJl and in
1904 the damage of one third of wheat
crop was assessed in Tobolsk- province
(Tsyplenkov, 1970). Anderson (1961)
reported 25.9% to 62.1 % loss
forage
'; due to grasshoppers in Montana rarige'lands of U.S.A. Grasshoppers are
·visually conspicuous primary consumer
in most of the temperate and the tro'pical grassland ecosystems (Smalley,
1960; Vanhook, 1971; Wiegert, 1965
and Rodell, 1977). Their destructive
influence is readily apparent during
outbreaks (Anderson, 1972 ; BuckeU,
1945; Parker & Conn in, 1964; Shotwell; 1941~ Pfadt, 1949 a,b; Putnam,
or
34
I
-;
S
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+r
+1
+1
+1
1962; Nerney, 1960; Lefroy, 1906;
Cotes, 1894; Pradhan & Peswani,
1961; Bhatia & Ahluwalia, 1962 and
Roonwal, 1976).
Effects of oJ'ergrazing
hopper population
Oil
grass-
Our study patronised at three experimental sites (Table 15) indicate that of
increase significantly of grassshopper
population in the controlled grazingland as compared to the population of
overgrazed area, where due to much
small sparsely distributed vegetation,
female preferred oviposItIOn liberally
consequently good hatching and
hopper's development.
The result was reverse in the case of
controlled grazing sites where dellse
tall grasses are available in abundance,
resulting in high mortality of young
hoppers. Similar results of overgrazing on the increase in the density of
grasshoppers has been reported in
North America by DIbble (1940) and
in South America by Uvarov (1962).
Table IS.
Density of grasshoppers/lO m2 ill monsoon season (July to September)
of 1978 in three gra sslands.
Sites
Grass community
Density of grasshoppers
Range
35-80
53.23 ± 3.342
Grazed: Eleusine compressa
40-120
69.25±7,072
Protected: Lasiurlls sindicus
10-18
13.50±0.600
Grazed: Elellsine compressa
25-80
43.50± 3.34
Protected: Cenclll us ciliaris
20-80
50.65 ± 4.369
Grazed: Oropetillm thomeaum
40-100
74.0 ±5.20
Beechwal Protected: Las/Urus sindicus,
Cy I1Ihopogoll
jll'arancusa
Chandan
Palsana
Mean
3S
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
BASICS OF CONTROL STRATEGY
Integrated pest control is a broad
ecological approach to pest control
utilising a variety of control technologies compatibly in a single pest
management system. Stress is placed
on the importance of realistic economic
injury levels which are used to determine the need for control actions. At
the same time, all possible is done to
protect and preserve naturally occurring
biotic mortality agents such as parasi"
tes, predators and pathogens. When
artificial controls are needed, e.g.,
chemical pesticide applications, they
are employed in a selective manner as
possible and only when their use is
economically and ecologically justified_
.The ultimate objective of the integrated pest control system is to produce
the optimum crop yield of high quality
at minimum cost, taking into consideration the ecological and sociological
constraints in that particul!lr agroecosystem and the long-term preservation
of the environment.
tive in a given area and for given
species. The answer also depends
largely on an accurate estimate of
, losses and size of grasshopper population, and on the magnitude of the
reduction of their population after a
control operation. Other important
principle is the knowledge about the
biology of pest species, their feeding
habits. daily activity,
which can
explicitly enhance the control efficiency.
It is also important to time the control
operation to achieve most fruitful
results. The damaging activities of
grasshoppers is at its maximum during
the monsoon season (July to September) (Parihar, 1981) and this period is
the most appropriate for longer control.
CONTROL STRATEGY
In order to get a satisfactory check
of the pest population in a particular
area, all the control methods, whether
it may be agro!techoical or insecticidal or biological all should be integrated before putting a control recommendation.
It will also depend 00 the method
. which is the cbeapest and most effec-
36
1,
AGROTECHNICAL METHODS
OF CONTROL
Such methods make it possible to
fundamentally change the ecological
situation in the breeding areas of
harmful acridoids. which would not
only create unfavourable conditions
for their multifications. but would
threaten their very existence.
The
following practices are recommended.
1. Plouging virgin lands and placing
. dolds like Wienman and Decker (1947)
used BMC. DDT and toxaphanel
against Melanoplus differentials, Thoqlas, Mitchener (195 I) used dieldrin
and aldrin against Camllllia pil/ucida
(SCUdder).
Pradhan et al. (1959).
Ratanlal et al. (1961). 10twani et al.
(1962) used phosphatic group (Parathion and Malathion) against Schistocerca gregoria.
Efficacy of insecticides against Phadaka grasshopper (Hieroglyphus llegrorepletus) was conducted by Pe~wani
(1960). According to his trial. endrin
is most effective but lindane was the
next-best. Malathion is more effective against Atractomorpha sp., while
heptachlor was more useful against
Chloebora and GOllista spp. (Kushwaha apd Bhardwaj. 1977).
them under cultivated fodder plantations.
2. Elimination of vacant plots and
fallow-lands which serve as reserves
for grasshoppers.
3. Improvement of hay and pasture
areas by additional sowing of the
fodder grasses, regulation of controlled
cattle pasture, etc. The principal purpose of this method is to establish
dense stands of grasses which are
unsu itable for acridoid rearing (Parihar,
198Ic).
Our studies on the desert grasshoppers indicate that both the methods
(dusting and spraying) can be applicable to the grasshoppers, depending
upon the habitat of the species.
Dusting is usually carried out in the
morning hours, when the wind speed
is not more than 3 m/sec. Good
results are obtained only in the areas
with a relatively dense plant Cover
used by the grasshopper as food.
INSECTICIDAL CONTROL
OF GRASSHOPPERS
In recent years, chemical methods
have been more effective and economical in the control of harmful acridoids.
Mechanical methods are too laborious and no longer effective. A large
number of insecticides have been tried
against a few arid zone acridoids which
comprise a prominent faunistic composition (Parihar, 1981).
the earlier trials, conducted against the acri-
Spraying is also used in the conditions of a relatively dense plant cover
but it is a more laborious process than
dusting. since large quantities of water
are required.
or
37
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
grasshopper eggs while as wandering
in the soil.
Weather factors
1. It seems that the' excessive heat
of summer months (May to July)
is sometimes the cause of death of
early hatched hoppers in very large
number!!.
2. There are sometimes insufficient
moisture in the soil due to drought
conditions (delay in monsoon showers
or very small rain) which creates delay
in embryonic development and do not
allow the eggs to develop successfully
or even though the eggs hatch poorly,
they may not have been enough rain
to allow growth of suitable food plants
for young hoppers.
3. B!aesoxiplza sp.
These are generaJly ca lied flesh flies,
their eggs hateh inside the female's
body.
AlltS (Formicidae : Hymenoptera) : In
some parts of the desert land (Beechwal and Chandan) species like Monomorium /ol1gi Forel, Plteidole smytltiesi,
Dory/us labiatus Shuck and Componalus
sp. are predating upon the new hatchlings of grasshoppers and later on carrying away to the nest.
Wafps (Sphecoidea : Hymenoptera) :
Solitary wasp like Sphex spp. are predaceous on some species of grasshoppers
NA TVRAL ENEMIES
(Ocflrilidia, Pyrgolllorpfla bispinosa deserti).
Some of the important natural enemies 9f acridoids (grasshoppers) are as
follows:
Mantids (Mantodea: Dictyoptera) :
predating
voradously
They are
on some grasshopper species. The
species responsible for this act are Hu-
INSECTS AS PARASITES AND
PREDATORS OF GRASSHOPPER EGGS
mbertiella indica, Tenodera sp., Hierodula coarctata and Mantis religiosa.
1. Scelio spp. (Scelionidae; Hymenoptera) : They are the egg parasites
of 'grasshoppers. The female sce'lio
lays its own minute eggs inside the
grasshopper eggs. The parasite hatches and feeding on the contents of
the acridoid eggs.
2.
tera)
areas
mer),
Parasitism by bacteria andfung; : Ak
grasshopper, Poekilocerus pictus both in
hoppers and adult stages is parasitised
by Bacillus t/zurillgiensis (Sundarababu
el a/ .• 1970 and Battu et al., 1971) and
MetarrhlZilll1l aniJophiae (Urs and Govjndu, 1971).
Spiders
(Araneidae: Archnida): In
the extreme desertic part of Rajasthan
(Jaisalmer district) Argiope arcuata predating upon several grasshopper species like Acrotylus sp., Oedalells sp , Cllro-
Trox spp. (Trogidae : Coleop: It is egg parasite in some
.of the' desert (Chandan, Jaisalwhere the larvae sometimes eats
38
rog017l1J' trac/z)'pterIlS. Trl/.taNs e.'(imia
'(!xilllia (Charan Singh, 1980).
Reptiles alld mammals
Reptiles: It has been observed that
lizards are predating on grasshoppers.
The species reported predating them are
Uromastix sp. (Pradhan, 1970), Awnthodactyllls callotoris cantor is, Opliiollloru~ tridactylus (Parihar, in press) upon
Hieroglypfllls negrorepletlls. ChrotogonlIS t, tachypterus. Aeriela tatarica alid
Ochrilii/ia ajJinis.
Vertebrate predators
Birds : They have been observed as
predating upon several species of both
hoppers and adults, when they are eithThe
er in roosting ot flying positions.
important species are:
r
The green bee·eater Dicranls ads imilis)
2,
Mammals: Rodent species Meriones
Illll'rianae and Tatera indica were obse-
Babblers (lhrdoMes caudatasalld T.
striatttl)
rved in Bikaner district as predating
upon some grasshopper species like
HeteraCfis littoraiis, ochrilide affiil1is,
(Corirl'Js splendens and' C.
macrorh)'ndlUs)
3.
Crow
4.
Grey shrike (Lanius excubita)
S.
Myana (Adridotheres Iris tis triJlis,
CyrtacanJhacris talarica, Pyrgolllorpha
bi5pinosa deserti
and
Acro/ylus
humbertiallus (Parihar, 1981 e).
39
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34(4) : 313-316.
Tsyplenkov, B.P. 1970.
Harmful
Acridoidea of the USSR Molos
Publishers, Leningrad (English
edition, American Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd.), New Delhi: 208 pp.
Vestal, A.G. 1913. Local distribution
of grasshoppers in relation to
plant association. BioI. Bull. Bio/.
Lab. woods Hole, 25 : 141 .. 180.
Urs, N.V.R. and Govindu, H.C. 1971.
Metarrhisium anisipilae (Metchinkoft) sorokin and its host range.
Mycopath. Myc. ApplicateI' 44:
317-40:
Wiegert, R.G. 1965. Energy dynamics
of the grasshopper population in
old field and alfalfa field ecosystem.
Oikos. 16 : 161.
Uvarov, B.P. 1962. Development of
aridlands and its ecological effects
on theil; insect fauna. Arid Zone
Research, xv~n, pp. 235-248.
The feeding
Williams, L:H. J 954.
habits and food preference of Acrididae and the factors which
determine them. Trans. R. ellt.
Uvarov, B.P. 1966. Grasshopper. and
[oeusts. A hand book of general
aeridology. Volume 1 ; (Cambridge University Prcss), 481 pp.
Soc L ond. 105 ; 423-54.
46
Appendix-1
PLANT PROTECTION EQUIPMENTS
The effectivness of plant protection depends on the timely and thorough
application of the right method whether it be clJemical or non chemical. The
specialized types of equiphlenls fall into the general categories of spra) ers, dusters,
granule applicators, mist blowers, seed treaters and miscdlaneous devices.
Sprayers are made to apply pesticides in water suspensions, emulsion and
solution. Each consists a sprayer or consists a tank to hold the pesticide, a pump
to creatcs the pressure essential for injecting the pesticide, and a spray rod or lance
with a suitable nozzle for preparing the liquid into a proper spray or mist.
Dustors are used for the application in dust form of pesticide available in
powdery form.
They vary widely botil. in shape and capacity, langing from
simple shaker to large powder driven machines.
Granule applicators are designed to apply granular formulation of pesticides
to individual plants, to the soil and irrigation water.
Mist blowers are made to create a blast of air into which the wet or dry
pesticide is fed emerging as a fine mist which envelopes the plant folIage covering
it with a fine coating of the pesticide. The advantages of mist blowers are that
air instead of water or intert dust as the carrier or diluent of the pesticide, thus
making it possible to treat large areas with a relatively low volume of
material.
Seed treaters are apparatus for applying the pesticide to form a coat on the
seed to control seed borne pests.
Miscellaneous pest control equipment include such things as soil injectors,
flame throwers, trapso bird-scarers and electrical fences.
MAINTENANCE OF EQUlPMENTS
The proper maintenance of equipments is most essential for the timely
application of the pesticide.
1.
Wash sprayers thoroughly after each uses both inside and out and run clear
water through the hose and nozzle until it comes out clear. Dismantle and
clean the nozzles.
47
2.
Pour the pesticide into the tank through a strainer and clean and dry the
strainer after each use.
3.
Protect hoses abusive use such as sharp angle bending and lifting or dragging
sprayer with them.
4.
Use the proper oil-petrol mixture as fuel for motorized sprayers and avoid
running the engine of mist blowers at full speed.
5.
Lubricate moving parts regularly as recommended by the manufacturer.
6.
Avoid abusive treatment of nozzles and strainers such as pUlting them down
or dragging them through dust and mud.
7.
Replace worn valves when they begin to leak and show effect of wear.
8.
Never leave dust nor granules in dusters and applicators not in use.
9.
At the end of the season clean all equipments and repair or replace all worn
parts. Dry equipments thorou~hly lubricate and store carefully for next
season's use.
48
Appendix-2
CARE IN HANDLING PESTICIDES
The use of pesticides in fodder crop production ,is certainly to. maximise the
returns in the yield and quantity of the product. In using them, however proper
handling is essential to the health and well-being iof Iho~e involved as well as
others who come near them. Fortunately this safe handling of these materials
require the adoption of only a few simple precautionary practices. Otherwise their
misuse may kad to serious injury or tragic consequences.
SAFETY MEASUREMENT TO OBSERVE
I.
Among the insecticides suggested for a specific insect pest, use the one least
toxic to people.
2.
Use the safest form.ulation of the insecticide tested. Granular and dust forms
than that of emulsifiable concentrates.
3.
Always keep insecticides in containers properly labelled as to contents and
store them out of reach of people who cannot reach preferably under lock.
4.
Take all precautions to avoid or millimise direct contacts with the pesticicie
and wash thoroughly if and when such contacts occur and after general
exposure during the application pwcess.
5.
Use a face mask to avoid inhaling vapours. dusts and spray mists,
6.
Destroy empty contalOers to prevent their use for other purposes.
7.
Apply pestiCIdes from the windward side to avoid exposure to aerial drifting
of sprays and dusts.
8.
Avoid tran!'tporting and storing pesticides with food, medicine, etc.
9.
Follow carefully all recommendations pertianing
procedures and last treatment before harvest.
10.
to dosage,
application
Keep reports on pesticides used, dates of applications, procedures followed,
length of exposure as possible aids in diagnosis of illness among workers
involved.
49
Appendix-3
TREATMENT AND ANTIDOTES FOR INSECTICIDES POISONING
First
Call or send for a physician.
Seco1ld
1.
2.
3.
II.
In the meantime. if the poison was swallowed, induce vomiting to
empty stomach using finger [down patient's throat, or give a
warm salt solution (one tea spoonfull of salt in a glass of warm
water). When stomach is emptied give milk or thin flour paste to tbe
patient.
If poison was spilled on clothing and skin, remove clotbing and
scrubs skin with warm soap-water.
If a fumigant was inhaled remove the patient to open aIr
and if necessary, give artificial respiration.
Al1tidotes
Refer to the label for the name and dosage of the best antidote.
I.
The best antidotes for chlorinated insecticides such as BHC, lindane,
thiodan, aldrin, heptachlor and chlordane are phenobarbitol, pentabarbitol or calcium gluconate.
2.
The best antidotes for organic phosphate insecticides such as parathion,
diazinon, phorate are atropine sulpbate and protopam chloride.
3.
The best antidotes for the carbamate insecticide-carbary) (sevin) is
atrophine sulphate.
50
Appendix-4
KNOWN GRASSHOPPERS OF RAJASTHAN S1 ATE OF INDIA
A.
PYRGOMORPHIDAE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B.
Poekifocerul pictus (Fabricius)
ChrotogoJllls trachypterur; (Rlanch:ud)
Pyrgomorplza biJpinosa deserti (Rei-Rienko)
TenJlitarsus orienta/is (Kevan)
A ttractomorpha crellulata (Fabricius)
ACRIDIDAE
6.
HieroglypllUs nigrorepletus (Bol ivar)
7.
H. banian (Fabricius)
8.
9.
10.
11.
13
/4.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Acrida exaltata (Walker)
Catantops pinguis innotabiliJ (Walker)
C. pinguis pinguis (Stal)
C. indiclls (Uvarov)
Acrotyluf humbertianus (Saussure)
Ac.:rotylus inficita (Walker)
Oed::lfeus abruplus (ThIJOberg)
O. Senegalensis (Krausa)
Sphingono/us rebe.ycens (Walker)
'S. savignyi (Saussure)
A nacridium rebris pinus (Rei-Bien ko)
Cyrtacanchacris tatarica (Linneaus)
Leva indica (Bolivar)
Truxalis eximia eximia (Eichwald)
Ochrilidia ajJinis (Salli)
Heteracris littoralis (Rambur)
Aulacobothrus spChloeb:Jra crassa (Walker)
51
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
C. marshalli (Henry)
Ckoroedocus illustris (Walker)
Eucoptacra paraemorsa (Stoal)
Eyprepocnemis alacris impictus (Uvarov)
Gonista sp.
Orthoetha indica (Uvarov)
Oxya abneri (Willemse)
Phlaeoba sp.
Spathosternum prasiniferum (Walker)
Trilophidia anllulata (Thunberg)
C. FAMALY-TETTIGONIDAE
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Euconocephalus pa/ibidis
Sathrophy/lia rugosa (Linnaeus)
Holoclllora illdica (Kirby)
Latana inflata (Brunner)
Eucollocephalu5 lucertus (Walker)
Himerta kinneari (Uvarov)
Trigonocorypha unic%r (Stoal)
D. FAMALY-TETRICIDAE
43.
Euparateltix Izistricu.l· (Stal)
CAZRI Publications
NO.
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5
No. 6
No.
7
No. 8
No. 9
No. 10
No. 1I
No. 12
No. 13
Desert Ecosystem and its Improvement, pp. 1-387 (1974).
Proceedings of Summer Institute
on Rodentology (Mimeo), pp.
1-365 (1975).
Solar Energy Utilization Research (Mimeo.), pp. 1-48 (1975).
Rodent Pest ManagementPractices, pp.
Principles and
1-28 (1976),
White Grubs and their Manage·
ment, pp. 1-30 (1977).
The Amazing Life in the Indian
Desert, pp. 1-18 (1977).
Geomorphological
Investigations of the Rajasthan desert,
pro 1-44 (1977).
Proceedings of Summer Institute
on "Resource Inventory and
Ianduse planning", pp. 1-373
( 1977).
Land Use Classification System
in Indian Arid Zone, pp. 1·43
(1978).
Ecology of the Indian desert
gerbil. Meriones hurrianae, pp.
1-88 (1981).
Khejri (Prosopis cineraria) in
the Indian desert-its role in
agroforestry, pp. 1-78 (1980)
The goat in the desert environment, pp. 1-26 (1980).
Edited by H.S. Mann
Edited by Ishwar Prakasb
by H.P. Garg
by Ishwar Prakash
by S.K. Pal
by Ishwar Prakash
by Surendra Singh
Edited by K.A. Shankarnarayan
by Ama! Kumar Sen
by Ishwar Prakash
Edited by H.S. Mann and
S K Saxena
by P K. Ghosh and M.S. Khan
Bordi (Zizyphus l1ummularia)-
A shrub of the Indian Arid ZOne
-its role in silvipasture, pp. 1-93
(1981).
No. 14 Sheep in Rajasthan, pp. 1-38
(1981).
No. 15 Water proofing of field irrigation
eha nnels in desert soils, pp. 1-23
(1982).
53
Edited by H.S. Mann and
S.K. Saxena
by·A.K. Sen, P K. Ghosh,
K.N. Gupta and RC Bohra
by K.N.K. Murthy, V.C.
Issac and D.N. Hohra
No. 16
No. 17
No. 18
No. 19
No. 20
No. 21
No.22
No. 23
No. 24
No. 25
No. 26
No. 27
. No. 28
Termite pests of vegetation in
Rajasthan and their n.anagement, pp. ]-3] (1981).
Water in the eco-physiology of
desert sheep, pp. 1-42 (1981).
Ground water atlas of Rajasthan,
pp. 1-61 (1983).
Agro - demographic AtJ<ls of
Rajasthan. pp. 1-63 (1983).
Soil and Moisture Conservation
for Increasing Crop Production
in Arid Lands, pp. 1-42 (1983).
Depleted Vegetation of Desertic
Habitats: Studies on its Natural
Regeneration. pp. 1-32 (1983).
Prosopisjuliflora (Swartz) D.C.,
a fast growing tree to bloom the
desert, pp. 1-21 (] 983).
Arid Zone Forestry (with special
reference to the [ndian Arid
Zone), pp. 1-48 (1984).
Agro-forestry in arid and semI
arid zones, pp. 1-295 (1984).
'Israeli Babool : Marusthal Ice liye
labhdayak J'raksh l Hindi), pp.
}·14 (1985).
Desert Environmt!nt : Conservation and Management, pp. 1-124
(1986).
Agro-for~stry: ,A judicious use
of desert Eco-System by man.
Grazing Resources of Jaisalm'er
District: ecology and developmental pianning with ~recial
refeJence to sewall gra ~Iallds,.
pp. :-92 '(1987).
54
by
n.R.
Parihar
by P.K. Ghosh and R.K.
Ablchandani
by H.S. Mann and A.K.
Sen
by A.K. Sen and K.N.
Gupta
by J.P. Gupta
by Vinod Shankar
by K.D. Muthana and
G.D. Arora
by H.S. Mann and
K.D. Muthana
by K.A.Shankarnarayan
by L.N. Harsh and
H.C. Bohra
by K.A. Shankarnarayan and
Vmod Shankar
by S.P. Malhotra, H .S. Trivedi and
Y.N. Mathur
by Vinod Shankar and
Suresh Kumar
SOME OTHER PUBLICATIONS FROM CAZRI
Anonymous (1964).
pp. I-ISS.
Recent Developments in Rajasthan, CAZRl/Govt. of India,
Kaul. R. Ned. (1970).
Hague, 1-435.
Afforestation in Arid Zones.
Dr. W. Junk, b. v.,
The
Anonymous (1971). Proceedings of 1964 Jodhpur Symposium on the "Problems of
Indian Arid Zone." Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1-495.
Sen. A. K. (1972).
Agricultural Atlas of Rajasthan, ICAR, New Delhi, pp. 1-51.
Fitzwater, W. D. and Prakash, I. (1973). Hand book of Vertebrate Pest Control.
ICAR, New Delhi, 2nd ed. (1978), pp. 1-95.
Barnett, S. A. and Prakash, J. (1975). Rodents of economic importance in India.·
Arnold-Heinemann, New Delhi, 1-175.
Gupta, R. K. and Prakash, I. (197S). An Environmental Analysis of the Thar
Desert. English Book Depot, Dehra Dun, 1-484.
Pra~ash, 1. and Ghosh, P.K. eds. (1975). Rodents in Desert Environments. Dr. W.
Junk, b. v .. The Hague, 1-624.
Anonymous (1977).
CAZRr.
Arid Zone Research in India (Silver Jubliee, 1952 - 1977),
Malhotra, S. P. (1977).
CAZRI. pp. 1-51.
Socio-economic structure of population in arid Rajasthan,
Muthana, K. D. (1977).
CAZRI, pp. ]-22.
Improved techniques for tree plantation in the arid zone.
Taneja, G. C. (1978). Sheep husbandry in India. Orient Longman Ltd, New-Delhi,
pp. 1-159.
Muthana, K. D. and Arora, G. D. (1979). Acacia torti/is (rom) A promising fast
~rt)wing tree for Indian arid zone. CAZRI. pp. 1-99.
Singh, S. D, and Mann, H. S. (1979). Optimisation of water use and crop production in an arid region. CAZRI, pp. 1-88.
Mann, H. S. ed.. (1980). Arid Zone Research and Development,
Publishers, Jodhpur, 1-531.
55
Scientific
i'aroda, R. S., Mann, H. S. and Verma, C. M. (1980).
arid rangelands. CAZRI, pp. 1-38.
Anonymous (1983).
Management of Indian
Progress in arid zone research : 1952-1982. CAZRI, pp. 1-65.
Anonymous (1983). Outlines of the Technologies for Reconstruction of the Arid
Zon~.
CAZRI, pp. 1-40.
Malhotra, S. P., Gupta, B. S., Goyal, Daulat and Taimni, Vishnu (1983). Population, land, crops and livestock statistics of Arid Zone of Rajasthan.
CAZRI. 1-1481.
Shankarnarayan, K. A. (1983).
CAZRJ, pp. 1-26.
Anonymous (1985).
Social Forestry -
its significance and scope.
Research Highlights. CAZRI, 1-153.
Shankarnarayan, K. A. and Sen, A. K. (1985).
CAZRI, pp. 1-26.
Combating Desertification.
Singh, S. D. (1985). Data base for managing water in command area of Indira
Gandhi Canal - Stage II. CAZRJ, pp. 1-132.
Prakash, Ishwar and Mathur, R, P. (1987). Management of rodent pests. ICAR,
New-Delhi, pp, 1-183.
Note: This is an incomplete list. A large number of publications, including
Annual reports, survey reports, proceedings of symposia/workshops,
bibliographies, extension bulletins, etc., have not been included.
S6