AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR AND METONYMY ON STEPHENIE
MEYER’S NOVEL BREAKING DAWN
By:
LAILIYYATUZ ZUHRIYYAH
107026001641
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2011
AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR AND METONYMY ON STEPHENIE
MEYER’S NOVEL BREAKING DAWN
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Strata One
By:
LAILIYYATUZ ZUHRIYYAH
107026001641
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2011
ABSTRACT
Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah, An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy on Stephenie
Meyer’s Novel Breaking Dawn. A Thesis: English Letters Department. Letters
and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta,
July 2011.
In this research, the writer discussed the use of metaphor and metonymy
on Stephenie Meyer's novel Breaking Dawn. The aim of this research is to find
out the types of metaphor and metonymy used in the Breaking Dawn novel, and to
understand the meaning of phrase or sentence that use metaphor and metonymy
which are selected by the writer.
The writer uses qualitative research contain analysis method. The writer
collects the data from the novel, then classified them into types of metaphor and
metonymy. Based on the theories provided, the data are analyzed to one by one to
know the kinds of metaphor and metonymy used, and the meaning of them. To
focus on the study, the writer limits herself to analyze thirty data, fifteen
metaphors and fifteen metonymies.
From the analysis, the writer finds some types of metaphor and metonymy.
Their meanings are explained in their literal meanings, so that they can show the
influence of using metaphor and metonymy in the phrase or sentence. The writer
concludes that metaphor and metonymy are commonly used in daily life, not
merely used in particular work to the purpose of the poetic imagination or the
rhetorical flourish. Metaphorical and metonymical expressions may give deeper
understanding than literal ones because they are more expressive and evokes a
particular sense which can help the readers to conceive what the author means.
i
APPROVEMENT
AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR AND METONYMY ON STEPHENIE
MEYER’S NOVEL BREAKING DAWN
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Strata One
Lailiyyatuz zuhriyyah
107026001641
Approved by:
Drs. Abd. Hamid, M. Ed.
Advisor
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
2011
ii
LEGALIZATION
Name : Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah
NIM : 107026001641
Title : An Analysis of Metaphor and Metonymy in Stephenie Meyer’s Novel
Breaking Dawn
The thesis has been defended before the Faculty of Letters and Humanities’
Examination Committee on August 24, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.
Jakarta, August 24, 2011
The Examination Committee
Signature
Date
1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin,M.Pd
19640710 199303 1 006
(Chair Person)
_____________
_____________
2. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum
19781003 200112 2 002
(Secretary)
_____________
_____________
3. Abd. Hamid, M. Ed
150 181 922
(Advisor)
_____________
_____________
4. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum
19781003 200112 2 002
(Examiner I)
_____________
_____________
5. Moh. Supardi, M. Hum
(Examiner II)
_____________
_____________
iii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my
knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by
another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the
award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher
learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, July 31, 2011
Lailiyyatuz Zuhriyyah
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the name of Allah, the most gracious, praise, and gratitude be to Allah
for giving the writer ability and health to finish this thesis. Blessing is upon our
prophet Muhammad SAW, his descendent and his followers.
This thesis is presented to the English Letters Department, Letters and
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta as a
partial of requirements for the Degree of Strata one. This thesis could not be
completed without a great deal of help from many people, especially Drs. Abd.
Hamid, M. Ed, as the writer’s thesis advisor, whose guidance, patience, support
and encouragement from the initial to the final level enable her to develop an
understanding of the subject. Without his guidance, this thesis would not be
completed well.
The writer also would like to express the deepest gratitude to those who
helped her finishing this thesis, namely:
1. Dr. Abd. Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty.
2. Drs. A. Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department and Elve
Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department.
3. All of the lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught her a lot of
things and educated her during her study. Especially to Hilmi Akmal, M.Hum
for the advice to this thesis.
4. The librarians of Letters and Humanities Faculty, the librarians of State
Islamic University of Jakarta, and the librarians of Unika Atmajaya Jakarta.
v
5.
The writer’s beloved parents: Supriyadi and Mutmainnah who always give
her spiritual and financial support during the time of study and the process of
making this thesis.
6. The writer’s beloved grandparents: K. Marzuki and Romlah who are not just
as grandparents but also as the second parents taking care of her since
childhood to teenager. For their pray and support to her.
7. The writer’s lovely sister: Fadlila Fauziyah for the laughs and the battles, they
are such amusements for the writer while she was feeling hard, especially
during the research. As well her lovely cousin, Erika Ryana Khalida and her
parents for their concerns.
8. The writer’s friends: Lily, Izma, Esa, Anggri, Dewi, Ciput, Laras, Aisyah,
Sangka, Aslam, Ilham, Astriadi (for the triangle diagram), Sohib, Pices, Ari,
Rizky, for the helps, supports, and laughs. And to Tubbies (Bibah, Rohmah,
Encha) who gives her rich experiences, from the happiness to the sadness,
laughs to quarrels, the funniest one to the ridiculous one.
9. All of the writer’s friends at UIN Jakarta especially to Linguistics Class of
English Letters Department.
10. The writer’s friends in High School (Ika, Tika, Fiqih, Yani, Khusnul, Mariana,
Tom) who have given their supports to her.
11. To FLAT (Foreign Language Association) and UNOSEI (Japanese lover
community).
Jakarta, July 31, 2011
The writer
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i
APPROVEMENT ............................................................................................. ii
LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii
DECLARATION............................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1
A. Background of Study .................................................................................... 1
B. Focus of Study .............................................................................................. 4
C. Research Questions ....................................................................................... 5
D. Significance of Study .................................................................................... 5
E. The Methodology of Research ...................................................................... 5
1. The Objective of Research ...................................................................... 5
2. The Method of Research ......................................................................... 5
3. The Techniques of Data Analysis ........................................................... 6
4. The Instrument of Research .................................................................... 6
5. Unit of Analysis ...................................................................................... 6
F. Place and Time of the Research .................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................ 7
A. Meaning ........................................................................................................ 7
1. Naming .................................................................................................... 8
vii
2. Concept ................................................................................................... 9
3. Sense and Reference ............................................................................... 10
B. Literal and Non Literal Meaning................................................................... 11
C. Metaphor ....................................................................................................... 13
D. Kinds of Metaphor ........................................................................................ 15
a. Structural Metaphor ................................................................................ 16
b.
Orientational Metaphor .......................................................................... 17
c. Ontological Metaphor ............................................................................. 19
E. Metonymy ..................................................................................................... 21
F. Kinds of Metonymy ...................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS……………………………………29
A. Data Description............................................................................................ 29
B. Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 32
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................. 64
A. Conclusion..................................................................................................... 64
B. Suggestion ..................................................................................................... 65
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 67
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 69
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
Language is the main-communication device in human interaction. It
functions to express concepts, ideas, or thought, so that it has meaning. The
expression of meaning is not always obvious, sometimes expressed implicitly and
vaguely by the speaker, consequently needed imagination and certain knowledge
to be apprehended. One of the ways to express the meaning implicitly is by using
figurative language. According to Abrams, Figurative language is a conspicuous
departure from what users of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of
words, or else the standard order of words, in order to achieve some special
meaning or effect.1
There are some kinds of figurative language, however, two kinds of which
are attractive to be analyzed and considered having important role in cognitive are
metaphor and metonymy. According to Gorys Keraf, metafora adalah semacam
analogi yang membandingkan dua hal secara langsung, tetapi dalam bentuk yang
singkat.2 (Metaphor is such an analogy that compares two things directly in brief
form) Metonimi adalah suatu gaya bahasa yang mempergunakan sebuah kata
untuk menyatakan suatu hal lain, karena mempunyai pertalian yang sangat
1
Abrams M.H., A Glossary of Literary Terms, Seven Edition (Massachusetts: Heinle & Heinle.
1999), p. 96.
2
Gorys Keraf, Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. 2007), p. 139.
1
2
dekat. 3 (Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a word to express another,
because of close relationship)
In traditional view, like most of people think that metaphor and metonymy
are merely regarded as language matter. They are viewed as decorative device of
daily language. They are also viewed as rhetoric that used in certain time to get
certain effect that is expected. In this view, they are parts of figurative language,
that is, because they are interpreted as words which are not used in daily life.
Then, in cognitive linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are properties of concept,
not just artistic or esthetic purpose, and conventionally used by ordinary people in
daily life.
As cognitive linguistics view, in this research, metaphor and metonymy
are not considered merely as a language matter or parts of figurative language, but
also as language related with cognition. They are part of conceptual system which
structures thought and action. Nevertheless, conceptual system is not something
we aware of, most of things we do everyday, think and act, occurs automatically.
Therefore, metaphor and metonymy are automatic and unconscious. One of the
ways to perceive is by viewing the language. Since communication is based on
similar conceptual system, which is used to think and act, language is an
important source as the evidence how the system is.4
Metaphor and metonymy are conceptual in nature, however, they
experience different conceptual process. According to Lakoff dan Johnson (1980),
Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in terms of another, and
3
Ibid, p. 140.
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Metaphors We Life By (Chicago and London: The University
of Chicago Press, 1980) , p. 3.
4
3
its primary function is understanding. Metonymy, on the other hand, has primarily
a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another.
But metonymy is not merely a referential device. It also serves the function of
providing understanding. 5 Then, according to Jakobson, metaphor is based on
similarity, whereas metonymy is based on contiguity.6
Metaphor expression like “Time is Money”, is an example based on
similarity in which Time and Money are two things that are obviously different,
but Time is considered as a precious commodity that can be conceptualized with
Money. Metonymy expression, such as “I‟m reading Shakespeare”, is an example
of conceptualization based on contiguity, namely, Producer for Product because
Shakespeare in the example refers to Shakespeare’s work.
Since novel is a fiction belles-lettres which represents life of the characters,
how they think and act is expressed in language. In this research, the writer
analyzes a novel, that is, Breaking Dawn written by Stephenie Meyer, the forth
novel of the Twilight Saga’s tetralogys. It is published in 2008 by Little, Brown
and Company in New York, USA. Like three novels before (Twilight, New Moon,
Eclipse), Breaking Dawn is the last part of which also becomes out-world
bestseller. It is divided into three parts, they are first book narrated by Bella Swan,
second book narrated by Jacob Black, and Third book narrated by Bella Swan.
Stephenie Meyer is an author who has high imaginations expressed in
attractive language in her novels. The writer finds out many metaphor and
metonymy expressions in Breaking Dawn novel, metaphor expressions, such as:
5
Ibid, p. 36.
Jakobson, “The Metonymyc and metaphoric Poles.” Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison
and Contrast. Ed. Dirven, René and Ralf Pöring. (Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter), p.42.
6
4
“I was so fragilely human”
In the example above, there is cross-domain mapping in which “I” is a human,
and “fragilely” formed from adjective fragile, officially used for „breakable
things‟ such as glass. However, here, fragile used to I as human, it looks as an
anomaly. Actually it is cross-domain mapping of metaphor conceptual system,
that is one domain is understood in another domain because there are similarity
between character of I and breakable things.
Example of metonymy expression in Breaking Dawn novel:
“Are you driving a Mercedes Guardian?”
In the example of metonymy above, there is mapping of metonymy model in
which one entity stands for another that is contiguity. In this case, reader will
understand the mean of word „Mercedes Guardian‟ stand for a car, in spite of
indirectly mentioning, because it is generally known that Mercedes Guardian is a
car brand. The position of Mercedes Guardian here as the first entity refers to Car
as the second entity. This relationship is called relation of Producer for Product.
Beside examples above, the writer finds many other sentences contain
metaphor and metonymy in Breaking Dawn novel, so that the writer is attracted to
analyze those with theory of conceptual mapping declared by Lakoff and Johnson
(1980). Then, the writer also want to know how the influence of metaphor and
metonymy usage in giving meaning of the sentences.
B. Focus of Study
In this research, writer focuses on Metaphor and Metonymy in the
Breaking Dawn novel.
5
C. Research Questions
Based on the focus of study above, the writer proposes the question below:
1. What types of metaphor and metonymy are used in Breaking Dawn novel?
2. What are the meaning of the phrases and sentences that use metaphor and
metonymy?
D. Significance of Study
The writer hopes that this research can be useful for linguistic
development, especially for study of meaning related to metaphor and metonymy.
Beside that, it can be useful for other readers who mean to research metaphor and
metonymy.
E. The Methodology of Research
1. The Objectives of Research
The objectives of this research are to find out the types of metaphor
and metonymy used in the Breaking Dawn novel, to understand the
meaning of phrases or sentences that use metaphor and metonymy which
are selected by the writer.
2. The Method of Research
Referring to the objectives of the research, the writer uses qualitative
research discourse analysis method. The data which are analyzed are
linguistics expressions (phrases, and sentences) in Breaking Dawn novel.
6
3. The Techniques of Data Analysis
The process of data analysis in this research involved some steps, first
writer reads and notes the phrases and the sentences involved metaphor
and metonymy expression in the novel, then the collected data are
classified into types of metaphor and metonymy. The further step is the
writer analyzes the data based on Lakoff and Johnson mapping theory as
the basic of conceptual system. So, the data will be analyzed through
“Descriptive Analysis Technique.”
4. The Instrument of Research
The instrument of this research is the writer as the subject of the
research. The writer reads and picks up the sentences involved metaphor
and metonymy, then classifies and analyzes them using theory which has
been explained before. The writer also uses some references as the
supporting research.
5. Unit of Analysis
Unit of analysis in this research is Breaking Dawn novel written by
Stephenie Meyer published in 2008 by Little, Brown and Company, New
York, USA.
H. Place and Time of the Research
This research has begun in January 2011 in English Letters Department,
Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta, and in the other libraries that support the theory and provide the
references writer needs.
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Meaning
Language and meaning are two things that can not be separated. Language
is a system of sound combines the world of meaning and sound. Meaning is a
mental unit of language and experience related to language symbol that represents
it.9 In linguistics, meaning is object study of semantics. Semantics focuses on the
literal meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. It is concerned with how
grammatical processes build complex meaning out of simpler one. 10 Also,
describing how the user of a language represents the meaning of a word, or
linguistic forms above or below a word in his mind and how he uses this
representation in construing sentence. 11
Nevertheless, in general, meaning is not finitely describable. Meaning is
very vague term, in English it refers to a variety of different relations between the
world, language and speakers. Most languages do not have precise equivalents for
the English term „meaning‟, and some use a very different stock of lexical
resources to talk about meaning-like phenomena. 12 For linguists, the matter of
9
Kushartanti, at.al., Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka utama, 2005 ), p.114
10
Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 137
11
Muhammad Farkhan, An Introduction to Linguistics (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006), p. 97.
12
Nick Riemer, Introducing Semantics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 40.
7
8
meaning is crucial that deserves further concern. A linguist, E.A. Nida (in Alwi
and Sugono, 2002) describes meaning as follow:
Meaning consists of that particular structured bundle of cognitive features,
associated with the lexical unit, which make possible the designation of all
the denotata by the lexical in question. In other words, the meaning
consists of that set of necessary and sufficient conceptual features which
make it possible for the speaker to separate the referential potentiality any
one of lexical unit from that of any other unit which might tend to occupy
part of the same semantic domains.13
Related to the description above, Palmer in his book Semantics a New
Outline (1976:19-34) gives three significant aspects of meaning, they are:
1. Naming
Language might be thought of communication system with on the one
hand the signifier, on the other the signified. In this aspect, the basic problem is to
establish the nature and relationship of these two. As the Plato‟s dialogue Cratylus,
the signifier is a word in the language and the signified is the object in the world
that it „stands for‟, „refers to‟ or „denotes‟. Words are „names‟ or „labels‟ for
things. 14
The theory of naming includes all parts speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs,
etc. Moreover, words are not just names of things in the real world, and it must
involve some fairly sophisticated explanation of the way giving names in the
world to giving names of objects that do not exist, like in the world of fairy tale,
such as unicorn, fairy, goblin, etc., and the other nouns that do not refer to
physical object at all, abstract things such as love, hate, inspiration, idea, etc.
13
Hasan Alwi and Dendy Sugono, Telaaah Bahasa dan Sastra (Jakarta: Yayasan Obor, 2002),
p.111.
14
F.R. Palmer, Semantics: A New Outline (Cambridge: Cambridge University press,1976), p. 19.
9
2. Concept
Concepts are vital to the efficient functioning of human cognition. They
are organized bundles of stored knowledge which represent an articulation of
events, entities, situations, ad so on in our experience.15 According to de Saussure,
the linguistic sign consists of a signifier and a signified, these are, however, more
strictly a sound image and a concept, both linked by a psychological „associative‟
bond. Both the noise we make, that is to say, and the objects of the world that we
talk about are mirrored in some way by conceptual entities.16 Moreover, Ogden
and Richards give a triangle to show the relationship between them as follow:17
The „symbol‟ is the linguistics element, that is, the word, sentence, etc. The
„referent‟ is the object, in the world experience. The „thought or reference‟ is the
concept. It is important to be concerned that there is no direct link between the
15
Gennaro Chierchia and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Meaning and Grammar: An Introduction to
Semantics (Massachusetts: The MIT Press), p.125.
16
F.R. Palmer, Ibid., p.25.
17
C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards, The Meaning of Meaning (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Ltd, 1972), p. 11.
10
symbol and referent or between language and the world. The link is via thought or
reference, the concept of our mind. When we think of a name we think of the
concept and vice versa, i.e. that meaning consists of our ability of associating one
with the other, of remembering that chair refers to the concept „chair‟ that has
referent in our experience.
2. Sense and Reference
Reference deal with the relationship between the linguistic elements,
words, sentences, etc. and the non-linguistic world of experience. Sense relates to
the complex system of relationship that holds between the linguistic elements
themselves (mostly the words), it is concerned only with intra-linguistic
relations.18
Moreover, James and Heasley (1994) explain the relationship between
sense and reference:
On the relationship between sense and reference: the referent of an
expression is often a thing or a person in the world, whereas the sense of
an expression is not a thing at all. In fact, it is difficult to say what sort of
the entity of the sense of an expression is. It is much easier to say whether
or not two expressions have the same sense. … The sense of expression is
an abstraction, but it is helpful to note that it is an abstraction that can be
entertained in the mind of language user.19
To understand what reference and sense are, we will concern the further examples.
It has been explained in the example of reference of chair, that is, the relationship
of concept, word, and referent of chair. So is to say that word „chair‟ refers to a
particular thing in the world. Whereas understanding sense, the dictionary can be
18
Ibid., p.30.
James R. Hurford and Brendan Heasly, Semantics: A Course Book (Cambridge: Cambridge
University. 1994) , p.30.
19
11
useful to explain it. The dictionary is usually concerned with sense relations, with
relating words to words. For instance, when we look up the meaning of a word in
dictionary, we must find an expression or more with the same sense, not referent.
Other descriptions make a clear distinction between reference and sense.
Consider the noun phrase, the president of the United States. Its reference at the
time of this writing is Barrack Obama. Its sense is “head of state of USA.” The
sense is more enduring.20 Therefore, a word‟s referent, then, is the particular thing,
person place, etc. which an expression stands for on a particular occasion of use,
and it changes each time the word is applied to a different object or situation in
the world. By contrast, a word‟s sense doesn‟t change every time the word takes
on a new referent.21
B. Literal and Non-Literal Meaning
In the study of meaning, it can not be apart from kind of meaning called
literal meaning. The literal meaning of a linguistic expression is its conventional
meaning: the meaning it has in virtue of the conventions which are constitutive of
the language. Thus understood literal meaning is a property of the expressiontype; for it is the expression type which the conventions of the language endow
with a particular meaning.22 Whenever the meaning which the expression actually
conveys departs from that literal meaning, it is said to be „non-literal‟, in ordinary
sense of the term, non-literal meaning contrast with normal meaning. Non-literal
20
Victoria Fromkin at.al. an Introduction to Language, seventh Edition. (Massachusetts: Heinle
Thomson, 2003), p. 191.
21
Nick Riemer, Ibid., p. 18.
22
Francois Recanati, Literal Meaning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 68.
12
meaning is special, it involves a form of deviance or departure from the norm; a
form of deviance or departure which must be transparent to the language users.23
Non-literal meaning is generally known as figurative meaning. It would be
a reasonable requirement of a dictionary that it should indicate which meaning are
literal and which figurative: most users would probably, assume that literal
meaning would be given first. However, this is not really a satisfactory
explanation of what literalness is. 24 Both distinctions are legitimate. It can be
distinction between conventional meaning and conveyed meaning, and between
normal meaning and the special meanings assigned to words when the speaker
speaks figuratively or conveys something indirectly.
The paradigm case of non literal meaning is metaphor. Cognitive linguist
reject the so-called substitution theory of metaphor according to which a
metaphorical expression replaces some literal expression that has the same
meaning. Metaphors („true‟ metaphor), in general, are not literally paraphrasable:
they have a character that no literal expression has. At the same time, although
metaphorical meaning has a special character that distinguishes it from any literal
meaning, it has the same range of basic functions as literal meaning. Of course,
many metaphorical expressions have a heavy load of expressive meaning. But so
do many literal expressions. In other words, metaphorical meaning is not, at least
in basic functional respect, a special kind of meaning: it is rather the case that
23
Ibid., p. 81.
Alan Cruse, Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 195.
24
13
metaphor is the result of special process for arriving at, or construing, a
meaning.25
C. Metaphor
Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the
rhetorical flourish—a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language.
Moreover, metaphor is viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of
word rather than thought or action. On the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in
everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary
conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally
metaphorical in nature.26 This view how metaphor has important role in human
cognition is basically proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). It is known as
Conceptual Theory of Metaphor.
The essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of
thing in the term of another.27 Furthermore, Lakoff (1992) gives the evidence for
the existence of a system of conventional conceptual metaphors is of five types: 28
a. Generalizations governing polysemy, that is, the use of words with a
number of related meanings.
b. Generalizations governing inference patterns, that is, cases where a pattern
of inferences from one conceptual domain is used in another domain.
25
William croft and D. Alan Cruse, Cognitive Linguistics (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 2010), p. 194.
26
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Ibid. p. 3.
27
Ibid., p. 5.
28
George Lakoff, The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. 1992), p. 3.
14
c. Generalizations governing novel metaphorical language.
d. Generalizations governing patterns of semantic change.
e. Psycholinguistic experiments.
According to Kövecses (2002) based on theory of Lakoff and Johnson
(1980), in cognitive linguistics view, metaphor is defined as understanding one
conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. A conceptual metaphor
consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of
another.29 Conceptual metaphors are invoked to explain the coherence between
whole sets of ordinary language expressions.30
On the one hand, Barcelona (2003) said Metaphor is the cognitive
mechanism whereby one experiental domain is partially „mapped‟, i.e. projected,
onto a different experiential domain, so that the second domain is partially
understood in the term of first one. 31
Domain that is mapped is called source domain, and domain in which the
source domain is mapped is called target domain. Both domains have to belong to
different kind of domains. These following examples are conceptual metaphor:
Argument Is War
Time is Money
Love Is A Journey
Theories Are Buildings
Ideas Are Food
29
Zoltán Kövecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002),
p.4.
30
Cliff Goddard, A Practical Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998), p.77.
31
Antonio Barcelona, Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive Perspective
(Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.2003), p. 3.
15
In the examples above, Argument, Time, Love, Theories, and Ideas are target
domain, whereas War, Money, Journey, Buildings, and Food are source domain.
Source domain is domain which is conceived through using of source domain.
Conceptual metaphors need to be distinguished from metaphorical
linguistic expressions. Metaphorical linguistic expressions are words or other
linguistic expressions that come from the language or terminology of the concrete
conceptual domain.32 They are the main type of evidence given for the existence
of conceptual metaphors. 33 Here are the examples of metaphorical linguistic
expression that reflect conceptual metaphor „TIME IS MONEY‟ given by Lakoff
and Johnson (1980):
You are wasting my time.
This gadget will save you hours.
How do you spend your time these days?
That flat tire cost me an hour.
I have invested a lot of time in her.
You need to budged your time.
D. Kinds of Metaphor
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book Metaphors, We live By
(1980), Also Zoltán Kövecses in his book, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction
(2002), divided metaphor into three kinds:
32
Zoltán Kövecses. Ibid., p. 4.
Alice Deignan, Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics, (Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing
Company, 2005), p. 15.
33
16
1. Structural Metaphor
Structural Metaphor is cases where one concept is metaphorically
structured in the term of another. 34 In this kind of metaphor, source domain
provides rich knowledge structure for target concept. In other words, the cognitive
function is to enable speakers to understand target A by means of the structure of
source B. It uses conceptual mapping between elements of A and elements of B.
ARGUMENT IS WAR
Your claims are indefensible.
He attacked every weak point in my argument.
His criticisms were right on target.
I demolished his argument.
I've never won an argument with him.
You disagree? Okay, shoot!
If you use that strategy, he'll wipe you out.
He shot down all of my arguments.35
In these examples above, it is important to see that we don‟t just talk about
arguments in the term of war. We can actually win and lose an argument. We can
see the person who we are arguing with as an opponent, attack his positions and
defend ours. We gain and lose ground, plan and use strategies. Many of things we
do in arguing are partially structured by the concept of war. Although, there is no
physical battle, there is a verbal battle reflects this. Argument is War structures the
actions we perform in arguing.
Metaphor Argument is War contains much metaphorical linguistics. The
mapping not only explains why the particular expressions mean what they do, but
34
35
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Ibid., p.14.
Ibid, p.4.
17
also provide a basic overall structure, hence understanding, for our notion of war.
Without metaphor it would be difficult to imagine what our concept of war.
Structural metaphor provides this kind of structuring and understanding for target
concepts.
2. Orientational Metaphor
It is different with structural metaphor, where one concept is
metaphorically structured in terms of another. Orientational Metaphor is kind of
metaphor that does not structure one concept in term of another but instead
organizes a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.36 Orientational
metaphors provide even less conceptual structure for target concepts than
ontological ones. Their cognitive job, instead, is to make a set of target concepts
coherent in our conceptual system.37
This kind of metaphor relates to spatial orientation, such as: up-down, inout, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral, etc. Orientational
metaphor gives a concept of a spatial orientation, for example, Happy is Up, the
fact that the concept Happy is oriented Up leads English expressions like “Im
feeling up today”. Metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary, they have a basis in
our physical and cultural experience. Orientational metaphor based on things that
can vary from culture to culture. In each case will be given brief hint about how
each metaphorical concept might arise in our physical and cultural experience: 38
36
Ibid., p.14.
Zoltán Kövecses, Ibid., p. 35.
38
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson. Ibid., p.16.
37
18
HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
I'm feeling up. That boosted my spirits. My spirits rose. You're in high spirits.
Thinking about her always gives me a lift. I'm feeling down. I'm depressed. He's
really low these days. I fell into a depression. My spirits sank.
CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
Get up. Wake up. I'm up already. He rises early in the morning. He fell asleep. He
dropped off to sleep. He's under hypnosis. He sank into a coma.
HEALTH AND LIFE ARE UP; SICKNESS AND DEATH ARE DOWN
He's at the peak of health. Lazarus rose from the dead. He's in top shape. As to his
health, he's way up there. He fell ill. He's sinking fast. He came down with the flu.
His health is declining. He dropped dead.
HAVING CONTROL or FORCE IS UP; BEING SUBJECT TO
CONTROL or FORCE IS DOWN
I have control over her. I am on top of the situation. He's in a superior position.
He's at the height of his power. He's in the high command. He's in the upper
echelon. His power rose. He ranks above me in strength. He is under my control.
He fell from power. His power is on the decline. He is my social inferior. He is
low man on the totem pole.
MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN
The number of books printed each year keeps going up. His draft number
is high. My income rose last year. The amount of artistic activity in this state has
gone down in the past year. The number of errors he made is incredibly low. His
income fell last year. He is underage. If you're too hot, turn the heat down.
19
FORESEEABLE FUTURE EVENTS ARE UP (and AHEAD)
All up coming events are listed in the paper. What's coming up this week? I'm
afraid of what's up ahead of us. What's up?
HIGH STATUS IS UP; LOW STATUS IS DOWN
He has a lofty position. She'll rise to the top. He's at the peak of his career. He's
climbing the ladder. He has little upward mobility. He's at the bottom of the social
hierarchy. She fell in status.
GOOD IS UP; BAD IS DOWN
Things are looking up. We hit a peak last year, but it's been downhill ever since.
Things are at an all-time low. He does high-quality work.
VIRTUE IS UP; DEPRAVITY IS DOWN
He is high-minded. She has high standards. She is upright. She is an upstanding
citizen. That was a low trick. Don't be underhanded. I wouldn't stoop to that. That
would be beneath me. He fell into the abyss of depravity. That was a low-down
thing to do.
RATIONAL IS UP; EMOTIONAL IS DOWN
The discussion fell to the emotional level, but I raised it back up to the rational
plane. We put our feelings aside and had a high-level intellectual discussion of the
matter. He couldn't rise above his emotions.
3. Ontological metaphor
Ontological metaphors provide much less cognitive structuring for target
concepts than structural ones do. Their cognitive job seems to be to “merely” give an
20
ontological status to general categories of abstract target concepts.39 In this kind of
metaphor, target domain is abstract that difficult to be conceived, knowledge about
the target domain is rather limited and not specified. It is different with structural
metaphor which provides an elaborate structure for abstract concept.
The target domain is not clearly delineated, vague or abstract, however, its
existence can be conceived, for instance, „Mind‟ is what we do not really know, but
we conceive of it as an object, as in metaphorical expression „My mind is rusty this
morning‟, it provides more structure for „Mind‟ by means of the „Machine‟. This
way we can attempt to understand more about it. In general, ontological metaphors
enable us to see more sharply delineated structure where there is very little or none. 40
By ontological metaphor, speaker can use metaphor for specific
things. Abstract object can be quantified, referred, identified, etc.
Ontological metaphors serve various purpose, and the various kinds of
metaphors there are reflect the kinds of purpose served.41
Referring:
My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy.
That was a beautiful catch.
Quantifying:
It will take a lot of patience to finish this book.
There is so much hatred in the world.
Identifying Aspects:
The ugly side of his personality comes out under pressure.
39
Zoltán Kövecses, Ibid. p. 35.
Ibid., p.34.
41
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Ibid., p.25-26.
40
21
His emotional health has deteriorated recently.
Identifying Causes:
The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.
He did it out of anger.
Setting Goals and Motivating Actions:
He went to New York to seek fame and fortune.
Here's what you have to do to insure financial security.
E. Metonymy
Beside metaphor, metonymy is also an important aspect of cognitive.
Metonymy is one of the basic characteristics of cognition. 42 Word metonymy is
from Greece „Meta‟ that means showing the change and „Onoma‟ means name.
Traditional rhetoric defines metonymy as a figure of speech whereby the name of
one entity e1 is used to refer to another entity e2, which is contiguous to e1. 43
It is common for people to understand and perceive the aspect of
something and use it to stand either for the thing as a whole or a part, like the
following:
One waitress says to another, "The ham sandwich just spilled beer all
over himself."
In the example above, The ham sandwich stands for person who eats the Sandwich.
42
George Lakoff, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things (Chicago and London: The University of
Chicago Press), p. 77.
43
John R.Taylor, Category Extension by Metonymy and Metaphor. In René Dirven and Ralf
Pörings (eds). Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast and Comparison (Berlin and New York:
Mouton de Gruyter), p.324.
22
Metonymy has subcategory called synecdoche, where the part stands for
the whole. For example, “There are a lot of good heads in the university”,44 here,
Good Heads does not mean literally as part of body, but it refers to person. From
this example, metonymy provides referring function, that is, one entity stands for
another. Metonymy is not merely referential device, however, it also provides
understanding. Like the example, the point is not just to use a part (head) to stand
for a whole (person), but rather to pick out a particular characteristic of the person,
that is, intelligence related to head of the person.
Metonymy has a similar purpose to metaphor, and in similar way, however
in metonymy, we have to more focus in certain aspect that is referred. Like
metaphor, metonymy is not merely a rhetoric and poetic language. Concept of
metonymy is part of daily, how we think and act as well talk everyday. Metonymy
is also systematic.
According to Kövecses (2002) Metonymy is a cognitive process in which
one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual
entity, the target, within the same domain, or idealized cognitive model (ICM). 45
Term Idealized Cognitive Model (ICM) is proposed by Lakoff (1987), that is, a
central notion of in cognitive semantics is that linguistics meaning depends on
encyclopedic knowledge structures stored in long-term memory.46Kövecses shows
two terms in metonymy conceptual system, that is, entity that shows attention or
gives mental access called vehicle entity, and entity that becomes the attention or
mental access called target entity. For instance, “I‟m reading Shakespeare”, here,
44
George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Ibid., p.36.
Zoltán Kövecses, Ibid., p. 145.
46
Nick Riemer, Ibid., p.240.
45
23
Shakespeare refers to one of the Shakespeare‟s works, so that Shakespeare is the
vehicle entity, whereas target entity is one of the Shakespeare‟s works.
F. Kinds of Metonymy
Following is metonymy‟s expression given by Lakoff dan Johnson (1980)
and shows specific conceptual relationship between kinds of entity:
a. The Part for the Whole
Get your butt over here!
We don't hire longhairs.
The Giants need a stronger arm in right field.
b. Producer for Product
I‟ll have a Löwenbräu.
He bought a Ford.
He's got a Picasso in his den.
c. Object Used For User
The sax has the flu today.
The gun he hired wanted fifty grand.
The buses are on strike.
d. Controller For Controlled
Nixon bombed Hanoi.
Ozawa gave a terrible concert last night.
Napoleon lost at Waterloo.
24
e. Institution for People Responsible
Exxon has raised its prices again.
You'll never get the university to agree to that.
The Senate thinks abortion is immoral.
f. The Place for the Institution
The White House isn't saying anything.
Washington is insensitive to the needs of the people.
Hollywood isn't what it used to be.
g. The Place for the Event
Let's not let Thailand become another Vietnam.
Pearl Harbor still has an effect on our foreign policy.
Watergate changed our politics.
Moreover, Kövecses (2002) gives some types of metonymic relationships
according each ICM:47
a. Action ICM
Action ICM‟s involve a variety of participants, or entities, which may be
related to an action (more precisely, the predicate expressing the action) or to each
other. The Action ICM includes the following types of metonymic relationships:
47

Instrument for action: to shampoo one‟s hair

Agent for action: to butcher the cow; to author a book

Destination for motion: to porch the newspaper, to deck one‟s opponent
Zoltán Kövecses. Ibid., p.154.
25

Time of motion for an entity involved in the motion: The 8:40 just arrived.
All the metonymic examples listed above, the forms of the words are the same,
although their word classes may change. Moreover, there are examples of
derivational changes would be write-writer (action for agent), fly-flight (as in
“The flight is waiting to depart”: action for object), and beauty-beautify (as in “to
beautify the lawn”: result for action).
b. Causation ICM
When one thing or event causes another, we have a Cause-and-Effect type
of relationship. It can produce either cause-for effect metonymies. The metonymic
relationship effect for cause seems to be more widespread. Among effect for cause
found the special types:

State/event for the thing/person/state that caused it: She was a success; He
was a failure; She is my ruin.

The Action and Causation ICMs can combine and produce the metonymy
sound caused for the event that caused it: She rang the money into the till.
c. Production ICM
Production ICMs involve actions in which one of the participants, or
entities, is a product. The production of objects seems to be a particularly salient
type of causal action. The Production ICM gives rise to various metonymic
relationships involving the thing produced:

Producer for product: a Ford.
Producers of highly outstanding “products” in a culture like artists, scientists, and
inventors receive particular metonymic attention.
26
As one of the subtypes of the producer-for-product metonymy we have:

Author for his work: We are reading Shakespeare.
Certain food products are naturally associated with their place of origin
and thus may be metonymically accessed via this place:

Place for product made there: mokka, java, china.
Both metonymic relationships are, however, irreversible, that is, we do not
seem to have either *product for producer or *product for place.
d. Control ICM
The Control ICM includes a controller and a person or an object controlled.
It gives rise to the reversible metonymic relationships:

Controller for controlled: Schwarzkopf defeated Iraq.
Possibly, the “use” relationship also belongs here, since, in it, the user
controls the object used. Thus, we have the object for the user of the object, as in
Lakoff and Johnson‟s example Mrs. Grundy frowns on blue jeans, where the
expression blue jeans stands for the people who wear blue jeans.
e. Possession ICM
The relationship of control blends into that of possession, in which a
person is “in control” of an object. The Possession ICM may produce reversible
metonymies; there is, however, a clear preference for choosing the Possessor as a
vehicle:

Possessor for possessed: “This is Harry” for “Harry‟s drink”

Possessed for possessor: “He married money” for “someone who has
money” and “She married power” for “someone who has power”
27
f. Containment ICM
The image-schematic relationship that holds between a container and the
things contained in it is conceptually well entrenched and applies to many
standardized situations, which may lead to metonymy. As a rule, we are more
interested in the content of a container than in the mere container so that we
commonly find metonymies that target the content via the container rather than
the reverse metonymic relationship:

Container for contained: glass for “wine”

Contained for container: The milk tipped over.
The Containment ICM is widely extended metaphorically and also gives
rise to metaphorically based metonymies. Places at large may be conceptualized
as containers for people, so that we have as a containment metonymy:

Place for inhabitants, as in the whole town for “the people living in the
town.”
g. Assorted ICMs
Involving Indeterminate Relationships. Unlike the cases discussed so far,
not all metonymies are constituted by one clearly specifiable type of relationship.
For example, the widely discussed metonymy “The ham sandwich wants a side
dish of salad” does not occur on traditional lists of metonymic relationships. The
reason may be that there does not appear to be a clearly specifiable type of
conceptual relationship that obtains between a customer in a restaurant (i.e., the
person indicated by the phrase the ham sandwich) and the dish ordered by him or
her. The conceptual relationship might be specified as one of possession, part-
28
whole, or control, but none of them seems to fully capture the “essence” of the
kind of “contiguity” that we feel holds between a customer and his or her dish.
From the metonymic relationships above, can be explained by the
general principles: an ICM (Idealized Cognitive Models) with some conditions
(such as an institution located in a place), there is relation “stand for” between
two elements A and B, an element ICM, B, can stand for element A. In this case,
B = place, and A = institution. ICM contains relation “Stand for” as in this case
called metonymic models.
Generally, metonymic models have some characteristics bellow: 48
a. There is a "target" concept A to be understood for some purpose in some
context.
b. There is a conceptual structure containing both A and another concept B.
c. B is either part of A or closely associated with it in that conceptual structure.
Typically, a choice of B will uniquely determine A, within that conceptual
structure.
d. Compared to A, B is either easier to understand, easier to remember, easier to
recognize, or more immediately useful for the given purpose in the given
context.
e. A metonymic model is a model of how A and B are related in a conceptual
structure; the relationship is specified by a function from B to A.
Those are some descriptions of theoretical framework that will support to analyze this
thesis.
48
George Lakoff, , p. 85.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A. Data Description
In this chapter, the writer tabulates the corpus data of metaphor and
metonymy which are collected from the novel “Breaking Dawn” and categorizes
them according to the types that have been explained in chapter II. The writer
divides the data into two tables, the first is metaphor table and the second is
metonymy table. Followings are those tables:
Table I
Metaphors, Types, and Meanings
From The Novel of Breaking Dawn
No.
Metaphorical Expressions
Page
1
Two Pedestrians were frozen on
the sidewalk.
4
Structural
metaphor
2
Because I was so fragilely
human
8
Structural
metaphor
3
when Charlie was up I made him
pancakes
39
Orientational
metaphor
4
Alice invested a lot of time in
me today
60
Structural
metaphor
5
Why‟re you so down, Jake? I‟ll
bet Sam won‟t bring the pack
tonight. He‟s not going to launch
a suicide mission.
220
Orientational
metaphor
Down means
sad
6
Edward‟s name brought other
memories boiling to the surface.
Ontological
metaphor
Boiling means
appearing to
remembered
220
29
Types
Meaning
Frozen means
being unable to
move
Fragilely means
weak, likely to
be ill or hurt
Up means
conscious
Invested means
spent time on
good and useful
thing
30
7
He was frowning now, reading
her face while she beamed at
me.
270
8
There‟s a bunch in the kitchen.
You‟ve got to be empty.
280
9
Okay, I‟m definitely up for that!
309
10
Holding tight the warm memory
of my daughter, I knew that I
would be able to fight the
darkness as long as I needed to.
375
Ontological
metaphor
11
Keep it under control, I thought
to myself.
420
Orientational
metaphor
456
Ontological
metaphor
463
Ontological
metaphor
523
Orientational
metaphor
702
Ontological
metaphor
12
13
14
15
My mind had enough room to
feel both emotions intensely at
the sametime.
I tasted a new flavor to the
memory—not exactly protective,
more possessive—as she
watched Jacob.
I was a good student, but never
the top of the class.
The anger drained from his
features, replaced by a cold
calculation.
Structural
metaphor
Structural
metaphor
Orientational
metaphor
Reading face
means looking
at expression on
the face and
guess what it
means
Empty means
hungry
Up means happy
Holding tight
the warm
memory means
try hard to keep
the pleasant
memory
Under control
means being
subject
controlled
Room means
possibility to do
something
Taste a new
flavor means
feel a new idea
Top means
highest ranking
Drain means
became weaker
or not at all.
Table II
Metonymy, Types, and Meanings
From The Novel of Breaking Dawn
No.
1
Metonymic Expressions
His own station had a whole
corkboard dedicated to finding
Jacob.
Page
9
Types
Institution for
people
responsible
Meaning
Station means
people who
work in
31
The whole
town means
people who
live in.
Altar means
wedding day
2
I didn‟t care, for the moment, that
the whole town was talking about
me.
22
Container for
contained
3
I‟ll meet you at the altar.
29
Place for event
29
Part for whole
White means
dress, gown
48
Part for Whole
Faces means
people
4
5
“I‟ll be the one in white.” I smiled
at how perfectly blasé I sounded.
But I tore my eyes from the
bowery canopy and searched
across the rows of satin-draped
chairs—blushing more deeply as
I took in the crowd of faces all
focused on me—until I found him
at last, standing before an arch
overflowing with more flowers,
more gossamer.
6
Cameras clicked feverishly.
56
Object used for
user
Cameras
mean
cameramen or
people who
use them
7
The flight to South America was
long but comfortable in the wide
first-class seat, with Edward‟s
arms cradled around me.
76
Action for
object
Flight means
plane
Father(N)
means Charlie
Chaplin
Father (v)
means taking
care
Blondie
means person
who has
blondie hair
(Rosalie)
8
Charlie Chaplin was in his
seventies when he fathered his
youngest child.
126
Agent for
Action
9
Blondie moved out of my way,
though I could tell she hated to do
it.
172
Possessed for
possessor
213
Part for whole
Butt means
Person
222
Controller for
controlled
Sam means
pack leaded
by Sam
10
11
Get your furry butt back to La
Push and do what Sam tells you
to do.
“Seth doesn‟t think Sam will
attack now,” Edward said
mechanically.”Not with us
forewarned, and lacking two
members of the pack.”
32
12
13
14
15
Did he actually mean to give me
the keys to an Aston Martin
Vanquish, or was that an
accident?
I‟d been reading Tennyson to her
one night, because the flow and
rhythm of his poetry seemed
restful.
“Why can‟t we take your
Ferrari?” Jacob complained
when he met me in the garage. I
was already in Edward‟s Volvo
with Renesmee.
As I spoke, I took the thick white
envelope with his bonus from my
bag and handed it to him.
329
Producer for
Product
Aston Martin
Vanquish
means a car
529
Producer for
Product
Tennyson
means
Tennyson‟s
poetry
630
Producer for
product
Ferrari and
Volvo mean
cars
668
Container for
Contained
Envelope
means money
B. Data Analysis
In this section, the writer uses the quoted data of metaphor and metonymy
from data description above. Each datum will be analyzed according to conceptual
mapping theory proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. Then, the writer will elaborate
each meaning of the quoted data.
1. Metaphor
Metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of
another conceptual domain. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual
domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another.
a. Datum 1:
“Two Pedestrians were frozen on the sidewalk.” (2008, 4)
33
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using adjective „frozen‟ for its
object „Pedestrians‟. Although this expression is commonly used by people in
daily life, they are not aware that it is kind of metaphor. Officially, the verb
„frozen‟ is used to substance, precisely ice, but in this case, adjective „frozen‟ is
used to „Pedestrians‟ who are human. As well known that Human and Ice are two
things in different domain, so that there is cross domain conceptual mapping
„Human is Ice‟, that is, target domain „Human‟ is conceived in source domain
„Ice‟. Here, human is constructed as substance and conceptually can experience
process in the same way that ice do. Here are the mappings to support the concept:
Source: Ice
Target: Human
Ice
Human body
Temperature:
Emotion:
Low temperature
Strong Emotion (shocked, anger, etc)
High temperature
Gentler emotion
Low temperature that makes ice remain frozen is strong emotion for human that
can effect frozen, whereas high temperature is gentler emotion that effects melted.
Thus, conceptually human experiences frozen and melted just like ice. Since the
source domain (ice) provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the target
domain (human), so it is type of structural metaphor.
The word „frozen‟ from verb „freeze‟ literally means becoming hard or
turning to ice as a result of extreme cold or very low temperature (Oxford
Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2000). But „frozen‟ in the case of human does not
34
mean literally, but rather being unable to move because of strong emotion, such as
shocked, anger, fear, etc. In this novel, two pedestrian were so enchanted and
astonished as they staring at a car which Bella Swan driven that they were unable
to move. The car was a kind which they had never looked before, a Mercedes
Guardian, a car designed for Middle East Diplomat and was not supposed to be
available in Europe yet.
b. Datum 2:
“Because I was so fragilely human.” (2008, 8)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using adjective „fragilely‟ for
noun „human‟. Although this expression is commonly used by people in daily life,
they are not aware that it is kind of metaphor. Officially, „fragilely‟ which is
derived from adjective „fragile‟ is used to breakable things, mostly glass, but in
this case, it is used to „human‟. As well known that Human and Glass are two
things that absolutely different. They state in different domain, so that there is
cross domain conceptual mapping „Human Is Glass‟, that is, target domain
„Human‟ is conceived in source domain „Glass‟. Here, Human is constructed as a
breakable thing and conceptually can experience matters in the same way that
glass has. Thus, just like glass, human can be cracked then broken or damaged
easily in certain condition. Unsteady condition such weakness or sickness, can
make human damaged either mentally or physically, instead steady condition such
in health or strong, can make human safe. Thus, human in unsteady condition has
to be taken care of carefully. Since the source domain (glass) provides a relatively
35
rich knowledge structure for the target domain (human), so it is type of structural
metaphor.
The adjective „fragilely‟ literally means easy broken or damaged. Instead,
„fragilely‟ in „fragilely human‟ is rather to condition of someone who is weak, not
strong and likely to be ill or hurt. In this novel, Bella Swan was supposed to be
fragilely girl, so accident-prone, likely to be hurt or victim by her bad luck, so her
fiancé needed to protect her more than anyone else. He gave her a car, a Mercedes
Guardian, which has missile-proof glass and four thousand pounds of body armor
to keep her safe and avoid her from the accidents.
c. Datum 3:
“When Charlie was up I made him pancakes.” (2008, 39)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is
spatial orientation „Up‟. Based on the physical and cultural experience that
humans and other mammals sleep lying down and stand up when they awaken,
sleeping shows they are unconscious, whereas awaken shows they are conscious.
Thus, „Up‟ here goes along to awaken condition or consciousness, then the
conceptual metaphor is “Conscious Is Up”, there is cross domain mapping, that is,
the orientation “Up” as the source domain is mapped onto “Conscious” as the
target domain.
Basically, orientation “Up” means towards or higher position, but because
of the physical and cultural experience given above, “Up” here means conscious
in which a condition of awaken and aware of something. In this novel, Charlie
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Swan was still sleeping when her daughter, Bella Swan, cleaned up the house. He
was sleeping means he was unconscious, so that he did not know what her
daughter did. Then Bella made him pancakes when he was up means he was
conscious or got up after several time sleeping at night.
d. Datum 4:
“Alice invested a lot of time.” (2008, 60)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb „invest‟ for its
object „time‟. Officially, the verb „invest‟ is used to valuable commodity, mostly
money, but in this case, verb „invest‟ is used to „time‟. As well known that Time
and Money are two things that absolutely different, so there is cross domain
conceptual mapping „Time is Money‟, that is, target domain „Time‟ is conceived
in source domain „Money‟. Here, Time is constructed as valuable commodity and
conceptually can be used in the same way that money is. In daily life, people do
all kind of payments mostly using money, pay with a number of money. But „time‟
is precisely quantified, it has customary pay people by hour, week, or year.
Instead, telephone message units, hotel room rates, interest on loans, etc., by
serving time. Thus, people understand and experience time as the kind of thing
that can be spent, wasted, budgeted, invested, or saved like money. Since the
source domain (money) provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for the
target domain (time), so it is type of structural metaphor.
The verb „invest‟ literally means to buy property, share company, etc. in
the hope of making a profit or to spend money on something in order to make it
37
better or more successful (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2000). „Invest‟
in „invest time‟ does not mean literally, but rather to spend time on good and
useful thing. In this novel, Alice made up Bella to be a beautiful and stunning
woman in her wedding day. The process includes making up, clothing Bella,
which takes in a lot of time.
e. Datum 5:
“Why‟re you so down, Jake? I‟ll bet Sam won‟t bring the pack tonight.
He‟s not going to launch a suicide mission.” (2008, 220)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is
spatial orientation „down‟. Based on physical and cultural experience that
drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture
with positive emotional state, then „down‟ here goes along to the drooping posture,
namely, sadness and depression. Thus, the conceptual metaphor is “Sad Is Down”,
there is cross domain mapping, that is, the concrete domain of direction or spatial
orientation “down” is mapped onto abstract domain of emotion “Sad” in which
the target domain is “Sad” and the source domain is “Down”.
Basically, orientation “Down” means a lower position, but because of the
physical and cultural experience that drooping posture goes along with sadness or
depression, then “Down” here means sad. In this novel, Jacob Black looked so sad
when he patrolled with Seth to protect Cullen family from the attack of Sam‟s
pack. It was because Jacob was thinking of Bella Cullen dying. Then Seth asked:
“Why‟re you so down, Jake?” means “Why‟re you so sad, Jake?”.
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f. Datum 6:
“Edward‟s name brought other memories boiling to the surface.”
(2008,220)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by verb „boiling‟. Officially,
“boiling” is used to liquid substance, but in this case, they are used to memory.
There is conceptual mapping “Memory Is Liquid” in which target domain
„Memory‟ is conceived in source domain „Liquid‟, so like liquid, memory can be
boiling. Memory is what we do not really know, the knowledge about it is rather
limited. That we do know is it is about past experience which is still remembered.
But by this mapping, it is given ontological status, it is regarded as liquid
substance, so we can understand more about it. Thus, this is type of ontological
metaphor that enables us to see more sharply delineated structure where there is
little or none.
Literally, the verb „boil‟ means to heat liquid to the point where it forms
bubbles and turns to steam or vapour, but „boil‟ for memory is rather the memory
becomes significantly remembered. In this novel, when hearing Edward‟s name
mentioned, Jacob Black remembered what Edward said to him. He could not
forget the memory of Edward who asked him to be killed if Bella Cullen would
have died.
g. Datum 7:
“He was frowning now, reading her face while she beamed at me.”
(2008,270)
39
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb „read‟ for its object
„face‟. Officially, the verb „read‟ is used to thing which has printed or written
words or signs, such as book, but in this case, verb „read‟ is used to „face‟ which
does not have words or signs printed. As well known that face and book are two
things that absolutely different, so there is cross domain conceptual mapping „face
is book‟, that is, target domain „face‟ is conceived in source domain „book‟. Here,
face is constructed as book and conceptually can be used in the same way that
book is. Face is a part of body in which expressions can be shown, such happiness,
sadness, anxiousness, worry, etc. What one is thinking is represented through
those expressions. It usually occurs automatically without organized. So that,
others can guess what one is thinking by reading the face. The expressions are
conceptually seen as symbols or words on the face that can be read. If the face has
no expressions, it will be blank like a book without words or signs. It is type of
structural metaphor because the source domain (book) provides a relatively rich
knowledge structure for the target domain (face).
The verb „read‟ literally means to look at and understand the meaning of
written or printed words or symbols, then „read‟ for object „face‟ is rather to look
at the expressions on the one‟s face, then guess what they mean. In this novel,
Edward Cullen was reading Bella‟s face that means he was looking at Bella‟s face
when Jacob Black came. He tried to guess what Bella thought of, why she looked
like beaming as looking at Jacob‟s coming.
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h. Datum 8:
“There‟s a bunch in the kitchen. You‟ve got to be empty.” (2008, 280)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using adjective „empty‟.
Although this expression is commonly used by people in daily life, they do not
aware that it is kind of metaphor. Officially, adjective „empty‟ is used to container,
but in this case, it is used to you who are a „human‟. As well known that human
and container are two things that absolutely different. They states in different
domain, so that there is cross domain conceptual mapping „Human Is Container‟,
that is, target domain „Human‟ is conceived in source domain „Container‟. Here,
Human is constructed as a container and conceptually can be used in the same
way container is. We can store something inside because human has space,
namely, human body. If we fill it, it will be full, otherwise it will be empty. To
understand what these means, given the set of mappings to support this concept as
follow:
Source: Container
Target: Human
Container
Human body
Storing something in the container
Eating, drinking
Empty
Hungry
fullfilled
Full with food, sated
Since the source domain (glass) provides a relatively rich knowledge structure for
the target domain (human), so it is type of structural metaphor.
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The adjective „empty‟ literally means with no things inside, then „empty‟
for „human‟ is rather to condition of someone who is hungry, without having
eaten something. In this novel, Jacob Black patrolled with his pack, Seth and Leah,
in woods around the Cullen‟s house for several days. They were homeless and
without human‟s food to eat, so they must be hungry. For that reason, Cullen
made them a bunch of food. Seth ate first, then he offered food in the kitchen to
Jacob who just got up from sleeping whole night and rest of the day without
eating before that he must be so hungry.
i. Datum 9:
“Okay, I‟m definitely up for that!” (2008, 309)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is
spatial orientation „Up‟. Based on physical and cultural experience that drooping
posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with
positive emotional state, then „Up‟ here goes along to the positive emotional,
namely, happy. Thus, the conceptual metaphor is “Happy Is Up”, there is cross
domain mapping, that is, the concrete domain of direction or spatial orientation
“Up” is mapped onto abstract domain of emotion “Happy” in which the target
domain is “Happy” and the source domain is “up”.
Basically, orientation “Up” means towards or higher position, but because
of the physical and cultural experience that erect posture goes along with positive
emotional state, then “Up” here means happy. In this novel, Leah, a werewolf girl,
decided to join with Jacob Black‟s pack to protect Cullen family from the attack
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of Sam‟s pack, their previous pack. Actually, she did not like doing it because she
hated Cullen badly. It was the consequent of her decision, however. To make her
happy, Jacob Black asked her to run around the Cullen‟s house with him. Leah
considered it as a race. Racing in werewolf form is what Leah loved most. She
could show how fast she run that could pass Jacob. By saying: “Okay, I‟m
definitely up for that!” showed that Leah was ready to run fast and happy to do
that.
j. Datum 10:
“Holding tight the warm memory of my daughter, I knew that I would be
able to fight the darkness as long as I needed to.” (2008, 375)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb “holding tight” and
adjective “warm”. Officially, they are used to substance, but in this case, they are
used to memory. Thus, there is conceptual mapping “Memory Is Substance” in
which, target domain „Memory‟ is conceived in source domain „Substance‟ which
has can be held and has temperature. Actually, memory is an abstract and not
clearly delineated experience, so the knowledge about it is not rich. But by this
mapping, it is given ontological status, it is identified as a substance, that we can
refer it and understand more about it. This is type of ontological metaphor that
enables us to see more sharply delineated structure of memory that we do not
really know precisely.
Literally, verb “hold” means to carry something, or to have something in
hand, arm, etc., but in this case “holding tight” used for memory rather to try hard
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to keep a memory always remembered and never forgotten. And the adjective
“warm” means a fairly high temperature in a way that is pleasant, between hot and
cold, but in the case “warm memory” means a memory that make somebody
pleasant and comfortable to have it. In this memory, Bella Cullen who was in
transformation process being a vampire felt tortured like burnt. She tried to
survive for her husband who depended on her, and her family. Then she
remembered the memory of her daughter which made her pleasant. She tried to
keep the memory that finally made her survive passing the process.
k. Datum 11:
“Keep it under control, I thought to myself.” (2008, 420)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is
spatial orientation „Under‟ before the noun control. Based on physical and cultural
experience that physical size typically correlates with physical strength, and the
victor in a fight is typically on top, thus people who is on top having control and
the lower one is subject to the control. „Top‟ goes along with orientation “Up”
means having control, then „under‟ goes along with “down” means being subject
to the control. Thus, the conceptual metaphor of the expression above is “being
subject to the control is down”, in which spatial orientation “Down” as source
domain is mapped onto “subject controlled” as the target domain.
Basically, orientation “Under” means in, to or through a position that is
below something, but because of the physical and cultural experience that one on
top having control and the lower one is subject to the control, then “Under” here
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means as subject controlled. In this novel, Bella Cullen who became a new
vampire in several days had to be control herself not to let her temper higher.
Mostly new vampires must be emotional and likely to hurt anyone, so that Bella
attempted to keep her temper under her control. This case showed that Bella was a
one having control and her temper was the subject to be controlled.
l. Datum 12:
“My mind had enough room to feel both emotions intensely at the same
time.” (2008, 456)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using „room‟. Officially,
“room” is used to building, but in this case, they are used to mind. There is
conceptual mapping “Mind Is Building” in which, target domain „Mind‟ is
conceived in source domain „Building‟ which has room to place emotions in.
Mind is a part of person that makes him/her able to think and to feel. It is not
clearly delineated, vague, and abstract, that the knowledge about it is rather
limited but by this mapping, it is given ontological status, it is identified as an
object, precisely building, so we can understand more about it. Thus, this is type
of ontological metaphor that enables us to see more sharply delineated structure
where there is little or none.
Literally, the noun „room‟ means a part of building that has its own walls,
floor, and ceiling and it is usually used for particular purpose (Oxford Advanced
Learner‟s Dictionary, 2000), but “room” in this case is rather to the possibility of
something to happen or opportunity to do something. In this novel, Bella Cullen
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was thinking about the condition of her daughter, Renesmee, who had just she met
after several days she born. There were facts that she must concern about, first,
Jacob Black imprinted Renesmee as his mate without the knowledge of Bella. It
made Bella out of anger. She felt Jacob had stolen his daughter. In other hand, she
had to deal with the fact that Renesmee‟s imprinting could save her and whole
family from Sam‟s attack. She tried to concentrate on latter but it was not easy
because the chagrin of sharing her daughter with Jacob was possible to influence
her feeling too.
m. Datum 13:
“I tasted a new flavor to the memory—not exactly protective, more
possessive—as she watched Jacob.” (2008, 463)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using „tasted a new flavor to
the memory‟. Officially, “taste” and “flavor” are used to food, but in this case,
they are used to memory. There is conceptual mapping “Memory Is Food” in
which, target domain „Memory‟ is conceived in source domain „Food‟, so like
food, memory can be tasted because having flavor. Memory here is a thought of
something that one remembers from the past, but it is very abstract and the
knowledge about it is rather limited. By this mapping, it is given ontological
status, it is regarded as entity, precisely food, so we can understand more about it.
Thus, this is type of ontological metaphor that enables us to see more sharply
delineated structure where there is little or none.
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Literally, the verb „taste‟ means being able to recognize flavor in food or
drink, and “flavor” means how food or drink tastes, but “taste a new flavor” for
“memory” is rather to feel a certain idea in memory. In this novel, Renesmee
shared her memory to her mom, Bella Cullen, about the accident of Bella
attacking Jacob, she was happy because Jacob was saved by Seth. By this memory
Bella felt a new idea that Renesmee liked Jacob.
n. Datum 14:
“I was a good student, but never the top of the class.” (2008, 523)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of orientational metaphor, in which there is
spatial orientation „Top‟. Based on social and physical experience that status is
correlated with social and physical power and the power is up. Having high status
means having power, so high status is up, otherwise low status is down. Since
„Top‟ goes along with orientation “Up”, thus, the conceptual metaphor of the
expression above is “High status is up”. The concrete domain of orientation “Up”
is mapped onto abstract domain of emotion “High status” in which the target
domain is “High status” and the source domain is “up”
Basically, orientation “Top” means the highest part or point of something.
Because the social and physical basis that status correlated with power, in this
case “top of the class” rather to the highest status or rank in the class. In this novel,
Bella Swan was represented as an ordinary girl with no particular talents. She had
never been the best of anything. Although she was a good student, she had never
been in the highest rank in the class.
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o. Datum 15:
“The anger drained from his features, replaced by a cold calculation.”
(2008, 702)
Explanation:
This expression shows case of metaphor by using verb „drained‟.
Officially, verb “drain” is used to substance contains liquid, but in this case, they
are used to emotion “Anger”. Thus, there is conceptual mapping “Emotion Is
Substance” in which, target domain „Emotion‟ is conceived in source domain
„Substance‟ which has can drain. Emotion is strong feeling such as love, fear, or
anger. It is just in our concept, not an object or entity. The knowledge about it is
rather limited but by this mapping, it is given ontological status, it is regarded as a
substance, so we can understand more about it. This is type of ontological
metaphor that enables us to see more sharply delineated structure of emotion.
Literally, verb “drain” means to make something empty or dry by
removing all liquid from it, but verb “drain” in this case used for “anger” rather
than to make the emotion of anger become weaker or no anger at all. In this novel,
the Volturi coven came to justice Cullens for their violation by creating immortal
child. The Volturi came with anger, but after Aro, the Volturi‟s leader heard the
witnesses of Cullen, then he was aware that Cullens were not guilty. He told to his
brother, Caius, who was so angry that they did not violate any roles of vampire.
Therefore, Caius was not angry anymore but he looked speculating around as if he
was thinking other way to attack Cullens.
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2. Metonymy
Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the
vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the
same domain, or idealized cognitive model (ICM). According to Lakoff and
Johnson (1980), Metonymy is not merely a referential device, it also serves the
function of providing understanding.
a. Datum 1:
“His own station had a whole corkboard dedicated to finding Jacob.”
(2008, 9)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „His own station‟. „Station‟ here is an institution where cops work to
organize and provide service for people, named police station. An institution can
do nothing without people responsible to organize it. So that, all activities in a
police station are done by policemen work in. Then, the type of metonymy in this
case is Institution for People Responsible, in which „Station‟ or police station is
the vehicle entity (Institution) stands for „policemen/cops‟ as target entity (People
responsible).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The
words „His own station‟ is not just used to stand for a „the policemen‟ but rather to
provide particular sense to the environment around them. In this novel, Charlie
Swan, Bella‟s father, as a Police Chief in Fork was so responsible for his duty. He
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dedicated his whole life for his work. As a case, that was, when Jacob Black
escaped home for along time, he did all his best to find him. He printed out flyers
finding Jacob and spread them all over Forks and every other town in Olympic
Peninsula. Instead, He made sure that all police stations in Washington had the
same flyers hanging on the wall. Especially in his own station, he had a whole
corkboard filled with them. By using „His own station‟ stressed that Charlie
seriously did his duty, used all his power and position to serve and help people.
b. Datum 2:
“I didn‟t care, for the moment, that the whole town was talking about me.”
(2008, 22)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „The whole town‟. „Town‟ is a place where people live. „The whole
town‟ here does not mean the town literally as a place but rather to people who are
living in the town. Therefore, the type of metonymy is Place for Inhabitants, since
a place is conceptualized as container for people that it is kind of metonymy
Container For Contained, in which „the whole town‟ is the vehicle entity
(Container) stands for „the whole people‟ as target entity (Contained).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The term
„The whole town‟ is not just used to stand for a „the whole people‟ but rather to
provide particular sense to the environment around them. In this novel, Bella
Swan would get married with Edward Cullen in eighteen years old, just after
50
graduated high school. Married with the most admirable guy from a prestigious
family in young age made her become the talk of the town. But being with
Edward is the most thing she wanted to in her whole life. She did not care how
perspective of the people about her would be, positive or not. Most her friends
must have envied her, in other hand the others must have made gossip about her.
So that by using „The whole town‟ means to involve all people of the town not
just some people, that it can serve the idea of how spectacular Bella‟s wedding
would be and how it affects people of the town.
c. Datum 3:
“I‟ll meet you at the altar.” (2008, 29)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „altar‟. Literally „Altar‟ is a holy table in a church for holy ritual, and
then it is used for place where a wedding vow taken, not only in the church but
also everyplace that is designed for wedding. So, it is common that people said
altar related to a wedding ceremony like in this case. Since wedding ceremony,
precisely wedding vow, is an event which is held in altar, the type of metonymy in
this case is place for the event, in which „altar‟ is the vehicle entity (Place) stands
for an „event‟ as target entity (Wedding ceremony).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term “altar” is not just used to stand for „wedding ceremony‟ but rather to provide
particular sense to the environment around it. In this novel, Bella Swan was with
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Edward Cullen in Bella‟s house at night before their wedding day. Then, Emmet
and Jasper picked up Edward to have Bachelor party which is usually done by
man who would get married. Then Edward said to Bella that he would meet her
then in their wedding day at the altar where the wedding vow would be taken.
Because term “altar” is basically a holy place, that by using it can serve a
particular idea of the wedding that it is a holy event. An event or ritual which is
held in holy place will be the holy one.
d. Datum 4:
“I‟ll be the one in white.” I smiled at how perfectly blasé I sounded.
(2008,29)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „in white‟. „White‟ is a colour of fresh snow or milk. It is common that
people in Western culture say „white‟ to mean dress that is in white colour. It
shows the property of the dress, that it is a part of the dress. Thus, the type of
metonymy in this case is Part For Whole, in which „white‟ is the vehicle entity
(Part) stands for „dress‟ as target entity (Whole).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term „white‟ is not just used to stand for „dress‟ but rather to provide particular
sense to the environment around the dress. The usage „in white‟ to dress wearing
is commonly used by people. Although without mentioning dress directly a hearer
will know what speaker means. In this novel, Bella Swan who would get married
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with Edward Cullen told him that she would wear white dress in her wedding day.
It was a custom that the bridegroom was not allowed to look his bride‟s gown
before the time. So he did not know how the dress looked like but by the colour he
could imagine it. By using „in white‟ serves the idea of the dress looks like. A
colour can give description of the thing which is represented.
e. Datum 5:
“But I tore my eyes from the bowery canopy and searched across the rows
of satin-draped chairs—blushing more deeply as I took in the crowd of
faces all focused on me—until I found him at last, standing before an arch
overflowing with more flowers, more gossamer.” (2008, 48)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Faces‟. „Face‟ is a part of human body, precisely the front part of the
head between the forehead and the chin. However, it is not rarely that people say
„face‟ refers to a person in daily life as in the expression above. Therefore, the
type of metonymy is Face for Person, one kind of metonymy Part For Whole, in
which „face‟ is the vehicle entity (Part) stands for a „person‟ as target entity
(Whole).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The term
„Face‟ is not just used to stand for a „Person‟ but rather to provide particular sense
to the environment around them. The using „face‟ to person is common in daily
life, „face‟ has important role in human appearance. By looking at person‟s face,
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we will immediately recognize him/her. In this novel, Bella swan in her wedding
day became the most stunning woman that all people attending were enchanted.
They all focused on her as the queen of the event so that she blushed. By looking
at their faces she knew that they all face focused on her. The usage of „face‟
means to show that it has central function in people‟s expression. Simply, when
people focus on something, the first thing they will do is looking at it. Looking is
an action by using eyes which is located in face. Moreover, all expressions are
centered in face, when person‟s feels happy, sad, etc. can be seen on his/her face.
f. Datum 6:
“Cameras clicked feverishly.” (2008, 56)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Cameras‟. „Camera‟ is a piece of equipment to take photograph or
video. It can not work without person who operate or use it. The processes of
taking photograph, such choosing an object, focusing the camera to the object,
clicking the button to catch the target, are all done by cameraman or the user.
Thus, the type of metonymy in this case is object used for user, in which „camera‟
is the vehicle entity (object used) stands for „people/cameramen‟ as target entity
(user).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The term
„Cameras‟ is not just used to stand for „people‟ but rather to provide particular
sense to the environment around them. In this novel, Edward and Bella were on
54
the floor to do their customary first dance in their wedding reception party. They
were like stunning king and queen of the party. Every audience invited was
enchanted by them. They did not want to loss the chance to document a moment
when Edward was kissing Bella on the dance floor. They documented this
moment by taking photograph. Edward and Bella ignored them, but they could
feel the enthusiasms from the flashes of cameras‟ light which went along with
their kiss. So that by using „cameras clicked feverishly‟ means to involve people
who used to camera to express their enthusiasms of Edward and Bella‟s wedding.
Then, it can serve the idea of how spectacular Bella‟s wedding would be and how
it affects people invited.
g. Datum 7:
“The flight to South America was long but comfortable in the wide first
class seat, with Edward‟s arms cradled around me.” (2008, 76)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Flight‟. „Flight‟ is derived from verb form „fly‟, certainly related to
object that its action is flying, in this case to air plane. It is common that people
say „flight‟ to refer to their trip by plane. Therefore, the type of metonymy is
Action For Object, in which „Flight‟ is the vehicle entity (Action) stands for a „Air
plane‟ as target entity (Object).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The term
„Flight‟ is not just used to stand for an „Air plane‟ but rather to provide particular
55
sense to the environment around them. The using „flight‟ to air plane is common
in daily life. In this novel, Bella and Edward Cullen went to honeymoon after their
wedding party. The place was a surprise from Edward that she did not know
precisely where they would go. She just knew that they were on the plane to South
America. The trip was long but comfortable for they were in wide first class. The
using „flight‟ gives an idea of the trip by plane. Flight means that the air plane is
on the way in flying condition.
h. Datum 8:
“Charlie Chaplin was in his seventies when he fathered his youngest child.”
(2008, 126)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Father‟. Basically „Father‟ is a noun, but here its word class changes
become a verb that means to beget or become a father of child. So that, Father is
not just used to an agent that fathering, but also as action of fathering. Therefore,
the type of metonymy is Agent For Action, in which „Father‟, namely Charlie
Chaplin, is the vehicle entity (Agent) stands for a „Father‟ as target entity (Action).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The term
„Father‟ is not just used to stand for a „Father‟ but rather to provide particular
sense to the environment around it. In this novel, when Bella Cullen experienced
the symptom of pregnancy, she did not believe she was because that she knew
was vampires could not bear children, like her husband‟s adopted mother and
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sister. They were frozen in process from human to vampire, then their body totally
unchanging. Whereas human women‟s bodies had to change to bear children.
Then she was aware that her condition was different, though her husband was a
vampire, she was a human that could bear children. Then she compared the
genetic of human man and vampire man, if vampire men liked human men, they
had no such thing as child bearing years or cycles of fertility. She took an example
of Charlie Chaplin who fathered his youngest child when he was in seventies. So
that there was a big chance she was pregnant, she was in fertility and so was her
husband. By using verb “fathered” for the action serves idea who has main role in
begetting child, namely father who is a man.
i. Datum 9:
“Blondie moved out of my way, though I could tell she hated to do it.”
(2008, 172)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Blondie‟. „Blondie‟ is hair colour that is pail and gold. It is common
that a woman has hair which is pale gold in colour called „Blondie‟ as in this case,
that is, a woman who possesses blonde hair is called „Blondie‟. Therefore, the
type of metonymy is Possessed For Possessor, in which „Blondie‟ is the vehicle
entity (Possessed) stands for a „person‟ as target entity (Possessor).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term „Blondie‟ is not just used to stand for a „Person‟ but rather to provide
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particular sense to the environment around the person. The usage „Blondie‟ to
person is common in daily life. Generally „Blondie‟ is one of characteristics of
standard beauty in Western culture, a woman looks beautiful if she has blondie
hair. In this novel, Rosalie Cullen was a woman who has blondie hair. She was
represented as a beautiful woman with long blondie hair, pale white skin, and
other characteristics that made her more beautiful. Here, Jacob Black did not like
her, however, he had to acknowledge her beauty by calling her „Blondie‟.
„Blondie‟ likes a beauty icon that shows physical beauty of the owner.
j. Datum 10:
“Get your furry butt back to La Push and do what Sam tells you to do.”
(2008, 213)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „butt‟. „Butt‟ here is a part of human body also called buttock. It is not
rarely that people say „butt‟ to mean a person in daily conversation that can be a
partner they know well or an opponent because it is impolite and usually used in
casual situation. The type of metonymy in this case is Butt for Person, one kind of
metonymy Part For Whole, in which „butt‟ is the vehicle entity (Part) stands for a
„person‟ as target entity (Whole).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term „Butt‟ is not just used to stand for a „Person‟ but rather to provide particular
sense to the environment around the person. The usage „Butt‟ to person is so
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impolite that it is usually used in particular condition, such as in anger or just to
stress what one means. In this novel, Jacob Black argued with Seth, his best friend
in the wolf pack. He did not want Seth to leave their pack which was leaded by
Sam and follow him. He was in anger because Seth did not want to back to La
Push where the pack stayed. He said „Get you furry butt back to La Push‟ did not
just mean Seth‟s butt, but rather to Seth himself, all of the body and soul of Seth.
The usage „Butt‟ by Jacob was to show his emotion and to stress that he was so
serious with his words.
k. Datum 11:
“Seth doesn‟t think Sam will attack now,” Edward said mechanically.”Not
with us forewarned, and lacking two members of the pack.” (2008, 222)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using „Sam‟. „Sam‟ is name of the leader of the werewolf pack named Quileute
pack. The pack consists of Jared, Quil, Collin, Embry, Brady, Paul, and the
previous leaving are Jacob, Leah, and Seth. Here “Sam will attack now” doesn‟t
mean Sam himself but refers to the pack. He is just the one who leads or the
controller of the pack. Thus, the type of metonymy in this case is Controller For
Controlled, in which „Sam‟ is the vehicle entity (Controller) stands for „Pack‟ as
target entity (Controlled).
Metonymy is not referential device, but providing understanding. The
name „Sam‟ is not just used to stand for „the pact‟ but rather to provide particular
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sense to the environment around them. In this novel, Sam was the Alpha, a name
of the leader of Quileute werewolf pack. The werewolf pack leaded by Sam would
attack a vampire family named Cullen because they thought that Cullen would put
everyone in danger by letting Bella bear half vampire half human thing. Because
Jacob and Seth did not agree with the pack, they decided to forewarn Cullen. At
last followed by Leah who decided to leave Sam‟s pack too. The using of „Sam‟
does not merely stand for the pack, but also shows Sam‟s authority as the leader,
to control and be responsible of the pack‟s doing.
l. Datum 12:
“Did he actually mean to give me the keys to an Aston Martin Vanquish,
or was that an accident?” (2008, 329)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Aston Martin Vanquish‟. It is generally known that „Aston Martin‟ is
a British manufacturer which produces luxury sport cars and its name is used to
label the car produced. „Vanquish‟ is a type of Aston Martin products. Therefore,
the type of metonymy in this case is Producer for Product, in which „Aston Martin
Vanquish‟ is the vehicle entity (Producer) stands for a „car‟ as target entity
(Product).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term „Aston Martin Vanquish‟ is not just used to stand for a „car‟ but rather to
provide particular sense to the environment around the car. „Aston Martin
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Vanquish‟ is one of the kinds of famous and expansive car brands. Even by the
appearance of the car, people will recognize what kind it is. In this novel, Jacob
Black as the narrator of the second book, a son of low estate, was lent the „Aston
Martin Vanquish‟ car by Cullen, a rich family in Fork city. Because of the
contrast of physical appearance between Jacob and the car, people in the town did
not believe that the car was his, instead he was accused stealing it. So that by
using „Aston Martin Vanquish‟ means to serve the idea of the owner, in this case
Cullen family, is a rich family. A type of car can shows the owner‟s prestige in
society.
m. Datum 13:
“I‟d been reading Tennyson to her one night, because the flow and rhythm
of his poetry seemed restful.” (2008, 529)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Tennyson‟. „Tennyson‟ is shortened name of Alfred Tennyson, one of
the most well-loved Victorian poets. His poems were so popular around the world,
especially in England. The word „Tennyson‟ in the expression above means one
of Tennyson‟s poetries, so that there is a relationship „Author for his work‟ which
is a subtype of metonymy Producer for Product, in which „Tennyson‟ is the
vehicle entity (Producer) stands for „poetry‟ as target entity (Product).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term “Tennyson” is not just used to stand for „poetry‟ but rather to provide
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particular sense to the environment around poetry. In this novel, Bella Cullen read
a Tennyson‟s poetry to her daughter‟s bedtime story. Bella chose it because its
flow and rhythm seemed restful, so that it was suitable to sleep her daughter
(Renesmee). By mentioning the author of the poetry, in this case Tennyson,
people will know what kind of poetry is. When think of a Tennyson, people are
not just thinking of a poetry alone, but also thinking of it in terms of its relation to
the author, that is, his conception of poetry, his characteristic of poetry, etc.
n. Datum 14:
“Why can‟t we take your Ferrari?” Jacob complained when he met me in
the garage. I was already in Edward‟s Volvo with Renesmee. (2008, 630)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „Ferrari‟ and „Volvo‟. „Ferrari‟ is an Italian manufacturer which
produces luxury sport cars and „Volvo‟ is a Swedish manufacturer which
produces vehicle but not sport one. Both names are used to label the cars
produced. Therefore, the type of metonymy in this case is Producer for Product, in
which „Ferrari‟ and „Volvo” are the vehicle entities (Producer) stands for „cars‟ as
target entities (Product).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term „Ferrari‟ and „Volvo‟ are not just used to stand for „cars‟ but rather to
provide particular sense to the environment around the cars. „Ferrari‟ is one of the
kinds of famous and expensive sport car brands. Instead „Volvo‟ is not a sport car
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brand and not as expensive as Ferrari but not cheap one. By the appearance of the
cars, people will recognize what kind they are. In this novel, Bella Cullen would
go to her father‟s house with Renesmee and Jacob Black by her husband‟s car, a
Volvo. Jacob Black complained why Bella did not drive her own car which is a
Ferrari. It was a pretty and fast car but Bella did not want to make people pay
attention to them by driving a sport car which is outrageous and not everyone
could have it. Then, she chose his husband‟s Volvo which was less conspicuous.
Although it was an outrageous car too, it was the most nondescript of the Cullen‟s
cars. So that by using „Ferrari‟ and „Volvo‟ means to serve the idea of the car‟s
type. In this case, the appearance of Ferrari can be clearly distinguished from
Volvo. People will recognize which one is better and more outrageous.
o. Datum 15:
“As I spoke, I took the thick white envelope with his bonus from my bag
and handed it to him.” (2008, 668)
Explanation:
In the expression above, there is conceptual mapping of metonymy in
which one entity stands for another because of contiguity, that is, can be seen by
using term „The thick white envelope‟. Literally „envelope‟ is such a flat paper
container used for sending letters. Then it is multifunction, not only for sending
letters necessity but also for save something in. It is common that people are used
to using it to put money in, such as doing big payment they put money in the
envelope. As in this case the usage of “The thick white envelope” refers to money
inside. Therefore, the type of metonymy is Container For Contained, in which „the
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thick white envelope‟ is the vehicle entity (Container) stands for „money‟ as target
entity (Contained).
Metonymy is not just referential device, but providing understanding. The
term “The thick white envelope” is not just used to stand for „money‟ but rather to
provide particular sense to the environment around them. In this novel, Bella
Cullen gave “The thick white envelope” to J. Jenks with an amount of money
inside. She paid his service to make some illegal documents for her. Since they
were illegal and she wanted he finished them in rush, they would be large costs.
Although it was not mentioned how much they were, by looking at the envelope
which was thick could be concluded that the amount of money inside was much.
So that the appearance of container can show the particular characteristics of the
contained much or less, as in this case “The thick white envelope” not only stands
for “money‟ but also means to provide understanding that the money is in large
amount.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
The novel of Breaking Dawn is one of the Stephenie Meyer’s works that
well-known all over the world. Although it is a really fiction work which tells
about relationship between human and vampire, more or less it tells about
ordinary human life and the language used represents the daily human language.
The writer has found some cases of metaphorical and metonymical languages in
the novel. Types and quoted examples show how metaphor and metonymy
influence the selected phrases and sentences.
From the tabulated data, the writer has found some types of metaphor and
metonymy which are used in the novel. The type of metaphor includes Structural
metaphor, Orientational metaphor, and Ontological metaphor. Five expressions
are chosen to represent each type. Whereas, types of metonymy are more diverse,
they are Part for Whole with three expressions, Producer for Product with three
expressions, Container for Contained two expressions, and Institution for People
Responsible, Place for Event, Object Used for User, Action for Object, Agent for
Action, Possessed for Possessor, Controller for Controlled, with each one
expression.
Based on the data analysis, the writer concludes that those types of
metaphor and metonymy are not merely used in particular work to the purpose of
the poetic imagination or the rhetorical flourish. Metaphorical and metonymical
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65
expressions may give understanding deeper than literal ones because they are
more expressive and evokes a particular sense which can help the readers to
conceive what the author means.
Metaphor, especially, gives big influence to the matter of literal and nonliteral meaning. From the data analysis, it can be seen that the usage of metaphor
is not completely apart from the literal meaning. It is just the matter of meaning
extension. The words which become the point why the expressions consist are
considered as metaphorical, have meaning which is not apart from its literal.
Metaphor gives a sense which resembles its literal meaning.
Then, metonymy is easier to be understood than metaphor because the
matter of metonymy is stated on the closed relation between two entities. The
relation is conventional and understandable by most people. The relevancy with
meaning is disposed on the particular sense which appears because its usage. It
gives sense contiguous to its literal meaning.
The last, the writer points that understanding the concept of each
expression is the most important thing to understand and conceive the
expression’s meaning. It is the core of conceptual mapping theory of Lakoff and
Johnson, how a concept A is understood in concept B in which A is the target
domain/entity and B is vehicle or source domain/ entity.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, the writer suggests the readers to analyze
further about metaphor and metonymy. Since they are the matter of language
viewed having two roles, as figurative language functioned as esthetic device and
66
as conceptual system which structures thought and action, it will be interesting to
analyze them. Moreover, they are phenomena of meaning. They have contribution
in non-literal meaning. As well-known that meaning is vague and hard to be
defined, but by such research, it is expected that meaning can be conceived
simpler. The readers can know how non-literal meaning can be analyzed and
understood, how it departs from literal one.
If the readers wants to analysis further about metaphor and metonymy, the
writer suggests to use novel as corpus. Novel is not only as fiction, it represents
human life. How the characters think and act are represented in language, so it
provides rich corpus data for the research. By using a novel as corpus, the readers
will not feel bored even more enchanted, because beside the story of the novel,
most authors of novel use imaginative and poetic language to express their idea
and evokes some effects they want. This is the appeals of a novel. By this, the
readers will be accustomed to understanding the intended meaning of the novel.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, Seven Edition. Massachusetts:
Heinle & Heinle, 1999.
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Barcelona, Antonio. Metaphor and Metonymy at the Crossroads: A Cognitive
Perspective. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003.
Chierchia, Gennaro and Sally McConnell-Ginet. Meaning and Grammar: An
Introduction to Semantics. Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2000.
Croft, William and D. Alan Cruse. Cognitive Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2010.
Cruse, Alan. Meaning in Language: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Publishing Company, 2005.
Dirven, René and Ralf Pöring. Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and
Contrast. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003.
Farkhan, Muhammad. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press,
2006.
Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, An Introduction to Language and
Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
Francois, Recanati. Literal Meaning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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Fromkin, Victoria, at.al. An Introduction to Language, Seventh Edition.
Massachusetts: Heinle Thomson, 2003.
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Keraf, Gorys. Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
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Kövecses, Zoltán. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University
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Kushartanti, at.al., Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Jakarta:
Gramedia Pustaka utama, 2005.
Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. Metaphor We Live By. Chicago and London:
The University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Lakoff, George. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. Chicago and London: The
University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Lakoff, George. The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1992.
Ogden, C.K. and I.A. Richards. The Meaning of Meaning. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul Ltd, 1972.
Palmer, F.R.. Semantics: A New outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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Riemer,Nick. Introducing Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
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and Ralf Pöring (ed). Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and
Contrast. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003.
The main corpus:
Meyer, Stephenie. Breaking Dawn. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2008.
Breaking Dawn is the fourth and final novel in the The Twilight Saga by
American author Stephenie Meyer. Divided into three parts, the first and third
sections are written from Bella Swan's perspective and the second is written from
the perspective of Jacob Black. The novel directly follows the events of the
previous novel, Eclipse, as Bella and Edward Cullen get married, leaving behind a
heartbroken Jacob. When Bella faces an unexpected situation, she does what it
takes to undergo the ultimate transformation and fight the final battle to save her
love.
Meyer finished an outline of the book in 2003, but developed and changed it as
she wrote New Moon and Eclipse, though the main and most significant storylines
remained unchanged. Little, Brown and Company took certain measures to
prevent the book's contents from leaking, such as closing forums and message
boards on several fansites and providing a special e-mail address for fans to send
in links to leaks and spoilers online.
Breaking Dawn was released on August 2, 2008 at midnight release parties in
over 4,000 bookstores throughout the US. From its initial print run of 3.7 million
copies, over 1.3 million were sold in the US and 20,000 in the UK in the first 24
hours of the book's release, setting a record in first-day sales performance for the
Hachette Book Group USA. The book was highly successful, selling over 6
million copies in 2008, and was the third best-selling novel of 2008 behind
Twilight and New Moon.
Breaking Dawn received mixed reviews from critics and is the most controversial
book in the series, as it explored more mature themes and concepts. However, the
novel was awarded the British Book Award for "Children's Book of the Year".
The book was translated in 38 languages with rights sold to over 50 countries. An
upcoming two-part film adaptation of the novel is scheduled for release November
2011 and November 2012 respectively.
Plot summary
Breaking Dawn is split into three separate parts. The first part details Bella's
marriage and honeymoon with Edward, which they spend on a private island,
called Isle Esme, off the coast of Brazil. Two weeks into their honeymoon, Bella
realizes that she is pregnant with a half-vampire, half-human child and that her
condition is progressing at an unnaturally accelerated rate. After contacting
Carlisle, who confirms her pregnancy, she and Edward immediately return home
to Forks, Washington. Edward, concerned for Bella's life and convinced that the
fetus is a monster as it continues to develop with unnatural rapidity, urges her to
have an abortion. However, Bella feels a connection with her unborn baby and
refuses.
The novel's second part is written from the perspective of shape-shifter Jacob
Black, and lasts throughout Bella's pregnancy and childbirth. Jacob's Quileute
wolf pack, not knowing what danger the unborn child may pose, plan to destroy it
and kill Bella. Jacob vehemently protests this decision and leaves, forming his
own pack with Leah and Seth Clearwater. The fetus in Bella's body grows swiftly
and Bella soon gives birth, but the baby breaks many of her bones and she loses
massive amounts of blood. In order to save her life, Edward changes her into a
vampire by injecting his venom into her heart. Jacob, who was present for the
birth, almost immediately "imprints"—an involuntary response in which a shapeshifter finds his soul mate—on Edward and Bella's newborn daughter, Renesmee.
The third section of Breaking Dawn shifts back to Bella's perspective, describing
Bella's painful transformation and finding herself changed into a vampire and
enjoying her new life and abilities. However, the vampire Irina misidentifies
Renesmee as an "immortal child", a child who has been turned into a vampire.
Because "immortal children" are uncontrollable, creating them has been outlawed
by the Volturi. After Irina presents her allegation to the Volturi, they plan to
destroy Renesmee and the Cullens. In an attempt to survive, the Cullens gather
other vampire clans from around the world to stand as witnesses and prove to the
Volturi that Renesmee is not an immortal child. Upon confronting the gathered
Cullen allies and witnesses, the Volturi discover that they have been misinformed
and immediately execute Irina for her mistake. However, they remain undecided
on whether Renesmee should be viewed as a threat to vampires' secret existence.
At that time, Alice and Jasper, who had left prior to the confrontation, return with
a Mapuche called Nahuel, a 150-year-old vampire-human crossbreed like
Renesmee. Nahuel demonstrates that the crossbreeds pose no threat, and the
Volturi leave. Edward, Bella, and Renesmee return to their home in peace.
Cover art
Meyer described the cover as "extremely meaningful" and said that she was
"really happy with how it turned out". The cover is a metaphor for Bella's
progression throughout the entire series; she began as the physically weakest
player on the board, the pawn, but at the end she becomes the strongest, the queen.
The chessboard also hints at the conclusion of the novel "where the battle with the
Volturi is one of wits and strategy, not physical violence."
Title
The title, Breaking Dawn, is a reference to the beginning of Bella's life as a
newborn vampire. Originally, Meyer wanted to title the book Forever Dawn, but
she thought the name was very "cheesy". Wanting to add a "sense of disaster" to
the title to match the novel's mood, she called it Breaking Dawn. Another reason
for giving the book this particular title is that it matches the book's plot, which
centers around "a new awakening and a new day and there's also a lot of problems
inherent in it".