WHMIS
1988/2015
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
This course pack is made, in accordance with NSCC’s Fair Dealing Policy, for sale to and use by students
enrolled in the course of study for which it was made. This course pack may also include copyrightprotected material pursuant to permissions granted by the copyright holder. Any reproduction or other
use of this material is strictly forbidden.
Disclaimer
The information contained in this package is a guide only. It is not necessarily an up to date guide to all
relevant statutes and regulations, and does not reduce anyone’s responsibility under applicable legislation.
All workplace parties must refer to the following when determining legal duties and responsibilities as they
apply to the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS):
• Hazardous Products Act (as amended)
• Controlled Products Regulations (repealed)
• Hazardous Products Regulations
In addition to the Canadian federal legislation for hazardous and controlled products, further regulatory
duties and responsibilities for WHMIS are defined by each province/territory and, for federally-regulated
workplaces, under the Canada Labour Code Pt.II. At the time that this package was developed, revisions
to the NS WHMIS Regulations and to the relevant regulations made under the Canada Labour Code Pt.II
have not yet been finalized. It is the responsibility of all workplace parties to obtain and be familiar with
these revised regulations, and to make the appropriate adjustments, as those regulations are finalized and
become adopted.
While preparing this participant material, every reasonable effort has been made to ensure accuracy and
applicability. No warranty or guarantee or representation, however, is made as to the absolute correctness,
nor is any liability assumed for the information contained herein or its application in specific workplaces.
Nor can it be assumed that all acceptable safety measures are contained in this reference material, or that
other additional measures may not be required in particular or exceptional conditions or circumstances.
All photographs ©NSCC.
Copyright © 2016, NSCC. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of NSCC.
Copyright © 2016, NSCC. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of NSCC.
WHMIS Classes, Divisions and Subdivisions and Corresponding Hazard Symbols. Copyright © Health
Canada, 2015. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2016.
Nova Scotia Community College (NSCC)
5685 Leeds St
PO Box 1153
Halifax, NS B3J 2X1
2
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................4
WHMIS Legislation
Exemptions from WHMIS Legislation
The Globally Harmonized System
WHMIS 1988 Hazard Classifications and Symbols...........................................8
WHMIS 1988 Labels..............................................................................................11
WHMIS 1988 Supplier Labels
WHMIS 1988 Workplace Labels
WHMIS 1988 Material Safety Data Sheets.......................................................13
WHMIS 1988 MSDS Category Details
Other MSDS Formats
Transitioning from WHMIS 1988 to WHMIS 2015..........................................16
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Groups, Classes and Categories..................................17
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Groups
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Classes
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Categories or Types
WHMIS 2015 Pictograms....................................................................................19
No Pictogram Required
WHMIS 2015 Labels..........................................................................................................23
WHMIS 2015 Supplier Labels
WHMIS 2015 Workplace Labels
WHMIS 2015 Safety Data Sheets.......................................................................25
WHMIS 2015 SDS Section Details
Preventive and Protective Measures................................................................29
Hierarchy of Control
Personal Protective Equipment
If Exposure Occurs
3
Introduction
Worker Rights in Canada
The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System (WHMIS) is a national system created to
support the Canadian workers' right to know about
the safety and health hazards related to chemicals and
other hazardous materials used in workplaces.
When hazardous materials come into contact with or
enter the human body, many possible adverse health
effects can result. Some hazardous materials can cause
explosions, fires and other damage. Many Canadian
workers have died, have been seriously injured or
have become ill because of their work with hazardous
materials.
• Right to Know about hazards and how to be protected.
• Right to Participate in work
place health and safety activities, through representatives and committees.
• Right to Refuse where there is reasonable cause to believe that work is unsafe.
The key elements of
WHMIS are:
• classification of hazardous products (defined as “controlled products” in the original WHMIS legislation)
• labelling of containers that hold hazardous materials,
• provision of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), and
• worker education/training programs.
4
WHMIS Legislation
WHMIS duties and obligations are defined by a combination of both federal and provincial/
territorial legislation. Jurisdiction over controlled products and other hazardous materials
shifts from federal to provincial/territorial governments when those products arrive at the
workplace (except for workplaces under federal jurisdiction, where the Canada Labour
Code Pt.II and the regulations made under that statute apply).
WHMIS requirements for controlled products were originally introduced to Canadian
workplaces in the late 1980s. For that reason, the original version of WHMIS is known as
“WHMIS 1988”.
Safety in the workplace is a shared responsibility. When it comes to WHMIS, there are 3
primary parties:
Suppliers must:
• Ensure that WHMIS supplier labels are on all controlled/ hazardous products shipped to a workplace.
• Provide MSDSs for all controlled products.
Employers must:
• Ensure that WHMIS labels are on all controlled/hazardous products in the workplace.
• Provide MSDSs to employees.
• Provide education and training for employees
Employees must:
• Participate in education and training.
• Protect their own safety and the safety of others.
• Report any missing or damaged WHMIS labels and other non-compliance.
5
Exemptions from WHMIS Legislation
The following products are exempt from WHMIS legislation with respect to supplier labels and
MSDS1 :
• Wood
• Tobacco products
• Manufactured articles
• Products being transported
• Pest control products
• Explosives
• Cosmetics, drugs or foods
• Products, materials or substances
packaged as consumer products
There are other hazard communications systems in place for products that are exempted from
WHMIS. For example, Transportation of Dangerous Goods, or “TDG” requirements apply when
dangerous goods are being transported in Canada. For consumer products, there is a familiar set
of octagon and inverted triangle-shaped hazard symbols.
Although a product may be exempt from the requirement to have a WHMIS label and MSDS,
employers must still provide education and training on health effects, safe use, and storage
when that product is brought into the workplace. Some suppliers choose to provide an MSDS for
an exempt product, as a customer service.
Consumer Products
Hazardous Products Act, 2016
1
6
The Globally Harmonized System
WHMIS, as it was originally created, applies only in Canadian workplaces.
Until recent years, each country had its own unique hazardous materials communication
system.
The United Nations proposed that member countries adopt a Globally Harmonized System
(GHS) to provide more consistent communication about the hazards related to chemicals and
other materials.
Most countries of the UN have adopted the GHS or are in the process.
• In Canada, federal legislation has come into force to update WHMIS to be compatible with the GHS. This new version of WHMIS is called WHMIS 2015. Until 1 December 2018, workplaces in Canada can use both the 1988 and 2015 versions of WHMIS2. This allows time for transition.
In addition to the Canadian federal legislation for hazardous and controlled products, further
regulatory duties and responsibilities for WHMIS are defined by each province/territory and,
for federally-regulated workplaces, under the Canada Labour Code Pt.II. Each province and
territory, and the federal jurisdiction, will update its WHMIS regulations to define specific
workplace details.
2
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016b
7
WHMIS 1988 Hazard Classifications and Symbols
WHMIS 1988 groups hazardous materials into six classes, based on the type of hazard which they represent.
Class D has three divisions, and some classes/divisions have subdivisions. Each class/division has a unique,
distinctive symbol.
These materials are called controlled products, and the symbols shown below are used to represent the six
classes and three divisions3.
Class A
Compressed Gases
Class B
Flammable and Combustible
Materials
Class D, Division 1
Materials Causing Immediate
and Serious Toxic Effects
Class C
Oxidizing Materials
Class D, Division 2
Class D, Division 3
Materials Causing Other Biohazardous Infectious
Material
Toxic Effects
Class E
Corrosive Materials
Class F
Dangerously Reactive
Materials
WHMIS 1988 Symbols © All rights reserved. WHMIS Classes, Divisions and Subdivisions and Corresponding Hazard
Symbols. Health Canada, 2015. Adapted and reproduced with permission from the Minister of Health, 2016.
3
Health Canada, 2015.
8
WHMIS 1988 Symbols
Class A – Compressed Gases
• Packaged as a pressured gas, dissolved gas or gas liquefied by compression or refrigeration.
• Hazard comes from sudden loss of integrity of the container.
• When ruptured can become a projectile and cause damage.
• Examples: carbon dioxide, chlorine, propane
Class B - Flammable and Combustible Materials
• Will burn or catch on fire.
• Divisions are:
- flammable gas
- flammable liquid
- combustible liquid
- flammable solid
- flammable aerosol
- reactive flammable material.
• Examples of flammable material: methane, acetone, gasoline
• Examples of combustible material: diesel fuel
Class C - Oxidizing Materials
• May provide oxygen to support a fire; they may cause materials that normally do not burn to suddenly catch on fire
• Examples: oxygen gas, hydrogen peroxide, Sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach)
Class D, Division 1 - Materials Causing Immediate and
Serious Toxic Effects
• Materials which are very poisonous and immediately dangerous to life and health.
• Examples: hydrogen sulfide, sulphuric acid, cyanide
9
WHMIS 1988 Symbols
Class D, Division 2 - Materials Causing Other Toxic Effects
• Materials which are poisonous, although the effects are not always quick, or may be temporary or less severe. Although effects may be delayed, con
sequences may be very serious.
• Examples: fiberglass fibers, mercury, crystalline silica
Class D, Division 3 - Biohazardous Infectious Material
• Includes any organisms and toxins produced by these organisms that have been shown to cause disease in humans or animals.
• Examples: bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites
Class E - Corrosive Materials
• Can cause severe burns to skin and other human tissues, such as the eye or lung. Burning, scarring and blindness may result.
• Examples: sulphuric acid, caustic soda, ammonia, chlorine
Class F - Dangerously Reactive Materials
• May react violently under conditions of shock or an increase in pressure or temperature
• May also react with water to release a toxic gas
• Examples: organic peroxides (in epoxy hardeners) picric acid
10
WHMIS 1988 Labels
Under WHMIS regulations, virtually all products must be labelled. Labels usually provide the first warning
about a product’s hazards and handling precautions.
Supplier labels and workplace labels are the two types used by WHMIS. WHMIS labels must be clear, easy to
read and prominently displayed on the product container.
WHMIS 1988 Supplier Labels
WHMIS 1988 supplier labels can be recognized by their distinctive hatched border. Supplier labels
must be affixed to all controlled products received in Canadian workplaces. WHMIS 1988 supplier
labels must be written in both English and French, and they contain detailed information about the
products .
A WHMIS 1988 supplier label must contain the following information:
• Product identifier: Usually the product name or chemical name.
• Hazard symbols: One or more of the eight WHMIS symbols indicating the hazard class(es).
• First aid measures: Statements which describe the first aid measures required.
• Risk phrases: Phrases that alert workers to the specific hazard(s) of the product.
• Precautionary measures: Statements that describe essential precautions to be taken, such as the spe
cific personal protective clothing & equipment (PPE) to be worn when handling the product.
• Statement that an MSDS is available.
• Supplier identifier4.
WHMIS 1988
Supplier Labels
Controlled Products Regulations, Repealed 2015
4
11
WHMIS 1988 Workplace Labels
WHMIS 1988 workplace labels must appear on all controlled products produced in a workplace or
transferred to other containers (with minor exceptions). Workplace labels must display:
• Product identifier (name of the product, chemical name, etc).
• Information for the safe handling of the product (risk phrase and/ or precautionary measures).
• A statement that an MSDS is available.
WHMIS 1988 workplace labels may contain additional information, including WHMIS 1988 hazard symbols
and pictograms that represent PPE to be used.
A workplace label is not legally required when:
• A controlled product is transferred to a container and it is going to be used immediately.
• If the material is under the control of the person who decanted it and is completely used during one shift, only the product identifier (name) is required.
To prevent harm, the best practice is to always label a product that may be hazardous.
Product Identifier
GR8 Window
Cleaner
Safe Handling
Precaution(s)
Wear safety glasses
and rubber gloves
Reference to a MSDS
See Material Safety
Data Sheet
Example, WHMIS 1988 Workplace Label
WHMIS 1988 makes provision for other controlled product identifiers. A colour code, a numbering system or
other identifier may be used for:
• Samples for in-house analysis.
• Controlled products in a closed system of transport (e.g. piping system).
• Controlled products produced in a lab, for use only there
8IFOBCVMLTIJQNFOUJTSFDFJWFEXJUIPVUBTVQQMJFSMBCFMUIFFNQMPZFSTIBMMBGGJYFJUIFSBTVQQMJFSPS
XPSLQMBDFMBCFMEFQFOEJOHPOXIJDITFDUJPOPGUIFDPOUSPMMFEQSPEVDUSFHVMBUJPOTUIFQSPEVDUGBMMTVOEFS12
WHMIS 1988 Material Safety Data Sheets
Material safety data sheets, or "MSDSs", are important sources of information for workers, supervisors,
managers and others in the workplace. They provide technical details needed by safety professionals, and by
medical professionals who may be called upon to treat a person who has been exposed to a product.
Suppliers and/or manufacturers of controlled products are responsible for producing and providing MSDSs.
Employers must make MSDSs available to workers during all working hours. Current NS regulations state
that a MSDS prepared date must be within the past 3 years5 (this may change as the regulations are revised).
A WHMIS 1988 MSDS must contain at least the following nine categories of information, in no set order:
1. Product Information
2. Hazardous Ingredients
3. Physical Data
4. Fire & Explosion Hazard Data
5. Reactivity Data
6. Toxicological Properties
7. Preventive Measures
8. First Aid Measures
9. Preparation Information6
Under special circumstances, the supplier can withhold the exact chemical name of product ingredients
or concentrations. However, trade secret information must be provided to medical professionals in an
emergency situation.
WHMIS Regulations, 2016
Controlled Products Regulations, Repealed 2015
5
6
13
WHMIS 1988 MSDS Category Details
1. Product Information
Includes:
• Product identifier/name*
• Product use
• Manufacturer’s name and contact information
• Supplier’s identifier and contact information
2. Hazardous Ingredients
Includes:
• Scientific name of hazardous ingredients*
• % of hazardous ingredients*
• LD50 and LC50
3. Physical Data
Includes:
• Physical state (gas, liquid, or solid)
• Odour and appearance
• Odour threshold
• Vapour pressure
• Vapour density
• Evaporation rate
• Boiling point
• Freezing point
• pH
• Specific gravity
4. Fire & Explosion Hazard Data
Includes:
• Conditions of flammability
• Means of extinction
• Flashpoint
• Upper flammable limit (UEL)
• Lower flammable limit (LEL)
• Auto-ignition temperature
• Hazardous combustion products
• Explosion data – sensitivity to mechanical impact
• Explosion data – sensitivity to static discharge
14
WHMIS 1988 MSDS Category Details
5. Reactivity Data
Includes:
• Conditions under which the product is chemically unstable
• Names of any incompatible substances or classes of substances
6. Toxicological Properties
Includes:
• Route of entry
• Effects of acute exposure
• Effects of chronic exposure
• Exposure limits
• Irritancy of product
• Sensitization to product
• Carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, reproductive toxicity and mutagenicity
• Names of toxicologically synergistic products
7. Preventive Measures
Includes:
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)
• Engineering controls
• Procedures to be followed in case of leak or spill
• Waste disposal
• Handling procedures and equipment
• Storage requirements
• Special shipping information
8. First Aid Measures
Usually includes first aid measures for:
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Skin contact
• Eye Contact
9. Preparation Information
Includes:
• Name and phone number for preparer of the MSDS
• Date of preparation7
15
Other MSDS Formats
MSDSs that contain more than the nine information categories described above often appear in Canadian
workplaces. The most common is a 16-category MSDS. These alternative format MSDSs are acceptable,
under the terms of WHMIS 1988, as long as they include the information expected in the nine required
categories, and there is a statement under the “Regulatory Information " heading that confirms that the
product has been classified in accordance with the hazard criteria of the Canadian Controlled Products
Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains all of the information required by the CPR.7
Transitioning from WHMIS 1988 to WHMIS 2015
In Canada, federal legislation has come into force to update WHMIS to be compatible with the Globally
Harmonized System (GHS) for hazard communication. This new version of WHMIS is called WHMIS 2015.
Until 1 December 2018, workplaces in Canada can use both the 1988 and 2015 versions of WHMIS8 . This
allows time for transition.
Each province and territory (and the federal jurisdiction) will update its WHMIS regulations to define specific
workplace details; this will have some impacts that will become clear once those revisions are finalized.
Controlled Products Regulations, Repealed 2015
7
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016b
8
16
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Groups, Classes and Categories
WHMIS 2015 arranges hazardous materials by hazard group, hazard class and hazard category (or type)9.
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Groups
WHMIS 2015 includes two hazard groups:
• Physical Hazards Group, which is based on a product’s chemical or physical properties (e.g. flammability
or corrosiveness).
• Health Hazards Group, which is based on a product’s ability to cause an adverse health effect (e.g. skin
irritation, eye damage or carcinogenicity).
*Although the GHS also identifies an Environmental Hazards Group, this is not included in WHMIS 2015. It is
common, though, to see supplier labels and safety data sheets (SDSs) that meet WHMIS 2015 requirements
that also include environmental hazard information. Although this is not provided for by WHMIS 2015, it is
allowed9.
9
Hazardous Products Regulations, 2016
17
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Classes
There are 19 Hazard Classes within the Physical Hazards Group, and 12 within the Health Hazards Class:
Physical Hazards Group:
Health Hazards Group:
• Flammable gases
• Acute toxicity
• Flammable aerosols
• Skin corrosion/irritation
• Oxidizing gases
• Serious eye damage/eye irritation
• Gases under pressure
• Respiratory or skin sensitization
• Flammable liquids
• Germ cell mutagenicity
• Flammable solids
• Carcinogenicity
• Self-reactive substances and mixtures • Reproductive toxicity
• Pyrophoric liquids
• Specific target organ toxicity – single exposure
• Pyrophoric solids
• Specific target organ toxicity – repeated exposure
• Self-heating substances and mixtures • Aspiration hazard
• Substances and mixtures which, in contact
• Biohazardous infectious materials
with water, emit flammable gases
• Health hazards not otherwise classified
• Oxidizing liquids
• Oxidizing solids
• Organic peroxides
• Corrosive to metals
• Combustible dusts
• Simple asphyxiants
• Pyrophoric gases
• Physical hazards not otherwise classified
WHMIS 2015 Hazard Categories or Types
Each hazard class contains at least one category or type:
• categories are assigned a number (1, 2, etc.)
• types are assigned a letter (A, B, etc.)
A few hazard classes also have sub-categories (e.g. 1A or 2B). The category indicates how hazardous the
product is. Category 1, or Type A, is the most hazardous.10
Hazardous Products Regulations, 2016
10
18
WHMIS 2015 Pictograms
WHMIS 2015 has adopted the GHS set of pictograms. Each of the GHS pictograms has a red symbol within a
red diamond-shaped border. In addition, WHMIS 2015 has adopted the original Biohazardous and Infectious
symbol which was carried over from WHMIS 1988, because the GHS does not have an equivalent. Although
the GHS includes a pictogram for Environment, and it will be seen on supplier labels and on Safety Data
Sheets, WHMIS 2015 does not include it.10
WHMIS 2015 pictograms are intended to represent the type of hazard that is present. Each of the
pictograms is assigned to specific hazard classes or categories of hazardous products.
Flame
Flame over Circle
Exploding Bomb
Health Hazard
Environment
(not adopted in WHMIS 2015)
Corrosion
Exclamation Mark
Gas Cylinder
Skull and
Crossbones
Biohazardous and
Infectious
WHMIS 2015 Pictograms
Images provided by Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety11
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2015
11
19
WHMIS 2015 Pictograms
Flame Pictogram
Flame
• Flammable gases (Category 1)
• Flammable aerosols (Category 1 and 2)
• Flammable liquids (Category 1, 2 and 3)
• Flammable solids (Category 1 and 2)
• Pyrophoric liquids (Category 1)
• Pyrophoric solids (Category 1)
• Pyrophoric gases (Category 1)
• Self-heating substances and mixtures (Category 1 and 2)
• Substances and mixtures which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases (Category 1, 2 and 3)
• Self-reactive substances and mixtures (Types B*, C, D, E and F)
• Organic peroxides (Types B*, C, D, E and F)
* The Exploding Bomb pictogram is also used for Self-reactive substances and
mixtures (Type B) and Organic peroxides (Type B).
Flame over Circle Pictogram
• Oxidizing gases (Category 1)
• Oxidizing liquids (Category 1, 2 and 3)
• Oxidizing solids (Category 1, 2 and 3)
Flame over Circle
Corrosion Pictogram
• Corrosive to metals (Category 1)
• Skin corrosion/irritation - Skin corrosion (Category 1, 1A, 1B and 1C)
• Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Serious eye damage ( Category 1)
Corrosion
Gas Cylinder Pictogram
• Gases under pressure:
- Compressed gas
- Liquefied gas
- Refrigerated liquefied gas
- Dissolved gas
-
Gas Cylinder
20
WHMIS 2015 Pictograms
Exploding Bomb Pictogram
• Self-reactive substances and mixtures (Types A and B*)
• Organic peroxides (Types A and B*)
* The Flame pictogram is also used for Self-reactive substances and mixtures (Type B) and
Organic peroxides (Type B).
Exploding Bomb
Health Hazard Pictogram
• Respiratory or skin sensitization - Respiratory sensitizer (Category 1, 1A and 1B)
• Germ cell mutagenicity (Category 1, 1A, 1B and 2)
• Carcinogenicity (Category 1, 1A, 1B, and 2)
• Reproductive toxicity (Category 1, 1A, 1B and 2)
• Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Single exposure (Category 1 and 2)
• Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Repeated exposure (Category 1 and 2)
•Aspiration hazard (Category 1)
Health Hazard
Exclamation Mark Pictogram
• Acute toxicity - Oral, Dermal, Inhalation (Category 4)
• Skin corrosion/irritation - Skin irritation (Category 2)
• Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Eye irritation (Category 2 and 2A)
• Respiratory or skin sensitization - Skin sensitizer (Category 1, 1A and 1B)
• Specific target organ toxicity - Single exposure (Category 3)
Exclamation Mark
Skull and Crossbones Pictogram
• Acute toxicity:
Oral (Category 1, 2 and 3)
Dermal (Category 1, 2 and 3)
Inhalation (Category 1, 2 and 3
Skull and
Crossbones
Biohazardous Infectious Pictogram
• Biohazardous Infectious Materials (Category 1)
Biohazardous and
Infectious
21
No Pictogram Required
There are some hazardous products that meet the criteria for a hazard class or category, but these classes
and categories do not require a pictogram. The product label and Section 2 (Hazards Identification) of the
Safety Data Sheet still require the signal word, hazard statement(s), and other required label elements.12
WHMIS 2015 classes and categories that require no pictogram are:
• Flammable gases - Category 2
• Flammable liquids - Category 4
• Self-reactive substances and mixtures - Type G
• Organic peroxides - Type G
• Combustible dusts - Category 1
• Simple Asphyxiants - Category 1
• Serious eye damage/eye irritation - Eye Irritation - Category 2B
• Reproductive toxicity - Effects on or via lactation
Environment Pictogram
• The Environment pictogram is not required by WHMIS 2015, but
may be used (and often is).
Environment
(not adopted in WHMIS 2015)
Hazardous Products Regulations, 2016
12
22
WHMIS 2015 Labels
The WHMIS 1988 requirements and rules for labeling of products also apply with WHMIS 2015. There are two
types of WHMIS 2015 labels:
• Supplier labels
• Workplace labels
All labels must be clear, easy to read and prominently displayed.
WHMIS 2015 Supplier Labels
Two Signal Words are used on WHMIS 2015 supplier labels, to indicate the risk level:
• Danger: for high risk hazards
• Warning: for lower risk hazards
For some classes, supplementary hazard information may be required. It can also be included as an option.
Either the label must be bilingual, or separate English and French labels must be applied. There is no set
label format. The hatched border, required on WHMIS 1988 supplier labels, is not included on WHMIS 2015
supplier labels.
WHMIS 2015 supplier labels must display the information indicated below13:
Product Identifier
Pictograms
Signal Word
Hazard Statements
Precautionary Statements
Supplier Identifier
Example WHMIS 2015 Supplier Label14
Hazardous Products Regulations, 2016
13
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016c
14
23
WHMIS 2015 Workplace Labels
WHMIS 2015 workplace label details will be defined by each jurisdiction (provincial/territorial or federal,
through revisions to their WHMIS regulations).
A WHMIS 2015 Workplace Label will likely require:
Product name
Safe Handling
Precaution(s)
Reference to a Safety Data Sheet
(SDS)
GR8 Window
Cleaner
Wear safety glasses
and rubber gloves
See Safety Data Sheet
Example, WHMIS 2015 Workplace Label
24
WHMIS 2015 Safety Data Sheets
A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a technical document that provides detailed information about a hazardous
product. As with the WHMIS 1988 MSDSs, SDSs must be available to workers during all working hours, and
trade secret provisions still apply. The valid lifespan of an SDS is to be determined, based on provincial
WHMIS regulations.
In accordance with the GHS, a WHMIS 2015 SDS must contain the following 16 categories or sections,
in the order described:
1.Identification
2.
Hazard Identification
3.
Composition/Information on Ingredients
4.
First-aid Measures
5.
Fire-fighting Measures
6.
Accidental Release Measures
7.
Handling and Storage
8.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
9.
Physical and Chemical Properties
10.
Stability and Reactivity
11.
Toxicological Information
12.
Ecological Information*
13.
Disposal Considerations*
14.
Transport Information*
15.
Regulatory Information*
16.
Other Information15
*Heading required; content not required by WHMIS 2015
Hazardous Products Regulations, 2016
15
25
WHMIS 2015 SDS Section Details
1.Identification
Includes:
• Product identifier (e.g. product name)
• Other means of identification (e.g. product family, synonyms, etc.)
• Recommended use
• Restrictions on use
• Canadian supplier identifier
• Name, full address and phone number(s)
• Emergency telephone number and any restrictions on the use of that number, if applicable
2. Hazard Identification
Includes:
• Hazard classification (class and category) or a description of the identified hazard for Physical or Health Hazards Not Otherwise Classified
• Symbol (image) or the name of the symbol (e.g. Flame over Circle)
• Signal word
• Hazard statement(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Other hazards which do not result in classification
3. Composition/Information on Ingredients
Generally includes:
• Chemical name
• Common name and synonyms
• Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry number and any unique identifiers
• Chemical name of impurities, stabilizing solvents and/or additives
• Concentration (for each substance in a mixture)
4. First Aid Measures
Includes:
• first-aid measures by route of exposure:
• Inhalation
• Skin contact
• Eye contact
• Ingestion
• Most important symptoms and effects (acute or delayed)
• Immediate medical attention and special treatment, if necessary
26
WHMIS 2015 SDS Section Details
5. Fire-fighting Measures
Includes:
• Suitable extinguishing media
• Unsuitable extinguishing media
• Specific hazards arising from the hazardous product (e.g., hazardous combustion products)
• Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighter
6. Accidental Release Measures
Includes:
• Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
• Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
7. Handling and Storage
Includes:
• Precautions for safe handling
• Conditions for safe storage (including incompatible materials)
8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Includes:
• Control parameters, including occupational exposure limits and the source of those values
• Appropriate engineering controls
• Individual protection measures (e.g. PPE)
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
Includes:
• Appearance (colour, physical state, etc.)
• Odour
• Odour threshold
• pH
• Melting point/Freezing point
• Initial boiling point/boiling range
• Flash point
• Evaporation rate
• Flammability
27
WHMIS 2015 SDS Section Details
10. Stability and Reactivity
Includes:
• Reactivity
• Chemical stability
• Possibility of hazardous reactions
• Conditions to avoid (e.g. shock or vibration)
• Incompatible materials
• Hazardous decomposition products
11. Toxicological Information
Includes:
• Likely routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, skin and eye contact)
• Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
• Acute, chronic and delayed effects
• Measures of toxicity
12. Ecological Information*
13. Disposal Considerations*
14. Transport Information*
15. Regulatory Information*
16. Other Information
Includes:
• Date of the latest revision of the SDS
*Heading required; content not required by WHMIS 2015
28
Preventive and Protective Measures
The prevention of harm, including the effective use of protective measures, begins with an
understanding of the hazards and an assessment of the risk.
• Hazard: a source of potential harm or damage.
• Risk: If exposed to the hazard, what is the probability that harm will occur and, if it does, how “bad” could the consequences be?
Assessing the risk requires an understanding of:
• How hazardous the product is (e.g. how toxic? how flammable? how concentrated?)
• How an exposure could occur (routes of entry)
• Other details found on WHMIS labels and in MSDSs/SDSs
When working with chemicals and other hazardous products, MSDSs and SDSs provided the
information needed to:
• identify the hazards,
• assess the risk (severity and consequences), and then
• choose and apply effective controls.
29
Hierarchy of Control
Preventive and protective measures are often called “controls”. In the Hierarchy of Control16
model, the most effective controls are at the top, and the least effective controls are at the
bottom.
• Safety by Design: This is the preferred
approach, which is also known as prevention
by design. New standards are emerging that
define how hazards should be “designed-out”
when the plans for a new facility or processes
are originally developed. That way, exposure to
many hazards can be completely avoided.
• Elimination: Physically removing a hazard.
• Substitution: Replacing a hazardous process,
task, chemical, etc. with one that is less
hazardous.
• Engineering controls: Includes ventilation, isolation and enclosure. A lab fume hood is a
combination of ventilation and enclosure. In another example, hazardous chemicals are pumped
into a mixing system that dilutes the chemical with water. In the diluted form, the chemical is much
less hazardous and the risk of its use is lower. These closed systems isolate the workers from the
concentrated form of the hazardous chemical.
• Administrative controls: Includes training, education, signs, labels, and written procedures/
processes. These controls are less effective than the ones above because their effectiveness
depends on human behaviour. For example, even though a worker has been educated and trained,
labels are in place and there is a written safe handling procedure, the worker may handle the
chemical unsafely for a variety of reasons
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): For handling of hazardous products, PPE often includes
eye/face protection, respirators, protective clothing, etc.
PPE is important. It is often depended upon to protect a worker from exposure to a hazardous
material. Where a hazard exists, it is required by law. However, PPE is the “last line of defence”. If it
fails, there is nothing left to protect the worker. Furthermore, PPE is only effective if it is the correct
PPE for the task, if it fits properly, is in good condition and is used 100% of the time that the hazard
is present. PPE is on the bottom of the Hierarchy of Control as a reminder of these limitations and a
reminder that the more effective controls, further up on the hierarchy, should be considered first.
16
Health Canada, 2008.
30
Example Applying the Hierarchy of Control
It is intended that a hazardous coating product will be applied to the outer surface of a tank. Before
the work begins, at least these questions should be asked:
• Does that surface actually need to be coated? If so,
• Has the MSDS/SDS been reviewed and understood?
• Can the tank be coated with a less hazardous product?
• What is the least hazardous process that can be used to apply the coating, so that the worker’s exposure in minimized (e.g. brushing the product onto the surface introduces less product into the air than spraying it on)?
• Can ventilation be used to draw hazardous vapours away from the work area?
• Who else is exposed? Are other persons isolated from the area and the hazard?
• Is a safe work procedure developed and understood by all involved?
• Is the worker fully educated about the hazard and trained on the preventive and protective measures?
• With all of these other controls in place, what PPE is appropriate? Is it properly fitted, in good condition, and is the worker trained on its use?
Personal Protective Equipment
As described in the section above, PPE is required where there is risk of exposure to a hazard. Correct PPE
selection and fit are critical.
Eye and face protection:
• All eye/face protection must comply with CSA standard CSA Z94.317
• Safety glasses provide limited splash protection.
• Goggles are either directly or indirectly vented. Choose indirectly vented models where a liquid splash hazard exists (especially when handling corrosives).
• Face shields protect the face (not the eyes).
• Where a hazard to the eyes and the face exists, both eye and face protection is required.
Respiratory protection:
• Selection, use, maintenance and testing of a respirator, and the training of users must occur in accordance with CSA standard CSA Z94.418
• There are many details that determine the effectiveness of respiratory protection. Assistance of a knowledgeable person is required.
If Exposure Occurs
Immediate emergency response:
• Appropriate emergency eyewash and/or shower units must be close by and accessible. Details are described in regulations.
• Apply the first aid measures described in the MSDS/SDS.
• If medical care is required, ensure that a copy of the MSDS/SDS is provided.
NS Occupational Safety General Regulations, 2016
NS Occupational Safety General Regulations, 2016
17
18
31
Appendix Glossary of Terms
The following terms, definitions and other information is based on the Canadian Centre for Occupational
Health and Safety WHMIS Glossary of Terms.19
ACGIH ACGIH stands for American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Acute Acute means sudden or brief. Acute can be used to describe either an exposure or a health effect.
An acute exposure is a short-term exposure. Short-term means lasting for minutes, hours or days. An acute
health effect is an effect that develops either immediately or a short time after an exposure. Acute health
effects may appear minutes, hours or even days after an exposure. (See also Chronic.)
Aerosol An aerosol is a collection of very small particles suspended in air. The particles can be liquid (mist)
or solid (dust or fume). The term aerosol is also commonly used for a pressurized container (aerosol can)
which is designed to release a fine spray of a material such as paint.
Inhalation of aerosols is a common route of exposure to many chemicals. Also, aerosols may be fire hazards.
AIHA AIHA stands for American Industrial Hygiene Association.
ANSI ANSI stands for the American National Standards Institute.
Auto-ignition Temperature The auto-ignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which a
material begins to burn in air in the absence of a spark or flame. Many chemicals will decompose (break
down) when heated. The auto-ignition temperature is the temperature at which the chemicals formed by
decomposition begin to burn. Auto-ignition temperatures for a specific material can vary by one hundred
degrees Celsius or more, depending on the test method used. Therefore, values listed in documents such as
a Material Safety Data Sheet may be rough estimates. To avoid the risk of fire or explosion, materials must be
stored and handled at temperatures well below the auto-ignition temperature.
Boiling Point The boiling point is the temperature at which the material changes from a liquid to a gas.
Below the boiling point, the liquid can evaporate to form a vapour. As the material approaches the boiling
point, the change from liquid to vapour is rapid and vapour concentrations in the air can be extremely high.
Airborne gases and vapours may pose fire, explosion and health hazards.
Sometimes, the boiling point of a mixture is given as a range of temperatures. This is because the different
ingredients in a mixture can boil at different temperatures.
If the material decomposes (breaks down) without boiling, the temperature at which it decomposes may
be given with the abbreviation “dec.” Some of the decomposition chemicals may be hazardous. (See also
Thermal Decomposition Products.)
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2006; 2016a
19
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Bonding and Grounding See Grounding and Bonding
CANUTEC CANUTEC stands for Canadian Transport Emergency Centre, which is part of the Transport
Dangerous Goods Directorate of Transport Canada. CANUTEC provides information and communications
assistance in case of transportation emergencies involving dangerous goods. It is accessible in Canada by
telephone, 24 hours a day, year round at (613) 996-6666 (collect).
Carcinogen, Carcinogenic, Carcinogenicity A carcinogen is a substance which can cause cancer.
Carcinogenic means able to cause cancer. Carcinogenicity is the ability of a substance to cause cancer.
When classifying materials for the workplace, under the Canadian Controlled Products Regulations, materials are
identified as carcinogens if they are recognized as carcinogens by the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), or the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Under the US OSHA Hazard Communication (Hazcom) Standard, materials are identified as carcinogens if
they are listed as either carcinogens or potential carcinogens by IARC or the US National Toxicology Program
(NTP), if they are regulated as carcinogens by OSHA, or if there is valid scientific evidence in man or animals
demonstrating a cancer causing potential. The lists of carcinogens published by the IARC, ACGIH and NTP
include known human carcinogens and some materials which cause cancer in animal experiments. Certain
chemicals may be listed as suspect or possible carcinogens if the evidence is limited or so variable that a definite
conclusion cannot be made.
CAS Registry Number The CAS Registry Number is a number assigned to a material by the Chemical
Abstracts Service (CAS) of the American Chemical Society (ACS). The CAS number provides a single unique
identifier. A unique identifier is necessary because the same material can have many different names. For
example, the name given to a specific chemical may vary from one language or country to another. The CAS
Registry Number is similar to a telephone number and has no significance in terms of the chemical nature or
hazards of the material. The CAS Registry Number can be used to locate additional information on the material,
for example, when searching in books or chemical databases.
Chronic Chronic means long-term or prolonged. It can describe either an exposure or a health effect. A chronic
exposure is a long-term exposure. Long-term means lasting for months or years. A chronic health effect is an
adverse health effect resulting from long-term exposure or a persistent adverse health effect resulting from a
short-term exposure. The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations describe technical criteria for identifying
materials which cause chronic health effects. These regulations are part of the Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS). (See also Acute.)
Combustible Combustible means able to burn. Broadly speaking, a material is combustible if it can catch
fire and burn. However, in many jurisdictions, the term combustible is given a specific regulatory meaning. (See
Combustible Liquid.)
The terms combustible and flammable both describe the ability of a material to burn. Commonly, combustible
materials are less easily ignited than flammable materials.
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Dangerously Reactive Material The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations (part of the Workplace
Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) describes technical criteria for identifying materials which
are classified as dangerously reactive. A dangerously reactive material can react vigorously:
• with water to produce a very toxic gas;
• on its own by polymerization or decomposition; or
• under conditions of shock, or an increase in pressure or temperature.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) defines a dangerously reactive material as one that is able
to undergo a violent self-accelerating exothermic chemical reaction with common materials, or by itself.
A dangerously reactive material may cause a fire, explosion or other hazardous condition. It is very important
to know which conditions (such as shock, heating or contact with water) may set off the dangerous reaction
so that appropriate preventive measures can be taken.
Density The density of a material is its weight for a given volume. Density is usually given in units of grams
per millilitre (g/mL) or grams per cubic centimetre (g/cc). Density is closely related to specific gravity (relative
density). The volume of a material in a container can be calculated from its density and weight.
Evaporation Rate The evaporation rate is a measure of how quickly the material becomes a vapour at
normal room temperature. Usually, the evaporation rate is given in comparison to certain chemicals, such as
butyl acetate, which evaporate fairly quickly. For example, the rate might be given as “0.5 (butyl acetate=1).”
This means that, under specific conditions, 0.5 grams of the material evaporates during the same time that
1 gram of butyl acetate evaporates. Often, the evaporation rate is given only as greater or less than 1, which
means the material evaporates faster or slower than the comparison chemical.
In general, a hazardous material with a higher evaporation rate presents a greater hazard than a similar
compound with a lower evaporation rate.
Explosive Limits Explosive limits specify the concentration range of a material in air which will burn or
explode in the presence of an ignition source (spark or flame). Explosive limits may also be called flammable
limits or explosion limits.
The lower explosive limit (LEL), or lower flammable limit (LFL), is the lowest concentration of gas or vapour
which will burn or explode if ignited. The upper explosive limit (UEL), or upper flammable limit (UFL), is the
highest concentration of gas or vapour which will burn or explode if ignited. From the LEL to the UEL, the
mixture is explosive. Below the LEL, the mixture is too lean to burn. Above the UEL, the mixture is too rich
to burn. However, concentrations above the UEL are still very dangerous because, if the concentration is
lowered (for example, by introducing fresh air), it will enter the explosive range.
In reality, explosive limits for a material vary since they depend on many factors such as air temperature.
Therefore, the values given on a Material Safety Data Sheet are approximate.
The explosive limits are usually given as the percent by volume of the material in the air. One percent by
volume is 10,000 ppm. For example, gasoline has a LEL of 1.4% and a UEL of 7.6%. This means that gasoline
vapours at concentrations of 1.4% to 7.6% (14,000 to 76,000 ppm) are flammable or explosive.
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Exposure Limits (or Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) An exposure limit is the
concentration of a chemical in the workplace air to which most people can be exposed without
experiencing harmful effects. Exposure limits should not be taken as sharp dividing lines between safe and
unsafe exposures. It is possible for a chemical to cause health effects, in some people, at concentrations
lower than the exposure limit.
Exposure limits have different names and different meanings depending on who developed them and
whether or not they are legal limits. For example, Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are exposure guidelines
developed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). They have been
adopted by many Canadian governments as their legal limits. Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are legal
exposure limits in the U.S. Sometimes, a manufacturer will recommend an exposure limit for a material.
Exposure limits have not been set for many chemicals for many different reasons. For example, there may
not be enough information available to set an exposure limit. Therefore, the absence of an exposure limit
does not necessarily mean the material is not harmful.
There are three different types of exposure limits in common use:
1) Time-weighted average (TWA) exposure limit is the time-weighted average concentration of a chemical
in air for a normal 8-hour work day and 40-hour work week to which nearly all workers may be exposed day
after day without harmful effects. Time-weighted average means that the average concentration has been
calculated using the duration of exposure to different concentrations of the chemical during a specific time
period. In this way, higher and lower exposures are averaged over the day or week.
2) Short-term exposure limit (STEL) is the average concentration to which workers can be exposed for a
short period (usually 15 minutes) without experiencing irritation, long-term or irreversible tissue damage,
or reduced alertness. The number of times the concentration reaches the STEL and the amount of time
between these occurrences can also be restricted.
3) Ceiling (C) exposure limit is the concentration which should not be exceeded at any time.
“SKIN” notation (SKIN) means that contact with the skin, eyes and moist tissues (for example, the mouth)
can contribute to the overall exposure. The purpose of this notation is to suggest that measures be used to
prevent absorption by these routes; for example, the use of protective gloves. If absorption occurs through
the skin, then the airborne exposure limits are not relevant.
Extinguishing Media Extinguishing media are agents which can put out fires involving the material.
Common extinguishing agents are water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, “alcohol” foam, and halogenated
gases (Halons). It is important to know which extinguishers can be used so they can be made available at
the worksite. It is also important to know which agents cannot be used since an incorrect extinguisher may
not work or may create a more hazardous situation. If several materials are involved in a fire, an extinguisher
effective for all of the materials should be used.
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Flammable, Flammability Flammable means able to ignite and burn readily. Flammability is the ability
of a material to ignite and burn readily. (See also Combustible.) Under the Canadian Controlled Products
Regulations [ part of Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)] and the U.S. HAZCOM
Standard, there are specific technical criteria for identifying flammable materials. (See Flammable Aerosol,
Flammable Gas, Flammable Liquid, Flammable Solid and Reactive Flammable Material.)
There are closely related criteria for the classification of certain flammable materials under the Canadian
Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Regulations and the U.S. Department of Transportation
regulations. (See TDG Flammability Classification.) In Canada, local, provincial and national fire codes also
classify and regulate the use of flammable materials in workplaces. (See also Combustible.)
Flash Back Flash back occurs when a trail of flammable gas, vapour or aerosol is ignited by a distant spark,
flame or other source of ignition. The flame then travels back along the trail of gas, vapour or aerosol to its
source. A serious fire or explosion could result.
Flash Point The flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid or solid gives off enough vapour to
form a flammable air-vapour mixture near its surface. The lower the flash point, the greater the fire hazard.
The flash point is an approximate value and should not be taken as a sharp dividing line between safe and
hazardous conditions. The flash point is determined by a variety of test methods which give different results.
Two types of methods are abbreviated as OC (open cup) and CC (closed cup).
Fumes Fumes are very small, airborne, solid particles formed by the cooling of a hot vapour. For example,
a hot zinc vapour may form when zinc-coated steel is welded. The vapour then condenses to form fine
zinc fume as soon as it contacts the cool surrounding air. Fumes are smaller than dusts and are more easily
breathed into the lungs.
Gas A gas is a material without a specific shape or volume. Gases tend to occupy an entire space uniformly
at normal room pressure and temperature. The terms vapour and fume are sometimes confused with gas.
General Ventilation As used in a Material Safety Data Sheet, general ventilation, also known as dilution
ventilation, is the removal of contaminated air from the general area and the bringing in of clean air. This
dilutes the amount of contaminant in the work environment. General ventilation is usually suggested for
non-hazardous materials. (See also Mechanical Ventilation, Local Exhaust Ventilation and Ventilation.)
GHS GHS stands for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. It is
intended that GHS be adopted worldwide. GHS addresses the classification of chemicals by types of hazard
(health, fire, reactivity, environmental) and proposes harmonized hazard communication elements (labels
and safety data sheets).
Grounding and Bonding (This information is extracted from the noted source. Before transferring
flammable solvents, review the entire source document)
“Transferring a liquid from one metal container to another may result in static electrical sparks. To prevent
the build up of static electricity and prevent sparks from causing a fire, it is important to bond metal
dispensing and receiving containers together before pouring. Bonding is done by making an electrical
connection from one metal container to the other. This ensures that there will be no difference in electrical
potential between the two containers and, therefore, no sparks will be formed.
36
The best way to bond containers is to securely attach a special metal bonding strap or wire to both
containers. Some liquid transfer pumps have self-bonding hoses. Bonding can also be done by keeping
a solid metal-to-metal contact between the containers themselves or between a metal container and a
conducting nozzle. These latter two methods are usually not reliable because a good electrical contact is
often hard to make and maintain during the entire transfer.
In the flammable liquid storage and dispensing area, ground dispensing drums. Grounding is done by
connecting the container to an already grounded object that will conduct electricity. This could be a buried
metal plate, a metallic underground gas piping system, metal water pipes or a grounded, metal building
framework. Bonding both containers and grounding one of them “drains off” static charges and prevents
the discharge of sparks. All grounding and bonding connections must be bare metal to bare metal. Remove
all dirt, paint, rust or corrosion from points of contact. Specially designed and approved bonding and
grounding wire assemblies are available from safety equipment retailers.” 20
Hazardous Combustion Products Hazardous combustion products are chemicals which may
be formed when a material burns. These chemicals may be toxic, flammable or have other hazards. The
chemicals released and their amounts vary, depending upon conditions such as the temperature and the
amount of air (or more specifically, oxygen) available. The combustion chemicals may be quite different
from those formed by heating the same material during processing (thermal decomposition products). It is
important to know which chemicals are formed by hazardous combustion in order to plan the response to a
fire involving the material.
Hazardous Decomposition Products Hazardous decomposition products are formed when a
material decomposes (breaks down) because it is unstable, or reacts with common materials such as water
or oxygen (in air). This information should be considered when planning storage and handling procedures.
IARC IARC stands for the International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC evaluates information on
the carcinogenicity of chemicals, groups of chemicals and chemicals associated with certain industrial
processes. IARC has published lists of chemicals which are generally recognized as human carcinogens,
probable human carcinogens or carcinogens in animal tests.
IDLH IDLH stands for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. For the purposes of respirator selection, the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) defines the IDLH concentration as the airborne
concentration that poses a threat of exposure to airborne contaminants when that exposure is likely to
cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an
environment. The purpose of establishing an IDLH exposure concentration is to ensure that the worker
can escape from a given contaminated environment in the event of failure of the respiratory protection
equipment. In the event of failure of respiratory protective equipment, every effort should be made to exit
immediately.
Incompatible Materials Incompatible materials can react with the product or with components of the
product and may:
• destroy the structure or function of a product;
• cause a fire, explosion or violent reaction; or
• cause the release of hazardous chemicals.
Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016a
20
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Irritancy, Irritation Irritancy is the ability of a material to irritate the skin, eyes, nose, throat or any other
part of the body that it contacts. Signs and symptoms of irritation include tearing in the eyes and reddening,
swelling, itching and pain of the affected part of the body.
Irritancy is often described as mild, moderate or severe, depending on the degree of irritation caused by a
specific amount of the material. Irritancy may also be described by a number on a scale of 0 to 4, where 0
indicates no irritation and 4 means severe irritation. Irritancy is usually determined in animal experiments.
The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations [part of the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System (WHMIS)] and the U.S. OSHA Hazcom Standard describe technical criteria for identifying
LC50 LC stands for lethal concentration. LC50 is the concentration of a material in air which causes the
death of 50% (one half ) of a group of test animals. The material is inhaled over a set period of time, usually 1
or 4 hours. The LC50 helps determine the short-term poisoning potential of a material.
LD50 LD stands for lethal dose. LD50 is the amount of a material, given all at once, which causes the death
of 50% (one half ) of a group of test animals. The LD50 can be determined for any route of entry, but dermal
(applied to skin) and oral (given by mouth) LD50’s are most common. The LD50 is one measure of the shortterm poisoning potential of a material. (See also LC50.)
Local Exhaust Ventilation Local exhaust ventilation is the removal of contaminated air directly at its
source. This type of ventilation can help reduce worker exposure to airborne materials more effectively than
general ventilation. This is because it does not allow the material to enter the work environment. It is usually
recommended for hazardous airborne materials. (See also Mechanical Ventilation and Ventilation.)
Mechanical Ventilation Mechanical ventilation is the movement of air by mechanical means (for
example, a wall fan). There are two kinds of mechanical ventilation: general ventilation and local exhaust
ventilation. (See also Ventilation.)
Melting Point The melting point is the temperature at which a solid material becomes a liquid. The
freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid material becomes a solid. Usually one value or the other is
given on the Material Safety Data Sheet.
It is important to know the freezing or melting point for storage and handling purposes. For example, a
frozen or melted material may burst a container. As well, a change of physical state could alter the hazards of
the material.
Mist A mist is a collection of liquid droplets suspended in air. A mist can be formed when spraying or
splashing a liquid. It can also be formed when a vapour condenses into liquid droplets in the air. (See also
Aerosol.)
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Mutagen, Mutagenic, Mutagenicity A mutagen is a substance which can cause changes in the DNA
of cells (mutations). Mutagenic means able to cause mutations. Mutagenicity is the ability of a substance to
cause mutations.
DNA determines the characteristics that children inherit from their parents. DNA also determines how cells in
the body divide or reproduce.
A number of mutagenicity tests are used to screen chemicals for possible carcinogenicity or reproductive
effects. This is because there is some evidence that mutations may increase the risk of cancer and
reproductive problems such as infertility or birth defects. However, mutagenicity test results are not very
reliable predictors of these effects. One reason for this is that the human body can repair mutations while
most mutagenicity tests cannot.
Mutagenicity is included on Material Safety Data Sheets because it is an early indicator of potential hazard,
and often there is very little other evidence available on possible carcinogenic or reproductive effects. The
Canadian Controlled Products Regulations describes technical criteria for identifying materials which are
mutagenic. The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations are part of the Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS). The U.S. OSHA HAZCOM Standard includes mutagenic effects as reproductive
target organ effects.
Natural Ventilation Natural ventilation is a type of general ventilation which depends on natural instead
of mechanical means for air movement. Natural ventilation can depend on the wind or the difference in
temperature from one area to another to move air through a building. Therefore, it is unpredictable and
unreliable. (See also Local Exhaust Ventilation, Mechanical Ventilation and Ventilation.)
NFPA NFPA stands for National Fire Protection Association (U.S.).
NIOSH NIOSH stands for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH is a branch of
the United States government which undertakes research and develops occupational health and safety
standards.
Odour Threshold The odour threshold is the lowest concentration of a chemical in air that is detectable
by smell. The odour threshold should only be regarded as an estimate. This is because odour thresholds are
commonly determined under controlled laboratory conditions using people trained in odour recognition.As
well, in the workplace, the ability to detect the odour of a chemical varies from person to person and depends
on conditions such as the presence of other odorous materials.
Odour cannot be used as a warning of unsafe conditions since workers may become used to the smell
(adaptation), or the chemical may numb the sense of smell, a process called olfactory fatigue. However, if the
odour threshold for a chemical is well below its exposure limit, odour can be used to warn of a problem with
your respirator.
OSHA OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It is the branch of the United States
government which sets and enforces occupational health and safety regulations. For example, OSHA sets
the legal exposure limits in the United States, which are called Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). OSHA also
specifies what information must be given on labels and Material Safety Data Sheets for materials which have
been classified as hazardous using their criteria.
39
Oxidizing Agent, Oxidizing Material An oxidizing agent or material gives up oxygen easily or can
readily oxidize other materials. Examples of oxidizing agents are oxygen, chlorine and peroxide compounds.
These chemicals will support a fire and are highly reactive. Under the Canadian Controlled Products
Regulations (CPR) and under the U.S. OSHA Hazcom Standard, there are specific criteria for the classification
of materials as oxidizing materials. The CPR is part of the national Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS)
PEL PEL stands for Permissible Exposure Limit. PELs are legal limits in the United States set by the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (See Exposure Limits for a general explanation.)
pH The pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a material when dissolved in water. It is
expressed on a scale from 0 to 14. Roughly, pH can be divided into the following ranges:
• pH 0 - 2 Strongly acidic
• pH 3 - 5 Weakly acidic
• pH 6 - 8 Neutral
• pH 9 - 11 Weakly basic
• pH 12 - 14 Strongly basic
Under the Canadian Controlled Products Regulations, materials with pH values of 0-2 or 11.5-14 may be
classified corrosive. Corrosive materials must be stored and handled with great care.
ppm The abbreviation ppm stands for parts per million. It is a common unit of concentration of gases or
vapour in air. For example, 1 ppm of a gas means that 1 unit of the gas is present for every 1 million units of
air. One ppm is the same as 1 minute in 2 years or 1 penny in $10,000.00, or 1 inch in 16 miles.
Process Enclosure As used on a Material Safety Data Sheet, process enclosure means that the operation
in which the material is used is completely enclosed. A physical barrier separates the worker from the
potential health or fire hazard. Process enclosure is usually recommended if the material is very toxic or
flammable.
Pyrophoric Pyrophoric chemicals are defined in the U.S. OSHA Hazcom Standard as chemicals which
will ignite spontaneously in air at a temperature of 130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) or below. Regulatory
definitions in other jurisdictions may differ.
Reproductive Effects Reproductive effects are problems in the reproductive process which may
be caused by a substance. Possible reproductive effects include reduced fertility in the male or female,
menstrual changes, miscarriage, embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, or harmful effects to the nursing
infant from chemicals in breast milk.
Most chemicals can cause reproductive effects if there is an extremely high exposure. In these cases, the
exposed person would experience other noticeable signs and symptoms caused by the exposure. These
signs and symptoms act as a warning of toxicity. Chemicals which cause reproductive effects in the absence
of other significant harmful effects are regarded as true reproductive hazards. Very few workplace chemicals
are known to be true reproductive hazards.
Reproductive Toxicity The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations describe technical criteria for
identifying materials which have reproductive toxicity. These criteria refer to adverse effects on fertility. (See
also Reproductive Effects.) Other jurisdictions likely have corresponding criteria, which may differ.
The Controlled Products Regulations are part of the national Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System (WHMIS). Under the U.S. OSHA HAZCOM Standard, Reproductive Toxicity is a Target Organ Effect, and
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includes mutagens, embryotoxins, teratogens and reproductive toxins.
Sensitization Sensitization is the development, over time, of an allergic reaction to a chemical. The
chemical may cause a mild response on the first few exposures but, as the allergy develops, the response
becomes worse with subsequent exposures. Eventually, even short exposures to low concentrations can
cause a very severe reaction.
There are two different types of occupational sensitization: skin and respiratory. Typical symptoms of skin
sensitivity are swelling, redness, itching, pain, and blistering. Sensitization of the respiratory system may result
in symptoms similar to a severe asthmatic attack. These symptoms include wheezing, difficulty in breathing,
chest tightness, coughing and shortness of breath.
The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations [part of the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information
System (WHMIS)] and the U.S. OSHA HAZCOM Standard describe technical criteria for identifying materials
which are respiratory tract sensitizers or skin sensitizers.
Solubility Solubility is the ability of a material to dissolve in water or another liquid. Solubility may be
expressed as a ratio or may be described using words such as insoluble, very soluble or miscible.
Often, on a Material Safety Data Sheet, the “Solubility” section describes solubility in water since water is the
single most important industrial solvent. Solubility information is useful for planning spill clean-up and fire
fighting procedures.
Solvent A solvent is a material, usually a liquid, which is capable of dissolving another chemical. Chemicals
commonly called solvents can dissolve many different chemicals. Examples of common solvents are water,
ethanol, acetone, hexane and toluene.
Specific Gravity Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a material to the density of water. The density
of water is about 1 gram per cubic centimetre (g/cc). Materials which are lighter than water (specific gravity
less than 1.0) will float. Most materials have specific gravities exceeding 1.0, which means they are heavier
than water and so will sink. Knowing the specific gravity is important for planning spill clean-up and fire
fighting procedures. For example, a light flammable liquid such as gasoline may spread and, if ignited, burn
on top of a water surface.
Stability Stability is the ability of a material to remain unchanged in the presence of heat, moisture or air. An
unstable material may decompose, polymerize, burn or explode under normal environmental conditions. Any
indication that the material is unstable gives warning that special handling and storage precautions may be
necessary.
TDG TDG stands for Transportation of Dangerous Goods. In Canada, the transportation of potentially
hazardous materials is regulated under the federal Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act and Regulations
which are administered by Transport Canada. The TDG Act and Regulations set out criteria for the
classification of materials as dangerous goods and state how these materials must be packaged and shipped.
Teratogen, Teratogenic, Teratogenicity A teratogen is a substance which can cause birth defects.
Teratogenic means able to cause birth defects. Teratogenicity is the ability of a chemical to cause birth
defects. Teratogenicity results from a harmful effect to the embryo or the fetus/foetus.
The Canadian Controlled Products Regulations describe technical criteria for identifying materials which have
teratogenicity and embryotoxicity. (See also Reproductive Effects.) Other jurisdictions may also have defined
specific criteria. The Controlled Products Regulations are part of the national Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (WHMIS).
Under the U.S. OSHA HAZCOM Standard, materials which have teratogenic effects are included under
reproductive Target Organ Effects.
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TLV TLV stands for Threshold Limit Value. It is the occupational exposure limit established by the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). TLV is a registered trademark of ACGIH. TLVs are
adopted by some governments as their legal limits. (See Exposure Limits for a general explanation.)
TLV-C TLV-C stands for the ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) Threshold
Limit Value-Ceiling. See also TLV.
TWA TWA stands for Time-Weighted Average. (See Exposure Limits for a general explanation.)
Unstable (Reactive) Under the U.S. OSHA HAZCOM standard, a chemical is identified as unstable
(reactive) if in the pure state, or as produced or transported, it will vigorously polymerize, decompose,
condense, or will become self-reactive under conditions of shock, pressure or temperature.
Vapour A vapour is the gaseous form of a material which is normally solid or liquid at room temperature
and pressure. Evaporation is the process by which a liquid is changed into a vapour. Sublimation is the
process by which a solid is changed directly into the vapour state.
Vapour Density Vapour density is the weight per unit volume of a pure gas or vapour. The vapour
density is commonly given as the ratio of the density of the gas or vapour to the density of air. The density
of air is given a value of 1. Light gases (density less than 1) such as helium rise in air. If there is inadequate
ventilation, heavy gases and vapours (density greater than 1) can accumulate in low-lying areas such as pits
and along floors.
Vapour Pressure Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to form a vapour. The higher
the vapour pressure, the higher the potential vapour concentration. In general, a material with a high vapour
pressure is more likely to be an inhalation or fire hazard than a similar material with a lower vapour pressure.
Ventilation Ventilation is the movement of air. One of the main purposes of ventilation is to remove
contaminated air from the workplace. There are several different kinds of ventilation. (See General
Ventilation, Local Exhaust Ventilation, Mechanical Ventilation and Natural Ventilation.)
VOC VOC stands for Volatile Organic Compound.
Volatile, Volatility Volatile means a material can evaporate. Volatility is the ability of a material to
evaporate. The term volatile is commonly understood to mean that a material evaporates easily.
On an MSDS, volatility is commonly expressed as the “% volatile.” The percent volatile can vary from 0%
(none of the material will evaporate) to 100% (all of the material will evaporate if given enough time).
If a product contains volatile ingredients, there may be a need for ventilation and other precautions to
control vapour concentrations.
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References
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2006). WHMIS glossary of terms. In OHS Answers Fact Sheets. Retrieved
from https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/glossary/msds_gloss_a.html
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2015). WHMIS 2015 pictograms kit [Downloads]. Retrieved from https://www.ccohs.ca/WHMISpictograms.html
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2016a). How do I work safely with - flammable and combustible liquids (static electricity). In OHS Answers Fact Sheets.
Retrieved from https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/flammable_static.html
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2016b). WHMIS 2015 – general. In OHS Answers
Fact Sheets. Retrieved from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/whmis_ghs/general.html
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. (2016c). WHMIS 2015 – labels [Images]. In OHS Answers Fact Sheets. Retrieved from http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/whmis_ghs/labels.html
Controlled Products Regulations, Repealed, SOR/2015-17, s 21 (SOR/88-66).
Retrieved from https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/laws/regu/sor-88-66/93818/sor-88-66.html#history
Hazardous Products Act, Revised Statutes Canada (1985, c. H-3). Retrieved from Department of Justice Canada website: http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/H-3/FullText.html
Hazardous Products Regulations, C.R.C.1978 (SOR/2015-17). Retrieved from http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2015-17/FullText.html
Health Canada. (2008). Workplace control measures [WHMIS quick facts].
Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/occup-travail/
work-travail/work-travail-eng.pdf
Health Canada. (2015). WHMIS classes, divisions and subdivisions and corresponding hazard symbols. Retrieved from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/occup-travail/whmis-simdut/whmis-simdut-1988/
symbol-eng.php
Occupational Safety General Regulations, S.N.S. 1996, c.7 (53/2013). Retrieved from https://www.novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/ohsgensf.htm
Recochem. (May 1, 2013). Material safety data sheet. Windshield washer fluid -45°C [Item Code: 35-404QS]. Retrieved from: https://web.chempliance.com/MSDS/Search/Product.aspx
Recochem. (August 24, 2015). Safety data sheet. Windshield wash -45°C [ SDS No. 1531]. Retrieved from: https://web.chempliance.com/MSDS/Search/Product.aspx
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) Regulations, S.N.S. 1996, c.7 (64/1989). Retrieved from: http://novascotia.ca/just/regulations/regs/ohs6489.htm
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