EVERYTHING YOU
NEED TO ACE
AMERICAN
HISTORY
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Different Societies from
The North, in present-day Alaska, was so cold that the INUITS and
ALEUTS who settled there built IGLOOS to protect themselves from the harsh
weather. They relied on hunting and fishing. They were likely originally from
Siberia and may have been the last migrants to cross the Bering Land Bridge.
The NorthweST had so many forests and such easy access
to the ocean that the TLINGIT, HAIDA, and CHINOOK who settled there
used wood to build their houses and make TOTEM POLES with religious
significance. Fish, especially salmon, was their major food source.
The West had such fertile land that the UTE and
SHOSHONE tribes could live off abundant crops. These
tribes formed small clans rather than large villages.
Different Environments
totem poles: poles
INUIT
created by Native Americans
by carving and painting
representations of ancestor
or animal spirits on long
pieces of wood
ALEUT
TLINGIT
INUIT
HAIDA
CHINOOK
BLACKFOOT
The Southwest was home to descendents of the
Anasazi (the HOPI, the ACOMA, and the ZUNI), who continued to
work with adobe and grow maize. Around the 1500s, nomadic
groups of hunter-gatherers (the APACHE and the NAVAJO)
arrived, but within a century they had built villages, too.
YAKAMA
NEZ PERCÉ
SHOSHONE
The Great Plains were filled with herds of buffalo, or BISON,
so the peoples there became nomads and hunters. The BLACKFEET
and the APACHES lived in TEPEES (conical tents) that were easy to
pack up to follow the bison. Starting in the 1500s, some tribes, like the
COMANCHE and DAKOTA, used horses that had escaped from Spanish
explorers and became famous for their equestrian skills.
The Southeast had rich soil from its rivers and mountains,
and the CREEK, CHICKASAW, SEMINOLE, and CHEROKEE farmed
and built permanent villages around their fields.
indigenous
Some early indigenous cultures continue to today.
12
native to an area
ALGONQUIN
CHIP PEWA
HURON
IROQUOIS
DAKOTA
SIOUX
CROW
CHEYENNE
ARAPAHO
PAWNEE
UTE
NAVAJO
HOPI ZUNI
PUEBLO
ACOMA
APACHE
MIAMI
SHAWNEE
APACHES
CHICKASAW
COMANCHE
NATCHEZ
CHEROKEE
CREEK
SEMINOLE
THE Northeast was teeming with forests,
so tribes such as the ALGONQUIN and IROQUOIS
tended to be hunters and traders and farmers,
and they lived in LONGHOUSES made of wood.
GE
N EX T PA
13
The CONSTITUTION
The new government still operates today. It is based on the
principle of federalism: balancing power between the
national government and the state governments in a DIVISION
OF POWER, and balancing strong central authority with
popular sovereignty.
The three branches of federal government are:
THE LEGISL ATIV E
BRANCH
THE EX ECUTIV E
BRANCH
THE JU DICIAL
BRANCH
the Senate and House of
Representatives, where
laws are made
the president and
his office, where
laws are applied
the courts,
where laws are
interpreted
Just as the Declaration of Independence was inspired
by John Locke, the Constitution was influenced and
based on Enlightenment philosophy, the Magna Carta,
the English Bill of Rights, and Thomas Jefferson’s
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom.
FEDERALISTS and
ANTIFEDERALISTS
Those who were in favor of ratifying the Constitution called
themselves FEDERALISTS. The Federalists promoted their
views in a series of essays called the FEDERALIST PAPERS .
Writ ten by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and
John Jay, but published under a pseudonym of “Publius,”
A system of separation of powers and
checks and balances keeps any one branch
from getting too powerful.
the FEDERALIST PAPERS argued that the Constitution
would protect people from tyranny. The ANTIFEDERALISTS
felt that the Constitution gave too much power to the
federal government.
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land
and no state can create a law that goes against it.
The Constitution can be amended so that it stays flexible
and is a “living document.”
federalism
system of government in which
power is shared by the national
government and the states
130
popular
sovereignty
authority of the people
In 1788, the Antifederalists published
a pamphlet called “Observations on
the New Constitution.” It was written
by a woman, MERCY OTIS WARREN,
the sister of James Otis, the Boston
lawyer who argued for no taxation
without representation. Warren
became a well-respected historian,
playwright, and poet.
131
Frederick Douglass wrote Narrative of the Life
of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave and
delivered one of the most important anti-slave
orations on July 5, 1852, which became known as
“What to the Slave Is the 4th of July?”
the nation and the
world educating
people about their
lives as slaves.
The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
In the mid-1800s, a network of abolitionists, free blacks,
and former slaves helped slaves escape to the North or
to Canada. The UNDERGROUND RAILROAD (not an actual
railroad) organized transportation and hiding places for
FUGITIVE SLAVES. Its most famous guide,
or “conductor,” was HARRIET TUBMAN, a
fugitive
a person fleeing
from intolerable
circumstances;
a runaway
former slave who made more than a dozen
trips to guide slaves to freedom.
CANA DA
UNO RG.
TE R R
MN
MI
WI
NB
TERR
KS
TERR
UNO RG.
TE R R
TX
224
ME
VT
MI
NY
PA
IA
IL
OH
IN
MD
VA
MO
RI
NJ
DE
would take jobs from whites. Abolitionists faced violence and
persecution.
The arguments against abolitionism and women’s rights
followed the same pattern:
Some Southerners said blacks were incapable of
taking care of themselves and were better off as slaves.
Some people said women were incapable of taking care of
themselves and were better off being protected from the world.
WOMEN’S RIGHTS
Around the same time, the women’s rights movement was
sisters, Sojourner Truth, and Frederick Douglass, also wanted
equality of the sexes. Women couldn’t vote; most weren’t
educated; they didn’t receive equal pay for equal work; and if
they did earn money, it belonged to their husbands or fathers.
In 1840, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON tried to at tend an
SC
AL
life. Even in the North, some people worried that free blacks
NC
AR
MS
To Southerners, abolitionism was a threat to their way of
solidifying. Many supporters of abolition, such as the Grimké
KY
TN
LA
NH
MA
CT
OPPOSITION to ABOLITIONISM
ROUTES
GA
UNDERGROUND
RAILROAD ROUTES
FR EE STATE
SL AV E STATE
FL
TE R R ITO R Y
abolitionist convention in London, but women weren’t
allowed to participate. She and her friend LUCRETIA MOTT
decided to organize a women’s rights convention. The
SENECA FALLS CONVENTION, in July 1848 in Seneca Falls,
225
Chapter 32
THE
GREAT WAR
WHAT THEY WERE
FIGHTING ABOUT
that anything could have set off a conflict-it was a powder
Especially in Africa
NATIONALISM
A reinvigorated sense
of patriotism
countries wanted to
prove their might
ethnic groups wanted to
form their own nations
MILITARIES
An arms race
was happening
this mnemonic device:
Millions of Slavic people who lived under the
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE wanted to become
part of Serbia. On June 28, 1914, a Serbian nationalist
named GAVRILO PRINCIP assassinated the
A month later, on July 28, 1914, Austria declared war on Serbia.
ALLIANCES
People defended their allies.
Germany, an Austro-Hungarian ally,
declared war on Russia, which supported Serbia.
ALLIANCES:
THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE:
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
THE TRIPLE ENTENTE:
Britain, France, and Russia
Germany also declared war on France, a Russian ally.
When Germany invaded Belgium,
a neutral country between Germany and France,
Britain, an ally of France and Belgium,
entente
an understanding or agreement
338
reasons for World War I using
Austro-Hungarian Empire) and his wife, Sophie, in SARAJEVO.
Great War, is hard to pinpoint. Peace in Europe was so fragile
IMPERIALISM
MAIN
ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND (heir to the throne of the
The exact cause of World War I (WWI), initially called the
keg waiting for a spark from:
Remember the
MILITAR IES
A LLIA NCES
I MPER IALISM
NATIONALISM
declared war on Germany.
339
T R E NC H WA R F A R E
BARBED
WIRE
NO-MAN’S
LAN D
ARTILLERY
FRONT-LINE
TRENCH
RESERVE
TRENCH
SUP PORT
TRENCH
DUGOUT
DUGOUT
Pilots who shot down lots of enemy planes
were called ACES. The most famous German
ace was Manfred von Richthofen, also called
the Red Baron. The most famous American
ace was Eddie Rickenbacker.
In 1916, Allied and Central powers tried to end the impasse on
The LUSITANIA
the WESTERN FRONT. In February, the Germans incited the
Naval warfare also changed. The Allies blocked off German
Battle of Verdun. In July, the Allies instigated the Battle of
ports. The Germans retaliated by targeting Allied ships with
the Somme. The battles caused high casualties.
submarines called UNTERSEEBOOTS, or U-BOATS.
“UN DERSEA-BOATS ”
MORE NEW WAYS of FIGHTING
Modern weapons caused far more casualties at a faster
rate than ever before. The slaughter on the battlefields led to
despair and the destruction of an entire generation of men.
MACHINE GUNS AND ARTILLERY
On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British ship LUSITANIA,
killing 1,000 people, including over 100 Americans. There
GAS MASK
POISON GAS
SUBMARINES
ARMORED TANKS
(first used by the British in 1916)
AIRPLANES
artillery
guns too big to
carry, such as
cannons or rocket
launchers
were ammunitions and unlawful goods in the cargo, but the
LUSITANIA was a passenger ship, and the civilian deaths
seemed inhumane. Still determined to remain neutral, Wilson
convinced Germany to make the SUSSEX PLEDGE (named
after another ship torpedoed by U-boats) and promise not
to target ships that didn’t carry weapons.
The war had cost the lives of millions of Europeans.
Wilson was reelected president in 1916 on the slogan
“HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR.”
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