5th Sci. Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag. 18-22 Sept.,2012:15-23
EFFECT OF DIETARY INORGANIC AND ORGANIC ZINC
SUPPLEMENTATION ON SEMEN QUALITY OF RABBIT BUCKS
Samia Z. Meshreky1*, Sabbah M. Allam2, El-Manilawy M2, Amin H.F.1
1
Animal Production Research Institute, Dokki, ARC, Egypt..
2
Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Geza, Egypt.
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
SUMMARY
Thirty New Zealand White rabbit bucks (at 5 month of age, 2.74±0.13 kg average
body weight) were divided into three homogenous groups. The 1st group was fed
basal diet as a control, whereas the 2nd and 3rd groups were fed the basal diet
supplemented with 100 mg Zn from Zn sulfate (ZnSO4, inorganic form) or Zn
methionine (Zn-Met, organic form). Eighteen ejaculates from each buck (two
ejaculates/day, three times in the 1st week of 7th, 8th and 9th months of age) were
collected and evaluated for semen quality. At the end of the experimental period
(2nd week of 9th months of age), bucks of each group were bred with 20 receptive
nulliparous female rabbits. Mean values of semen characteristics were
significantly different among the groups after 2 months of zinc supplementation.
The results revealed that testosterone concentration in blood, sperm cell
concentration, motility (%), live sperm (%) and intact acrosome (%) were
significantly (P<0.05) higher in Zn-supplemented groups, especially with organic
form (Zn-Met, 2.99±0.15 ng/mL, 348±12 x106/ml, 87.9±1.39%, 88.2±1.35% and
88.6±1.43%, respectively) as compared to the control group (1.89±0.15, 237±12,
61.8±1.39, 63.4±1.35 and 72.8±1.43, respectively). Also, our data indicated that
improvement (P<0.01) of semen characteristics with advancement of age. A
positive correlation between testosterone concentration and sperm cell
concentration, motility, live sperm and intact acrosome percentages (r= 0.344,
0.294, 0.360 and 0.406, respectively; P<0.01) was found. Fertility rate was
increased from 65% (13/20) in control group to 85 (17/20) and 90% (18/20) in
buck groups fed diet supplemented with ZnSO4 and Zn-Met, respectively. Also, a
positive correlation between semen quality and fertility was found. Only 58 kits
were born alive in control group (5.8/ buck) compared to 101 and 118 bunny born
alive in ZnSO4 and Zn-Met groups (10.1 and 11.8/buck, respectively). We can
concluded that the dietary Zn supplementation, especially organic form, improved
semen characteristics and testosterone concentration in rabbit bucks, which could
be related to better fertility and prolificacy.
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
Key words: rabbit, zinc organic, semen quality, testosterone, fertility.
INTRODACTION
Zinc is an essential trace element required for the action of more than 200
metalloenzymes, supports the immune system (Shinde et al., 2006) and
15
Samia,Z.Meshreky. et al…..
plays an important role in polymeric organization of macromolecules like
DNA and RNA (Garcia-Contreras et al., 2011), protein synthesis and cell
division (Lukac and Massanyi, 2007). Zinc plays several roles in the male
reproductive system, its participation in ribonuclease activity which is
highly active during the mitosis of spermatogonia and meiosis of
spermatocytes (Cheah and Yang, 2011), plays an important role in
prostate, epididymal and testicular functions (Ebisch et al.,2003) and
controls sperm motility (Wroblewski et al.,2003). Zinc levels in seminal
plasma have been positively associated with sperm concentration and
motility (Chia et al.,2000). Zinc supplementation enhances
spermatogenesis, but the mechanism is not completely known (Oliveira et
al., 2004). Lukac et al. (2009) reported that a concentration of zinc in
rabbit semen of 81.2±59.4 mg/kg wet weight. Zinc requirement for rabbits,
indicated in the literature, is 30-60 mg/kg dry matter, with suggestion of
higher levels for breeders (Mateos and Blas, 1998). The commonly used
grains in basal rabbit diets are rich in phytate content that may reduce
availability and inhibit absorption of zinc (Baker and Halpin, 1988), since
these levels was not adequate to compensate the insufficient zinc in the
natural ingredients of the diet. Traditionally, Zn is supplemented in the
animal diets as inorganic salt. However, recently the use of organic Zn for
animals has gained popularity because of its reported higher bioavailability
than inorganic sources (Droke et al.,1998). Very little information is
available regarding the effect of organic zinc supplementation on semen
quality and fertility of rabbit bucks. Therefore, the present experiment was
conducted to study the effect of dietary Zn supplementation through
inorganic (ZnSO4) and organic (zinc methionine) sources on the semen
characteristics, blood serum testosterone level and reproductive
performance of rabbit bucks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was conducted on 30 New Zealand White rabbit bucks (at 5
month of age, 2.74±0.13 kg average body weight), divided into three
equalgroups. The 1st group was fed basal diet (Table 1) and served as a
control, the 2nd and the 3rd groups were fed on the basal diet supplemented
with 100 mg Zn/kg diet as zinc sulfate (0.441 g ZnSO4.7H2O, inorganic
zinc, 287.54 AW/MW and the concentration 22.7%) and zinc methionine
(1.0 g Zn-Met super, organic zinc, composition: 10% Zn; 20% methionine
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5th Scientific Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag. 18-22 Sept.,2012
16
ُEffect of dietary inorganic..
and sepiolite to 100%, Spain), respectively. Clean and fresh drinking water
was provided ad lib.
Table 1: Physical and chemical composition of the basal diet
Ingredients: clover hay (19%), barley (35.2%), wheat bran (26%),
soybean meal 44% (14.9%), molasses (3%), common salt (0.3%),
limestone (1%), premix (0.5%) and coccidiostat (0.1%); Total 100.0%.
Chemical composition: DM, 89.2%; CP, 16.34%; EE, 2.41%; DE
(kcal/kg) 2844; CF, 11.86%. Zinc content in the control diet was 58 mg
from premix plus 49.34 mg from the other ingredients.
*Supplied per kg diet to meet NRC' (1984) vitamins & minerals recommended for
male rabbits.
Chemical composition of the basal diet was determined according to AOAC (1995)
Eighteen ejaculates from each buck (two ejaculates/day, three times in the
1st week of the 7th, 8th and 9th months of age) from all the groups were
collected using artificial vagina and evaluated for semen characteristics.
The sperm cell concentration was measured in aliquots using fixed
spermatozoa (2% glutaraldehyde) in a Thoma-Zeiss counting cell chamber
(final dilution 1:50) and a light microscope (Olympus CH-2) at x400.
Sperm motility was assessed at 37ºC at x40 using a phase contrast
microscope. For the morphological analyses, an aliquot from each ejaculate
(20 μl) was fixed with 180 μl of a 2% solution of glutaraldehyde in DPBS.
A minimum of 100 sperm cells was evaluated at a magnification of 500x
with a differential interference contrast microscope. The status of the
acrosome of the normal sperm (intact, AI, or damaged, AD), and the sperm
abnormalities were evaluated (ANR). The percentage of sperm with intact
acrosome was calculated as the ratio: [AI/(AI + AD)] x 100. Blood samples
were collected from bucks of all groups at 7th, 8th and 9th months of age and
serum was separated by centrifugation of samples at 3000 rpm for 20 min,
stored at -20°C for analysis of testosterone. At the end of the experimental
periods, bucks of each group were bred with 20 receptive nulliparous
female rabbits from the same breed to evaluate of bucks fertility criteria
(kindling rate) and prolificacy (number of kits born alive/doe). The relative
humidity and environmental temperature averaged 68±7% and 21±3°C,
respectively during the experimental period. Data were statistically
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5th Scientific Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag.18-22 Sept.,2012
17
Samia,Z.Meshreky. et al…..
analyzed using the GLM program of SAS (1998). Differences between
means were analyzed by the Duncan's New Multiple Range test (Duncan,
1955). Chi-squared test was used to compare fertility results.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Dietary Zn supplementation in the diet of rabbit bucks revealed a significant
(P<0.01) improvement in sperm cell concentration, especially Zn-Met
group (organic form, 348±12), compared to the control one (237±12, Table
2). These results are in agreement with the findings of Moce et al. (2000)
who observed an increase of spermatozoa concentration in the ejaculates of
rabbit bucks fed the supplemental zinc (levels from 35 to 100 ppm) as
compared to non-supplemented ones. Oliveira et al. (2004) also observed
increase of spermatozoa concentration in rabbits supplemented with 50, 100
and 150 ppm zinc. The production of sperm necessitates extensive cell
division and Zn plays a significant role in this process by influencing
mitotic and meiotic cell divisions, along with synthesis of DNA and RNA
by enhancing the activity of DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase
(Cheah and Yang, 2011). In the present study, it was observed that
supplementation of Zn above the recommended level in the diet of rabbit
bucks resulted in a highly significant (P<0.01) increase in motility and live
sperm percentage (Table 2). These results were in harmony with AlaviShoushtari et al. (2009) who found that seminal plasma zinc content is
correlated with semen characteristics and synergistically act to preserve
motility and viability of the spermatozoa after ejaculation in bulls. Our
results revealed significantly lower abnormal sperm percentage in Zn
supplemented groups (11.2 and 10.2±0.32 for ZnSO4 and Zn-Met,
respectively) compared to the control group (16.6±0.32, Table 2). Also,
results demonstrated increased (P˂ 0.05) intact acrosome percentage in Zn
supplemented groups as compared to the control group, could be this
related to the anti-oxidant properties and membrane stabilizing action of Zn
that modulates the stability of the acrosomal membrane by inhibiting lipid
peroxidation through influencing phospholipase activity, resulting in a
membrane fluidity change. Zn has been found to stabilize various
acrosomal enzymes like acrosin, acid phosphatase and phospholipase,
which may account for improved intact acrosome percentage (Eggert et al.,
2002). As shown in Table 2, semen characteristics have been improved with
advancement of age (time of semen collection). The mean blood serum
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5th Scientific Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag. 18-22 Sept.,2012
18
ُEffect of dietary inorganic..
testosterone concentration (ng/ml) in Zn-supplemented groups, especially
with organic form was significantly (P<0.01) higher than the control group
(2.99, 2.46 and 1.89±0.15 ng/ml in Zn-Met, ZnSO4 and control groups,
respectively). These results are in close agreement with El-Masry et al.
(1994) who recorded increased serum testosterone levels with Zn
supplementation in diets of rabbits. Imam et al. (2009) reported that
supplementation of zinc in the diet improved blood testosterone level and in
this regard zinc propionate (organic form) at half the dose of zinc sulphate
(inorganic) supplementation. The improved values of testosterone in Znsupplemented groups might be due to stimulation Leydig cells of the testis
and enhaning the production of testosterone (Fang and Furushasi, 1978).
Data (Table3) revealed positive correlation between testosterone
concentration and sperm cell concentration, motility, live sperm and intact
acrosome percentages (r= 0.344, 0.294, 0.360 and 0.406, respectively;
P<0.01). Wong et al. (2002) observed that Zn is involved in the activation
and maintenance of the germinal epithelium of semineferous tubules and
also stimulates production and secretion of testosterone, which influences
spermatogenesis. The interaction between Zn supplemental source and the
time of semen collection (age) was significant (P<0.01) only with abnormal
sperm percentage, intact acrosome percentage and sperm cell
concentrations.
Table 2: Effect of dietary Zn supplementation on semen characteristics, blood serum testosterone level and
reproductive performance of New Zealand White rabbit bucks.
Items
Testosterone Sperm cell
Motility
concentration concentration
(%)
6
(ng/ml)
(x10 /ml)
Zinc supplemental source
Control
1.89c
237c
b
Zn-SO4
2.46
312b
a
Zn-Met
2.99
348a
Stander error
±0.15
±12
(SE)
st
Time of semen collection at (1 week)
7th months of age
2.33b
272c
th
b
8 months of age
2.43
295b
th
a
9 months of age
2.58
330a
Stander error
±0.15
±12
(SE)
Live
sperm
(%)
Abnormal
sperm
(%)
Prolificac
Fertility
y
No. (%) (kits born
alive/do)
Intact
acrosome
(%)
61.8c
83.4b
87.9a
63.4b
86.8a
88.2a
16.6a
11.2b
10.2c
72.8c
83.2b
88.6a
13/20 (65) 4.46b±0.46
17/20 (85) 5.94a±0.40
18/20 (90) 6.56a±0.39
±1.39
±1.35
±0.32
±1.43
-
-
73.5c
78.0b
81.6a
75.7b
80.9a
81.8a
13.9a
12.7b
11.4c
77.2c
81.4b
86.1a
-
±1.39
±1.35
±0.32
±1.43
-
-
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5th Scientific Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag.18-22 Sept.,2012
19
Samia,Z.Meshreky. et al…..
Table 3: Pearsons's correlation coefficients (r) between testosterone level and semen
characteristics and reproductive performance.
Testosterone Sperm cell
Motility
concentration concentration
(%)
6
(x10 /ml)
(ng/ml)
Testosterone (ng/ml)
Sperm cell (x106/ml)
Motility (%)
Live sperm (%)
Abnormal sperm (%)
Intact acrosome (%)
Fertility (%)
Prolificacy
1.000
0.344**
0.294**
0.360**
-0.367**
0.406**
0.722
0.223
1.000
0.804**
0.783**
-0.696**
0.744**
0.429
0.296*
1.000
0.872**
-0.686**
0.759**
0.675
-0.068
Live
sperm
(%)
Abnormal
sperm
(%)
1.000
-0.705**
0.726**
0.327
0.142
1.000
-0.697**
-0.976
0.059
Intact
Fertility
acrosome
No. (%)
(%)
1.000
0.888
-0.034
1.000
-0.189
Prolificacy
(kits born
alive/doe)
1.000
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level. and ** at 0.01 level.
Our results showed that fertility rate was increased from 65% (13/20) in
control group to 85 (17/20) and 90% (18/20) in bucks groups fed diet
supplemented with ZnSO4 and Zn-Met, respectively. Supplementation of
Zn-Met in the diet of rabbit bucks improved significantly (P<0.01)
prolificacy (kits born alive/doe) (6.56±0.39), compared to the control group
(4.46±0.46, Table 2). Only 58 kits born alive in control group (5.8/ buck)
compared to 101 and 118 kits born alive in ZnSO4 and Zn-Met groups (10.1
and 11.8/buck, respectively). A reduced rate of fertility in same species has
been attributed to a reduction of total RNA and protein content in
spermatozoa which further emphasizes the vital function of zinc in
polymerase activities (Hidiroglou and Knipfel, 1984). Result in Table (3)
revealed positive correlation between sperm cell concentration and live
sperm with fertility rate (r= 0.429 and 0.327, respectively). Generally, our
results indicated a better effect of organic Zn (Zn-Met) as compared to
inorganic Zn (ZnSO4) on most of the semen characteristics studied,
testosterone concentration and reproductive performance. This might be due
to the fact that Zn methionine has got more bioavailability than Zn sulfate.
As a result, there might have been more absorption, distribution and uptake
of Zn in the Zn methionine supplemented group, which accounted for its
better effect over Zn sulfate. Wedekind et al. (1992) observed that the
bioavailability of Zn from Zn-Met was 228% relative to ZnSO4 (100%).
Also, Kumar et al. (2006) observed that supplementation of Zn in the
organic form improved the semen quality of cattle bulls compared to
inorganic form. Horky et al. (2011) found that feeding the organic zinc
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5th Scientific Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag. 18-22 Sept.,2012
20
ُEffect of dietary inorganic..
form has a beneficial influence on the volume of ejaculate in breeding boars
and hence on the production of insemination doses.
CONCLUSION
Dietary Zn supplementation in the diet of rabbit bucks improved testosterone
hormone concentration and semen quality, which reflected on reproductive
efficiency as compared to the control one. The organic form of Zn (Zn
methionine) presented a better response in improving all traits studied as
compared to the inorganic form (Zn sulfate).
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‫‪Wroblewski N., Schill W.B. 2003. Henkel R. Metal chelators change the human‬‬
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‫التفاعل بين أضافت فيتامين هـ واالنشيماث المضادة لألكسدة الذاتيت األرانب‬
‫ساميت سكزيا مشزقي‪ ،1‬صباح محمود عالم ‪ ،2‬محمد أحمد المنيالوى‪ ،2‬حمدى فاروق أمين‬
‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪ 1‬يعهذ بحىد االَخاج انحُىاًَ‪ ،‬يشكض انبحىد انضساعُت‪ ،‬اندُضة‪ ،‬يصش‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2‬كهُت انضساعت‪ ،‬خايعت انقاهشة‪ ،‬اندُضة ‪ ،‬يصش‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫حى حقسُى ثالثٍُ أسَب ركش َُىصَالَذي أبُض (عًش‪ 5‬أشهش‪ ،‬يخىسظ وصٌ اندسى ‪± 2..4‬‬
‫‪ )3.13‬إنً ثالد يدًىعاث يخداَست‪ .‬حى حغزَت انًدًىعت األونً عهً انعهُقت األساسُت‬
‫كًدًىعت ضابغت‪ ،‬فٍ حٍُ غزَج انًدًىعاث ‪ 2‬و ‪ 3‬عهً انعهُقت َفسها يضافا انُها ‪133‬‬
‫يههدشاو صَك يٍ كبشَخاث انضَك (شكم غُش عضىٌ) أو صَك يُثُىٍَُ (شكم عضىٌ)‪ .‬حى‬
‫خًع ثًاَُت عشش قزفت يُىَت يٍ كم ركش(‪ 2‬قزفت يُىَت ‪َ /‬ىو‪ ،‬ثالد يشاث فٍ األسبىع األول‬
‫عُذ عًش ‪ 8 ، .‬و ‪ 9‬أشهش) وحقًُُها ندىدة انسائم انًُىٌ‪ .‬فٍ َهاَت انفخشة انخدشَبُت‪ ،‬حى‬
‫حضاوج ركىس كم يدًىعت بعششوٌ أَثً أساَب‪ .‬اخخالف يعُىي فً يخىسظ قُى خصائص‬
‫انسائم انًُىٌ بٍُ ركىس انًدًىعاث انًخخهفت بعذ ‪ 2‬شهىس يٍ أضافت انضَك‪ .‬أظهشث انُخائح‬
‫أٌ حشكُض هشيىٌ انخسخسخُشوٌ فً انذو‪ ،‬حشكُض انحُىاَاث انًُىَت‪ ،‬انحشكت (‪ ،):‬انحُىاَاث‬
‫انًُىَت انحُت (‪ ):‬وخسُى عشفٍ سهًُت (‪ ،):‬كاٌ أعهً يعُىَا )‪ (P<0.05‬فٍ يدًىعاث‬
‫انًضاف انُها انضَك‪ ،‬خصىصا يع انشكم انعضىٌ (انضَك يُثاَىٍَُ‪3.15±2.99 ،‬‬
‫َاَىخشاو‪/‬يهم‪88.2 ± 1.35٪ ،87.9 ± 1.39٪ ، x106/ml12 ±348 ،‬و ‪± 88.6‬‬
‫‪ :1.43‬عهً انخىانٍ) بانًقاسَت يع يدًىعت انًقاسَت (‪ ،12 ± 23. ،3.15 ± 1.89‬و ‪61.8‬‬
‫‪ 1.35 ± 63.4 ،1.39 ±‬و ‪ ،1.43 ± .2.8‬عهً انخىانٍ)‪ .‬أوضحج انُخائح ححسٍ ‪(P‬‬
‫)‪<0.01‬فٍ خصائص انسائم انًُىٌ يع انخقذو فٍ انعًش‪ .‬أوضحج انُخائح اسحباط إَدابٍ بٍُ‬
‫حشكُض هشيىٌ انخسخىسخُشوٌ و حشكُض انحُىاَاث انًُىَت‪ ،‬انحشكت‪ ،‬انحُىاَاث انًُىَت انحُت‬
‫وَسبت خسُى عشفٍ سهًُت (يعايم أسحباط = ‪0.360 ،0.294 ، 0.344‬و ‪ 3.436‬عهً‬
‫انخىانٍ‪ .)P <0.01 ،‬صاد يعذل انخصىبت يٍ ‪ )23/13( :65‬فٍ انًدًىعت انضابغت إنً ‪85‬‬
‫(‪ )23/1.‬و ‪ )23/18( :93‬فٍ ركىس انًدايُع انخً حى حغزَخها يع أضافت كبشَخاث انضَك و‬
‫انضَك يُثاَىٍَُ‪ ،‬عهً انخىانٍ‪ .‬وكشفج انُخائح اسحباط إَدابٍ بٍُ خىدة انسائم انًُىٌ‬
‫وانخصىبت‪ .‬فقظ ‪ 58‬أسَب صغُش ونذ حُا فٍ انًدًىعت انضابغت (‪ / 5.8‬ركش) يقابم ‪ 131‬و‬
‫‪ 118‬خهفت ونذث حُت فٍ يدًىعت كبشَخاث انضَك و انضَك يُثاَىٍَُ (‪ 13.1‬و ‪ 11.8‬نكم‬
‫ركش‪ ،‬عهً انخىانٍ)‪ .‬وًَكٍ أٌ َخهص إنً أٌ أضافت انضَك انغزائُت‪ ،‬وخصىصا فٍ شكم‬
‫عضىٌ‪ ،‬عهً ركىس األسَب حسُج خصائص انسائم انًُىٌ وحشكُض هشيىٌ انخسخىسخُشوٌ‪،‬‬
‫وانزٌ قذ حكىٌ نه صهت يع أفضم انخصىبت و انخهفاث‪.‬‬
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‫‪5th Scientific Congr. of Egypt. Soc. For Anim. Manag.18-22 Sept.,2012‬‬