Political Science 221, Latin American Politics
Spring Term 2017
SYLLABUS
Professor: Alfred P. Montero
Office: Willis 407
Phone: x4085 (Office)
Email: [email protected]
Web Page: http://people.carleton.edu/~amontero
Office Hours: Mondays 10:30 a.m.-12:00 p.m.; Thursdays 1:00 p.m.-3:00 p.m.; or on Skype
Skype: amontero9601
"[Latin] America is ungovernable!"
- Simón Bolívar, on his deathbed in 1830.
Course Description
More than 150 years after the great liberator of Latin America, Simón Bolívar, uttered these
immortal words, many scholars of the region opine that the caudillo's sentiments have proven
prophetic. The 20th century history of Latin America has been plagued by some of the worst
afflictions of the human condition: persistent poverty, authoritarianism, social violence, and
economic chaos. The search for governability in this region is a struggle that has led many Latin
American countries to an array of different economic and political "experiments." These
experiments have evolved as pendulum swings between competing modes of governance. Latin
American countries have tried democracy and authoritarianism; state-led development models and
market-oriented programs; economic policies fostering income distribution and others deepening
inequality; reformist and revolutionary change.
The purpose of this course is to train students to think critically about the Latin American reality. In
general, the course serves as an introduction for those who are unfamiliar with the contemporary
history, politics, and social structures of the region. Instruction in this class, however, will go beyond
a mere introduction to Latin American political history. It will challenge students to analyze complex
problems in Latin American politics and development and encourage them to provide informed
arguments on these matters. In addition to reading and classroom presentations, this class will invite
students to write and orally communicate their observations about the substantive questions in the
course.
What is Expected of Students
Students will be expected to read, think, criticize, and form arguments. That means that students
must keep up in their reading assignments and attend class regularly. Students must be fully prepared
at all times to discuss the readings and concepts from previous lectures. The best students will be
critical but balanced in their assessments, and will develop coherent arguments that they can defend
in their writing and their in-class discussion.
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Reading Materials
The three required books for this course have been ordered and are presently on sale at the college
bookstore. All are paperbacks. The texts are:
Ernesto Che Guevara. 1995. The Motorcycle Diaries: A Journey Around South America. New York, NY:
Verso. Das Kapital meets “Easy Rider.” (The Ocean edition is also acceptable).
Jorge I. Domínguez and Michael Shifter. 2013. Constructing Democratic Governance in Latin America, 4th
Ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Alfred P. Montero. 2014. Brazil: Reversal of Fortune. Cambridge, U.K.: Polity Press.
In addition to these texts, this course requires your study of a number of other readings and
multimedia from diverse sources. These readings are all available on the course Moodle page.
Additional resources are available on the course’s web page and my resources page. Films and video
materials will be available on closed reserve. Select films will be shown at 7 p.m. in Library 344.
Grading
Assessment of the students in this course will be based on their performance on two light research
papers, periodic diagnostic examinations, a comprehensive final examination, and classroom
participation. The grade breakdown follows:
Paper #1
20%
Paper #2
35%
Diagnostics (5% each)
20%
Comprehensive Exam
15%
Class Participation
10%
The Writing Assignments
Paper assignments in this course are of varying lengths. Yet they must all be typed, paginated, and
double-spaced with Times New Roman font type, 12cpi font size, and one-inch margins.
These assignments must be turned in as PDF files unless otherwise indicated by 5 p.m. in the
student’s hand-in folder on the Courses directory on the due date specified below. Late work will
receive no credit. Technical problems involved in converting and uploading work onto Courses will not
be accepted as reasons for late or improperly formatted work. Students are responsible for
addressing all glitches unless they are systemic. Proper use of spelling, punctuation, and grammar is
expected. Since ability to edit your own work and produce concise argument is a touchstone for
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assessing and developing your critical skills, students will not be allowed to surpass the required
number of pages. A handout will be distributed with the particular parameters of each of these
assignments well before the due date.
Paper #1: An Empirical Test of Macro Approaches to Latin American Politics
Students will choose one of the following eight countries: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico,
Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia. In a light research paper of 7-8 pages, the author will assess the
political and development history of the chosen country in light of the analytical frameworks set up
by at least two major theoretical approaches (e.g., modernization, political culture,
developmentalism, etc.).
Paper #2: A Policy-Position Paper from the Perspective of a Latin American Government
Students will choose any Latin American country (though not the same one used for Paper #1).
Identifying a salient problem that calls for policy action, the student will compose an 8-10 page
policy-position paper from the perspective of the chosen country’s government. This assignment
will require prolonged study of the state structure, history, formal institutions, and society of the
chosen Latin American country. Normally, work on this paper begins shortly before the first paper
is completed. Periodic meetings with the professor are highly recommended.
Diagnostics and the Comprehensive Examination
Students are expected to prepare detailed notes on the readings and the class presentations (i.e., not
just depend on jottings in the margins of their books – “Notes in the margins are marginal notes.”).
Such growing expertise will be systematically tested throughout the term with short, 10-minute
diagnostic examinations and a final, comprehensive examination with no more than 20-25 questions.
Students who wish to challenge themselves, may opt to take a 20-minute oral examination in lieu of
the final exam. A limited number of slots will be available for the oral exam. Students may choose to
take the oral exam in Spanish or Portuguese in lieu of English.
Class Participation
Communicating your insight into the subjects analyzed in this course is an integral part of the
learning experience. In no way do I consider class participation a residual category for subjectively
determining the final grade. In this course, I will evaluate your performance in both formal,
scheduled presentations and informal class discussion. All oral arguments and presentations will be
assessed on structure, relevance, insight, and style. The following are structured presentation formats
that will be used in this course:
(1) Debates using the collegiate structure of four versus four.
(2) A simulation on delegative democracy.
(3) Small group discussions on numerous topics.
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(4) Extended discussions on Moodle and following some of the selected films.
Attendance
Consistent attendance in the course is required. If you know you will be absent due to a scheduling
conflict involving athletic events, Model U.N., forensics, job interviews, or any other activity, please
communicate that to me as soon as possible. Keep in mind that given the unique aspects of a class,
you cannot really "make up" an absence.
Electronic Equipment Policy
For years I have allowed students to use laptops in class to take notes. However, based on much
scientific evidence as well as personal experience, it is evident that such practices encourage
inattention and multitasking that degrades the ability of students to learn. There is also plenty of
scientific evidence that taking pen-and-paper notes is far superior to note-taking on laptops. The use
of laptops and tablets in this class will be strongly discouraged unless a student can prove that they
absolutely need such a device in the classroom. Preference will be given to students who have an
officially sanctioned accommodation (see Special Needs below), but students without such
accommodations may also be given permission to use laptops and iPads for approved purposes. Use
of such devices in class does not designate any student as having special needs.
The Grading Scale
I will be using the following grading scale in this course:
98-100 A+
94-97 A
91-93 A88-90 B+
83-87 B
79-82 B76-78 C+
72-75 C
68-71 C67/below D/F
Academic Misconduct
Given the fact that academe relies upon the ethical conduct of scholars, students are held to the
same standards in their own work. Any act of academic dishonesty or misconduct will be referred to
the Office of the Dean. For further information, see the useful handout on “Avoiding Academic
Misconduct” on the course webpage.
Special Needs
Carleton College is committed to providing equitable access to learning opportunities for all
students. The Disability Services office (Burton Hall 03) is the campus office that collaborates with
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students who have disabilities to provide and/or arrange reasonable accommodations. If you have,
or think you may have, a disability (e.g., mental health, attentional, learning, autism spectrum
disorders, chronic health, traumatic brain injury and concussions, sensory, or physical), please
contact Chris Dallager, Director of Disability Services, by calling 507-222-5250 or sending an email
to [email protected] to arrange a confidential discussion regarding equitable access and
reasonable accommodations.
NOTE: Readings must be completed for the dates assigned below.
PART ONE:
CONCEPTS AND APPROACHES
Session 1: Breaking Stereotypes, Understanding Historical and Cultural Foundations of
Latin American Politics
What are Americans’ Stereotypes of Latin America and Its People? (March 27 and
March 29, Monday and Wednesday)
Robert Pastor, “The Lessons and Legacy of Omar Torrijos.” Chapter 1 of Exiting the Whirlpool: U.S.
Foreign Policy Toward Latin America and the Caribbean. Boulder: Westview Press, 2001.
Laura Weiss, “US Myths of Latin America Often Ignorant, Inaccurate,” Huffington Post (LatinoVoices
Blog, 2014) (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lauraweiss/us-myths-of-latinamerica_b_4813150.html).
Film: “Nine Queens (Nueve Reinas)” (Argentina). (Showing on Thursday, March 30, and Friday,
March 31; both screenings are at 7:30 p.m. Library 344).
Culturalist Approaches (March 31, Friday)
Lawrence E. Harrison, The Pan-American Dream: Do Latin America’s Cultural Values Discourage True
Partnership with the United States and Canada? Boulder: Westview, 1997, Chapter 1.
Howard Wiarda, The Soul of Latin America: The Cultural and Political Tradition. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2001, Chapters 4 and 12.
Geographical/Cultural Diversity and Clientelist Logics (April 3, Monday)
Ernesto Che Guevara, The Motorcycle Diaries (All).
Javier Auyero, “The Logic of Clientelism in Argentina: An Ethnographic Account,” Latin American
Research Review 35:3 (2000): 55-81.
Lucy Taylor, “Client-ship and Citizenship in Latin America,” Bulletin of Latin American Research 23:2
(2004): 213-227.
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The Path Dependency Approach (April 5, Wednesday)
James Mahoney, “Long-Run Development and the Legacy of Colonialism in Spanish America,”
American Journal of Sociology 109:1 (July 2003): 50-106.
Kenneth Roberts, Changing Course: Party Systems in Latin America’s Neoliberal Era. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2015, Chapter 3.
Session 2: Patterns of Development and Structural Causes in Latin American Politics
Dependency and Development in Latin American History (April 7, Friday)
Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press, 1979, Chapter 2.
Eliana Cardoso and Ann Helwege, “Import Substitution Industrialization,” in Jeffry Frieden, Manuel
Pastor, and Michael Tomz, eds. Modern Political Economy and Latin America: Theory and Policy. Boulder:
Westview Press, 2000.
Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism and Neoconservatism (April 10, Monday)
Rosemary Thorp, Progress, Poverty and Exclusion: An Economic History of Latin America in the 20th Century.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998, Chapter 7.
Guillermo O’Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics.
Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, 1973: pp. 85-102.
Hector E. Schamis, “Reconceptualizing Latin American Authoritarianism in the 1970s: From
Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism to Neoconservatism.” Comparative Politics 23:2 (January 1991): 201220.
Neoliberal Populism and The Backlash Against Neoliberalism (April 12, Wednesday)
Kenneth Roberts, “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The
Peruvian Case,” World Politics 48:1 (October 1995): 82-116.
Barbara Stallings and Wilson Peres, “Is Economic Reform Dead in Latin America? Rhetoric and
Reality since 2000,” Journal of Latin American Studies 43:4 (November 2011): 755-786.
Kenneth Roberts, “The Mobilization of Opposition to Economic Liberalization,” Annual Review of
Political Science 11 (2008): 327-49.
The Rise of the New Left (Part I: Causes) (April 14, Friday)
Andy Baker and Kenneth Greene, “The Latin American Left’s Mandate: Free-Market Policies and
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Issue Voting in New Democracies,” World Politics 63:1 (January 2011): 43-77.
Samuel Handlin and Ruth Berins Collier, “The Diversity of Left Party Linkages and Competitive
Advantages,” in Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts, eds. The Resurgence of the Latin American
Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
The Rise of the New Left (Part II: Consequences) (April 17, Monday)
Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, Democracy and the Left: Social Policy and Inequality in Latin
America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012, Chapter 6.
Darryl McLeod and Nora Lustig, “Inequality and Poverty under Latin America’s New Left
Regimes.” Tulane Economics Working Paper Series, Paper No. 1117 (March 2011).
Deborah Yashar, “The Left and Citizenship Rights,” in Steven Levitsky and Kenneth M. Roberts,
eds. The Resurgence of the Latin American Left. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
PART TWO:
COUNTRY EXPERIENCES
Session 3: Brazil – Democratization and Inequality
Authoritarianism and Democratization (April 19, Wednesday)
Scott Mainwaring and Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence,
Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013, Chapter 3.
Alfred Stepan, “Political Leadership and Regime Breakdown: Brazil,” in Juan J. Linz and Alfred
Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1978.
Governability and the Quality of Democracy (April 21, Friday)
Montero, Brazil: Reversal of Fortune, Chapters 3-4. (Chapter 1 recommended).
Economic Development and Social Policy (April 24, Monday)
Montero, Brazil: Reversal of Fortune, Chapters 2, 5-6.
Evening special lecture on the current Brazil crisis (7:00 p.m.-8:30 p.m., Weitz 233)
Session 4: The Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay)
Dirty Hands, Dirty Wars: The Organization of Authoritarianism (April 26,
Wednesday)
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Patricia Verdugo, Chile, Pinochet, and the Caravan of Death. Coral Gables, FL: North-South Center
Press, 2001, selections.
Marguerite Feitlowitz, A Lexicon of Terror: Argentina and the Legacies of Torture, 2nd ed. New York:
Oxford University Press, 2011, chs. 1-2.
Film: “Missing” (Showing on Tuesday, April 25 and Wednesday, April 26; both screenings are at
7:30 p.m. Library 344).
PAPER #1 DUE (Thursday, April 27)
NO CLASS – FRIDAY, APRIL 28 (LASA in Lima, Peru) + MIDTERM BREAK (May 1,
Monday)
Neoliberal Adjustments and the Turn to the Left (May 3, Wednesday)
Ernesto Calvo and María Victoría Murillo, “Argentina: Democratic Consolidation, Partisan
Dealignment, and Institutional Weakness,” in Domínguez and Shifter.
Peter M. Siavelis, “Chile: Beyond Transitional Models of Politics,” in Domínguez and Shifter.
Session 5: Delegative Democracy or Petro-Populism Redux? Venezuela Under and After
Hugo Chávez
Understanding the Bolivarian Revolution under Chávez (May 5, Friday)
Guillermo O’Donnell, “Delegative Democracy,” in Guillermo O’Donnell, ed., Counterpoints: Selected
Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1999.
Ángel E. Álvarez, “Venezuela: Political Governance and Regime Change by Electoral Means,” in
Domínguez and Shifter.
Pascal Lupien, “Ignorant Mobs or Rational Actors? Understanding Support for Venezuela’s
‘Bolivarian Revolution’,” Political Science Quarterly 27:2 (June 2015): 319-40.
Petro-Politics and Institutional Crisis or A New Mode of Incorporation? (May 8,
Monday)
Javier Corrales and Michael Penfold, Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of
Revolution in Venezuela. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2011, Chapter 2.
Margarita López-Maya, “Venezuela: The Political Crisis of Post-Chavismo,” Social Justice 40:4 (2014):
68-87.
Benigno Alarcón, Ángel E. Álvarez, and Manuel Hidalgo, “Can Democracy Win in Venezuela?”
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Journal of Democracy 27:2 (April 2016): 20-34.
Eduardo Silva, “Reorganizing Popular Sector Incorporation,” Politics and Society (45:1 March 2017):
91-122.
Recommended: Javier Corrales, “Explaining Chavismo: the Unexpected Alliance of Radical Leftists and
the Military in Venezuela since the late 1990s.” Mimeo, 2013.
Session 6: The Central Andes – The (Re)awakening of Indigenous Politics
Origins of the Indigenous Reawakening (May 10, Wednesday)
Deborah J. Yashar, Contesting Citizenship in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005, Chapter 2.
Erica S. Simmons, Meaningful Resistance: Market Reforms and the Roots of Social Protest in Latin America.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016, Chapter 2.
Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, “Explaining the Rise of Ethnic Politics in Contemporary Latin
America,” Latin American Politics and Society 56:1 (Spring 2014): 166-74.
Decaying Democratic Institutions or Resurgent Popular Movements? Bolivia,
Ecuador and Ethnopopulism (May 12, Friday)
Roberta Rice, “From the Ground Up: The Challenge of Indigenous Party Consolidation in Latin
America,” Party Politics 17:2 (2011): 177-88.
George Gray Molina, “Bolivia: Keeping the Coalition Together,” in Domínguez and Shifter.
Comparative Observations of Indigenous Politics – Why the Peruvian “Exception?”
(May 15, Monday)
Deborah J. Yashar, Contesting Citizenship in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005, Chapter 6.
Raúl Madrid, The Rise of Ethnic Politics in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011,
Chapter 4.
Excursis on Party System Decay and Collapse in Latin America (May 17,
Wednesday)
Noam Lupu, “Brand Dilution and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America,” World
Politics 66:4 (October 2014): 561-602.
Kenneth Roberts, Changing Course: Party Systems in Latin America’s Neoliberal Era. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2015, Chapters 6 and 9.
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Recommended #1: Steven Levitsky, “Peru: The Challenges of a Democracy without Parties,” in
Domínguez and Shifter.
Recommended #2: Jason Seawright, Party-System Collapse: The Roots of Crisis in Peru and Venezuela.
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2012, Chapter 8.
Resource Conflicts and Popular Mobilization (May 19, Friday)
Aldo F. Ponce and Cynthia McClintock, “The Explosive Combination of Inefficient Local
Bureaucracies and Mining Production: Evidence from Localized Societal Protests in Peru,” Latin
American Politics and Society 56:3 (Fall 2014): 118-140.
Erica S. Simmons, Meaningful Resistance: Market Reforms and the Roots of Social Protest in Latin America,
Chapter 3.
Recommended: Marcus J. Kurtz, “The Social Foundations of Institutional Order: Reconsidering War
and the ‘Resource Curse’ in Third World State Building,” Politics and Society 37:4 (2009): 479-520.
Session 7: Colombia and Mexico - Governability Crises, Insecurity, and Narcotraffic
Colombia: From Country on the Edge to a New Normal? (May 24, Wednesday)
Eduardo Posada-Carbó, “Colombia: Democratic Governance amidst an Armed Conflict,” in
Domínguez and Shifter.
Ana Arjona, Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 2016, Chapter 7.
Recommended: Phillip A. Hough, “Guerrilla Insurgency as Organized Crime: Explaining the So-Called
‘Political Involution’ of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia,” Politics and Society 39: 3
(2011): 379-414.
Film (Recommended): “Killing Pablo” (History Channel) (Showing on Tuesday, May 23 and
Wednesday, May 24; both screenings are at 7:30 p.m. Library 344).
The Drug Wars in Mexico: The Transnationalization of the Governability Problem
(May 26, Friday)
Shannon O’Neil, “Mexico: Democratic Advances and Limitations,” in Domínguez and Shifter.
Guadalupe Correa-Cabrera, “Security, Migration, and the Economy in the Texas-Tamaulipas Border
Region: The ‘Real’ Effects of Mexico’s Drug War,” Politics and Policy 41:1 (February 2013): 65-82.
Guillermo Trejo and Sandra Ley, “Votes, Drugs, and Violence: Subnational Democratization and
the Onset of Inter-Cartel Wars in Mexico, 1995-2006,” mimeo (2013).
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Film: “Frontline: The Drug War.” (Showing Part I on Friday, May 26 and Part II on Sunday, May
28; both screenings are at 7:30 p.m. Library 344).
Session 8: Deepening Democracy? Participation and Mobilization in Latin America
Participatory Governance (May 29, Monday)
Benjamin Goldfrank and Aaron Schneider, “Competitive Institution Building: The PT and
Participatory Budgeting in Rio Grande do Sul,” Latin American Politics and Society 48:3 (Fall 2006): 131.
Stephanie McNulty, “An Unlikely Success: Peru’s Top-Down Participatory Budgeting Experience,”
Journal of Public Deliberation 8:2 (2012): 1-19.
Recommended: Gianpaolo Baiocchi and Ernesto Ganuza, “Participatory Budgeting as if Emancipation
Mattered,” Politics and Society 42:1 (March 2014): 29-50.
PAPER #2 DUE (Tuesday, May 30)
Movements and Contentious Politics (May 31, Wednesday)
Peter Kingstone, Joseph Young, and Rebecca Aubrey, “Resistance to Privatization: Why Protest
Movements Succeed and Fail in Latin America,” Latin American Politics and Society 55:3 (Fall 2013):
93-116.
Eduardo Silva, “Exchange Rising? Karl Polanyi and Contentious Politics in Contemporary Latin
America,” Latin American Politics and Society 54:3 (Fall 2012): 1-32.
Javier Auyero, Pablo Lapegna, and Fernanda Page Poma, “Patronage Politics and Contentious
Collective Action: A Recursive Relationship,” Latin American Politics and Society 51:3 (Fall 2009): 1-31
COMPREHENSIVE FINAL EXAM (scheduled exam period)
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