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1850-1914
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Western imperialism, with superior arms and
technology, established colonies in Asia and
Africa.
The Europeans export finished goods to the
colonies and import raw materials and cash
crops.
Colonial rule provokes native resistance
movements.
Western nations
race to divide Africa
among themselves.
They draw
territorial
boundaries without
regard to Africans’
ethnic, linguistic,
and cultural
divisions.
After the death of
Suleiman I, European
nations divide the
Ottoman Empire.
A combined BritishFrench-Ottoman
force defeats the
Russians in the
Crimean War, and the
British seize the Suez
canal.
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Europeans use
colonies,
protectorates,
spheres of influence,
economic
imperialism, and
different patterns of
management to
control African
colonies.
African resistance
movements emerge
in response.
Britain gradually
attains control over
India, establishing
the Raj.
British rule gives
rise to nationalist
feelings and to
resistance
movements.
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Western
Imperialists,
including the
United States, claim
lands in the South
Pacific, Southeast
Asia, and Hawaiian
Islands.
Only Siam remains
independent.

Wireless Radio?
◦ Invented around
1895
◦ Invented by Italian
Guglielmo Marconi
◦ Makes
communication to
wide areas of the
country possible
Westward
Expansion?
◦ Also known as
‘Manifest Destiny’

Imperialism?

Empire Building:
In 1836, Queen Victoria
is crowned in England
1850
European
trading with
Africa well
established
1850
1858
1898
1869
U.S. acquires
Philippines,
annexes Hawaii
Suez Canal
completed
Britain establishes
direct rule over
India
1884-85
Berlin
Conference sets
rules for Africa
colonization
1899
1914
Boer War begins
in South Africa
◦ The Industrial Revolution gave European nations the
necessary technology to dominate other peoples.
◦ During the 1800s, the European powers competed
for parts of Africa, Southeast Asia, India and the
Pacific.
◦ Toward the end of the century, the United States
established its own colonies in the Pacific.
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Economics:
◦ The Imperialists regarded their colonies as captive
markets as well as sources of raw materials and
trade goods.
◦ The colonizers demanded production of cash crops
at the expense of the peasants’ own subsistence
agriculture.
◦ In tropical areas plantation agriculture increased
the need for laborers and spurred immigration.

Power and Authority:
◦ Colonizers were divided on the best method of rule.
◦ Britain and the United States ruled indirectly, using
local leaders and institutions where possible.
◦ The French and others ruled the colonies from a
central authority.
◦ Often the two methods were blended.

Objectives:
◦ To describe Africa before European domination
◦ To summarize the motives of European colonizers
◦ To identify the factors allowing the Europeans to
control Africa
◦ To identify the three groups that clashed in South
Africa
Section 1: Imperialists Divide Africa
Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Main Idea:
◦ Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups,
kingdoms and city-states, Europeans established
colonial claims.

Why It Matters Now:
◦ African nations continue to feel the effects of
colonial presence of over 100 years ago.

Terms and Names:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Imperialism
Racism
Social Darwinism
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
Shaka
Boer
Great Trek
Boer War
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Problems Discourage Exploration
◦ Armies, rivers, disease discourage exploration
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
◦ 1860s-David Livingstone, an explorer, disappeared
searching for the source of the Nile
◦ Henry Stanley was hired to find him and in 1871, he
did find him in an African village
◦ This meeting made headlines around the world
Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
◦ Imperialism—seizure of a country or territory by a
stronger country
◦ Missionaries, explorers, humanitarians reach
interior of Africa

The Congo Sparks Interest:
Dr. David Livingstone:

Analyzing Causes:
◦ Why did the Europeans control such a small portion
of Africa in the 1800s?
◦ African armies and traders kept them out and the
rivers were impassable, making it difficult to get
inland
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
Belief in European Superiority:
◦ Race for colonies grows out of national pride
◦ Racism—belief that one race is better than others
◦ Social Darwinism—survival of the fittest is applied
to human society
Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa:
◦ Perfection of quinine protects Europeans from
malaria
◦ Within Africa, Africans are divided by language and
culture
◦ Technological inventions like the steam engine,
Maxim gun help in the conquest
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The Lure of Wealth
◦ Discovery of gold and diamonds increases interest
in colonization
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
Map Activity (20pts):
◦ Copy name of countries from 1914 map of Africa
◦ Copy the key assigning a color to each colonizing
country
◦ Color each African country using the key
Berlin Conference Divides Africa:
◦ Berlin Conference (1884-1885)—14 countries agree
on rules for division
 Countries must claim land and prove ability to control
it
◦ By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia are free of
European control

Demand for Raw Materials Shapes Colonies:
◦ Raw materials are the greatest source of wealth in
Africa
◦ Businesses develop cash-crop plantations
The Division of Africa
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
Zulus Fight the British:
◦ Shaka—Zulu chief—creates centralized state around
1816
◦ British defeat Zulus and gain control of Zulu nation
in 1887
Boers and British Settle in the Cape:
◦ Boers, or Dutch farmers, take Africans’ land and
establish large farms
◦ Boers clash with British over land and slaves

Boer War between British and Boers begins in
1899
◦ British win, Boers assimilate with British as Boer
republics are united in the Union of South Africa in
1910
 Move north to escape British and clash with Zulu
warriors during the Great Trek
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Terms and Names:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Imperialism
Racism
Social Darwinism
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
Shaka
Boer
Great Trek
Boer War
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
Students will be divided into four groups
Two groups represent Europeans—one group
pro Imperialism, one group against it
Two groups represent Africans—one group
pro Imperialism, one group against it
Groups will debate pros and cons against
each other (European vs. European, African
vs. African)
Groups will cite examples from textbook or
other external sources.
Objectives:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Section 2: Case Study—Nigeria
To
To
To
To
To
explain different forms of colonial control
explain the patterns of imperialist management
describe British rule in Nigeria
summarize African resistance movements
debate effects of colonialism
Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Main Idea:
◦ Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire
building that affected both Africa and the rest of
the world.

Why It Matters Now:

Terms and Names:
◦ Paternalism
◦ Assimilation
◦ Menelik II
◦ Many former colonies have political problems today
that are a direct result of colonial rule.
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◦ Europeans want to control all aspects of their
colonies:
 Colony—governed by foreign power
 Protectorate—governs itself, but under outside control
 Sphere of Influence—outside power controls
investment, trading
 Economic Imperialism—private business interests
assert control
 Influence political, social lives of people
 Shape economies to benefit Europe
 Want people to adopt European customs

Methods of Management:

Gaining Control:
◦ Britain conquers
southern Nigeria
using both diplomacy
and force
◦ Conquest of northern
Nigeria through the
Royal Niger Company
◦ In 1914, Britain
claims all of Nigeria
as a colony
◦ Europeans use two methods to manage colonies:
 Direct Control
 Indirect Control
◦ Direct Control:
 Limited self-rule for governments
 Legislative body includes colonial, local officials
◦ Indirect Control:
 Paternalism—Europeans provide for local people, but grant
no rights
 Assimilation—adaptation of local people to ruling culture

Forms of Control:
◦ Europeans develop four forms of control of
territory:
Extending influence:
Managing the Colony:
◦ Nigeria is culturally diverse, with about 250 ethnic
groups
◦ British use indirect rule successfully through the
Hausa-Fulani
◦ Yoruba and Igbo chiefs resent limits on their power

Africans Confront Imperialism:
◦ Broad resistance to imperialism, but Europeans
have superior weapons
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Unsuccessful
Movements:
Ethiopia-A Successful
Resistance:

◦ Algeria actively resists
the French for almost
50 years
◦ Samori Toure fights the
French in West Africa
for 16 years
◦ In German East Africa,
people put their faith in
spiritual defense
◦ Resistance movements
result in about 75,000
deaths; famine kills
twice as many

Negative Effects:
◦ Africans lose lands and independence, many lose
lives
◦ Traditional African cultures break down
◦ Division of Africa creates social, economic and
political conflicts that continue today

◦ Menelik II—Emperor of
Ethiopia in 1889,
resists the Europeans
◦ Plays Europeans
against each other
◦ Stockpiles arsenal of
modern weapons
◦ Defeats Italy, remains
independent

Terms and Names:
◦ Paternalism
◦ Assimilation
◦ Menelik II
Positive Effects:
◦ Colonialism reduces local infighting
◦ Sanitation improves; hospitals and schools are
created
◦ Technology brings economic growth

One objective of 19th-century European imperialism was to
◦
◦
◦
◦
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The majority of people in Canada speak English as their first language,
but in the Canadian province of Quebec, most people speak French as
their first language. This is one reason many people in Quebec have felt
that Quebec should separate from Canada and become an independent
country. Supporters of this idea have believed that
◦
◦
◦
◦
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A. preserve native cultures and traditions.
B. expand peace and freedom.
C. protect the environment and conserve wildlife.
D. convert inhabitants of foreign territories to Christianity.
A. regions once defined should never be changed.
B. political boundaries should reflect the cultural characteristics of regions.
C. economic boundaries are defined by the physical resources of a region.
D. physical characteristics are more important than cultural characteristics in defining
regions.
Explain your answers
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1.
2.
To summarize the decline of the Ottoman
Empire.
To describe the Crimean War and the division
of the Ottoman Empire.
Section 3: Muslim Lands Fall to Imperialist
Demands
Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

Main Idea:
◦ European nations expanded their empires by
seizing territories from Muslim states.


◦ Geopolitics
◦ Crimean War
◦ Suez Canal
Why It Matters Now:
◦ Political events in this vital resource area are still
influenced by actions of the imperialistic period.


Map Activity:
◦ Label and color map of Ottoman Empire
Terms and Names:
Reforms Fail:
◦ After Suleiman I dies in 1566, the empire starts to
decline.
◦ Ottoman Empire falls behind Europe in technology
◦ Selim III tries to modernize army an is overthrown
◦ Ottoman subjects in Greece and Serbia gain
independence
◦ Europeans see Ottoman weakness as an
opportunity to take Ottoman lands
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Russia and the
Crimean War:
◦ Crimean War-Russia
attacks Ottomans in 1853
to gain warm-water port
◦ Ottomans aided by British
and French to stop
Russians
◦ First war covered by war
correspondents
◦ First was to use women
as army nurses
Geopolitics:
◦ Geopolitics—taking land for its strategic location
and products
◦ Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on
Ottoman lands
 Florence Nightingale
◦ Russia loses, but
Ottomans are shown to
be weak and still lose
land
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
The Great Game:
◦ War waged between Russia and Britain over India
◦ Battles are fought in Afghanistan until British
withdrawal in 1881
Military and
Economic Reforms:
◦ Muhammad Ali breaks
away from Ottoman
control and rules Egypt
◦ Also gains control of
Syria and Arabia
◦ Begins a series of
reforms in military and
economy
◦ Shifts Egyptian
agriculture from food
crops to cash crops
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The Suez Canal:

The Exploitation of Persia:
◦ Russia wants access to Persian Gulf and Indian
Ocean
◦ 1869- Egypt builds the Suez Canal under the
direction of Ali’s grandson, Isma’il
 Persia loses land to Russians in 1813 and 1828
 Connects the Red Sea to the Mediterranean
 Saves 2 weeks of travel
◦ Britain wants Afghanistan as buffer between India
and Russia
◦ In 1908, oil is discovered in Persia, British interest
increases
◦ Persia concedes to Western businesses like the
Anglo-Persian Oil Company
◦ Financed by French, built by Egyptians
◦ Modernization efforts create huge debt
◦ British take over financial control of canal, and
occupy Egypt in 1882
 Becomes British Petroleum in 1954

Battle Over Tobacco:
◦ 1891-Persian ruler tries to sell rights to Persian
tobacco to British company
◦ This outrages many and leads to tobacco boycotts
and riots
 Clerics support people because they simply dislike
Western influence

What effect do you think increased taxes on
tobacco in the US would have on the
international market for tobacco?
◦ In 1907, Russia and Britain seize a weak Persia and
divide it amongst them—create spheres of influence

Terms and Names:
◦ Geopolitics
◦ Crimean War
◦ Suez Canal
Section 4: British Imperialism in India
Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
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1.
2.
3.

Read aloud ‘Telescoping the Times’, Chapter 11, Section 4—British
Imperialism in India

Cornell Notes p.357-358:
To summarize the British takeover of India
To identify positive and negative features of
British colonialism in India
To describe early nationalist movements in
India
◦ Main-British Expand Control Over India



Sub-East India Company Dominates
“Jewel in the Crown” Produces Trade Products
Impact of Colonialism
◦ Create Index Cards of the Following:







Sepoy
“Jewel in the Crown”
Sepoy Mutiny
Raj
UK
Viceroy
Ram Mohun Roy
◦ Using the map on p.358, label and color the blank map. Be sure to create a key for
the countries


◦ How were the daily lives of British servants different
than those of their Indian servants?
◦ How were they the same?

East India Company
Dominates:
◦ British East India
Company rules India
until the 1850s
◦ Company has its own
army of British
officers
◦ Army is staffed by
sepoys—Indian
soldiers
Main Idea:
◦ As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized
Indian territory until it controlled almost the whole
subcontinent.
Look at the Daily Life feature on page 359 of
your textbook:

Why It Matters Now:
◦ India, the second most populated nation in the
world, has its political roots in this colony.

Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”:
◦ India is Britain’s most valuable colony—it’s “jewel in
the crown”
◦ Forced to produce raw materials for British
manufacturing
◦ Also forced to buy British goods

British Transport Trade Goods:
◦ Railroads move cash crops and goods faster
◦ Trade in specific crops is tied to international
events
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

Indians Rebel:
◦ Sepoys refuse to use
cartridges of new British
rifles for religious reasons
Impact of Colonialism:
◦ British hold much of political and economic power
◦ Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency, leads
to famine
◦ Indian life is disrupted by missionaries and racist
attitudes
◦ ButBritish modernize India’s economy, and
improve public health
 Though cartridges were
sealed with beef an pork fat
◦ Many Sepoys are jailed,
others start Sepoy Mutiny
against British in May,
1857
 Captured city of Delhi
◦ Many Indian, who like
British way of life,
remained loyal—
especially the Sikhs

Turning Point
◦ British put down the mutiny, take direct control of
India
◦ Raj—term for British rule over India (and sometimes
the ruler, or Viceroy), lasts from 1757 to 1947
◦ The uprising increased distrust between the British
and Indians

Call for Reforms:
◦ In 1800s, Ram
Mohum Roy leads
modernization effort
◦ Many Indians adopt
western ways and call
for social reforms
◦ Indians resent being
second-class citizens
in their own country

Nationalist Groups
Form:
◦ Indian National
Congress (1885) and
Muslim League
(1906) form
◦ Nationalists angered
by partition of Bengal
 Pressure forces Britain
to divide it differently
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Terms and Names:







Sepoy
“Jewel in the Crown”
Sepoy Mutiny
Raj
UK
Viceroy
Ram Mohun Roy
◦ Students use index cards to quiz each other, then
we will go to Quizlet for review
Section 5: Western Powers Rule Southeast Asia
Chapter 11: Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914

To summarize the acquisition of European
colonies in Southeast Asia
To describe how Siam remained independent
To summarize U.S. acquisition of the
Philippines and Hawaii
1.
2.
3.

Read aloud ‘Telescoping the Times’, Chapter 11, Section 5—Western Powers Rule Southeast
Asia

Cornell Notes p.362-366:
◦
Main-Western Rivalries for Pacific Rim Lands





Sub-Plantation Products Spur Competition
Dutch Expand Control
British Take the Malayan Peninsula
French Control Indochina
Colonial Impact
◦
Main-Siam Maintains Independence
◦
Main-U.S. Acquires Pacific Lands


◦
Sub—The Philippines Change Hands
Hawaii Becomes A Republic
Create Index Cards of the Following:






Pacific Rim
King Mongkut
Emilio Aguinaldo
Annexation
Queen Liliuokalani
Sanford Dole
Main Idea:
◦ Demand for Asian products drove Western
imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian
lands.

Why It Matters Now:
◦ Southeast Asian independence struggles in the 20th
century have their roots in this period of
imperialism.

Europeans Race to Pacific Rim:
◦ Lands of Southeast Asia that border Pacific Ocean
form Pacific Rim
◦ Dutch, British, French, Germans claim parts of
Pacific Rim
 Establish trading ports
 Land is perfect for plantation agriculture
 Sugar cane, cocoa, rubber, coconuts and pineapple
◦ Dutch Expand Control:
 Dutch colonies, called Dutch East Indies, include
Indonesia
 Settle Indonesia, establish rigid social class system
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
British Take the Malayan Peninsula:
◦ Britain seizes Singapore as a port and trading base
◦ Also gets colonies in Malaysia and Burma
◦ Chinese immigration to Malaysia becomes a
problem


◦ Modernization mainly helps European businesses
◦ Education, health, sanitation improve
◦ Millions migrate to Southeast Asia to work in mines
and plantations
◦ Colonialism leads to racial and religious clashes
French Control Indochina:
◦ French come to control Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
◦ Export rice, angering the Vietnamese

Modernization in
Siam:
Colonial Impact:

The Philippines
Changes Hands:
◦ U.S. opposed to
imperialism until 1898
when they see benefit of
trading posts in the
Pacific
◦ U.S. gains Philippines,
Puerto Rico and Guam
after Spanish-American
war
◦ Siam remains an
independent, neutral
zone between the
French and British
◦ King Mongkut
modernizes country:
Starts schools
Reforms legal system
Reorganizes government
Builds transportation and
telegraph systems
 Ends slavery




 Pres. McKinley said: “there
was nothing left to do but
for us to take them all and
to educate Filipinos and
uplift and Christianize
them”

The Philippines
Changes Hands:
◦ Emilio Aguinaldo leads
Filipino nationalists
against U.S. rule
◦ 1902-U.S. defeats three
year nationalist revolt
◦ U.S. promises to prepare
Filipinos for self-rule
 Builds railroads, schools,
roads and hospitals
◦ Businessmen exploit
Philippines—focus on
cash crops leads to food
shortages

Hawaii Becomes a Republic:
◦ Americans establish sugar-cane
plantations in Hawaii
◦ By mid-1800s, sugar accounts for
75% of Hawaii’s wealth
◦ U.S.
◦ McKinley Tariff Act removed tariff
(tax) on sugar, so Hawaiian sugar
no longer cheaper than world
sugar
◦ U.S. business leaders push for
annexation of Hawaii—adding it
as a U.S. territory
◦ Queen Liliuokalani tries to keep
Hawaii sovereign and restore
control
◦ American businessmen have her
removed from power and Sanford
Dole is named president of Hawaii
◦ In 1898, Hawaii is annexed by the
U.S.
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
Terms and Names:






Pacific Rim
King Mongkut
Emilio Aguinaldo
Annexation
Queen Liliuokalani
Sanford Dole


Go to page 242 in your textbook.
Let’s review!
◦ Students use index cards to quiz each other, then
we will go to Quizlet for review

Imperialism?


Go to page 242 in your textbook.
Let’s review!
16