The Legacy of a Shipwreck: The Dutch Conquest of South Africa Elliott de Boer Junior Division Historical Paper Paper Length: 2150 Words 1 When the Dutch ship NieuwHaerlem first shipwrecked in Table Bay in 1648, the Dutch had no idea they had landed at an abundant and strategic refueling station that would go on to affect South African culture for centuries. The Dutch conquest of South Africa was one of the most influential conquests in history, shown by longterm effects on South African culture and people, specifically the Khoikhoi population, through trade and slavery, along with the later persistence of the Afrikaans culture. The first European encounter of the Cape came along in May of 1488, when a Portuguese explorer named Bartolomeu Dias crossed it on a return trip to Portugal from Asia. As he stopped at the Cape, he dubbed it the Cape of Storms, in accordance to the many violent, thrashing storms that frequented the area. Later, after reporting to King John II of Portugal, it was renamed to the Cape of Good Hope in an attempt to draw people into the Cape, as he thought the previous name was too foreboding.1 One of the next European encounters in the Cape arrived with another Portuguese explorer, Vasco de Gama. As they stopped at the Cape, de Gama wrote in his journal, November 8, 1497: Yesterday was a day for great joy, we have finally reached the Cape of Good Hope. Once the port of the ship was pulled up to the dock at St. Helenas Bay, much of the crew ran to get a taste of fresh water once again. After the crew had returned from getting water I ordered them to restock on all supplies. That night we sang and danced merrily, we had a huge feast, and for the first night in a long while we slept with full stomachs. Today we double checked on all of our supplies and set sail. [sic.]2 "The Ages of Exploration." Bartolomeu Dias . Mariner's Museum, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. http://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/bartolomeudias/ 2 "A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 14971499." A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 14971499 . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. https://archive.org/stream/worksissuedbyha00unkngoog#page/n89/mode/2up 1 2 The last major occurrence at the Cape before the Dutch arrived involved the English. In June of 1580, English admiral Francis Drake sailed by the Cape. Drake recorded the passing in his journal, saying, ‘This Cape is a most stately thing, and the fairest Cape we saw in the whole circumference of the earth.”3 Then, 64 years later, the Dutch ship NieuwHaarlem was shipwrecked in Table Bay, kicking off the beginning of a great conquest. The first people the shipwrecked Dutch encountered were the Khoikhoi, a traditional huntergatherer society, living in grass and stick huts. This particular group of Khoikhoi was estimated to have arrived in the Cape an approximated 2000 years before, migrating from what is now Botswana.4 These natives were called ‘Hottentots” by the Dutch, due to the clicking language with the tongue used by the Khoikhoi.5 This encounter was the beginning of what historians now dub the “White Conquest” or “White Invasion.”6 This shipwrecked crew spent 5 months living off the land, trading with the Khoikhoi, waiting for another ship to pick them up.7 At this point in the Cape’s history, Drake, Francis. "Cape Town Timeline 13001997." C ape Town Timeline 13001997. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/capetowntimeline13001997 4 "Khoi & San People." Khoi & San People . N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. http://www.nieubethesda.com/en/history/sanakhoi.html 5 "The Khoikhoi." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. http://www.sahistory.org.za/peoplesouthafrica/khoikhoi 6 Williamson, Thad. "A Short History of the Dutch in South Africa, 16522010." I ndy Week. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015. http://www.indyweek.com/sports/archives/2010/07/08/ashorthistoryofthedutchinsouthafrica16 522010 7 Cape of Good Hope (165262)." Encore . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. http://encore.wrlsweb.org:61080/ebscowb/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=746f0984847b4b749b3 bf156d0a34ddf%40sessionmgr115&vid=1&hid=106 3 3 the Dutch were still at a very early point in their interactions with the Khoikhoi, so the regular trades were limited to iron, copper, and marijuana.8 Finally, a ship under the command of the Dutchman Jan van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape. Van Riebeeck arrived at the Cape with strict orders from the Vereenigde OostIndische Compagnie (VOC) to explore the Cape and establish a fort as a resupply station for ships on the journey to and from Asia.9 The VOC were agents to the Dutch government, mostly based around trade in Asia. The main goal of the VOC was to expand Dutch rule in three ways: they took over land, opened up new trade outposts and routes, and spread ways of Dutch culture. 10 Slavery became part of this colony from day one, with the Dutch enslaving a few indigenous people. This slavery of the Khoikhoi, even though an asset for the Dutch, ultimately became a factor leading to conflicts between the two groups. Along with the slavery of the indigenous people, the Dutch started using their advanced technology and guns to expand Dutch rule.11 Although the Dutch eventually fell out of terms with the Khoikhoi, they were quite useful for each other in the beginning. During the beginning of the conquest, the Dutch “recruited” a Khoi woman whom the Dutch named Eva as an ambassador and interpreter between the Khoikhoi and the Dutch.12 Eva helped the Dutch become more "Cape Town Timeline 13001997." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/capetowntimeline13001997 9 "Jan Van Riebeeck." New World Encyclopedia . N.p., 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Jan_van_Riebeeck 10 "The Dutch Settlement." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. South African History Online, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. h ttp://www.sahistory.org.za/capetown/dutchsettlement 11 Williamson, Thad. "A Short History of the Dutch in South Africa, 16522010." Indy Week. 12 Diary, Jan Van Riebeeck . George Mason University, Center for History and New Media. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson7/pdfs/primarysourcepacket.pdf 8 4 friendly with the Khoikhoi, allowing more prosperous trade. After the Khoikhoi became hospitable to the Dutch, they began to make larger trades, involving items of more value.13 Additionally, while in the Cape, the colony’s population grew through the importation of slaves, introducing outcasts from the East Indies, and marriage with the Khoikhoi and other indigenous peoples.14 This interracial marriage between the Caucasian settlers and the indigenous people helped integrate these cultures. These people are called “Afrikaners.” A large part of the amalgamated cultures was the language. The resulting language between the cultures was called Afrikaans, which was a mix of mainly Dutch and the Khoikhoi language, but partially German and other European languages.15 These Afrikaners came to be called Boers. Today in South Africa, the descendants of these first Afrikaners and Boers are easily identifiable through culture and race. Although, like Francis Drake wrote in his journal, the Cape looked inviting, it turned out to be a dreary place. Johanna Maria van Riebeeck, the commander’s wife, wrote about the Cape in her journal When you see this place from the sea, it is prettier and more pleasant than when you arrive on land. It is very miserable; you don’t see grass or clover, and the streets everywhere by the castle and in the town are full of holes, as though wild pigs had rooted through them—when you decide to ride into the city or to the Company’s gardens, you are always worried about falling!16 Cape of Good Hope (165262)." Encore . "Cape Town | National Legislative Capital, South Africa." Encyclopedia Britannica Online . Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. h ttp://www.britannica.com/place/CapeTown 15 "The Khoikhoi." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. South African History Online 16 Letters, Johanna Maria Van Riebeeck. Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/modules/lesson7/pdfs/primarysourcepacket.pdf 13 14 5 Also, recordings in diaries gave us the information that the Cape was a windy place, causing the destruction of pastures. Because of this, the cows were not receiving enough nutrients for milk production, therefore, they were getting killed for meat. Furthermore, horses in the Cape were barely being fed enough, but because they did heavy work, they were fed everything the Dutch could spare.17 Overall, the Cape was low on supplies and in a bad condition. After an expansion of rule, the Dutch began to build walls under the pretense that they were simple fences to keep the natives out of “Dutch” territory. These walls partially consisted of wild bushes to keep the Khoikhoi from crawling under the walls.18 These acts of territorial possession eventually led to a strong aggression between the Dutch settlers and the native Khoikhoi over access to grazing pastures.19 This is because the Dutch b0th displaced the Khoikhoi into bland and unproviding lands,20 and the colonists granted old servants the right to Khoikhoi land for farming.21 The conflicts were even spreading to the slaves and servants. One night, all of Van Riebeeck’s male and female slaves ran from the Dutch, returning to their tribe, troubling the Dutch through loss of workers and a spread of mistrust.22 Van Riebeeck, Jan. "Journal." Journal . N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. https://archive.org/stream/riebeecksjourna00archgoog#page/n0/mode/2up 18 Jaffer, Zubeida. "The Eight Years of Jan Van Riebeeck; The Beginnings of the Enduring Legacy of Exclusion." The Journalist . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. http://www.thejournalist.org.za/spotlight/theeightyearsofjanvanriebeeck 19 Jaffer, Zubeida. "The 8 Years of Jan Van Riebeeck IOL News." Independent Online. IOL Services, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2015. http://www.iol.co.za/news/the8yearsofjanvanriebeeck1.1817889#.VjahMVUViko 20 "Khoi History and Cultural Relations." History and Cultural Relations . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. http://www.everyculture.com/AfricaMiddleEast/KhoiHistoryandCulturalRelations.html 21 "Arrival of the Europeans Dutch, Khoi and Slave Society at the Cape." Footprint . N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africamiddleeast/southafrica/history/arrivalofeuropeansins outhafrica/ 22 Diary, Jan Van Riebeeck . George Mason University, Center for History and New Media. 17 6 After long fits of aggression, the first Khoikhoi war broke out in 1659. Then, in April of the same year, order was reestablished. After the war, the Dutch ruled that the Khoikhoi would never get their land back through any means. Because of this decree, a rebellious Khoi led a group to sabotage the Dutch. The beginning of the sabotage came with destroying colonists’ crops and farms. After the previously mentioned destruction of crops and farms, the Khoikhoi started to steal livestock from the Dutch colonists. This caused many problems for the Dutch due to the lack of supplies.23 Following this act of sabotage to farms, the Khoikhoi attacked two Dutch trade ships when returning from trade. They stole guns, tobacco, livestock, and copper. Also, they ripped the ship apart in search of its iron. The two ships returned with only two sheep. This incident put an end to all trade between the Dutch and the Khoikhoi.24 Ultimately, the Dutch tore apart the Khoikhoi, through slavery, banishment, and executions occurring during the expansion of rule and land possession.25 After the executions, a disastrous smallpox outbreak in South Africa further decimated the Khoikhoi population.26 The Khoikhoi were damaged beyond repair, causing them to break apart. The disbanding of the Khoikhoi led some of them to become farmers or workers, while some joined other clans.27 23 "Timeline of Land Dispossession and Segregation in South Africa 16521799." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . South African History Online, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2015. http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/timelinelanddispossessionandsegregationsouthafrica16521799 24 Van Riebeeck, Jan. "Journal." Journal . 25 "The Khoikhoi." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. South African History Online 26 Williamson, Thad. "A Short History of the Dutch in South Africa, 16522010." Indy Week. 27 "Khoi & San People." Khoi & San People . 7 The issue of the Khoikhoi is still present today, as the Khoikhoi claim they had land, possessions, and rights taken from them by settlers, such as land, and still have yet to be officially governmentally recognized. The Khoikhoi have brought a case against the South African government for accommodation and recognition of the damage colonialism caused in the 17th and 18th centuries.28 In 1806, Britain took possession of the Cape of Good Hope, making its name official in 1814. 14 years later, the British abolished the Cape’s existing government, and two government consultants took its place. In 1834, the British freed slaves in the Cape, releasing them not into freedom, but instead into indentured servitude. Once the Cape’s population was at about 20,000, Cape Town was established. It was run by rulers chosen by the people, and was paid for with the taxes of the townspeople. In 1867, Cape Town established an official government system with 18 councillors and a mayor.29 After the British occupied the Cape, the Boers began to move inland, on a journey called the Great Trek. This occurred between 1835 and 1846, as Boers attempted to escape British rule and establish their own colony.30 The Boers ended up in central South Africa, in an area bordering presentday northwest Lesotho, where they established the Orange Free State, a free republic with Bloemfontein as its capital.31 As the British attempted to create a confederacy in South Africa, their influence grew and Smith, David. "South Africa’s Forgotten Bushmen Fight for Recognition." Editorial. The Guardian . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/06/southafricakhoisanlegalaction 29 "Cape Town | National Legislative Capital, South Africa." Encyclopedia Britannica Online . Encyclopedia Britannica 30 "Great Trek 18351846." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. N.p., 13 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. http://www.sahistory.org.za/southafrica18061899/greattrek18351846 31 "Google Maps." Google Maps . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Free+State,+South+Africa/@28.6629083,24.8220063,7z/data=! 3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x1e8fc56133d61419:0xedf58a554da20a47 28 8 spread over the region, causing tensions between the Boers and the British to run high. This tension led to two wars, known as the AngloBoer Wars. The British eventually conquered the Boers, and annexed the Orange Free State, making it a province in the British confederacy.32 Even after the British vanquished Boer power, cultural interaction persisted, and the Afrikaner influence remained. For example, one of the official South African languages is Afrikaans, the same language that originated with the Dutch colonists in 1648.33 In modern day South Africa, approximately 13.4% of the population speaks Afrikaans as its native language.34 Alongside that, the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), started by Jan Van Riebeeck in 1652, is still one of the primary churches of South Africa. In 1996, the DRC had over 2.5 million members in South Africa.35 Perhaps the most notorious influence came in the form of apartheid. Apartheid was first put in place in 1948 when the Boerdominated National Party gained power. The allwhite government immediately began enforcing apartheid, a repressive system of racial segregation that confined the nonwhite majority of the population to live in separate, impoverished areas of the country, subjugating them to racist and cruel acts, and relegating them to lives of subservience. One example from everyday life is as follows: Pretorius, Fransjohan. "The Boer Wars." B BC History. N.p., 29 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml 33 "SouthAfrica.info." The Languages of South Africa . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. http://www.southafrica.info/about/people/language.htm#.VuYSNVsrLnA 34 Maclachlan, Matthew. "Negotiating South Africa's Many Languages and Customs." Negotiating South Africa's Many Languages and Customs . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. https://www.communicaid.com/crossculturaltraining/blog/negotiatingsouthafricasmanylanguages customs/ 35 "Dutch Reformed Church (DRC)." South African History Online; Towards a People's History. N.p., 18 Jan. 2016. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/dutchreformedchurchsouthafricanhistoryonline 32 9 My mother was furious. The operators of the gas station in rural, racist South Africa had taken her money to fill the car, but would not give her the key to the toilets. They were for whites only . . . My widowed mother, Ethel Pillay, had driven us from our home in Zimbabwe, which was then called Rhodesia, to visit family in her native South Africa. There was racism in Rhodesia, too, but it was nothing like the institutionalized code in South Africa that made blacks subhuman — the system that Nelson Mandela later fought to bring down. Even nonwhite visitors to South Africa were treated with the same prejudice and cruelty that native South Africans received. The culture and effect of the Boers even extended to denying a woman with three young girls access to a bathroom at a gas station.36 The United Nations (UN) rejected apartheid in 1973, and just three years later, in 1976, the UN Security Council established a mandatory ban of weapons dealing to South Africa. Nine years after this, both the United Kingdom and the United States stopped trading with South Africa due to apartheid. As a result, “apartheid” became the most known Afrikaner word in the world. This oppression would be upheld until 1994, when Nelson Mandela, a black political activist imprisoned under the apartheid system, was elected president, slightly loosening the Dutch influence and shattered any idea that apartheid was a prosperous and peaceful government system.37 Even today, more than 200 years after the Dutch lost control of South Africa to the British, their presence still lingers there, through the remnants and legacy of their Faul, Michelle. "What Life Was Like In South Africa During Apartheid."B usiness Insider. Business Insider, Inc, 09 Dec. 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2016. http://www.businessinsider.com/whatlifewaslikeinsouthafricaduringapartheid201312 37 "Apartheid." History.com . A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. http://www.history.com/topics/apartheid 36 10 conquest, particularly with the decimation of the Khoikhoi and the persisting influence of the Afrikaans culture. Works Cited Primary Sources Drake, Francis. "Cape Town Timeline 13001997." Cape Town Timeline 13001997 . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. Although this specific article can fall both under primary or secondary source, I cited this as primary, as I used a journal entry found here. This site also showed me what the English explorers thought of the Cape. Faul, Michelle. "What Life Was Like In South Africa During Apartheid." Business Insider . Business Insider, Inc, 09 Dec. 2013. Web. 06 Apr. 2016. This short narrative gave me insight on some of the prejudice that came with the apartheid system. "A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 14971499." A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 14971499 . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. This was a useful journal for learning about the history of the Cape before the Dutch arrived and built a civilization. This showed a little bit of the Portuguese explorations at the Cape. Letters, Johanna Maria Van Riebeeck . Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. This site was very useful, as it gave me 11 a way to see what the Cape was like from a visitor's point of view. It showed what an common civilian thought of the Cape. "Map Collection." » . N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. This collection of maps on the Cape of Good Hope was extremely useful, as it showed me what the fort looked like, where it was, etc. "Map Collection." » . N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2015. This map was useful, as it vaguely showed where the Cape was located in relation to Table Bay, and it also showed some of the surrounding detail in the area surrounding the Cape. (n.d.): n. pag. Diary, Jan Van Riebeeck . George Mason University, Center for History and New Media. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. This was one of my most informationabundant websites. It had multiple primary sources, such as the Dutch commander's diary. The diary showed many things as to how the civilization at the Cape was run. Van Riebeeck, Jan. "Journal." Journal . N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. This journal showed me more of how things went at the Cape, along with some everyday occurrences and some problems van Riebeeck encountered. Secondary Sources "Afrikaner." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . South African History Online, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. This site was used to learn more about the Afrikaner culture, what they did, and what their language was. 12 "Afrikaners." Countries and Their Cultures . Countries and Their Cultures, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2015. This site showed me just how much contrast there was between the normal English settlers in South Africa and the Afrikaners. "The Ages of Exploration." Bartolomeu Dias . Mariner's Museum, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. This was a good site about the origins of the Cape. It showed me both who first discovered the Cape and where he was from, along with how the Cape got its name and why it got its name. "Apartheid." History.com . A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. This site gave me information on the beginnings of apartheid, and from it I was able to learn a lot about apartheid in general. "Arrival of the Europeans Dutch, Khoi and Slave Society at the Cape." Footprint . N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. This site was used most for crossreferencing. Alongside with checking some facts, it showed me how the Khoikhoi slowly fell out of terms with the Dutch settlers, and eventually, perished because of it. "Cape Town | National Legislative Capital, South Africa." Encyclopedia Britannica Online . Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. This showed me a bit about the Cape's fate after the Dutch lost control of the Cape and Britain reoccupied it. "Cape Town Timeline 13001997." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . South African History Online, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. This site was used to get background information on what happened in the Cape before the Dutch 13 arrived, and then filled me in on a few big events in the Cape before the Dutch arrived. "Dutch Reformed Church (DRC)." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . N.p., 18 Jan. 2016. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. This article gave me information on Jan Van Riebeeck's Dutch Reformed Church, and helped me understand just how deep the Dutch influence ran. "The Dutch Settlement." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . South African History Online, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. This site often reoccurs in my research and was one of the most helpful resources. It showed me timelines of the Cape, happenings in the Cape, and daily occurrences that are able to give a little more detail on the background and daytoday life of the Cape. "Google Maps." Google Maps . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. This map showed me where the Orange Free State was located, and it allowed me to reference current day locations to explain the location in words. "Great Trek 18351846." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . N.p., 13 Dec. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. This site was used for information on the Great Trek, and thanks to this, I was able to write a required summary about it. Jaffer, Zubeida. "The 8 Years of Jan Van Riebeeck IOL News." Independent Online . IOL Services, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2015. This showed me the more of the conflicting side of the relationship between the Dutch and the Khoikhoi over land. Jaffer, Zubeida. "The Eight Years of Jan Van Riebeeck; The Beginnings of the Enduring Legacy of Exclusion." The Journalist . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2015. This was a 14 slightly useful newspaper article, as by reading it, it gave me insight on the character of Jan van Riebeeck. It showed me little bit on how he acted, when he acted, and what he did. "Jan Van Riebeeck." New World Encyclopedia . N.p., 30 Apr. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2015. This site showed me what the Dutch really wanted to do with the Cape, and how badly they wanted it. "Khoi History and Cultural Relations." History and Cultural Relations . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. This site helped me see a little bit into what Khoikhoi culture was like, and showed me what happened to the Khoi. "Khoi & San People." Khoi & San People . N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. This site showed me what happened to the Khoikhoi after the Dutch settlers arrived and the good relationship dwindled out, how the Khoikhoi arrived in South Africa, and how much of a contrast there was between the Dutch and the Khoikhoi. "The Khoikhoi." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . South African History Online, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. This site filled me in a little bit more and gave some good background information about the Khoi. Maclachlan, Matthew. "Negotiating South Africa's Many Languages and Customs." Negotiating South Africa's Many Languages and Customs . N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2016. This website on global communications helped me learn what percent of the South African population speaks Afrikaans as their native language. Pooley, Simon. "Jan Van Riebeeck as Pioneering Explorer and Conservator of Natural Resources at the Cape of Good Hope (165262)." Encore . N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 15 2015. This article showed me little bit about the Khoikhoi (natives) and how the Dutch interacted with them. It also showed me a bit on how Jan van Riebeeck originally ended up in the Cape. Pretorius, Fransjohan. "The Boer Wars." BBC History . N.p., 29 Mar. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. This site was sufficient in gathering information on the two Boer wars, and helped me understand why the war was initiated, and the outcome. RavenHart, Rowland. Cape Good Hope, 16521702 . N.p.: n.p., 1971. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. This book gave both a visual of the KhoiKhoi, along with some daytoday Cape life that helps fill in the blanks. Smith, David. "South Africa’s Forgotten Bushmen Fight for Recognition." Editorial. The Guardian . N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. This showed how much of a lasting, negative impact the Dutch had on the KhoiKhoi, as the KhoiKhoi are still fighting today for the land that the Dutch stole from them. "SouthAfrica.info." The Languages of South Africa . N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2016. This site simply provided me information about how the Afrikaans language affected South African culture. "Timeline of Land Dispossession and Segregation in South Africa 16521799." South African History Online; Towards a People's History . South African History Online, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2015. This timeline of South Africa was useful, as it showed events in the Cape all the way back to when the Portuguese were exploring in the Cape. 16 Trotter, Mrs. A. F. "Old Cape Colony : A Chronicle of Her Men and Houses from 1652 to 1806." Old Cape Colony : A Chronicle of Her Men and Houses from 1652 to 1806 . Selwyn & Blount LTD. Publishers, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. This online book was a convenient asset to me. It showed me a representation of Dutch ships, along with the VOC's symbol. Williamson, Thad. "A Short History of the Dutch in South Africa, 16522010." Indy Week . N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015. This was mainly used as a site to crossreference and check that facts line up. In some cases, this site gave me good facts that were found other places as well. Worger, William H., and Rita M. Byrnes. "History of South Africa." History of South Africa . Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 18 Nov. 2015. This site showed me a bit more on the VOC. It filled me in on their lust for power, and the way they interacted with other people and countries.
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