GeographyofSouthCarolina
ContemporaryLandscapes
SCa%erWWII
•  Popula/on
–  1960–41%ofSCpopula?onwasurban
–  1980–54%urban
–  urbanpopula?ondoubledfrom1950to1980
•  Rapidurbaniza?on,especiallysuburbaniza?onfrom1950to1980
–  suburbancoun?esgrewfasterthananyothers
–  aroundSC’s3majorci?esandaroundAugusta,GAandCharloKe,NC
–  Suburbaniza?onofwhitepopula?on-“whiteflight”
•  Recrea?onandtourism
–  HorryCounty(MyrtleBeach)
–  BeaufortCounty(HiltonHead)
•  Blackpopula?ongrewagain
–  Youngandmiddleagedblackss?llmovedNorth,especiallyduring
yearsofsegrega?on
–  RecentreturnfromtheNorthbacktoSC
UrbanLandscapes
•  Urbanarea
–  U.S.BureauofCensus–placeshavingpopula?onof2,500ormore
inhabitants
•  SCpopula?onwasmuchlessurbanthantheNorth
–  ManufacturingandservicesdevelopedmuchlaterherethaninNorth
–  Alwaysamoreagriculturalstate
•  3kindsofurbancenters:
1. 
Transportandtradecenters
• 
Colonialportci?es–i.e.Charleston,Beaufort,Georgetown
– 
• 
2. 
+Camden
Railroadtowns–i.e.Florence
Governmentadministra?vecenters
• 
• 
3. 
Columbia–capitalin1786
Courthousetowns–Marion,Cheraw
Milltowns
• 
Tex?lemills(MidlandsandPiedmont)
UrbanLandscapes
•  MetropolitanSta/s/calArea(MSA)
–  1countyor2ormorecon?guouscoun?esthat
contain:
–  (1)acityofatleast50,000inhabitantsor
–  (2)anurbanizedareaofatleast50,000
inhabitantswithanoverallmetropolitan
popula?onof100,000inhabitants
–  City(centralcity)andbuilt-upareasurroundingit
–  Evenruralareaswithincountyboundariesare
included,becauseMSAisdefinedonbasisof
countyunits
–  CombinedSta/s/calArea(CSA)
MSAs&CSAsinSC
•  Greenville-Spartanburg-AndersonCSA-
1,426,625
–  Greenville-Anderson-MauldinMSA-874,869
•  Greenville-491,863
–  SpartanburgMSA-297,302
•  Columbia-NewberryCSA-937,288
–  ColumbiaMSA-810,068
•  RichlandCo.-407,051
•  Charleston-NorthCharleston-Summerville
MSA-744,526
–  Charleston-389,262
MSAs&CSAsinSC
•  CharloKe-Gastonia-SalisburyCSA-2,537,990
–  415,321inSC
–  CharloKe-Gastonia-ConcordMSA-2,426,363
•  251,195inYorkCo.,SC
•  MyrtleBeach-ConwayCSA-493,262
–  370,497inSC
–  MyrtleBeach-Conway-N.MyrtleBeachMSA-431,964
•  309,199inHorryCo.,SC
•  HiltonHead-Blufon-BeaufortMSA-207,413
•  FlorenceMSA-206,448
–  FlorenceCo.-138,900
•  Augusta-RichmondCo,MSA-590,146
–  192,343inSC–Aiken&W.Augusta(EdgefieldCo.)
•  SumterMSA-107,480
Metropolitan
Sta?s?calAreasin
SouthCarolina
UrbanLandscapes
•  Urbanspa/alevolu/oninNorth
–  pedestrian/horsecar,streetcar,privateautomobile,
urbanfreeway,interstate
–  rushtosuburbsbywhiteEuropeans,AfricanAmericanspourintoinnerci?es
–  bedroomcommuni?es
•  smallerci/esinSCthaninNorth
–  notmuchhigh-densityresiden?alconcentra?on
–  smallcentralci?es,fewstreetcarsuburbs,sprawling
suburbandevelopments
–  edgeci/es
UrbanLandscapes
•  Erasofurbanstructuralgrowth
1.  Pedestrian&Horsecar(before1888)
•  Ci?esinSCwithhorsecarsystems–Charleston,Columbia,
Greenville,Spartanburg,Orangeburg
2.  ElectricStreetcar(1888-1920)
•  Streetcarsuburbs
•  Ci?esinSCwithelectricstreetcarsystems–Anderson,
Charleston,Columbia,Greenville,Spartanburg
•  Endofstreetcars–1930s
3.  Recrea?onalAutomobile(1920-1945)
•  masssuburbaniza?on
•  Neighborhoodsdefinedbyincomelevel,ethnicity,andrace
4.  Freeways(1945-)
•  EisenhowerInterstateSystem–1950s(completedin1960s)
•  shoppingmalls
•  decentraliza?onofcityanddecayofCBD
UrbanLandscapes
•  Edgeci/es
–  acitymadeupofseveralurbanrealms,eachwitha
separate,dis?ncteconomic,social,andpoli?cal
significanceandstrength
Suburbsarehometoover50%ofU.S.popula?on
totaldependenceontheautomobile
heightofourraciallydividedsociety
African-Americansmigratedtomajorindustrial
ci?esoftheNorthandtheSouthaswell
•  “Whiteflight”tothesuburbs
• 
• 
• 
• 
UrbanLandscapes
•  Innerci?esbecomegheEos,forblacksandother
minori?es
•  Americansocietyischaracterizedbyadesiretobe
nearnature,freedomtomove,individualism,societal
acceptance,aggressivepursuitofgoals,andafirm
senseofdes?ny
•  Theruralideal,whichhasbeenprevalentthroughout
U.S.history,hasgivenrisetoemergenceofasuburban
lifestyle
–  SuburbsrepresenttheAmericans’lovefornewnessand
formofcountrylife
•  AmericanDreamofhomeownership,affluence,and
totalsa?sfac?on
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Agriculturelostouttoindustryby1923.
•  Landtenure
–  declineintotalnumberandareaoffarmsamerWWII
–  increaseinaveragefarmsize
•  LandUsepaEerns
–  mostagricultureconcentratedinInnerCoastalPlainand
PeeDee
–  Forestryandfishingevenrankhigherinearningsthan
agriculture
–  Declineincroplandharvested
•  decreaseincoKonacreage
•  increaseinpasturelandforcaKleranching
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  reasonsfordeclineofcoEon:
–  NewDealprograms;endoftenancy
–  mechanicalcoKonpickerin1950sreducedneedfor
labor
–  Piedmont:coKonandcorngrowingac?vi?es
supplantedbyforestry
•  loblollypine
–  OverImillionacresturnedintocaKlepasture(for
beef)
–  Expansionofsoybeanacreage(mainlyincoastalplain)
–  CoKonproducerscouldn’tcompetewithnewgrowers
inTexas,Arizona,andCalifornia
AgriculturalLandscapes
–  Inabilityofginningindustrytoadjusttonew
condi?onsofmechaniza?on
•  old,obsoletecoKongins
–  ReluctanceoffarmerstoadoptcoKonpicker
–  Tex?lemillsdrewmanyfarmersoffthelandinthe
Piedmont
–  CoKonbecamemoreprofitableinInnerCoastal
Plain,
•  Lackofgrowthinmanufacturing
–  Farmercouldleaseaddi?onalacreageforcoKon
plan?ngandthuscouldcontrolmoreacreageand
mechanizeitmoreeasily
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Tobacco:
–  introducedintoPeeDeein1880s
•  “PearlofthePeeDee"
–  morefavorablewhenbollweevildestroyedcoKon
–  in1979and1980tobaccofellbehindsoybeans
–  in1981and1982itbecamenumber1rankingcropin
thestateagain
–  sizeoftobaccofarmhasgonefromsmalltolarge
–  also,moremechanized
–  incorpora?onofbulkbarns
–  Recentdecline:
•  Fewersmokers
•  Nomoreauc?ons
•  ContracttoPhillipMorris
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Allotment–introducedunderNewDeal(KerrSmithAct)
–  produc?onlimitassignedtoeachstatebasedonits
por?onofthena?on’stobaccoharvest
–  alsoforindividualcoun?esandforfarmerswithin
thosecoun?eswhohadgrowntobacco
–  limitedproduc?on,maintainedprices,andinsured
con?nuedpar?cipa?onofsmallfarmersinthemarket
–  quotavestedinthefarm
–  whoeverownedthefarmlandownedtheallotment
–  landandallotmentwereinseparable
–  programrequiredthattobaccobegrownonfarmthat
heldallotment
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Leaseandtransfersystem(1962)–allotment
couldbe
–  leasedtoanotherfarmer
–  tobaccodidn’thavetobegrownonfarmthatheld
–  Allotment
–  coKoncouldbegrownonlessee’sownland
–  ambi?ousfarmerscouldcombinefields,aggregate
–  tobaccoacreage,introducemachineryforlarge-scale
–  produc?on,andadoptmoreefficientbulkcarrying
Barns
•  tradi?onalprocessingoftobacco:-squarecuringbarns
•  largermetalbulkbarnsandmechanicalharvesterhave
reducedlaborneededbyover70%
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Soybeans:
–  devotedtosoilrestora?on
–  nowmostwidelyplantedcropinSC
–  produc?onhasviedwithtobaccoproduc?onasleaderinterms
ofcashreceipts
–  benefitsfromstrongmarketthatisenhancedbyexportdemand
–highprices
–  highlymechanizedproduc?on
–  InnerCoastalPlain
•  Graincrops:
–  Corn–declinedduetodecliningneedforfeedcrops
–  Wheat–soldtomakeflourforbakedgoods
•  InnerCoastalPlain
–  Rye,barley,oats–covercropsforanimalfeedorcutforhay
–  Sorghum–usedforanimalfeed
•  mostlyinwesternPiedmont
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Livestock
–  CaEle
•  increasinglyimportantsince1950s
•  BeefcaKle–HerefordandAngus
–  feedmainlyoffalfalfa
–  predominantregionisPiedmont
•  DairycaKle
–  concentratedmainlyinOrangeburgandBamburgcoun?esin
InnerCoastalPlainandPiedmontcoun?esofNewberry,
Anderson,andSaluda
–  Poultry
•  Broilerchickens
•  Turkeys
AgriculturalLandscapes
•  Fruitorchardcrops
–  Peaches
•  TheRidge–Piedmontcoun?esofAiken,Edgefield,
Lexington,andSaluda
•  alsoSpartanburgandCherokee
•  morepeachesproducedinEdgefieldandSpartanburgalone
thaninallGeorgia
•  McBee,SC
–  Apples
•  SpartanburgandOconeecoun?es
–  Strawberries,blueberries
•  TruckCrops
–  cabbage,potatoes,cucumbers,beans,tomatoes
CommerceandIndustry
•  Manufacturing
–  Mul/pliereffect–everynewjobinmanufacturingleadsto
increasedemploymentinotherpartsoftheeconomy
–  morewageearners=moredemandforgoodsandservices=
moreconsumers
–  addi?onaljobsinretail,sales,services,andothersectors
–  manufacturerswereen?cedbyabsenceofunionsand
employmentlegisla?on(RighttoWorkState)
•  StateDevelopmentBoard
–  promoteSCpoten?al,taxincen?ves,tax-freegovernment
bonds,
–  TechnicalEduca?onProgram
–  InterstateHighways,portfacili?es,Metropolitanairports
–  Changesinracerela?ons
–  Percep?onasagoodplacetolive
CommerceandIndustry
•  Manufacturing
–  Durablegoods
•  lumber&woodproducts,furniture
•  Fabricatedmetals,instruments,machinery(O?s)
•  Plas?cs
•  Aerospaceengineering–Boeing(Charleston)
–  Non-durablegoods
•  foodprocessing,tex?les,apparel
•  Paper,prin?ng&publishing,chemicals
•  Pharmaceu?cals
CommerceandIndustry
•  Foreigninvestment
–  RieterMachineWorksofSwitzerland(Spartanburg),BMW
–  Roche,ESAB,Honda,Nan-YaPlas?cs
–  highestconcentra?onofforeigninvestmentinUSAisin
SouthCarolina
•  Gonefromrural-agriculturaleconomytourbanindustrialeconomy
–  Problems:
• 
• 
• 
• 
mostlylow-wagejobs
capital-intensiveindustries
needskilledworkers
newhi-tech,high-wageindustrieslocatemorenear
concentra?onsofskilledlabor(CA,TX,NC,northeast)
CommerceandIndustry
•  Forestry
–  Sawmilling,pulpwood,pulpandpaper(byfarthe
largest)
–  Interna?onalPaper(Georgetown–1930s) –  StoneContainer(Florence)
–  locatednearrailroads(bulkycommodity)
–  largetreeplanta?onsonCoastalPlain
–  pulpwoodcutundercontractoncompanyland
–  ownlargetractsofforestland
–  alsobyprivateindividualsontheirownlandand
truckedtowoodyards
–  shippedfromwoodyardstomillbyrail
–  percentoflandinforest(2ndhighest)
CommerceandIndustry
•  Serviceindustries
–  largestincreaseinjobs
–  over60%in1980
–  Transporta?onandpublicu?li?es
–  Retail,Finance,Insurance,Realestate
–  Government,Military
–  Tourism
•  stateparks,GrandStrand,Charleston,HiltonHeadIsland
–  MostNonagriculturalemploymentconcentratedin
upperPiedmontandMidlandsandinmetropolitan
areas
–  Leastimportantinruralcoun?esoflowerPiedmont
andInnerCoastalplain
CommerceandIndustry
•  Energy
–  hydropowerdominatedSCenergyproduc?on
1940s
•  ClarksHillDam,HartwellDam,KeoweeDam,Jocassee
Dam,Marion,Moultrie
–  coal-firedsteamplants(ParrShoals)
–  nuclearpower(atoms)
•  H.B.RobinsonUnit2(Hartsville)–oldest
•  OconeeNuclearSta?on(Keowee-ToxawayComplex)
•  V.C.SummerNuclearSta?on(FairfieldCo.)
•  Catawba1and2(YorkCo.)
•  Cherokeeproject
GeographyofSC
CulturalLandscapes
•  LandscapeasdefinedbyCarlO.Sauer=“the
imprintofhumansonthesurfaceoftheearth
–  CulturethroughTimetogetherwithNatural
Landscape
=CulturalLandscape
•  CulturalRegions:
1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
LowCountry
PeeDee
Midlands
Upcountry
Regions
•  Formal
–  Religion
–  Barbecueregions
–  Poli?calregions
–  FootballConferences
•  Func/onalregions
–  urbannodeandsurroundinghinterlandbasedon
strongeconomic?esorservices
•  Vernacularregions
CulturalRegions
OfSouthCarolina
FormalRegions
46Coun?esinSC
Studyquestions
1. UrbangrowthinSCduringpost-WWIIyearsoccurredmostlyinwhichpartofthe
cities?
2. SuburbanizationoccurredandwasfacilitatedinSC,andtherestofthecountry,due
towhatreasons?
3. Anurbanareamusthaveatleasthowmanyinhabitants?
4. AMetropolitanStatisticalAreamusthave1ormorecontiguouscountieswithan
urbanareaplusatotalareaofatleasthowmanyinhabitants?
5. ExamplesoftransportandtradecentersincludewhichcitiesinSC?
6. ExamplesofgovernmentadministrativecentersincludewhichcitiesinSC?
7. The3largestcitiesandMSAscompletelywithinSCare
8. The3smallestMSAscompletelywithinSCare
9. TheMSAsthatoverlapintoneighboringstatesincludewhich3citiesinSC?
10. ExamplesofedgecitiesinSCinclude
11. TransportationinafewofSouthCarolina’slargercitiesduringthelate19thcentury
consistedprimarilyofwhichmode?
12. TransportationinafewofSouthCarolina’slargercitiesduringtheearly20thcentury
consistedprimarilyofwhichmode?
13. SincetheWWIIera,transportationthroughoutSCbecameandstillisdominatedby
whichmode?
14. Apartfromthemodeoftransportationitself,whatotherformofpublic
infrastructurefurtheraidedinthesuburbanizationofSC,aswellastherestofthe
USA,especiallysincethe1950s?
15. WhichportionofcitiesinSCandtherestofthecountrybecameevermore
characterizedbypovertyandlowersocioeconomicclasses?
16. Theprocessofrenovatinghistoricinnercitiesanddowntownsandtheconsequent
riseinrealestatevalues,prices,andsocioeconomicclassintheseareasinknownas
17. Theprocessofurbanareassprawlingoutwardfromtheirdowntownsinahaphazard
fashionwherebypocketsofunusedorrurallandremaininbetweenareasofurban
useisknownas
18. MentionspecificexamplesofgentrificationinCharleston,Columbia,andGreenville.
19. ExplaindifferencesbetweenurbangrowthintheNorthandintheSouth.
20. Whichpartsofthecitiesweremostdisadvantagedandneglectedbypost-WWII
urbangrowthinSCandmuchoftherestoftheUSA?
21. WhichcityinSCwasthefirsttoexperienceheavygentrificationofitsdowntown?
22. Whatismeantbytheconceptsof“Sunbelt”and“NewSouth?
23. Inwhichpartofthestate,andwhichcounties,doAfricanAmericansmakeupat
leasthalf,ornearlyhalfofthepopulation?
24. OneofthemorenewlyarrivedethnicgroupsinSCisthe
25. WhichcollegeoruniversityinSCisaLandGrantschool?
26. Whicharea(s)ofthestatehashighesthighschoolgraduationrates?
27. Whicharea(s)ofthestatehaslowesthighschoolgraduaterates?
28. WhichcollegeoruniversityinSCisaHistoricallyBlackCollege,andislocatedin
Orangeburg?
29. WhichkindsofagriculturearemostcommoninthePiedmontandBlueRidge?
30. WhichkindsofagriculturearemostcommonintheCoastalPlain?
31. WhichcrophasbeenconsideredthemostimportantinSCagricultureforthelast
fourdecades,andespeciallyinthePeeDee?
32. WhatisconsideredtobetheleadingfarmcommodityinSCintermsofcash
receipts?
33. WhataresomeleadingmanufacturingindustriesinSCnow?Examplesofmajor
manufacturingcompanies?
34. WhatarethereasonsthathavebeenbeneficialforindustriestoinvestinSC?
35. WhichstateparkintheUpstateofSCismostnotableduetoitsmonadnock?
36. AllexceptwhichNationalParkinSCarerelatedtomilitaryhistory?
37. ThehighestpercentofBaptistsinSCisinwhichregion(s)?
38. WhichisthelargestdenominationinSC?
39. Whatisneolocalism?WhataresomeexamplesthatapplytoSC?
40. WhichreligioninSCisabitmorerecentandispracticedsimultaneouslywith
Christianity?
41. WhichdenominationwasbroughtdirectlyfromEnglandsincethecolonialperiod?
42. WhichdenominationwasbroughtbyScotch-IrishsettlerstoSC?
43. WhichdenominationwasbroughtbyGermansettlerstoSC?
44. WhichregionisdominatedbyvinegarBBQsauce?MustardBBQsauce?Etc.
45. Exactlywhere(whichregionand/orcounties)areDemocratsmorefavored?
46. DurablegoodsinSC?Non-durablegoods?
47. LeaseandTransfer?Allotment?StateDevelopmentBoard?
48. Multipliereffect?
49. Tobaccobulkbarns?Tobaccoauctions?
50. WhatarePrimary(agricultural,forestry,etc.),manufacturing,andservicesectorsof
economy.
Essays
A. Explaintheimpactsofglobalization–good,bad,andeverythinginbetween–onSC.
B. Explainhowthetransitionfromarural-agriculturaleconomytoanurban-industrial
andserviceseconomyhasaffectedSC.