Case Study: Wales
What: A case study of one
industry (selected from the
secondary or tertiary sector):
reasons for changing
locations and the social,
economic impacts of this
change.
When: 1905 onwards until
deindustrialisation in 1980s
Where: Port Talbot on S.
Wales coastline
Movement from primary to secondary industry
Britain’s colonial empire
Secondary industry- coal, iron and steel
Why did the coal and steel mining located here (causes)?:
1)
2)
Raw materials- Three rocks were easy to mine and located next to
each other (ironstone, limestone and coal). Access gave rises to
iron and coal industries. Coal was easy to mine on valley floor and
the surplus of water was an advantage for the factories.
Worldwide Market- colonial empire of Britain meant goods could
be exported (without competition from other countries) to
countries. Mass profit from the USA (selling of ships), Ports all
over the world and steel/iron/coal to places like India. South
Wales become a powerhouse in world exports for steel and coal.
Why did the coal and steel decline (causes)?:
Facts:
o 1920 ½ million people migrated
to work in industry in S. Wales.
o Towns grew up around industrydevelopment of terraced house.
o Britain’s colonial empire gave the
Wales industry and
uncompetitive world market to
export to e.g. steel for trains and
coal for fuel to India.
o Workers suffered poor working
conditions, dangerous (people
died) and long hours (10 hours
for a 12 year old).
1) Raw materials- The money spent on modernising the coal industry
only found its way into a number of Wales factories. The coal seams
in Wales were too small for machines- coal was easier to mine and
cheaper to produced at other international locations (10 tonnes per
scoop) with large profit margins. Wales could not compete so large
decline of factories in 1980s.
2) Worldwide Market- Many countries claimed independence from
Britain- dissolve of colonial empire which meant loss of
international market and uncompetitive trade =
Location of steel and coal industries
DEINDUSTRIALISATION
(replicate this map)
Replaced industry- coal, iron and steel
What did this mean for
the people?:


Industrial era- large
employment in
secondary industryperiod of prosperity.
Economic gain in 20th
century. Large
migration in S. Wales.
Prospect of regular
work with more money.
GD 2014
What did this mean for the people?:
What replaced the industry in this area?:
DEINDUSTRIALISATION era- large
unemployment. Mechanicalisation led to
further job loss. Depopulation and mass
movement from area. Period of declinedesolate area with large areas of brownfield
sites. Loss of money to area. People with low
QOL and SOL with lack of job prospects.
Conflict with government. Some jobs in
industrial estates and tourism although lowmanual labour. Small mining towns still poor.
 Still 5 coal mines working and a steel works in Port Talbot.
Rise of industrial estates (attracted MNCs like Sony)- Bridge
end estate- new employment for unemployed mine staff.
 Tourism in Ronder Valley at the Big Pit mine (1990s)- 112,000
visitors a year (70 employed from ex-mining workforce.
 Modern industries located here for: 1) New buildings offered
by Government to firms (rent free and to own specification).
2) Grants for new machinery. 3) £3000 incentive for each new
job created. Road networks meant good access and
grants/subsidies attracted new companies to area.
Exam questions:
What does MEDC stand for?
GD 2014
[1]
Describe the location France and Senegal.
What does MNC stand for?
Describe the location of Cambridge.
[4]
[1]
[3]
Explain reasons why MNCs would want to locate along
the M4 corridor.
[4]
CASE STUDY: For a primary or secondary industry
which has changed its location.
i.
Name the primary or secondary industry and
location.
ii. Describe the factors that led to its decline.
iii. Explain the change has caused economic,
environmental and social impacts in the area. [8]
Describe TWO ways how MEDCs are different from LEDCs.
[2]
Explain reasons for each of the ways you have described.
[4]
Describe and explain how human indictors could show you the
development of a country to whether it is MEDC or LEDC. You may
wish to use examples.
[5]
Case Study: Nokia (MNC)
GD 2014
Must give a regional and
international scale
What: A case study of one
MNC: reasons for locating in
countries at different stages of
economic development.
Where: Nokia has its
headquarters in Helsinki,
Finland and is a global
supplier of mobile phones. It
has factories and offices all
around the globe.
Reasons for locating its operations:
Locating business to minimise costs: MNCs such as Nokia have branches in many countries
because they want to reduce costs. With lower costs, their profits are higher. MNCs such as
Nokia keep costs low by opening factories and offices in regions of the world that have: 1)
Low labour costs 2) Cheap land or building costs 3) Low business rates(the tax paid by a
company.
Locating business to be close to the customer: Another reasons why Nokia is constantly
expanding its range of factories and offices is to be close to its customers, who are spread
right across the globe. Nokia's products have massive appeal. Nokia estimated that the
mobile phone market had around 2.2 billion people in 2005 and this was expected to rise 4
billion in 2009. Growth in mobile phone ownership and subscription has been particularly
strong in Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs). As consumers in LEDCs have become
wealthier, Nokia has expanded its business into Asia, Africa and South America. It has,
therefore, opened new sales offices in many NICs, located closer to these new customers.
Different jobs in different locations:
Nokia employ a wide range of staff. Some are highly qualified or skilled, such as business managers or R&D staff. Other staff, such as some
assembly workers or sales stuff, do not require high-level qualifications or as much training. So, like many other MNCs, Nokia has chosen to
locate the assembly of basic products in their range in NICs where wages are lower.
However, the more highly trained R&D staff tend to work in Europe. Here, Nokia develops new products, such as hand-held devices capable
of filming video, playing games and surfing the web. These devices use the latest technology and therefore need more highly trained staff to
develop and produce them. These high-tech products are also aimed at wealthier consumers, so it makes sense to make them in Europe.
Case Study: Nokia (MNC)
Local impacts
Pollution caused by the factories lower standard of regulation
Jobs for local people
Local people can learn new skills
Development of local
infrastructure
National impacts
Development of mineral wealth
New energy projects such as
dams built
Large-scale pollution in lakes and
rivers
GD 2014
Regional impacts
By manufacturing in Europe
Nokia can avoid having to pay
tariffs in the EU
Improve the quality of life of
people living in the region
Must give a regional and
international scale
Exam questions:
GD 2014
What does life expectancy
mean?
[1]
Name a country with a life expectancy of:
• 50 years or less;
• More than 65 years.
[2]
Describe the distribution of countries with a life
expectancy of 55 years or less.
[2]
Describe the location of Chad.
[3]
Suggest TWO reasons why some countries in Africa
have a higher life expectancy than others.
[4]
Describe and explain ways that aid can help solve some
of the problems in these countries. You may refer to
examples.
[5]
What does NIC stand for?
[1]
Describe TWO differences in the employment structure of France
and Senegal.
.
[2]
Compare the TWO countries under the following headings:
• Population structure;
• Employment structure.
[4]
Describe and explain why it is hard for Senegal to develop its
economy and improve the quality of life for its people. Use the
sources above.
[4]
CASE STUDY: For an MNC and its location.
i.
Name the tertiary industry and location.
ii. Describe the benefits of the MNC locating here.
iii. Explain why the MNC has placed its location here. [8]
Case Study: Chernobyl disaster
https://greenfieldgeography.wikispaces.com/Human-induced+Hazard
Madagascar can be used as case study- especially
management!!
What: An event
Why/How (Causes):
causing an effect on
the environment and
people.
When: April 26, 1986
Where: Chernobyl is
located in the
Ukraine, north west of
the capital city
Ukraine. The Ukraine
is located in eastern
Europe.
Responses: Ineffective
• Helicopters were
used to drop sand, clay
and lead onto the
reactor, but also
firefighters on the
ground were used.
•A make-shift cover -the 'Sarcophagus' -was built in six months
after the explosion. It
covers the stricken
reactor to protect the
environment from
radiation for at least
30 years. This has now
developed cracks,
triggering an
international effort to
fund a new
encasement.
The Chernobyl nuclear accident took place at 01.23am local time on the 26th
April 1986. The accident actually happened when scientists at the plant were
testing the plants safety procedures. The Chernobyl nuclear accident is
considered to be the worst nuclear accident in history. It is one of only two
nuclear accidents to be classified level 7 on the International Nuclear Events
Scale.
On April 26, 1986 the world's worst nuclear accident was caused by human
error. Facility operators, in violation of safety regulations, had switched off
important control systems at the Ukrainian plant's reactor number four and
allowed it to reach unstable, low-power conditions. A power surge led to a
series of blasts, at 1.24 a.m., which blew off the reactor's heavy steel and
concrete lid and sent a cloud of radioactive dust billowing across northern and
western Europe, reaching as far as the eastern United States. Mainly Ukraine
and neighboring Belarus affected, as well as parts of Russia and Europe.
Effects:
Social:
GD 2014
Economic:
Environmental:
Political:
The Chernobyl Forum, a group of eight U.N. agencies, and the governments of Ukraine, Belarus
and Russia, have estimated the death toll at only a few thousand as a result of the explosion.
U.N. agencies have said some 4,000 people will die in total because of radiation exposure. Some
estimates suggest the present death toll from the disaster at almost 734,000. The firefighters
were not warned about the dangers of radiation and most of them died later because of
radiation poisoning. 135,000 people were evacuated from the area, including 50,000 from the
nearby town of Pripyat, Ukraine.
Ukraine is seeking a further 600 million euros ($840 million) to help finance the new convex
structure which will slip over the aging 'Sarcophagus' and allow the old reactor to be dismantled.
Soil, plants and animals contaminated.
A 30-km (19-mile) exclusion zone is in place round the disaster site. External fires around the
plant were extinguished within 5 hours, but fires within the reactor continued until 10th May
1986. Wildlife has made a comeback in this area and there are said to be more than 60 different
types of mammals living there including wild boar and elk. A radioactive cloud was also released
into the atmosphere.
The disaster was the object of a cover-up by secretive Soviet authorities who did not
immediately admit to the explosion. Officials say it could be up to 100 years before the station is
completely decommissioned.
Exam questions:
What does conurbation stand for?
GD 2014
[1]
Look at the sources above. They show the main urban
areas of England and Wales and coal-producing areas
in 1969.
Describe the location of Cambridge.
[3]
Suggest reasons for the distribution of urban areas. [4]
Describe and explain reasons for industrial decline in
the reasons in the 1980s.
[5]
CASE STUDY: For an industry which has caused effect
on people and the environment.
i.
Name the industry and location.
ii. Describe the problems with the industry.
iii. Explain the effect on people and the
environment.
[8]
Describe the location France and Senegal.
[4]
What does tertiary industry mean?
[1]
Describe the trend in secondary employment in the UK between
1950 and 1996.
[2]
Compare the changes in employment structure in South Korea
with the UK between 1950 and 1996.
[3]
Describe and explain how the graphs could show you the
development of a country to whether it is MEDC or LEDC. You
may wish to use examples.
[5]
Case Study: Tuvalu
What: A case study to
Must use in conjunction with Climate change and Global Warming!!
explore differing views
surrounding the
management of climate
change at the local,
national and international
scale
When: 2014
Where: It is south of the
equator in the Pacific
Ocean (midway between
Hawaii and Australia).
Effects:
Social:
Economic:
Environmental:
Political:
Tuvalu has 11,000 people living on nine coral islands (26km²), 4000 live in the capital Funafati.
The sole industry is fishing or seasonal work in New Zealnd. It has no industry, burns little
petroleum and creates less carbon pollution than a small town in America.
Why/How (Causes of the problem):
GD 2014
Climate change is of a concern in Tuvalu since the average height
of the atolls is less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) above sea level, with the
highest point of one of the islands being about 4.6 metres (15 ft)
above sea level. Tuvalu could be one of the first nations to
experience the effects of sea level rise. Global warming because of
increased greenhouse gases like CO2, methane, CFCs etc due to
industry, car fumes etc. Evident with the increasing intensity of
tropical weather. The increase in ocean temperatures and rising
sea level of 0.8m in the next century.
Different views-http://germanwatch.org/download/klak/fb-tuv-e.pdf
In the centre of the island water comes up out of the coral bedrock and covers part of
the airport and roads on the main island causing problems to transport. Flooding of
homes. In November 2001 young families in particular are fleeing the earth that is
slowly sinking beneath their feet. Over 3,000 Tuvaluans have already left their
homeland; the largest exile community is in Auckland, New Zealand. Not growing
enough food and decreasing fish catch if reefs are damaged would mean importing
more food, more foreign exchange, and more health and diet problems.
Saltwater intrusion into farmland has damaged crops and income. Lack of money to
invest in sustainable climate change solutions. Reliant on economic aid.
Not only could parts of the island be flooded but the rising saltwater table could also
destroy deep rooted food crops such as coconut, pulaka, and taro. Several times each
year the waves from the Pacific come rushing over onto roads and into
neighbourhoods. Flooding is already coming right into the middle of the islands,
destroying food crops and trees.
Conflict with the chief negotiator for Tuvalu and UN Climate change conference
(developed country leaders) "Tuvalu is one of the most vulnerable countries in the
world to climate change, and our future rests on the outcome of this meeting.” Hard
to maintain relations with local governments on surrounding islands to produce
sustainable climate change regimes. Reliant on rest of world to use renewable
energy to reverse climate change.
Responses:
• Tuvalu’s National Adaptation
Programme of Action works
locally with surrounding islands
and stakeholders (local
government).
• National Advisory Council on
Climate Change- national
strategies to work with NGOs
to tackle greenhouse gases,
renewable energy sources and
disaster restriction
technologies.
• In December 2009 the islands
stalled talks at United Nations
Climate Change Conference in
Copenhagen, fearing some
other developing countries
were not committing fully to
binding deals on a reduction in
carbon emission
(international).
Exam questions:
GD 2014
What does sulphur dioxide link to?
[1]
Look at the two maps above. Use Map 1 to describe TWO
reasons why Samsung has located within the UK.
[2]
What is the Brandt Line for?
[1]
Compare the distribution of Samsung factories with
Samsung offices.
[4]
Explain reasons why MNCs have their factories and
offices in different places. Refer to examples where
applicable.
[5]
CASE STUDY: For a place affect by climate change.
i.
Name the location.
ii. Describe the how climate change has affected
the place.
iii. Explain the effects to people and the
environment.
[8]
Use Map 2 to describe TWO ways how MEDCs are different
from LEDCs.
[3]
Study Photo C opposite.
It shows the Samsung
factory at Wynyard Park.
Suggest disadvantages of
the building the factory
on the environment. [2]
Explain the reasons why Wynyard Park is located where it is.
[4]
Suggest advantages and disadvantages that building of this
factory may have on the local economy and people.
[6]
Case Study: The Lesotho Highland Water Project (LHWP)
What: A case study of a transboundary water issue.
When: Completion 2002.
Where: Lesotho is located in the
SW part of South Africa. It is a
land-locked country.
Advantages of LHWP:
• LHWP will sell ‘white goal’
to generate money to
develop the country (worth
75%).
• May lead to own water
management schemes in
Lesotho.
• % of residents with a safe
water supply in SA increased
from 83% to 87% between
1990 and 2002.
• The dam will provide HEP as
a renewable source of cheap
electricity for Lesotho.
• Lesotho benefiting from
improved road network.
• Training given to displaced
residents (however was only
for low-paid jobs).
• New jobs created on dam
project (20,000).
GD 2014
What is it?
Water seen as ‘white gold’
The LHWP is a large-scale water management
scheme. There are 4 phases with the
construction of 6 major dams in Lesotho and
200km tunnel system to transfer water to an
areas of low water supply to South Africa. It
diverts 40% of water in the Senqu river basin
in Orange Free State of South Africa. High
demand from Gauteng Province as highly
populated regions and industrial area. The
project was agreed with South Africa and
Lesotho in 1986. The Mohale dam (3rd dam)
was finished in 2002.
http://www.trc.org.ls/news_pages/water_protest_march
.htm
For additional
conflict see SOLD
Negatives of LHWP: 1) SA will have to pay $8billion loan back to World Bank with interest.
2) Lesotho selling water but cannot meet own water shortages and poor sanitation. 3) Local
citizens do not have access to any water supplied by the dams since all the water is being
piped to SA. 4) SA can afford to fill private swimming pools whilst Lesotho go with water
access problems. 5) In 2002 only 76% of residents in Lesotho had a safe water supply and
only 37% had sanitation. 6) SA residents angry as water bills increased before receiving the
improve water service. Some residents did not have access to basic water services. Bills
went up to fund dam and repair leaking pipes. 7) Local residents of Johannesburg protested
and halted construction of Mohale dam until water pipes had improved. 8) In 2000, 50% of
water wasted through leaking pipes.9) Displaced rural Lesotho residents due to flooding of
reservoirs- compensated for land lost with food package and smaller plot of land (20,000
homeowners displaced).10) Spread of AIDs, prostitution and alcoholism on informal
settlements for dam workers. 11) Project will destroy 1000s of hectares of grazing and
arable land- problems with food supply as only 9% farmable. 12) The project will affect flow
downstream from dam. 13) It was decrease the amount of sediment, oxygen levels,
nutrients and temperature of the water- will have affect on people, wetland habitats and
wildlife (esp. Endangered species).
Exam questions:
What does UHI stand for?
GD 2014
[1]
What does bilateral aid
mean?
[1]
If the UK gives India £259
million in 2004/2005.
What type of aid is this?
[1]
Compare the amount of
money spent by Christian
Aid on emergency aid and
on development
programmes.
[3]
Study the map above. It shows the distribution of acid
rain over Scandinavia. Acid rain is measure by using the
pH scale.
Why is acid rain an international concern?
[1]
Scandinavia is a ‘net-importer’ of acid rain. What is
meant by this?
[1]
Study the map above and the diagram on the top-right
of the page. Explain how the United Kingdom (UK) may
cause acid rain in Scandinavia?
[4]
Describe the differences between short-term and long-term aid.
[2]
Explain how long-term aid can improve a development of a
country.
[4]
Describe and explain how a combination of emergency and
development aid can improve the QOL and SOL of a country. You
may wish to use examples.
[5]
Describe and explain how social, economic and environmental
factors can inhibit a country’s chance to develop.
[5]
CASE STUDY: For trans-boundary water issue.
i.
Name the location of the water issues.
ii. Describe the features of the scheme.
iii. Explain how different social groups are affected.
[8]
Case Study: Aid projects in Mali and Niger
What: A case study for aid:
Why did Mali and Niger need aid?:
need for aid, donors and
receiving countries, the
nature of aid, its
effectiveness.
When: 2004/05/07
Where: West Africa in the
Sahel region
In 2004, subsistence farming (food enough for themselves) hit by a
double problem: 1) Severe drought. 2) Plague of locusts destroyed
crops. This led to crisis in July 2005 where 3.3 million citizens
(including 800,000 children) were at risk from a serious food shortage.
UNICEF already working in Niger with a programme of long-term
development aid asked for additional help. Also suffered flooding in
2007.
Responses: NGOs deliver emergency aid (food, clean water, shelter) and
development aid (education, healthcare and farming techniques). You need to
know all types of aid (see lesson).
Emergency aid:
• UNICEF provided Niger with $270,000 to treat 14,000 malnourished children for
six months.
• Provide children with therapeutic food (peanut butter based food called
plumpynut and therapeutic milk).
• Made cereal accessible to another 163,000 people through 641 tonnes to restock
65 cereal banks.
• Regular basis UNICEF implements
strategies to prevent malnutrition at a
community level (short-term aid).
• 245 cereal banks avaliable to citizens
(millet and sorghum).
• Increases cereal bank loan foods to
mothers.
• 2x a year vitamin A supplements given to
children under 5.
GD 2014
Combine with desertification
case study in Theme 2.
Case Study: Aid projects in Mali and Niger
What: A case study for aid: need
Why did Mali and Niger need aid?:
for aid, donors and receiving
countries, the nature of aid, its
effectiveness.
When: 2004/05/07
Where: West Africa in the Sahel
region
2004 agricultural season saw a swarm of
desert locusts consume nearly 100% of
the crops in some areas. Combined with
insufficient rainfall, resulting in poor
harvests and dry pasturelands, affecting
both farmers and livestock breeders.
Responses: NGOs deliver emergency aid (food, clean water, shelter) and
development aid (education, healthcare and farming techniques). You need to
know all types of aid (see lesson).
Emergency aid:
• 2005 UK gave £3million to the World Food Programmes emergency operation to
help relieve crisis in Niger (feed 200,000 citizens in one month). UK gave more aid
in 2006 to support diet of families before the next harvest was available.
Development aid:
• UNICEF supports 300 women’s groups that promote breastfeeding and monitor
children’s growth in the villages. Women who are malnourished receive loans of
goats to enrich families’ diet with milk and cheese.
• UK provides long-term development aid projects between 2006-2009 (£500,000 a
year) in Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso to improve diet and nutrition.
• Working with French government to improve girl’s education in Niger.
• Oxfam projects- working with Association for the Indigineous Development of
Sahel (ADESAH), a local NGO to support primary schools for children of pastoral
farmers:
o 4053 pupils were enrolled in school (including 1818 girls);
o Women deeply involved in the management of the school and help with
school fees, canteen and payments.
o Improved book ratio of 1 book in 5 pupils.
Use CAFOD from RS if stuck!!
Must be applied to a country
GD 2014
Exam questions:
GD 2014
What does deindustrialisation mean?
[1]
Look at the graph above. It
shows changes in employment
aboard fishing boats between
1990 and 1995.
Describe the trend shown by
part-time employment.
[2]
Compare the trend between
part-time and full-time
employment.
[3]
Suggest how part-time work may
affect the quality of life of people
compared to those in full-time
employment.
[4]
What does employment sector mean?
[1]
Study the map above. It shows the percentage of
people employed in the fishing industry. Describe the
pattern shown on the map.
[2]
Suggest reasons for the pattern shown.
[3]
Explain how employment structure can be an indicator
of the development of a country.
[4]
CASE STUDY: A case study for aid.
i.
Name a country that has received AID.
ii. Describe the types of AID given to the country.
iii. Explain how AID has effected people and the
environment receiving AID.
[8]
Give TWO reasons from the article why employment in fishing in
Scotland could go down in the future.
[2]
Explain how the increased unemployment could cause social and
economic problems to the fishing industry.
[4]
Suggest ways the local or national government could try and solve
these problems in the Scottish fishing communities,
[4]