Supporting Information
Arthur F. Stam, Ruud Meij, Henk te Winkel, Ronald J. van Eijk, Frank E. Huggins, Gerrit Brem
Chromium Speciation in Coal and Biomass Cocombustion Products
Number of pages: 6 (including cover page)
Number of figures: 1
Number of tables: 5
1
Table SI-S.1 Cr(VI) analyses of bottom and fly ashes from pf boilers
coal
secondary fuel
cotype of Crtot
firing % sample* ppm
Cr(VI)/
Crtotal(%)
leachable Cr
(mg/kg)
blend
PFA
171
6
6.2
blend
PFA-C
150
6
3.8
blend
PFA-5
1650
8
PFA-C
136
7
blend
BA
110
5
blend
PFA-C
144
6
blend
PFA-4
174
9
biomass 7
PFA-C
130
4
7
PFA-5
180
2
9
PFA-C
120
3
1.1
BA
88
2
0.6
blend
blend
blend
none
MBM,
mix
0
blend
blend
MBM,
biomass
mix, wood, cacao
18
residue
5.9
PFA <
deNOx** 149
4
PFA-C
139
4
2.5
PFA-C
186
4
1.0
PFA-1
182
6
2.0
PFA-2
181
6
blend
PFA-3
228
6
blend
PFA-4
224
6
7
PFA-C
166
16
15
blend
15
PFA-C
177
13
15
blend
28
PFA-C
182
12
blend
blend
Polish
municipal
sludge
sewage
10
blend
blend
sheanut,
palm
kernel, cacao
21
blend
wood
*
PFA = Pulverized fuel Fly Ash; -X denotes ESP hopper 1-5 or C for Collection tank; BA = bottom
ash. **PFA sampled upstream deNOx
2
Table SI-S.2 Cr(VI) analyses of fly ash from CFB
biomass type
of Crtot
(%)
sample*
ppm
%
Cr(VI)
Coal
secondary fuel
none
municipal sewage
sludge
100
CFB filter
ash
135
4
none
100
BFB filter
ash
123
29
100
BFB filter
ash
90
41
pruning, wood
none
* CFB = Circulating Fluidized Bed; BFB = bubbling fluidized bed.
Table SI-S.3 Cr(VI) analyses of fly ash from gasifiers
coal
secondary fuel
co-firing
%
SAf/Col
none
0
CG-fly ash
166
0
Colombian none
0
CG-fly slag
128
0
Colombian none
0
CG-fly ash
123
0
Colombian wood
20
CG-fly ash
103
0
100
BFBG
cyclone ash
311
3
none
demolition
wood
type
of Crtot
sample*
ppm
%
Cr(VI)
* CG = Coal Gasification; BFBG = Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier
3
Figure SI-S.1 Xanes spectra of bottom ash (a) and fly ash (b) (PF-BA and PFA-C) resulting from 18%
co-firing of MBM-mix with coal.
Table SI-S.4 Details on thermodynamic calculations (input)
coal + 21% sheanut coal + 18% MBM
mix
mix
coal + 7-28% wood coal
coal
sec. fuel
coal
sec. fuel
coal
sec. fuel
coal
C (%)
70.4
47.84
73.0
45.10
67.41
50.60
71.05
H (%)
3.9
3.95
4.6
6.11
4.81
5.98
4.61
N (%)
1.7
2.42
1.6
8.82
1.45
0.10
1.50
S (%)
0.2
0.22
0.4
0.49
0.24
0.01
0.69
O (%)
8.9
39.21
7.2
20.15
12.41
42.92
9.83
total water (%)
6.9
2.24
9.0
4.12
9.86
5.20
9.95
Ash (%)
14.6
6.35
12.8
18.70
13.4
0.46
12.30
LHV (MJ/kg)
25.2
18.17
25.2
17.67
24.91
18.34
25.21
Al (%)
1.47
0.05
1.19
0.01
1.35
0.00
1.08
Ca (%)
0.41
0.20
0.20
3.46
0.24
0.06
0.21
Cl (%)
0.0041
0.1050
0.0231
0.5840
0.0027
0.0110
0.0103
Fe (%)
0.24
0.17
0.34
0.11
0.19
0.00
0.36
4
K (%)
0.04
1.87
0.09
0.71
0.04
0.05
0.08
Mg (%)
0.10
0.30
0.06
0.08
0.08
0.01
0.09
Na (%)
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.46
0.02
0.00
0.03
P (%)
0.06
0.36
0.03
1.86
0.03
0.00
0.03
Si (%)
2.04
0.27
1.87
0.06
1.90
0.01
1.76
Ti (%)
0.09
0.00
0.09
0.00
0.13
0.00
0.07
Cr (ppm)
31.0
4.74
22.5
6.55
22.0
0.23
24
Indicated are the fuels as considered for input for the calculations. The relative input of coal and
secondary fuel is based on the thermal heat input. Air is considered with the fuel for different
equivalence ratio's (λ) of which typical considered values are 0.8, 1 and 1.16.
Table SI-S.5 Details on thermodynamic calculations (output selection)
gaseous
compounds
C, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, , H, H2, N2, NH2, NH3, CN, HCN, O, O2, O3, OH, H2O, CO,
CO2, HCO, H2CO, CH3OH, CH2CO, HCOOH, S, S2, S3, S4, S5, HS, H2S, H2S2,
CSCS2, CH3SH, HCNS, Al, AlO, AlO2, AlOH, OAlOH, Mg, MgO, MgOH,
Mg(OH)2, Na, NaCN, NaO, NaOH, P, P2, PH3, PO, PO2, (P2O3)2, SiO, SO, SO2,
SO3, COS, Na2SO4, MgS, Cl, Cl2, HCl, NaCl, (NaCl)2, MgCl, MgCl2, AlCl, ClCl2,
AlCl3, OAlCl, PCl, Ar, K, K2, KH, KCN, KO, KOH, (KOH)2, K2SO4, KCl, Ca,
CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaS, CaCl, CaCl2, TiO, OTiCl, TiOCl2, V, VO, VO2, VCl4, Cr,
CrO, CrO2, CrO3, CrO2Cl2, Mn, MnCl2, Fe, FeO, Fe(OH)2, FeS, FeCl, FeCl2, FeCl3,
(FeCl3)2, NaFeCl4, Co, CoCl, CoCl2, CoCl3, Ni, NiO, NiCl, NiCl2, Cu, Cu2, CuO,
CuCl, (CuCl)3, Zn, ZnCl, As4O6, AsCl3, Se, Se2, Se3, Se4, H2Se, CSe, NSe, Seo,
SeO2, AlSe, SiSe, SiSe2, SeS, SeCl2, Cd, CdO, Sb, SbCl3, SbCl5, Te, Te2, TeO,
TeO2, Te2O4, TeCl2, TeCl4, Ba, Ba2, BaO, Ba2O, Ba2O2, BaCl, BaCl2, Hg, Hg2,
HgO, HgCl, HgCl2, Pb, Pb2, PbO, PbCl, PbCl2, PbCl4
Na2O, NaOH, Na2CO3, MgO, Mg(OH)2, MgCO3, Al2O3, Al2O3(H2O), SiO, SiO2,
H4SiO4, (Na2O)(SiO2), (Na2O)2(SiO2), (Na2O)(SiO2)2, Na6Si2O7, Na6Si8O19,
Al2SiO5, (Al2O3)(SiO2)2, Al6Si2O13, (Al2O3)(SiO2)(H2O), Al2Si4O10(OH)2, (P2O5)2,
Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2SO4(H2O)10, MgS, MgSO4, NaCl, MgCl2, K2O, KOH, K2CO3,
K2SiO3, K2Si2O5, K2Si4O9, K2S, K2SO4, KCl, CaO, Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaMg(CO3)2,
CaSiO3, Ca2SiO4, Ca3SiO5, Ca3Si2O7, CaO6P2, Ca2P2O7, Ca3(PO4)2, Ca5HO13P3,
CaS, CaSO4, CaSO4(H2O)2, CaCl2, TiO2, V, VO, VO2, V2O3, V2O4, V2O5, V3O5,
solid compounds V4O7, VOSO4, VCl2, VCl3, (CaO)(V2O5), Cr, Cr3C2, Cr4C, Cr7C3, Cr23C6, CrN,
Cr2N, CrO2, CrO3, Cr2O3, Cr3O4, Na2CrO4, CrSi2, Cr3Si, Cr5Si3, CrS, Cr2S3, Cr3S4,
Cr5S6, Cr6S7, Cr2(SO4)3, CrCl2, CrCl3, K2CrO4, CaCr2O4, (Ca2Cr3)Cr10O20,
(CaCr)Si4O10, Ca3Cr2Si3O12, Mn, MnO, MnO2, Mn2O3, MnCO3, MnSO4, MnCl2,
FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe(OH)2, Fe2O3(H2O), FeCO3, FeSiO3, (FeO)(SiO2), FeS2,
FeSO4(H2O)7, FeCl3, Ca3Fe2Si3O12, FeCr2O4, Co, CoO, Co3O4, CoSO4, CoCl2, Ni,
NiO, Ni2P2O7, Ni3(PO4)2, NiSO4, NiCl2, Cu, CuO, Cu2O, Cu3(PO4)2, CuSO4,
Cu2SO4, CuCl, CuCl2, Zn, ZnO, ZnSO4, ZnCl2, As, As2O3, As2O5, Ca3(AsO4)2, Se,
NH4HSe, SeO2, SeO3, Se2O5, Na2Se, Na2Se2, MgSe, MgSeO3, Al2Se3, SiSe2, SeCl4,
5
K2Se, CaSe, CaSeO3(H2O)2, CaSeO4(H2O)2, FeSe, FeSe2, Fe3Se4, Cd, CdO, CdCl2,
Sb, SbO2, Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, Sb2(SO4)3, SbCl3, Te, TeO2, Ba, BaO, BaO2,
Ba(OH)2, BaSO4, BaCl2, BaCrO4, BaSe, BaSeO3, BaSeO4, HgO, HgSO4, HgCl2,
Hg2Cl2, Pb, PbO, PbO2, Pb3O4, PbS, PbSO4, PbCl2
solution phases
SLAGD , SLAGE , SLAGF
6