PrOpCom
Making Nigerian Agricultural Markets Work for the
Poor
Monograph Series # 15
Mapping of Ofada Rice Production Area
By
A.M. Omotayo. K. Elemo and J. Oyedepo
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC)
University of Agriculture Abeokuta
March 2007
Funding for this programme is provided by the United
Kingdom’s Department for International Development
(DFID)
40 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria • Tel: +(234) 9 413 8291/2 • Fax: +(234) 9 413 829
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Disclaimer
The PrOpCom Monograph Series seeks to provide a broader dissemination of
the information and views collected through the efforts of the various service
providers and consultants undertaking work in support of the PrOpCom
programme. We believe this information will be useful in informing the policy
dialogue in Nigeria and for improving the planning and execution of
agricultural and agribusiness activities within the country.
The documents in this series represent the final deliverables as presented by
the engaged service providers or consultants in responds to terms of
reference of contracts let by PrOpCom in execution of its programme. They
have not been further edited or editorially polished. Consequently, there is
wide variation in the editorial quality of these documents. Nevertheless, the
information contained in these document is deems useful for policy and
planning purposes.
The views and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of the
authors of the document and do not necessarily represent the views of
PrOpCom, SAII Associates, Chemonics International or PrOpCom’s funding
agent, the Government of the United Kingdom’s Department for International
Development (DFID)
Information from these documents can be freely used and quoted on condition
that it is properly sourced to the concerned document.
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MAPPING OF OFADA RICE PRODUCTION
AREAS
BY
A.M. Omotayo. K. Elemo and J. Oyedepo
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC)
University of Agriculture
PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
REPORT OF A STUDY COMMISSIONED BY
PropCom
40 Mississippi St., Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria
March, 2007
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List of Acronyms
ADPs
Agricultural Development programmes
AMREC
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre
GIS
Geographical Information Systems
GPS
Global positioning Systems
TOR
Terms of Reference
LGA
Local Government Area
FAO
Food and Agricultural Organisation
PropCom
commodity
Promoting pro-poor opportunities in the service and
market
FGD
Focus Group Discussion
FORMECU
Forestry Monitoring, Evaluation and Coordinating Unit
LANDSAT
Land Satellite
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Table of contents
List of Tables
4
List of Figures
4
Executive summary
6
Introduction
9
The study area
10
Sampling method
10
Mapping methodologies
10
Creating the GIS maps
11
Additional data acquisition
11
Results and discussion
11
Socioeconomic characteristics and profile of the Ofada rice
production system
11
Flow of Ofada rice from production through processing points to markets 24
Distance analysis
25
Distance analysis at the local level
49
Land suitability for rice production
Summary, conclusions and recommendations
56
63
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10
List of tables
Table 1: Production data in the Ofada rice value chain
14
Table 2: Location of clusters of rice farms and varieties cultivated
15
Table 3: Socioeconomic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers
17
Table 4: Proportion of flow of Ofada rice through production and
processing points in the three States
19
Table 5: Land Quality factors for upland rice
57
List of Figures
Fig 1: Map of the study area showing Ofada rice production clusters
13
Fig 2: Map showing Ofada rice production clusters and the
varieties of rice cultivated
16
Fig. 3: Chart showing comparison between farmer’s claim
and empirical farm size
18
Fig. 4: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through
production and processing ………………………………………………….20
Fig 5: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through
production and processing points in Ekiti and Osun States……………….. 21
FIG 6: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through
production and processing points in Ogun State……………………………22
Fig 7: Flow Charts Showing Movement Of Rice From
Paddy Production To Market ………………………………………………23
Fig 8: Distance Analysis Farm locations and Agrochemicals points ………………25
Fig 9: Distance from farm locations to source of fertilizers……………………….. 26
Fig 10: Distance from farm location to point of threshing………………………….27
Fig 11: Distance from farm locations to parboiling points ……………………… 28
Fig 12: Distance between farm locations and paddy markets ……………………...29
Fig. 13: Distance from farms to rice milling points ………………………………..30
Figure 14: Distance from farms to parboiling points in
Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ………………………………………..31
Figure 15: Distance from farms to seed sources in
Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ……………………………………… 32
Figure 16: Distance from farms to threshing points in
Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate……………………………………… 33
Figure 17: Distance from farms to agrochemical points in
Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate ………………………………………..34
Figure 18: Distance from farms to milling points in
Ofada rice production clusters in Ekiti Sate
35
Figure 19: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice
production clusters in Ekiti Sate
36
Figure 20: Distance from farms to markets in Ofada rice production
clusters in Ekiti Sate
37
Figure 21: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada
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rice production clusters at Erin –Ijesha, OsunSate
Figure 22: Distance from farms to seed sources in rice
production clusters in Erin Oke, Osun Sate
Figure 23: Distance from farms to parboiling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate
Figure 24: Distance from farms to milling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate
Figure 25: Distance from farms to fertilizer source at Erin Oke, Osun Sate
Figure 26: Distance from farms to milled rice markets in Ogun Sate
Figure 27: Distance from farms to Agrochemical points in Ogun Sate
Figure 28: Distance from farms to sources of seeds in Ogun Sate
Figure 29: Distance from farms to fertilizer source in Ogun Sate
Figure 30: Distance from farms to rice milling points in Ogun Sate
Figure 31: Distance from farms to rice parboiling points in Ogun Sate
Figure 32: Distance from farms to rice threshing points in Ogun Sate
Figure 33: Distance from farms to paddy markets in Ogun State
Figure 34: Map of land use and land cover of Osun State
Figure 35: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing
areas of Osun State (Erin Oke)
Figure 36: Map of land use and land cover of Ekiti State
Figure 37: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ekiti State
Figure 38: Map of land use and land cover of Ogun State
Figure 39: Map of land use and land cover in rice production of Ogun State
Fig. 40: Land suitability map for rice production in Ekiti State
Fig. 41: Land suitability map for rice production in Osun State
Fig. 42: Land suitability map for rice production in Ogun State
Appendices
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43
44
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46
47
48
49
50
51
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53
54
55
59
60
61
66
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PropCom’s proposition to support activities that impact on the Ofada rice value chain
requires accurate information to develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the
Ofada rice value chain is important in obtaining the kind of information required. The
mapping exercise could facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they
are needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and
more efficiently reach those who need intervention most. These no doubt are some of
the cogent reasons for PropCom’s commissioning of this study.
The terms of reference of the mapping exercise as specified by PropCom are to:
• Identify the major areas of production of paddy that is used for Ofada rice
broken down by aromatic and non-aromatic use.
• Map the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and
milling
• determine the estimated quantity (in metric tons) that flow through these various
channels linking the major markets that sell Ofada rice to traders, re-packagers
and consumers and linked back to the major sources of products be it field
paddy, par-boiled paddy or milled rice.
• Establish a directory of clusters of major sources of commercial field paddy, parboiled paddy and milled Ofada rice, both aromatic and non-aromatic; for use as
public information to help in integration of the value chain and as a means to
lower transaction costs.
In addition to the terms of reference specified by PropCom, the research team added
the following objectives:
• Determine the distances of rice production areas from input sources, parboiling
points, threshing points, milling points and marketing or repackaging points.
• Empirically determine the land area currently devoted to Ofada rice production
and the potentials for expansion
• Characterize and classify the land resources in each of the three States for upland
and lowland rice production considering such parameters as soil textural class,
available Nitrogen, soil depth, Soil pH and water.
The mapping exercise was preceded by selection and training of field supervisors and
enumerators on spatial data acquisition using hand held Global Positioning Systems
(GPS) and how to conduct focus group discussion. They were then deployed to the
three states to recruit and train field workers on spatial data acquisition for the
mapping exercise. The mapping focused on attributes of locations, production, value
addition facilities, groups of rice farmers, par biolers, and millers in each village.
The mapping exercise identified major Ofada rice production areas in Ogun, Osun and
Ekiti States. It identified 254 Ofada rice farmers majority of whom are males, 204
parboilers mostly females, 36 rice mills in 55 villages and 11 local government areas
in the three states.
Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produced the highest quantity
of Ofada rice (135,850 KG) in the study area. This was closely followed by
Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,90KG). These two local
government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a
long tradition of rice production. The next highest producer is Oriade local
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government area in Osun State which recorded a production level of 70,100 KG. The
highest quantity of rice parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem
Owode Local government area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670
Kg and this is from Ijero local government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada
rice sold in paddy form was 21,110 Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of
Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West Local government area of Ekiti State. The
total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 36, 813Kg.
The distance analyses data consistently show that facilities for rice threshing,
parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance
(between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban
markets may appear to be very far away from rice production locations according to
the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy
or milled rice as buyers came directly to these locations to buy. The data further show
that locations of Ofada rice production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and
fertilizer were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30
kilometres) and may not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This
situation points to the need for direct intervention to improve access of farmers to all
rice production inputs.
The total arable crop land in rice production areas of Ekiti state is 100,524.411Ha.
This represents about 84 percent of the total arable land area in the four local
governments where rice is produced. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under
rice cultivation. In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice
production area has 47,710Ha (79%) arable land. In Ogun state apart from 67%
(337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice
cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area was categorised as wetland.
This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local
government areas studied.
It was established that the soils around Aramoko, Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly
suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti, Igede
Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable. The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke
Imesi were classified as moderately suitable. The implication of this is that rice
farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and land
amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity. In Osun state
soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over
79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state presents a unique
feature especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the
arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a
bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the
soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. It could be that most
farmers in this area who adopt the well known use of rotational fallow system have
somehow perfected this form of land management strategy for ensuring quick
replenishment of lost soil nutrients
Ijebu North Local government area presents a slightly different picture. One half of
the area is categorised as marginally suitable while the other half is classified as
moderately suitable. Soils of Ijebu water-side are mostly deficient in nitrogen and
phosphorus. The focus in this area should be development of lowland rice production.
14
In conclusion, the distance analysis maps reveal the importance of spatial targeting
and prioritization of interventions. It is hoped that this result will be utilized by
PropCom in developing, prioritizing and targeting interventions to positively impact
the Ofada rice value chain in south western Nigeria.
A number of issues related to the Ofada rice value chain require further research and
analysis. This mapping exercise was carried out when there was no crop growing on
the field. A more detailed mapping of the production system with empirical farm
management data would reveal more comprehensively the problems associated with
each stage of the Ofada rice production system.
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MAPPING OF OFADA RICE PRODUCTION
AREAS
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) which was once considered a special treat during festivals in
most homes in Nigeria has assumed the position of one of the most important staple
foods in recent years. While domestic production of the commodity estimated at 4.6
metric tonnes has not kept pace with the increasing demand, the country has had to
resort to massive importation over the years. The domestic production levels remained
either stagnant or even depressed in some cases due to crude and back breaking
methods still employed by most producers, weak infrastructural base, high production
costs and numerous market imperfections.
Ofada rice is commonly assumed to be a type of rice that has long been cultivated and
produced in a community called Ofada in Ogun State. Its rise to eminence as a
popular type of rice is associated with what has been described as its characteristic
bold, short, mouth-filling, palate caressing, red coated karnel in its unpolished form.
Although many varieties of rice produced locally fit the description of Ofada rice,
each type comes with different kinds of local names associated with either the
communities where such varieties are produced or the original source of the variety.
For instance some local rice called Igbemo rice, Kogi rice, etc fit the Ofada rice
description. The term Ofada rice therefore refers generically to mean any locally
produced rice that fits the description profiled above irrespective of where the rice is
produced in the three states where this study was carried out.
As noted in one of PropCom’s documents, Ofada rice has recently become popular as
specialty rice often served at parties and other status events by the elites; sold in fast
food restaurants, and also in ½ kg boxes by marketers in Lagos, Ibadan Abeokuta and
other cities in the South West with spread effects to other parts of the country. The
proposition by PropCom to support activities that impact on the entire Ofada rice
value chain is a step in the right direction. However information is required to support
decision making and develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada rice
value chain is important in developing a decision support mechanism for the overall
improvement of the rice production system. Mapping will facilitate geographical
targeting of interventions where they are needed, improve cost effectiveness of
infrastructural development spending and more efficiently reach those who need
intervention most.
The terms of reference of the mapping exercise as specified by PropCom are to:
• Identify the major areas of production of paddy that is used for Ofada rice
broken down by aromatic and non-aromatic use.
• Map the flow of Ofada rice from paddy production, soaking, parboiling and
milling
• determine the estimated quantity (in metric tons) that flow through these various
channels linking the major markets that sell Ofada rice to traders, re-packagers
and consumers and linked back to the major sources of products be it field
paddy, par-boiled paddy or milled rice.
17
•
Establish a directory of clusters of major sources of commercial field paddy, parboiled paddy and milled Ofada rice, both aromatic and non-aromatic; for use as
public information to help in integration of the value chain and as a means to
lower transaction costs.
In addition to the terms of reference specified by PropCom, the research team added
the following objectives:
• Determine the distances of rice production areas from input sources, parboiling
points, threshing points, milling points and marketing or repackaging points.
• Empirically determine the land area currently devoted to Ofada rice production
and the potentials for expansion
• Characterize and classify the land resources in each of the three States for upland
and lowland rice production considering such parameters as soil textural class,
available Nitrogen, soil depth, Soil pH and water.
Study Area
The mapping exercise covered Ofada rice production communities in the five (5) rice
production areas of Ogun state, namely, Obafemi Owode, Abeokuta North, Ogun
Water side, Ifo, Ewekoro and Ijebu-North Local government areas. Also included are
the rice production clusters of Igbemo, Ijero, Aramoko, Efon Alaye Afawo, Are, Erio
all in Ekiti State and Erin-Ijesha and Erin -Oke in Osun State.
Sampling method
A combination of purposive and multi-stage random sampling procedure was used in
selecting the sample for this study. States were selected purposively based on the
terms of reference provided by PropCom. The Local government areas were also
selected purposively based on the terms of reference and the local governments
identified by the State ADP for rice cultivation. Villages and farmers in the local
government areas were selected based on the proportional volume of rice production
activities. In some communities and villages, complete enumeration of rice farmers,
parboilers, and millers were carried out depending on the number of such people in
each community or village.
Mapping Methodologies
The mapping exercise was preceded by selection and training of field supervisors or
enumerators on the use of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and how to conduct
focus group discussion. Field supervisors were then deployed to the three states to
recruit and train field workers on the use of GPS in the acquisition of spatial data for
the mapping exercise and on how to conduct focus group discussions. The focus
group discussions involved groups of rice farmers, parbiolers, and millers in each
village and it centred on types and varieties of rice cultivated, farm size, length of
period of rice cultivation, paddy yield, quantities of paddy sold as paddy, quantity
milled, etc.
The following spatial variables were used for the mapping exercise:
Variable
Source
Distance to and from production and value
addition facilities
GPS coordinates
Empirical farm size
GPS coordinates
perimeter
18
of
farm
Soil Fertility/characterization of land resources
Digital
Land use/Land cover
Ofada rice paddy production sites
Ofada rice milling and per boiling sites
Quantity of Ofada rice through value chain
Directory of commercial paddy/milled rice
Soil samples analyzed + FAO
Soil Map of the World
Geomatics of Canada
GPS coordinates
GPS coordinates
Fieldwork data
Fieldwork data
Creating the GIS maps
Trained enumerators obtained the coordinates of locations needed for creating the
maps using high precision GPS receivers (Garmin 12+, Garmin Etrex and Megalin
receivers). The coordinates were incorporated into geo-referenced map of the study
areas. Location of farms, markets, roads, and value addition infrastructure were
incorporated into the maps. These data, including the geographic location of farmers’
residence and farms form the farmers’ GIS directory. Other data considered useful
for spatial analysis were also collected. The full attributes of the area were captured
through observation, Focus Group Discussion FGD, key informant interviews,
discussion with rice growers association in each State and secondary sources.
Soil samples were collected from the top (15cm from the top) and sub-soil (Beyond
15cm from the top) of selected sample of farms in each local government area and the
geographical coordinates of points where soil samples were collected was obtained.
The attributes were then put into a relational database in a Geographical Information
System (GIS). Spatial data were analysed using Arc view 3.2a
Additional data acquisition
Additional data were obtained from secondary sources such as Satellite remote
sensing data, Topographical map sheets, census/farm household list of the
Agricultural Development Programmes.(ADPs). Socioeconomic and production data
were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results and discussion
Socioeconomic characteristics and profile of the Ofada rice production system
A total of 254 farmers, 204 parboilers, 36 rice mills, were contacted in 55 villages and
11 local government areas in the three states where Ofada rice is produced in south
western Nigeria. These data are presented in Table 1 below. Figure 1 is the map of the
study area showing clusters of Ofada rice production areas in Ogun Osun and Ekiti
States.
Table 2 shows the socio-economic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers. The data
show that over 70percent of the farmers are below the age of fifty years. This is an
indication that most of them are in their very active years. This age structure is not
typical of the farming populace in Nigeria as many previous studies indicate that most
farmers are over fifty years. Table 2 shows that many other varieties of rice other than
Ofada were cultivated in the rice production areas in south western Nigeria. Even in
Ogun State where Ofada rice is very popular and is the dominant variety in some local
government areas, some local varieties of rice such as Mokwa, Igbemo with similar
characteristics to that of Ofada were cultivated.
19
The data in Table 3 also show that over 78 percent of Ofada rice farmers are men
while the remaining 22 percent are women. Most of the farmers are small scale
producers as over 80 percent of them cultivated less than 1 hectare.
This issue of farm size was explored empirically by taking GPS perimeter coordinates
of a random sample of at least ten farms in each local government area. This was done
to obtain the actual size of the farm using GIS area measurement menu in ArcView
3.2a. The average farm size across the three States was 3.95 Ha from what farmers
reported, while the average farm size from empirical measurement was 0.72 Ha.
There was very low correlation between what the farmer reported and the results
obtained from empirical measurement. This is depicted in Figure 3.
Only a small proportion (4%) of the farmers used mechanized land preparation. The
data in Table 3 also indicate very low external input in the Ofada rice production
system as less than 20 percent of the farmers used fertilizers, improved seeds and all
the farmers threshed their rice manually. Most (68%) Ofada rice farmers sourced their
seeds from their previous harvests.
A prominent deficiency in the Ofada rice production system is the lack of commercial
seed production. Farmers convert part of their grains to seed year after year. This may
be partly responsible for the characteristic low yield associated with Ofada rice.
20
4°40'
5°00'
5°20'
5°40'
Oro
Offa
Ogbomosho
Owa
Okeho
Ila Orangun
Iseyin
Inisha
Ada
8°00'
8°00'
Oyo
Oyo State
Imeko
Ijero
Osogbo
Fiditi
Efon
Iwo
Ilesha
Ijero Ekiti
Are Ekiti
AramokoW
E
Igbemo
Efon
Ado Ekiti S
Ile Ife
Igbo Ora
N
Ifaki
Ikere Ekiti
Ipetu Ijesha
Oriade
Ibadan
Ilara
Gbongan
Aiyetoro
7°40'
Egbe
Kwara state
Ogun state
Akure
Ileoluji
Abeokuta North Abeokuta
Iju
Isho
7°40'
Idanre
Ondo
Obafemi-Owode
Ewekoro
Isara
Ajegunle
Ilaro
Shagamu
Ifo
Ijebu North
Ijebu-Igbo
Ondo state
Ijebu Ode
Ore
Owode
Iyesi
Imushin
Ado
Epe
Lagos Metropolis
7°20'
Igo Obaz
Ita Otu
Lagos State
Irele
7°20'
Ogun Waterside
k tis a
E
t te
Ik
a re A o
k ko
Ondost ate
4°40'
5°00'
5°20'
5°40'
Roads
Major urban centres
Clusters of rice production areas
LGAs visited
Study area
Neighbouring states
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
Fig 1: Map of the study area showing Ofada rice production clusters (Inset map
of Nigeria)
21
Table 1: Production data in the Ofada rice value chain
No of
Farmers
State
No of
No of Total
Qty per
Parboilers Rice
Farm
Cluster
Clusters
Varieties
planted
Mills
Area
(Ha)
Qty per
LGA
Qty per
State
26
26
12
64
70100
70100
70100
28
15
15
15
42
17
15
12
16
40
0
5
1
4
4
55.53
17.2
46.9
27.3
325.9
47700
40000
25350
11425
140750
47700
40000
25350
11425
140750
265225
15
34
53
11
254
15
11
41
11
204
1
3
3
3
36
8.2
16.6
109.1
13
683.73
11800
22400
17100
1700
388325
11800
22400
17100
1700
388325
53000
388325
L.G.As
Osun State
Oriade LGA
Ogun
Abeokuta North
Ewekoro
Ijebu North
Ogun Water side
Obafemi Owode
Ekiti
Ijero Ekiti
Ekiti West
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Efon –Alaaye
Total
Table 2: Location of clusters of rice farms and varieties cultivated
22
Ekiti
Efon –Alaye
Ijero
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Ekiti west
Osun
Oriade
Ogun
Abeokuta north
Ewekoro
Ijebu North
Obafemi owode
Ogun waterside
Efon –Alaye
Ijero-Ekiti
Afao
Are
Igbemo
Iworoko
Erio
Aramoko
Erinoke/Erin
Ijesha
Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150
Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150
Igbemo, Ofada, ITA 150
Igbemo, ,ITA 150
Igbemo, ITA 150
Igbemo, ITA 150
Igbemo, ITA 150
Igbemo, , ITA 150
ITA150,Canada,Ofada,Igbemo
Alamala
Baracks
Ijale papa
Anigbado
Tibo-Akungun
Onibotuje
Adekunle-Sigo
road
Mosan
Egan
Aparaki
Imope
Odosapo
Ogboloko
Ofada-Abaren
Moloku Asipa
Odeomi
Lago Island
Mufere island
ITA150, Mokwa
23
ITA150, Mokwa
ITA150, Mokwa
ITA150, Mokwa
Ofada, ITA 150,
4°40'
5°00'
5°20'
5°40'
Kwara state
O
do-Otin
M
oba
Ifedayo
Ila
Ilejemeje
Boluwaduro
Ifelodun
Orolu
Ejigbo
Irepodun
Ijero
Olorunda
Boripe
8°00'
Egbedore
Oyo State
Obokun
Ola-Oluwa
Osogbo
Variety planted:
ITA 150
8°00'
Efon
Nun/Ifelo
Irepod
Variety planted:
Igbemo, ITA 150
W
E
Variety planted:
Ekiti west
TA 150, Canada,
Ekiti state
Ofada, Igbemo
S
Oriade
Ede Nor th
Osun state
Im
eko-Afon
Ede South
Ilesha West
Iwo
Ado-Ekiti
Ilesha East
Aiyedire
Ekiti South-West
Atakumosa West
Ife Central
Republic of Benin
O
ye
Ido- O
si
Ikere
Ise /Oru
Irewole
Ife East
Variety planted:
Mokwa, ITA 150
Abeokuta North
Aiyedaade
Atakumosa East
Ife North
Odeda
Isokan
Ogun state
AbeokutaSouth
Egbado /Yewa North
Ife South
7°40'
7°40'
Obafemi-Owode
Ewekoro
Variety planted:
Ofada, ITA150, Mokwa
Variety planted:
ITA 150, Ofada
Remo-North
Ijebu North
Variety planted:
Ofada, ITA 150
Ondo state
Ikenne
Ijebu North-East
Ijebu East
Ifo LGA
Egbado /Yewa South
Ifo
Shagamu
O
dogbolu
Ijebu-Ode
Ifako/Ijaye
Ado Odo/Ota
Agege
Ikeja
Alimosho
Ikorodu
Epe
Kosofe
Ipokia
O
shodi/Isolo Shomolu
M
ushin
Badagry
Surulere
Lagos Mainland
Ajeromi/ Ifelodun
Amuwo Odofin
Apapa
O
jo
Lagos state
L
agos Island
Ibeju Lekki
7°20'
4°40'
20
0
Ogun Waterside
Variety planted:
ITA 150
Eti-Osa
B
adagry LGA
5°00'
20
Ogun Waterside
5°40'
Type of rice planted
ITA150
ITA150, Canada, Ofada, Igbemo
Igbemo, ITA150
Mokwa, ITA150
Ofada, ITA150
Ofada, ITA150, Mokwa
Local Government Areas
Study area
Neighbouring states
40 Kilometers
LGA
Ijero
Ekiti West
Efon
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Oriade
Abeokuta North
Obafemi-Owode
Ijebu North
Ewekoro
5°20'
7°20'
VARIETY PLANTED
ITA 150
Igbemo, ITA 150
Igbemo, ITA 150
ITA 150
ITA 150, Canada,
Ofada, Igbemo
Mokwa, ITA 150
ITA 150
Ofada, ITA 150
Ofada, ITA150,
Mokwa
ITA 150
Fig 2: Map showing Ofada rice production clusters and the varieties of rice
cultivated
24
Table 3: Socioeconomic characteristics of Ofada rice farmers
VARIABLE
Age
<30
31-40
41-50
51-60
>60
Total
Sex
Female
Male
Total
Marital Status
Married
Single
Total
Household size
1-5
6-10
>10
Total
Farm size
<2.5
2.6-5.0
>5.0
Total
Method of Land Preparation
Manual & Mechanized
Manual
Mechanized
Total
Fertilizer usage
No
Yes
Total
Weeding Interval
Once
Twice
More than twice
Total
Sources of seeds
Agro services
Previous harvest
Fellow farmers
Open market
Total
.
VARIABLE
Marketed rice form
Milled form
Paddy form
Total
Type of thresher
Manual
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
27
62
52
43
13
197
13.7
31.5
26.4
21.8
6.6
100
42
155
197
21.3
78.7
100
184
13
197
93.4
6.6
100
59
126
12
197
29.9
64.0
6.1
100
162
32
3
197
82.2
16.2
1.5
100
1
188
8
197
0.5
95.4
4.1
100
157
40
197
79.9
20.3
100
25
120
52
197
12.7
60.9
26.4
100
35
134
27
1
197
17.8
68.0
13.7
0.5
100
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
171
26
197
86.8
13.2
100
197
100
25
Farn size (Ha)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
EA
__
H
A_
Farms
AR
Farmer's claim
Empirical measurement
Fig. 3: Chart showing comparison between farmer’s claim and empirical farm size
26
Table 4: Proportion of flow of Ofada rice through production and processing points in the three States
State
Ekiti
Local
Government
Areas
Ijero
Quantity
produced
(kg)
11800.00
Quantity
soaked (kg)
Quantity
parboiled (kg)
0.00
7670.00
Quantity
sold as
paddy (kg)
0.00
Ekiti
Ekiti West
45900.00
0.00
29835.00
Ekiti
Efon –Alaye
17000.00
0.00
Ekiti
Irepodun/Ifelodun
134900.00
Osun
Oriade
Ogun
Quantity
milled (kg)
7670.00
Quantity of whole
grain rice
recovered (kg)
4985.50
15700.00
29835.00
19392.75
17000.00
0.00
15550.00
11070.50
0.00
87685.00
0.00
87685.00
56995.25
70100.00
64100.00
64100.00
0.00
64100.00
41665.00
Abeokuta North
41250.00
0.00
36260.00
0.00
36260.00
23569.00
Ogun
Obafemi-Owode
135850.00
0.00
109850.00
0.00
109850.00
71402.50
Ogun
Ijebu North
42000.00
0.00
42000.00
0.00
42000.00
27300.00
Ogun
Ewekoro
40000.00
0.00
24708.00
0.00
24708.00
16060.53
Ogun
Ogun Waterside
31710.00
0.00
9004.00
21113.00
9004.00
5852.60
277330.3
27
4°40'
5°00'
5°20'
5°40'
Kwara state
Ko
Ijero
8°00'
8°00
Oyo State
Irepodun/Ifelodun
N
Osun State
EfonEkiti West
W
E
S
Oriade
Abeokuta North LGA
7°40'
7°40
Obafemi-Owode LGA
Ijebu North LGA
Ewekoro LGA
Ondo state
Edo state
Ogun Waterside
Lagos State
7°20'
7°20
4°40'
5°00'
20 0 20 40 Kilometers
5°20'
5°40'
LGAs visited
Proportions of flow of rice in processing points
Qty Produced
Qty. Soaked
Qty. Parboiled
Qty sold as paddy
Qty. Milled
Qty. of Brown rice
Study area
Neighbouring states
FIG. 4: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in the three States
28
5°00'
8°00'
5°20'
8°00'
Odo-Otin
Moba
Ifedayo
N
Ila
Ifelodun
Ilejemeje
Boluwaduro
W
S
Ijero
Oye
Ido-Osi
Boripe
E
Ikole
Ijero cluster
Obokun
Iworoko cluster
Aramoko cluster
Osun state
Are cluster
Igbemo cluster
7°40'
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Efon cluster
7°40'
Erio cluster
Ilesha West
Efon
Ilesha East
Ado-Ekiti
Gboyin
Ekiti West
Erinoke_Erinijesha
cluster
Atakumosa West
Ekiti state
Ekiti South-West
Local
Government
Areas
Ijero
Ekiti West
Efon - Alaye
Irepodun/
Ifelodun
Oriade/
Osun State
Ikere
Oriade
Emure
Ise /Orun
7°20'
Ondo state
Atakumosa East
5°00'
20
0
20
7°20'
5°20'
Proportion of rice flow
Produced
Soaked
Parboiled
Kilometers Milled
Clusters of rice productionareas
Ofada rice productuionareas
Local Government Areas
Study area
Neighbouring states
Fig 5: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ekiti
and Osun States
29
Quantity
produced
(kg)
11800
45900
17000
134900
Quantity
soaked
(kg)
Quantity
parboiled
(kg)
7670
29835
17000
87685
Quantity
milled
(kg)
7670
29835
15550
87685
70100
64100
64100
64100
3°20'
3°40'
Oyo State
4°00'
N state
Osun
W
Ef
E
S
7°20'
Republic of Benin
Oriade
Oyostate
7°20'
Ogunstate
Abeokuta North LGA
Ijebu North LGA
Ewekoro LGA
Obafemi-Owode LGA
IfoLGA
7°00'
7°00'
Lagos state
Local
Government
Areas
Abeokuta
North
ObafemiOwode
Ijebu North
Ewekoro
Ogun
Waterside
Quantity
produced
(kg)
41250.00
Quantity
parboiled
(kg)
36260.00
Quantity
milled (kg)
135850.00
109850.00
109850.00
42000.00
40000.00
31710.00
42000.00
24708.00
9004.00
42000.00
24708.00
9004.00
Ogun Waterside
Badagry LGA
6°40'
6°40'
3°20'
40
0
40 Kilometers
3°40'
4°00'
Proportions of flow of rice in processing points
Qty Produced
Qty. Soaked
Qty. Parboiled
Qty sold as paddy
Qty. Milled
Qty. of Brown rice
Study area
Neighbouring states
FIG 6: Map showing proportion of flow of rice through production and processing points in Ogun State
30
36260.00
FARM
PADDY RICE
PRODUCTION
(570,510 KG)
PROCESSING
FIG 7: FLOW CHARTS SHOWING MOVEMENT OF RICE FROM PADDY PRODUCTION TO MARKET
SOAKING
PADDY RICE
SOAKED FOR
AROMATIC RICE
(64 100KG)
PARBOILING
PADDY RICE
PARBOILING
(428,112.5 KG)
RICE MARKET
MILING
PADDY RICE
TAKEN TO
THE MILL
(426,662 KG)
RE-PACKAGERS
MIILED
RICE SOLD
IN THE
MARKET
2772344,03Kg
RICE SOLD IN
RE-PACKAGED
1/2kg + 1kg
FORM
RICE SOLD
IN PADDY
FORM 36,813
KG
STORAGE
PADDY RICE
STORED
(59,710 KG)
OTHER
USES
FARM IMPUTS
™ SEEDS (6959.7KG)
™ LABOUR
™ FERTILISER
™ AGROCHEMICALS
31
FLOW OF OFADA RICE FROM PRODUCTION THROUGH
PROCESSING POINTS TO MARKETS
Data in Table 4 and Figures 4-7 show the flow of Ofada rice from production through
processing points to markets in the three States. Table 4 shows the quantities of rice
produced, soaked, parboiled, sold as paddy and milled. The data indicates that Obafemi
Owode local government area of Ogun State produces the highest quantity of Ofada rice
(135,850 KG) in the study area. This is closely followed by Irepodun/Ifelodun Local
government area of Ekiti (134,90KG). These two local government areas host Ofada
village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long tradition of rice production.
The next highest producer according to the data in Table 4 is Oriade local government
area in Osun State which recorded production level of 70,100 KG. Erin-Oke is the
leading rice producing village in the local government area and it happens to be the only
place where “aromatic” Ofada rice was produced.
“Aromatic” Ofada rice is produced by soaking the rice for three to five days for it to
ferment before parboiling. Generally, soaking rice for a few hours before parboiling
appears to be a common practice in rice processing. The quantity of rice soaked at Erin
Oke for the production of “aromatic” rice was 64,100 Kg.
The quantities of rice parboiled and the quantities taken to mills are the same in all the
local government areas surveyed. This perhaps is because parboiling is a necessary and
important stage in processing rice into edible forms. The highest quantity of rice
parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government
area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero local
government area of Ekiti State.
Some producers sold some quantities of rice in paddy form. These are usually sold to
marketers and packagers or re-packagers who later parboil, mill and package in 1/2Kg
and 1Kg packets. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 21,110 Kg in Ogun
Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West Local
government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was 36,
813Kg as shown in the flow chart in Fig 7.
The quantity of whole grain Ofada rice recovered from milling is 65% of the quantity of
parboiled paddy sent for milling. In cases where there is a wide disparity between the
quantity recovered and quantity sent for milling, it would be as a result of quality of
milling machine, the state of parboiled rice, and the variety of rice being milled. The
quantity of whole grain rice recovered was 295,856.13Kg, as shown in Fig 7.
DISTANCE ANALYSIS
Distance to and from production facilities determines to a large extent access to those
facilities, quality of final products and transactional costs. Distances from and to facilities
across the three States were analysed and are presented in Figures 8-13. More distance
analyses maps focusing on rice production at the local level in each State are presented in
Figures 14 to 32
N
Kosubosu
Okuta
Kishi
Manfu
Igboho
Igbeti
Major Towns
Major Roads
Neigbouring states.shp
#
Agro.shp
#
Farm location
4 km Buffer of Farm location
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
Ogun Rice Producing Area
Osun Rice Producing Area
Ekiti Rice Producing Area
Lafiagi
Share
Pategi
Saki
Ilorin
Ayede
Iseyin
Oyo
Ilobu
#
Ilesha
Ibadan
##
##
##
##
Ekiti
Ado Ekiti
Akure
#
Abeokuta
#
#### ## ########## #
##
###########
Ifon
Ikole Ekiti
# # Ikole
#### ##
#
Iju
Yola
Abeokuta
Ilaro
#
Ijero Ekiti
#
Ile Ife
#
Aiyetotro Gbede
#
Ilesha # #
##
#
Iwo
#
Owa
Ada
Fiditi
Igbo Ora
Aiyetotro
#####
Omi
Offa
Ogbomosho
Okeho
Kabba
Bakumi
Lokoja
Onukpo
Okene
Ise Ekiti
Ajaokuta
Egume
Okpo
Owo
Idah
Ondo
Ijebu-Igbo
###
##
##
Ijebu-Igbo
Shagamu
Alakuko
Epe
Lagos Metropolis
Ore
Otu
Ita Ita
Otu
##
#
####
Irele
0
Fig8: Distance Analysis Farm locations and Agrochemicals points
Buffer zone (KM)
Agrochemicals
%
0-4
2
28.6
5-8
9-12
13 and above
2
2
1
28.6
28.6
14.2
33
5 Km
Figure 8 and the table attached to it indicate that only about 28 percent of Ofada rice
farmers were within four kilometre range of source of Agrochemicals across the three
States. Over seventy percent of the farmers would need to travel at least between 5-12
kilometres to obtain agro-chemicals
N
Kosubosu
Okuta
Kishi
Manfu
Igboho
Lafiagi
Share
Igbeti
Pategi
Saki
Ilorin
Ayede
Iseyin
Oyo
Ilobu
Fiditi
#
Ijero Ekiti
#
Ilesha
Iwo
Ibadan
###
##
###
Ikole Ekiti
# # Ikole
#### ##
#
Ekiti
Kabba
Akure
Bakumi
Lokoja
Onukpo
Ado Ekiti
Iju
Yola
#
## # #####
####
##
# #
#
### #
##
##########
Aiyetotro Gbede
#
Ada
Ilesha #
###
#
OGUN# STATE
Abeokuta
Abeokuta
Ilaro
Owa
Ile Ife
Igbo
Ora
#
#
Aiyetotro
#####
Omi
Offa
Ogbomosho
Okeho
Okene
Ajaokuta
Ise Ekiti
Egume
Major towns.shp
Major roads.shp
Neigbouring states.shp
Fertilizer
#
#
Farm locations
3 km Buffer of Farm locations
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
Ogun lga
Osun lga
Ekiti lga
Okpo
Owo
Idah
Ondo
#
Ijebu-Igbo
#
##
###
Ifon Shagamu
Lagos Metropolis
Ijebu-Igbo
Alakuko
Epe
Ore
Otu
Ita Ita
Otu
###
#
#
Irele
0
5 Km
Fig 9: Distance from farm locations to source of fertilizers
Buffer zone (KM)
Fertilizers
%
0-10
3
37.5
11-20
5
62.5
As for distance to fertilizer points, about 40 percent of Ofada rice farmers would need to
travel at least 10 kilometres as shown in Figure 9, in order to obtain fertilizer. This
finding seems to partly explain the reason for the very few numbers of farmers who
actually used fertilizer in rice production as reported in the earlier section of this report.
34
N
Kosubosu
Okuta
Kishi
Manfu
Igboho
Igbeti
Saki
EKITI STATE
Lafiagi
Share
Ilorin
OSUN STATE
Ayede
Iwere
Iseyin
Oyo
Ilobu
Ada
OGUN STATE
Owa
#
%
Ilesha
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Ile Ife
Ago Owu
#
Abeokuta
Abeokuta
%
%#
#
%
%
%
%
#%
##
%% %
%%
%
#%%
#
%
%#
%
%
%
%
#%%
#%
##
%
#%
%
#
#%
%
##%
Isara
Shagamu
##
#
%
%
%%
#
#
%
Bakumi
Lokoja
Onukpo
Ado Ekiti
Okene
Iroko
Egume
Okpo
Akure
Owo
Idah
Ondo
%
#
%
%
#
#%
%
%
%
Ifon
Ijebu-Igbo
Alakuko
Ore
Otu
Epe ItaItaOtu
#
Lagos Metropolis
##
% %
%
%
Ise Ekiti
Ibadan
#
%
Aiyetotro
#%
%
#%
#
#%
%
#%
Kabba
Ikole Ekiti
Ijero Ekiti
%#
#
%
%
Ilesha
Iwo
Igbo
Ora
#%
#
%
Ilaro
Omi
Offa
Ogbomosho
Major Towns
Major roads
Threshing
%
Farm location
2 Km Buffer of Farm location
2
4
6
8
10
Neigbouring states
Ogun Rice Producing Area
Osun Rice Producing Area
Ekiti Rice Producing Area
#
Pategi
%
%
#%
#%
%
%
Irele
0
5
Km
Fig 10: Distance from farm location to point of threshing
Buffer zone (KM)
Threshing points
%
0-2
106
90.6
3- 4
5 and above
8
3
6.9
2.5
As shown in Figure 10, most rice farmers threshed their paddy within the farm or close to
the farm location as such over 90 percent of the farmers travelled a distance of between 0
and 2 Kilometres to threshing points. Similarly, most parboiling of paddy took place
within a distance of 0 to 4 kilometres of the farmers’ farm as shown in Figure 11. The
35
same trend of short distance from farms to rice paddy markets and rice milling points are
recorded as shown in Figures 12 and 13 across the three States.
Kosubosu
N
Okuta
Kishi
Manfu
Igboho
Lafiagi
Share
Igbeti
Pategi
Saki
Ilorin
Ayede
Okeho
Iseyin
Oyo
Ilobu
Fiditi
Iwo
Omi
Offa
Ogbomosho
OSUN
Owa
Ada
Ibadan
#
Ikole Ekiti
# #
##### ##
Ilesha # ##
#
STATE
##
Ilesha ### AdoEKITI
EkitiSTATE
###
#
Iju
Yola
#
Aiyetotro
### ####
##
#### ## ########## #
##
#
######
#####
Ifon
Lagos Metropolis
Bakumi
Lokoja
Onukpo
Okene
Ajaokuta
Egume
Okpo
Owo
Idah
Ondo
##
Ijebu-Igbo
# ##
##
Shagamu
OGUN STATE
Kabba
Ise Ekiti
Akure
#
Abeokuta
Abeokuta
Ilaro
Ikole Ekiti
#
Ijero Ekiti
#
Ile Ife
Igbo Ora
Aiyetotro Gbede
#
Major Towns
Major roads
Neigbouring states.shp
#
Farm location
#
Parboiling Points
Buffer 1 of Farm location.shp
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ekiti Rice Producing Area
Osun Rice Producing Area
Ogun Rice Producing Area
Ijebu-Igbo
Alakuko
Epe
Ore
Otu
Ita Ita
Otu
#
##
#
####
Irele
0
Fig 11: Distance from farm locations to parboiling points
Buffer zone (KM)
Parboiling points
%
0-4
104
95.4
5- 8
9 and above
4
1
3.7
0.9
36
5 Km
N
Kosubosu
Boria
Okuta
Kishi
Manfu
Igboho
Lafiagi
Share
Igbeti
Pategi
Saki
Ilorin
Ayede
Okeho
Iseyin
Oyo
Ilobu
#
Ijero ##Ekiti
#
Ibadan
##
Ekiti
Iju
Yola
Akure
#
Abeokuta
Abeokuta
####
####
##
## ##
##
#
### #
##
# ####
######
###
Shagamu
Lagos Metropolis
Aiyetotro Gbede
Ikole Ekiti
#
# # Ikole Ekiti
#### ##
#
Ile Ife
#
Aiyetotro
### ##
Ifon
##
#
Ilesha # #
###
Ilesha ###### Ado
###
Iwo
Igbo Ora
Ilaro
Owa
Ada
Fiditi
Meko
Omi
Offa
Ogbomosho
Kabba
Bakumi
Lokoja
Onukpo
Okene
Ise Ekiti
Major Towns
Major Roads
Neigbouring states.shp
Milling points
Farm location
2 km Buffer of Farm location
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Ogun Rice Producing Area
Osun Rice Producing Area
Ekiti Rice Producing Area
#
#
Ajaokuta
Egume
Okpo
Owo
Idah
Ondo
Ijebu-Igbo
##
#
###
##
Ijebu-Igbo
Alakuko
Epe
Ore
Otu
Ita Ita
Otu
#
##
###
Irele
0
5 Km
Fig 12: Distance between farm locations and paddy markets
Buffer zone (KM)
Paddy markets
%
0-7
8-14
15-21
22 and above
30
1
1
3
79
2.1
2.1
6.3
37
N
Kosubosu
Okuta
Kishi
Manfu
Igboho
Lafiagi
Share
Igbeti
Major towns.shp
7 km Buffer of Farm location
7
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
Major roads.shp
Neigbouring states.shp
# Paddy Market
# Farm location
Ogun Rice Producing Area
Osun Rice Producing Area
Ekiti Rice Producing Area
Pategi
Saki
Ilorin
Ayede
Iseyin
Oyo
Omi
Offa
Ogbomosho
Okeho
Ilobu
Owa
Ada
#
Ile Ife
#
Igbo
Ora
##
#
Aiyetotro
### ##
Ilesha
Ago Owu
#
#####
##
####### ###### # #
##
##
##########
Bakumi
Lokoja
Onukpo
Ado Ekiti
Okene
Ise Ekiti
Ajaokuta
Egume
Okpo
Akure
Owo
Idah
Ondo
Ijebu-Igbo
##
###
##
Ifon
Ijebu-Igbo
Shagamu
Lagos Metropolis
# #
### ##
# ###
Iju
Ibadan
Abeokuta
Abeokuta
Ilaro
##
##
###
#
Kabba
Ikole E kiti
Ijero Ekiti
###
Ilesha
Iwo
Aiyetotro Gbede
##
##
Alakuko
Epe
Ore
Otu
Ita Ita
Otu
#
#
##
####
Irele
0
5 Km
Fig. 13: Distance from farms to rice milling points
Buffer zone (KM)
Rice milling points
%
0-4
40
81.7
5- 8
9 and above
6
3
12.2
6.0
38
5°00'
5°20'
Ilejemeje
N
W
E
S
Ijero
Oye
%
Ido-Osi
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
2
4
6
9
2
5
56.25
12.5
31.5
#
%
%
#
#
#
#
%
%
7°40'
#
%
%
%
#
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
%
##
%
%%
7°40'
#
Efon
Ado-Ekiti
Ekiti West
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
#
Parboiling points
Distance to parboiling points
2
4
6
8
%
7
0
7 Kilometers
Figure 14: Distance from farms to parboiling points in Ofada rice production
clusters in Ekiti Sate
39
5°00'
5°20'
N
Ijero
W
E
Oye
%
#
S
Ido-Osi
%
##
%
#
#
%
%
#%
%
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
%
%
%
%%
#
Efon
7°40'
7°40'
#
Ado-Ekiti
Distanc
e (km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
2
4
6
2
7
5
12.5
43.75
56..25
Ekiti West
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
#
Seed sources.
Distance to seed sources (Km).
2
4
6
8
%
7
0
7 Kilometers
Figure 15: Distance from farms to seed sources in Ofada rice production clusters in
Ekiti Sate
40
5°00'
5°20'
N
W
Ijero
%
Oye
#
#
E
S
Ido-Osi
%
Distance
(km)
#
#
%
%
%
%
#
%
7°40'
#
%#
%
#
# #
%
%
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
#
#
%
2
4
7°40'
>6
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
10
2
4
62.5
12.5
25
Ado-Ekiti
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
Threshing points
Distance to threshing points (Km)
1
2
3
Ekiti l
h
%
#
6
0
6 Kilometers
Figure 16: Distance from farms to threshing points in Ofada rice production
clusters in Ekiti Sate
41
5°00'
5°20'
Ilejemeje
N
W
E
S
Ijero
Oye
%
Ido-Osi
#
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
2
5
9
12.5
31.5
56.25
%
%
#
%
7°40'
%
#%
%
%
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
%
%
%
%
Efon
2
4
7°40'>6
#
Ado-Ekiti
Ekiti West
5°00'
5°20'
Agrochemical points.
Rice farms
Distance to Agrochemical points(Km)
2
4
6
8
#
%
7
0
7 Kilometers
Figure 17: Distance from farms to agrochemical points in Ofada rice production
clusters in Ekiti Sate
42
5°00'
5°20'
Ilejemeje
N
W
E
S
Ijero
Oye
%
$
Ido-Osi
$
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
2
4
6
6
4
6
37.5
25
37.5
%
$
$
%
$
$$
7°40'
$
%
%
7°40
%
$
%
%
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
%
$
%
%%
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
$
Millingpoints
Buffer 1 of Milling points
2
4
6
Ekiti l
h
%
6
0
6 Kilometers
Figure 18: Distance from farms to milling points in Ofada rice production clusters
in Ekiti Sate
43
5°00'
5°20'
N
W
Oye
%
Ijero
Ido-Osi
E
S
%
%
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
7°40'
Efon
&
%
7°40'
AISA, Ado Ekiti
Ilesha
Ekiti West
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
10
20
30
0
12
4
0
75
25
&
Ado-Ekiti
Ekiti state
Osun state
Ekiti South-West
Ikere
Ise /Or
5°00'
5°20'
Fertiliser points
Rice farms
Distance to fertiliser points (kM)
10
20
30
40
&
%
10
0
10 Kilometers
Figure 19: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters
in Ekiti Sate
44
5°00'
5°20'
N
W
'
%
Ijero
'
Oye
Ido-Osi
%
'
'
E
S
%
Irepodun/Ifelodun
%
%
%
%
7°40'
%
%
%%
%
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
10
20
30->40
5
2
6
31.25
12.5
56.25
7°40'
Efon
Ekiti West
Ado-Ekiti
Ekiti state
Osun state
Ekiti South-West
Ikere
'
Ise/Or
5°00'
5°20'
Rice markets
Rice farms
Distance to rice markets(Km)
10
20
30
40
Ekiti t t
'
%
10
0
10 Kilometers
Figure 20: Distance from farms to markets in Ofada rice production clusters in
Ekiti Sate
45
5°00'
5°20'
N
U
%
Agric Imput Supply Agency
Ilesha
W
E
Distance
(km)
S
17 Km
18 Km
Oriade
Ilesha East
19 Km
°40'
18
19
20
7°40
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
10
25
4
25.6
64.1
10.3
$ $
$
$$
$
$
20 Km
$
$
Atakumosa East
Atakumosa West
$
$$
$
$
$
$
22 Km
5°00'
5°20'
Ricefarms
Fertiliser point
Distance tofertiliser point
18
19
20
$
U
%
3
0
3 Kilometers
Figure 21: Distance from farms to fertilizer points in Ofada rice production clusters
at Erin –Ijesha, Osun Sate
46
5°00'
5°20'
N
ha, Agricultural Imput Supply Agency
U
%
W
E
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
2
4
6
14
6
5
56
24
20
S
17 Km
18 Km
Oriade
Ilesha East
19 Km
°40'
7°40
$ $
$
$$
$
$
20 Km
$
$
Atakumosa East
Atakumosa West
$
$$
$
$
$
$
22 Km
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
U
%
Seedsource
Distance toseed source
18
19
20
O
t t
$
3
0
3 Kilometers
Figure 22: Distance from farms to seed sources in rice production clusters in Erin
Oke, Osun Sate
47
5°00'
5°20'
N
W
E
S
Erin Oke
U%
%
U
%
U
U
%
$
U
%
U
%
$
$
$$
$
$
$
7°40'
7°40
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
Parboiling points
Distance to parboiling points
2
4
6
$
U
%
1
0
1 Kilometers
Figure 23: Distance from farms to parboiling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate
48
5°00'
5°20'
N
W
E
S
%
%
$
%
Erin Oke
%
%
%%
%
%
%
%$
$
$$
$
$
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
2
4
6
14
6
5
56
24
20
$
°40'
7°40
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
5°00'
5°20'
Rice farms
Milling points
Distance to millingpoints
2
4
6
$
%
1
0
1 Kilometers
Figure 24: Distance from farms to milling points at Erin Oke, Osun Sate
49
5°00'
5°20'
N
S IleshaAgric Imput SupplyAgency
#
W
E
a West
Distance
(km)
No of
farmers
% of
Farmers
18
19
20
10
25
4
25.6
64.1
10.3
S
17 Km
18 Km
Ilesha East
19 Km
7°40'
7°40'
Erin Oke
$
$
$ $
$
$
$
20 Km
$
Atakumosa East
Atakumosa West
$
$$
$
5°00'
$
$
$
22 Km
5°20'
Fertiliser points
$
Rice farms
Distance Fertiliser point
18
19
20
O
t t
S
#
3
0
3 Kilometers
Figure 25: Distance from farms to fertilizer source at Erin Oke, Osun Sate
50
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
#
N
[%
[%
%
[
W
[
%
[
[ %
%
[%
E
Distance
(Km)
15
30
45
60
S
[
%
[
%
##
7°00'
[%
[
#%
[ [%
%
[%
#
[
%
#%
[[%
[
%
[
%
[
%
[
%
[
%
[%
%
[%
[[ %
[
[%
[ %
%
[%
[
%
7°00'
[
%
[%
[%
[
[[ %
%
[%
%
# [% %
[
[%
[
[%
%
#
[
%
[
[%
[%
%
#
[%
[
%
[[%
%
[
[ %
%
[%
[
[%
%
Milled rice markets
Farm locations
Dista nce to milled ric e markets
15
30
45
60
75
Ogun state
#
[
%
6°30'
6°30'
#
[%
[%
[%
%
[
[%
%
[%
[#%
[[%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
0
4°00'
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 26: Distance from farms to milled rice markets in Ogun Sate
51
No of
Farmers
72
21
6
15
% of
Farmers
63.16
18.42
5.26
13.16
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
[%
[%
%
[
N
W
[
[ %
%
[%
E
[
%
# %
[
S
[
%
#
[%
%
[%
[
[ [%
%
7°00'
[
%
[
%
[
[%
%
[%
[%
[
%
[
%
[%
[
%
[%
[%
%
[[ %
[
[%
[%
%
[ %
[
%
[%
[
%
7°00'
[%
[%
[
[%
%
[%
[
%
[%
%
[%
[
[
%
[
%
[[
%
[% %
[%
[
[%
%
[
%
[ [%
[%
%
6°30'
[%%
[%
[%
[
[%
%
[%
[%
[[%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
0
Distance
(Km)
25
50
75
>100
No of
Farmers
61
23
15
15
#
Agroc hemical points
[
%
Fa rm loc ations
Distance to Agrochem ical points
6°30'
25
50
75
100
125
Ogun state
4°00'
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 27: Distance from farms to Agrochemical points in Ogun Sate
52
% of
Farmers
53.5
20.2
13.15
13.15
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
N
[%
[%
%
[
W
[
[ %
%
[%
E
S
[
%
% %
[
[
%
%
[%
%
[
[ [%
%
7°00'
[
%
[
[%
%
[%
[
%
[
%
%
[
%
[
%
[
%
[%
%
[%%
[[ %
%
[
[
%
[ %
[%
[%
%
%
%
[
%
[%
%
[%
[
[%
%
[%
[%
%
[%
[%
%
[%
%
[%
[
%
Distance
(Km)
5
10
20
25
7°00'
[%
%
[%
[%
[%
[
[ %%
%
[%
[
[%
%
[
%
[ [%
[%
%
No of
Farmers
66
17
8
2
% of
Farmers
Seed sou rces
Farm lo cations
Distance to seed so ur ces
5
10
15
20
25
50
Ogun state
%
[
%
6°30'
6°30'
[%
%
[%
[%
[
[%%
[[ %
[%
[%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
4°00'
0
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 28: Distance from farms to sources of seeds in Ogun Sate
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
N
W
E
[%
%
[%
[
S
[
[ %
%
[%
[%
# %
[
[%
%
[
#
#
7°00'
[%
%
[%
[
[ [%
%
[
%
[
[%
%
[%
[
%
[%
[
%
[
%
[%
[
%
[%
[%
%
[[ %
[
[%
%
[ %
[%
[
%
[%
7°00'
[
%
[%
[
[%
[%
%
[%
[%
[%
%
[%
[
[
[%
%
#
[
%
[
[%
[%
%
[%
%
[
[[
%
[ %
%
[%
%
[%
[
6°30'
6°30'
[%
[
[%
%
[%
[
[%
[%
%
[%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
0
Distance
(Km)
20
40
60
>100
No of
Farmers
69
14
16
15
#
Fertiliser points.
[
%
Farm locations
Dista nce to fertiliser points
20
40
60
80
100
Ogun state
4°00'
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 29: Distance from farms to fertilizer source in Ogun Sate
53
% of
Farmers
60.5
12.28
14
13.1
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
N
[%
[%
%
[
W
[
%
[
[ %
%
[%
E
S
[
%
[
%
#
Y
[%
%
[
%
[ [%
7°00'
[%
%
[
[
[%
[%
%
[%
[
%
[
[%
%
[%
%
[
[%
[%
[%
%
[[ %
[
[%
%
[ %
[%
[
%
[%
[
%
7°00'
#
# Y
Y
[%
%
[
[[
%
[%%
[%
[
[%
%
[
%
[%
[
[
[%
[%
[%
[%%
[%
%
[
#%
%
[
[%
Y
[%
%
[
Distance
(Km)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
No of
Farmers
36
27
15
13
6
3
14
# Milling points
Y
Fa rm locat ions
[
%
Distance of farm to milling points
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Ogun st ate
6°30'
6°30'
[%
[%
%
[
[%
%
[
[Y
%
[#
%
[Y
%
[#%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
0
4°00'
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 30: Distance from farms to rice milling points in Ogun Sate
54
% of
Farmers
31.6
23.7
13.2
11.4
5.2
2.6
12.3
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
N
[%
[%
%
[
W
%
[
%
[ %
%
[ %
%
%
%
[%
[%
%%
E
S
[
%
[%
%
[
[ [%
%
[
%
7°00'
[
[%
[%
%
[
%
[%
[
%
%
[
%
[%
[%
%
[%
%
[%
[
[%
%
[%
[%
[%
[
%
[%
%
[
%
7°00'
%
[
%
%
[
%
[
[%
[%
[%%
[ [%%
%
[%%
%
%%
[%
[%
[
[%
%
[%
%
[%
%
[
[ %%
%
[%
[
[%%
[%
Distance
(Km)
3
6
9
12
>12
No of
Farmers
92
1
4
9
8
%
Parboiling points
[
%
Farm locations
Distance to parboiling points
3
6
9
12
Ogun state
6°30'
6°30'
%
[%
%
[%
[%
[[%
[%
[%
[%
[%%
%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
0
4°00'
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 31: Distance from farms to rice parboiling points in Ogun Sate
55
% of
Farmers
80.7
0.87
3.51
7.9
7.0
3° 00'
3° 30'
4° 00'
N
%
[%
[%
[
W
E
%
%
[%
[
%
[ %
%
%
[ %
S
%
[
%
[
%
%
7° 00'
[%
%
[%
[
[ [%
%
[
%
[
%
[
[%
[%
%
[%
[
%
[%
[
%
[%
%
%
[%
%
[[ %
[
[%
[%
[%
%
[%
[%
%
7° 00'
[%
[%
[
[%
[%
%
[%
%
%
[%
%
[
%
[
[%
%
[%
%
[%
[[
%
[ %%
%
[%
[%%
[%
[
[
%
%
[
%
[%
%
[%
6° 30'
6° 30'
%
[%
%
[%
[%
[%
%
%
[%%
[%
[[%
[
%
3° 00'
3° 30'
20
0
Distance
(Km)
2
4
6
8
>8
No of
Farmers
90
2
1
4
17
% of
Farmers
78.9
1.75
0.87
3.51
14.9
%
Thr es h in g p oin ts
[
%
Farm lo ca tio ns
D is tan ce o f far m to thr eshin g po ints
2
4
6
8
Og un sta te
4° 00'
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 32: Distance from farms to rice threshing points in Ogun Sate
56
3°00'
3°30'
N
W
[
%
[
%
E
[
%
S
#
[%
%
[
# [%
[%
[
%
[
[%
%
##
[%
[
%
[ #
%
7°00'
[
%
[
%
[
%
[%
#%
[#%
[[#%
[
[ #%
[%
[#
%
[%
[%
%
[
%
#
[%
%
[#
%
[#
[#
%
[#
#%
[#
%
[#
%
[
%
#
[
%
7° 00'
[%
%
[
[[
%
[ %
%
[%
[%
[
[%%
[
%
[
#
[%
%
[%
6° 30'
#
[%
[%
%
[%
[%
[#[
[%
%
[%
[%
[
%
3°00'
3°30'
20
0
% of
Farmers
5
10
15
20
25
>25
54.4
8.8
2.6
1.8
14
18.4
4°00'
[%
[%
%
[
[
[ %
%
[%
Distance No of
(Km)
Farmers
4°00'
20
6° 30'
62
10
3
2
16
21
#
Padd y rice markets.
[
%
Farm locatio ns
Distan ce to Paddy m arket
5
10
15
20
25
Og un state
40 Kilometer s
Figure 33: Distance from farms to paddy markets in Ogun Sate
57
DISTANCE ANALYSIS AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
The distance analyses data presented in Figures 13 to 33 consistently show that facilities
for rice threshing, parboiling, milling, were readily available at local levels and within a
short distance (between 2 and 4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although
urban markets may appear to be very far away from these rice production locations
according to the distance analysis data, farmers did not seem to have problems selling
their paddy or milled rice as buyers come directly to these locations to buy. The same
data show that points of production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer
were far away from farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may
not be readily available to the majority of rice farmers. This point to the need for direct
intervention by agencies concerned to improve access of farmers to all production inputs.
58
4°00'
4°10'
4° 20'
4°30'
4° 40'
4°50'
5°00'
5° 10'
Ila O ran gun
O do -O tin
8° 00'
In is ha
du n
Irep odu n Ifelo
Ada
O rolu
O lo ru nd a
Bo ripe
Eg bedo re
O ke Im es hi
Ilob u
Ejigb o
7° 50'
8° 00'
O la -O l uw a
Ede
O sog bo
O sogbo
Ed e N orth
Ed e Sou th
E fon Alay e
Iles ha
G bon gan
7° 20'
Iso ka n
Ife East
Ife N orth
Aiyeda ade
Ata ku m osa
Ea st
A go O w u
Ife te do
7° 10'
Ileo lu ji
Ife Sou th
O ndo
7° 00'
20
0
4°00'
4°10'
20 Kilometers
4° 20'
Ro ads.
O fada rice pro ductio n area
O ther LG As
Land co ver types
Forest/Tree crop p lantatio n
7° 20'
G rassland
Ofada R ic e
G rassland /w oo dland
P rodu ct ion A rea
M arsh /w etlan ds
7° 10'
Rain Forest
Rain fed arable cro ps
Ro ck outcrop
7° 00'
Settlem ent
W aterbo dies
M ajor settlem en ts
5°00'
5° 10'
7° 30'
Ile Ife Ata ku m osa WIpest
etu Ije sha
Ife C entra l
Ire wo le
Yola
4°30'
7° 40'
Ilesh a W e st
Ilesh a E astIjeb u Je sha
Aiyedire O de O m un
7° 30'
7° 50'
Ib oku n O boku n
7° 40'
Iw o Iw o
Ifedayo
Ila
Bo luw ad uro
4° 40'
4°50'
Figure 34: Map of land use and land cover of Osun State
59
4°40'
4°44'
7°44'
4°48'
4°52'
4°56'
5°00'
5°4'
7°44'
N
W
E
S
7°40'
7°40'
Efon Alaye
Erin Oke
Ilesha
7°36'
7°36'
Forest
Arable crop land
Rock out crops
7°32'
Major
settlements
Ijebu Jesha
7°32'
Ogotun
Ipetu Ijesha
7°28'
Land cover
categories
Land
Coverage
(Ha)
9918.3
47710
1,463.3
16.43
79
2.42
1259.3
2.08
% Land
Coverage
7°28'
7°24'
7°24'
7°20'
7°20'
4°40'
10
4°44'
4°48'
0
4°52'
10
4°56'
5°12'
5°4'
5°00'
20 Kilometers
Roads
Ofada rice production area
Landcover types in Oriade LGA
Rain Forest
Rainfed arable crops
Rock outcrop
Settlement
Figure 35: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Osun State (Erin Oke)
60
5°00'
5°30'
8°00'
8°00'
N
W
Ijero
Iloro
Ushi
Ijero
S
Ijero E kiti
Oye
Ifaki
Irepodun/If elodun
Efon
Aram ok o Ekiti
Iyin Ekiti
Ekiti W est
E
Ayede
Ikole Ek iti
Ire Ekiti
Igbem o Ekiti
Ado Ekiti
Ilaw e Ekiti
Aisegba
7°30'
7°30'
Igbara O do
Ikere Ekiti
Ise Ekiti
Ofada Rice Produc tion Areas
Emure Ekiti
5°00'
30
0
5°30'
30 Kilometers
Figure 36: Map of land use and land cover of Ekiti State
61
Ofada rice production areas
Other LGAs
Land c ovetypes
Forest plantation
Grassland
Grassland/woodland
Gullies
Irrigation project
Mining areas
Rain Forest
Rainfed arable c rops
Riparian forest
Ro ck outcrop
Settlem ent
Tree/forest plantation
Un disturbe d forest
Water bodies
5°00'
5°10'
5°20'
5°30'
N
W
Ayede
Land cover
categories
Ushi
Iloro
7°50'
E
S
Ikoro
Oke Imeshi
7°50'
Ijero
Ifaki
Oye Egusi
Ikole
Ire Ekiti
Aramoko Ekiti
7°40'
Igbemo Ekiti
Igede Ekiti
Efon Alaye
7°40'
Iyin Ekiti
Ado Ekiti
Aisegba
Ilawe Ekiti
Ogotun
7°30'
Igbara Odo
5°00'
7
0
7
5°10'
14 Kilometers
7°30'
Ikere Ekiti
5°20'
IseEkiti
5°30'
Ofada rice productionareas
Landcover ekiti rice production area
Forest reserve/Agric. tree plantation
Rain Forest
Rainfedarablecrop land
Rockoutcrop
Settlement
Ub
i ki i h
Figure 37: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ekiti State
62
Forest reserve/
Agric. tree
plantation
Arable crop land
Rock out crops
Major
settlements
Rain
forest/riparian
forest
Land
Coverage
(Ha)
520.87
% Land
Coverage
0.44
100524.41 84.18
5271.61
4.41
2420.5
2.03
10679.73
8.94
Figure 38: Map of land use and land cover of Ogun State
63
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
4°30'
N
W
Land cover
categories
E
S
Aiyetotro
Abeokuta
7°00'
7°00'
Isara
Owode
Iperu
Ajegunle
Ijebu-Igbo
Ago Iwoye
Ilaro
Shagamu
Ifo
Ijebu Ode
Alakuko
Ita Otu
6°30'
6°30'
3°00'
20
3°30'
0
20 Kilometers
4°00'
Forest Reserve/
Agric. Tree crop
plantation
Arable crop land
Rain
forest/riparian
forest
Major
settlements
Swamp/wetlands
Water bodies
4°30'
Roads
Ofada Rice Production Areas
Landcover types
Forest reserve/Agricultural tree Plantation
Rain forest/Riparian forest
Rainfedarablecrop land
Settlement
Swamp/wetland
Water bodies
S ttl
t
Figure 39: Map of land use and land cover in rice producing areas of Ogun State
64
Land
Coverage
(Ha)
8671.8
% Land
Coverage
(Ha)
1.86
337180
44767.3
72.2
9.6.1
4411.3
0.94
62562.7
12.5
9462.32
2.02
LAND SUITABILITY FOR RICE PROUCTION
Ofada rice production areas can be described in terms of its soil conditions and land
cover types. The study examined land suitability with specific reference to rice
cultivation. Land use/land cover classification is one useful way of identifying areas
where environmental limitations are at a minimum for extensive cultivation of Ofada
rice. This kind of information when combined with that of soil conditions provides useful
data on where precisely is best for rice cultivation. The land use/land cover of the three
states under study are described in terms of size of land occupied by human settlements
and natural features such as forest, water bodies, crop plantations and rock out crops.
More importantly is the size of available arable land since areas suitable for different
types of agricultural development can be identified from the available land.
The land cover maps were developed from the data on National land cover categorisation
by the Forestry Monitoring Evaluating and Coordination Unit (FORMECU). The data
had been prepared from series of over flights and mosaics of several scenes of
LANDSAT Imageries. Although the land cover maps were created for the three states;
Ekiti, Osun and Ogun state specific attention was paid to the rice production areas within
these states. The land cover maps are presented in Figures 34 to 39.
In Ekiti state, four local government areas were studied namely; Efon- Alaye, Ekiti west
and Irepodun / Ifelodun and Ijero which constitute the major rice production area in Ekiti
State. The arable crop land is about, 100,524.411Ha which represents about 84 percent of
the land area of the area. Less than 10 percent of this is currently under rice cultivation in
the State.
In Osun state, Oriade local government area identified as the rice production area had
quite an expanse of rocks and rock out crops. In spite of this there is still about 47,710Ha
(79%) arable land.
Ogun state has a slightly different configuration in the land cover categories identified.
Six major categories of land cover types were identified as against four in Osun and the
five in Ekiti. Apart from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with
possibility for upland rice cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area can be
categorised as wetland. This area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within
the five local government areas studied.
Availability of arable land however does not ultimately determine site selection for crop
production especially when the aim is maximum yield with optimal production input.
Since farmers lack the wherewithal to effect soil amendment and improve the quality of
soil, accurate determination of the most suitable locations for specific crops becomes a
better option to maximise crop yield and productivity.
To do this, soil characteristics have to be mapped and matched with expected crop yield.
From such information a prescription map can be developed to show for instance how
65
much of chemical fertilizer could be applied to particular locations across the field. Other
type of prescription map is to decide based on the information available best land site for
a crop. Since it would be practically impossible to take and analyse soil samples from
every location across the entire study area, samples of soil was collected from 10 farms
per local government area contacted and it was analysed to determine which soils could
provide the greater support to upland rice in the study area and South western Nigeria at
large.
Five parameters were considered most crucial for rice production namely; available
Phosphorus, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), organic carbon, Textural class, pH,
available Nitrogen and soil depth.
The data collected were combined with the FAO soil classification that has been created
as ArcInfo format grid and converted back to shape files. Each land quality (Soil
parameters) is a thematic layer in the GIS which contains spatial data and its associated
attributes. Each of the parameters was added into the GIS as a layer and by Overlay
operation (Multiplication) the parameters were combined to give a single layer.
The evaluation model for rice is defined using the value of factors rating as follows:
suitability=R*NAI*D*T. The overlay process of these layers was performed to produce a
resultant polygonal layer upon which the evaluation model was applied. The resultant
layers produced the suitability maps for rice.
The suitability evaluation for rice was based mainly on the method described by FAP
(1983). The map resulting from the overlay process of the selected land qualities was
finally reclassified as either; Highly suitable, Moderately suitable, Good and Marginally
suitable. The requirement of rice was reviewed from a number of publications (FAO
(1983), FAO (1991), LLD (1990), Sys et al (1993), Delante (1993)) and Eco crop website
of the Food and Agricultural organisation. The qualities considered in developing the
suitability maps are as stated in Table 5.
Table 5: Land Quality factors for upland rice
Land use requirement
Rainfall (R)
Annual
rainfall
Soil Depth (D)
Nutrient availability NAI
Index (NAI)
N
Water retention
capacity (T)
Factor rating
m.m >1,500
1100-1500 9001100
<900
>0.60
0.40-0.60
<0.10
%
>0.2
0.1-0.2
0.100.40
<0.1
PH
-
5.6-7.3
Soil
texture
-
CL, Si, SCL,
SiL, C, AC
7.4-7.8
5.1-5.5
L, SiCL,
SiC, SL
7.9-8.4 >8.4
4.0-5.0 <4.0
LS
G, S,
SC
66
-
Temperature and rainfall are generally adequate and well distributed and almost uniform
over south western Nigeria. Hence temperature in particular was not considered in the
land suitability calculation. The land suitability maps for rice production clusters in the
three States are presented in Figures 40 to 42
67
5°00'
5°20'
5°40'
8°00'
8°00'
Suitability
Land area
(million Ha)
Marginal
Moderate
Good
High
0.42
0.053
0.051
0.014
N
Iloro
Ayede
Us hi
Oke Im eshi
Ikoro
Ijero Ek iti
Egus i
Oye
Ifaki
Ikole E kiti
Ire Ekiti
Om u Ekiti
Om u O badore
Aram oko Ekiti
7°40'
Igbem o E kiti
Igede Ek iti
Iyin Ek iti
Efo n A la y e
Ado Ek iti
7°40'
Aisegba
Ilawe Ekiti
Ogotun
Igbara O do
Ikere Ekiti
Ise Ekiti
Em ure Ekiti
7°20'
7°20'
Iso
5°00'
10
5°20'
0
5°40'
10 Kilometers
Fig. 40: Land suitability map for rice production in Ekiti State
68
Roads
Major tow ns
Land suitability for rice c ultivation
Marginal suita bility
Moderate suita bility
Good suita bility
High s uitability
Ek iti state
% of
land
area
78.3
9.7
9.4
2.6
4° 00'
4° 20'
4°40'
5°00'
N
Ila O rang un
8°00'
Suitability
8° 00'
Inisha
Ire
Ada
Oke Im esh i
Ilo bu
Osog bo
Ib okun
Marginal
Moderate
Good
High
Land area
(million Ha)
0.69
0.079
0.11
0.04
Ede
7° 40'
Iw o
Ku ta
Ile O g bo
Ijebu Je sh a
Od e O m u n
Ipetu m o du
Gbon gan
7° 40'
Efon Alaye
Ilesha
Kajola
Ile Ife
Ipe tu Ije sh a
Yola
7° 20'
7° 20'
Ago O wu
If etedo
Ileoluji
Oke igbo
Ond o
7°00'
7° 00'
4° 00'
4° 20'
10
0
10
4°40'
5°00'
20 Kilometers
Fig. 41: Land suitability map for rice production in Osun State
69
Roads
Major tow ns
Land suitability
High s uitability
Good suita bility
Moderate suita bility
Marginal sui ta bility
Osun sta te.
% Total
land area
75.1
8.6
11.96
4.3
3° 00'
3° 30'
4° 00'
4° 30'
8° 00'
8°00'
Suitability
N
7°30'
Marginal
Moderate
Good
High
7°30'
Im e k o
Aiyeto tr o
Ab eo k u ta
7° 00'
Oja O d a n
Ila ro
Ajeg u n le
Isa ra
Ije b u- Ig b o
Ip e ru
Ag o Iw o ye
Ilish an
Ifo
7°00'
Ije b u O de
Sh ag a m u
Alak u ko
Ow o d e
Id iro ko
Ad o- Od o
Iw o p in
6°30'
20
3° 00'
0
20
3° 30'
Ita O tu
6°30'
40 Kilom eters
4° 00'
Roa d s
M ajor tow ns
Ric e su ita b ility
Hig h su ita bility
M od era te s uita bility
G oo d su ita b ility
M arg in al s uitab ility
Inlan d W ater
O gu n state .
4° 30'
Fig. 42: Land suitability map for rice production in Ogun State
70
Land area
(million Ha)
0.53
0.7
0.43
0.33
% Total
area
26.49
35.37
21.63
16.51
In Ekiti west local government area, it was established that the soils around Aramoko and
Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils
around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti Igede Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable for rice
cultivation. The soils around Efon Alaye, and Oke Imesi have moderate suitability. The
implication of this is that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in
soil management and land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved
productivity.
In Osun state soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable,
but over 79% of the arable land are categorised as marginal.
Ogun state shows a little exception especially around Obafemi Owode local government
where almost 50% of the arable soil is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of
upland rice. This is a bit surprising given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one
would expect the soil to be generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. The
explanation could be that most farmers adopting the rotational fallow system have
somehow perfected a form of land management strategy that ensured quick
replenishment of soil nutrients
Ijebu North Local government area presents a slightly different picture. One half of the
area is categorised as marginally suitable while the other half is classified as moderately
suitable. Soils of Ijebu water-side are mostly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus
Generally soils of south-western Nigeria have been described by Moss (1957), Smyth and
Montgomery (1962). The parent material is a major determinant of soil characteristics.
Soils of the study area are predominantly forest soils derived from metamorphic and
igneous rocks (basement complex). An exemption is the Ijebu water-side dominated by
deltaic deposits, fresh water swamp soils and saline mangrove soils.
Soils of the basement complex parent material have red to brown upper subsoil with
higher clay content than the surface or lower sub-soil. The soils are characterized with
slight to moderate leaching. Nitrogen response may not be obtained on soils that are
newly cleared from about 10 years of bush fallow. Total N is generally above 0.1%
(considered minimum for rice) while organic matter is usually above 1.5%. Because these
soils have high Phosphorus adsorption capacity, phosphorus deficiency could present a
serious problem. Since most of the phosphorus is in organic form, a high proportion of
the available P is released through mineralization of organic phosphorus. The potassium
status of these soils could vary widely. In high rainfall areas, economic response to K
could be obtained after a year as a result of erosion, low mineral reserves and wide
variation in the mineral composition of the parent material. There is a general decline in
the initial soil fertility under continuous cultivation.
71
Summary, conclusions and recommendations
PropCom’s proposition to support activities that impact on the Ofada rice value chain
requires accurate information to develop appropriate interventions. Mapping of the Ofada
rice value chain is important in obtaining the kind of information required. The mapping
exercise is expected to facilitate geographical targeting of interventions where they are
needed, improve cost effectiveness of infrastructural development spending and more
efficiently reach those who need intervention most. These no doubt are some of the
cogent reasons for PropCom’s commissioning of this study.
The mapping exercise identified major Ofada rice production areas in Ogun, Osun and
Ekiti States. It identified 254 Ofada rice farmers majority of whom are males, 204
parboilers mostly females, 36 rice mills in 55 villages and 11 local government areas in
the three states.
Obafemi Owode local government area of Ogun State produced the highest quantity of
Ofada rice (135,850 KG) in the study area. This was closely followed by
Irepodun/Ifelodun Local government area of Ekiti (134,90KG). These two local
government areas host Ofada village and Igbemo Ekiti respectively where there is a long
tradition of rice production. The next highest producer is Oriade local government area in
Osun State which recorded production level of 70,100 KG. The highest quantity of rice
parboiled and milled was 109,800 Kg and this is from Obafem Owode Local government
area. The lowest quantity parboiled and milled was 7, 670 Kg and this is from Ijero local
government area of Ekiti State. The quantity of Ofada rice sold in paddy form was 21,110
Kg in Ogun Waterside local government area of Ogun State and 15,700 Kg in Ekiti West
Local government area of Ekiti State. The total quantity of rice sold in paddy form was
36, 813Kg.
The distance analyses data consistently show that facilities for rice threshing, parboiling,
milling, were readily available at local levels and within a short distance (between 2 and
4 kilometres) of the farmers’ farm or residence. Although urban markets may appear to
be very far away from rice production locations according to the distance analysis data,
farmers did not seem to have problems selling their paddy or milled rice as buyers come
directly to these locations to buy. The data further show that locations of Ofada rice
production inputs such as seeds, agrochemicals and fertilizer were far away from
farmers’ field and residence (between 5 and 30 kilometres) and may not be readily
available to the majority of rice farmers. This situation points to the need for direct
interventions to improve access of farmers to all rice production inputs.
The total arable crop land in the rice production areas of Ekiti state is 100,524.411Ha.
This represents about 84 percent of the total land area. Less than 10 percent of this is
currently under rice cultivation in the State. In Osun state, Oriade local government area
identified as the rice production area has 47,710Ha (79%) arable land. In Ogun state apart
from 67% (337,180Ha) of land available as arable land with possibility for upland rice
cultivation, about 625,62Ha or (12.5%) of the land area was categorised as wetland. This
area could be explored for lowland rice cultivation within the five local government areas
studied.
72
It was established that the soils around Aramoko, Ijero Ekiti up to Ifaki were highly
suitable for upland rice cultivation while the soils around Ado-Ekiti, Iyin Ekiti, Igede
Ekiti and Igbemo are marginally suitable for rice cultivation. The soils around Efon
Alaye, and Oke Imesi were classified as moderately suitable. The implication of this is
that rice farmers in Igbemo Ekiti would require special attention in soil management and
land amendment practices to guarantee steady and improved productivity. In Osun state
soils close to Ilesha, particularly Erin Oke was classified as highly suitable, but over 79%
of the arable land are categorised as marginal. Ogun state presents a unique feature
especially around Obafemi Owode local government where almost 50% of the arable soil
is considered as highly suitable for the cultivation of upland rice. This is a bit surprising
given the long years of rice cultivation in the area one would expect the soil to be
generally deficient in critical rice soil nutrients. The could be that most farmers adopting
the who are well known to use the rotational fallow system have somehow perfected this
form of land management strategy for ensuring quick replenishment of lost soil nutrients
Ijebu North Local government area presents a slightly different picture. One half of the
area is categorised as marginally suitable while the other half is classified as moderately
suitable. Soils of Ijebu water-side are mostly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus
In conclusion, the distance analysis maps reveal the importance of spatial targeting and
prioritization of interventions. It is hoped that this result will be utilized by PropCom in
developing, prioritizing and targeting interventions to positively impact the Ofada rice
value chain in south western Nigeria.
A number of issues related to the Ofada rice value chain require further research and
analysis. This mapping exercise was carried out when there was no crop growing on the
field. A more detailed mapping of the production system with empirical of farm
management data would reveal more comprehensively the problems associated with each
stage of the Ofada rice production system.
73
References
Bo-heng Li, 1990. Application of Remote Sensing and GIS, China's Land Survey,
Evaluation and Administration. Proceeding of the 11th ACRS vol 11Nov. 15-21, 1990
Guangzhou, China.
Delante, V.Z., 1993, Land Suitability Classification for Cassava, pineapple and rubber
using GIS in A, Pluak Daeng, Rayong Prov. M.Sc. Res. Study, AIT Thailand.
FAO. 1983. Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Rainfed agriculture soils Bulletin No. 52
Rome: 237.
FAO. 1991. Guidelines: Land Evaluation for Extensive Grazing. FAO Soils Bulletin
No.58. Rome:
Land Development, 1990. Land Evaluation for Economic crops. Min. of Agriculture and
cooperatives.
Moss. R. P. 1957. Report of the classification of soil found sedimentary rocks. In western
Nigeria Soil Survey Report. No. 67
Radcliffe D.J. and Rochette L. Maize in Angonia. 1983. An analysis of factors
production. Field Report 30, FAO/UNDP MOZ/75/011, Maputo. Ver. 22.
Smyth A. J. and R. F. Montgomery, 1962. Soils and Land Use in Central Western
Nigeria. Government Press Ibadan
Sys. C, Ranst. V Debaveye. J. and Beenaert. F. 1993. Land Evaluation Part III crop
requirements. Agr. Publication No. 7, ITC Ghent.
74
Appendix 1: Soil analysis parameters
GRIDCODE
32
23
43
42
32
32
43
32
34
30
32
24
30
34
43
34
23
42
30
43
43
30
20
97
23
97
97
20
34
20
97
30
20
43
20
30
24
CATEGORY
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured
soils
Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured
soil
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| medium textured
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| coarse textured
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured
soils
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured
soils
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| medium textured
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || coarse textured
Medium
Textured
Soils
(loamy)
|| fine textured soils
soils
Medium
Medium Textured
Textured Soils
Soils (loamy)
(loamy) ||
|| coarse textured
Course
Texture Soils (sandy) || fine textured soils
soils
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils
Fine
Textured
Soils
(clay)
textured
Medium
Textured
Soils
(loamy)|| ||medium
fine textured
soils
Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured
soil
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| coarse textured
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) ||
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| medium textured
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| medium textured
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) ||
Course Texture Soils (sandy) ||
Water
Course Texture Soils (sandy) || medium textured
soil
Water
Water
Course Texture Soils (sandy) ||
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) || fine textured soils
Course Texture Soils (sandy) ||
Water
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) ||
Course Texture Soils (sandy) ||
Fine Textured Soils (clay)
|| medium textured
Course Texture Soils (sandy) ||
Medium Textured Soils (loamy) ||
Course Texture Soils (sandy) || fine textured soils
75
RICECODE
2
3
1
1
2
Textural
Classifica
tion of
soils
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
3
CEC
3
3
2
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
ID
10
12
13
20
21
23
24
30
31
32
34
35
40
42
43
45
50
52
53
54
97
99
DESCRIPTION
10 = <4meq/100g
||
12 = <4meq/100g
|| 4-10meq/100g
13 = <4meq/100g
|| >10-20meq/100g
20 = 4-10meq/100g ||
21 = 4-10meq/100g || <4meq/100g
23 = 4-10meq/100g || >10-20meq/100g
24 = 4-10meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g
30 = >10-20meq/100g ||
31 = >10-20meq/100g || <4meq/100g
32 = >10-20meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g
34 = >10-20meq/100g || >20-40meq/100g
35 = >10-20meq/100g || >40meq/100g
40 = >20-40meq/100g ||
42 = >20-40meq/100g || 4-10meq/100g
43 = >20-40meq/100g || >10-20mq/100g
45 = >20-40meq/100g || >40meq/100g
50 = >40meq/100g
||
52 = >40meq/100g
|| 4-10meq/100g
53 = >40meq/100g
|| >10-20meq/100g
54 = >40meq/100g
|| >20-40meq/100g
97 = Water
99 = Glaciers, Rock, Shifting sand, Missing
data
Nitrogen
ID
3718
3782
3803
3818
3850
3902
GRIDCODE
23
31
30
30
30
32
3903
3922
3939
20
34
32
3940
3941
3957
3976
24
23
23
32
3977
3978
3979
3994
4007
34
34
23
34
32
4055
4056
30
34
CATEGORY
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
RICECODE
>0.08-0.2
0-0.2
>0.02-
3
2
2
2
2
2
>0.2-0.5
>0.02-
3
2
2
>0.2-0.5
>0.08-0.2
>0.08-0.2
>0.02-
3
3
3
2
>0.2-0.5
>0.2-0.5
>0.08-0.2
>0.2-0.5
>0.02-
2
2
3
2
2
>0.2-0.5
2
2
76
4090
4096
4097
25
21
12
4098
12
4115
4116
30
32
4117
12
4118
4119
40
12
4143
32
4144
32
4145
4146
4163
4177
4187
23
21
43
24
12
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4224
4236
20
30
20
97
20
23
97
12
4237
4238
4239
4255
97
20
34
12
4256
12
4257
4258
4278
4279
4287
4288
4322
4351
4370
4423
4557
4559
97
30
20
43
30
20
24
43
34
24
31
43
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
0-0.02
||
0.08
0-0.02
||
0.08
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
0-0.02
||
0.08
>0.2-0.5 ||
0-0.02
||
0.08
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
>0.08-0.2 ||
0.08
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.2-0.5 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
0-0.02
||
0.08
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.5
>0-0.02
>0.02-
3
3
4
>0.02-
4
>0.02-
2
2
>0.02-
4
>0.02-
1
4
>0.02-
2
>0.02-
2
>0.08-0.2
>0-0.02
>0.08-0.2
>0.2-0.5
>0.02-
3
3
1
3
4
3
2
3
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.02-0.08 || >0.08-0.2
3
3
0-0.02
0.08
4
|| >0.02-
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 || >0.2-0.5
0-0.02
|| >0.020.08
0-0.02
|| >0.020.08
3
2
4
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.2-0.5 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.2-0.5 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.02-0.08 ||
>0.08-0.2 ||
>0.2-0.5 ||
2
3
1
2
3
3
1
2
3
2
1
4
>0.08-0.2
>0.2-0.5
>0.08-0.2
>0.2-0.5
>0.2-0.5
0-0.2
>0.08-0.2
77
PH
ID
3139
3182
3193
3209
3241
3330
3339
3355
3356
3370
3371
3381
3382
3391
3397
3405
3406
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3428
3439
3440
3441
3451
3452
3453
3463
3494
3519
3537
3587
3715
GRIDCODE
32
23
23
23
32
32
20
42
42
42
42
34
34
21
32
31
21
20
20
97
20
23
21
97
31
97
23
31
31
97
30
23
30
20
23
12
3717
4304
30
30
OID_
11
7
7
7
11
11
5
16
16
16
16
12
12
6
11
10
6
5
5
25
5
7
6
25
10
25
7
10
10
25
9
7
9
5
7
1
GRIDCODE_1
32
23
23
23
32
32
20
42
42
42
42
34
34
21
32
31
21
20
20
97
20
23
21
97
31
97
23
31
31
97
30
23
30
20
23
12
9
9
30
30
CATEGORY
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >7.2-8.5 ||
( >7.2-8.5 ||
( >7.2-8.5 ||
( >7.2-8.5 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
Water
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
Water
( >5.5--7.2 ||
Water
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
Water
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( >= 4.5-5.5 ||
( < 4.5
||
)
( >5.5--7.2 ||
( >5.5--7.2 ||
>=4.5-5.5 )
>5.5-7.2 )
>5.5-7.2 )
>5.5-7.2 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
>7.2-8.5 )
>7.2-8.5 )
<4.5 )
>=4.5-5.5 )
<4.5 )
<4.5 )
RICECODE
1
3
3
3
1
1
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
3
3
3
>5.5-7.2 )
<4.5 )
3
3
3
<4.5 )
1
>5.5-7.2 )
<4.5 )
<4.5 )
3
1
1
>5.5-7.2 )
>5.5-7.2 )
>= 4.5 - 5.5
1
3
1
3
3
4
1
1
The nutrient availability index based on the method developed by Radcliff et al (1982) and is
given by NAI=N*P*K*pH. Due to absence of data on Phosphorus and Potassium, NAI
in this study was limited to N*pH
78
Appendix 2: land suitability rating for the Ofada rice production areas.
Ofada rice production area
Ogun state
Abeokuta North
Ewekoro
Ijebu North
Obafemi Owode
Ogun water side
Oriade
Ekiti State
Efon
Ekiti west
Ijero
Irepodun/Ifelodun
Suitability rating
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
High
Moderate
Good
Marginal
79
Land Area (Ha)
% Land cover
5589.3
25228.6
36066.5
61566
8.36
37.72
53.92
99.3
406.3
0.7
49389
1446
34515
42816.3
34187.5
8586.7
56629.5
8155.9
57.87
1.7
40.43
30
24
6
40
14.11
31454.5
18225.4
54.38
31.51
9160.5
16.15
47580.2
83.85
350.1
8438.3
1.95
46.85
9221.2
4876.8
14247.1
51.2
17.45
50.97
8827.7
11947.4
11788.5
31.58
34.04
33.59
11362
2171.0
32.37
5.66
36186.8
94.34