Name Class Date Biography Rome and Christianity Cicero c. 106–43 BC WHY HE MADE HISTORY Cicero translated many ideas and words from Greek into Latin. As a result, Latin became the language known for intellectual communication. As you read the biography below, think about how Cicero’s intelligence and dedication to language helped change history. Cicero (SIS-uh-roh) was a statesman in Rome. He was best known for his orations, which he also wrote down. Cicero’s writings made him one of the most respected and influential writers in Rome. By the time he died, Cicero had written more than 100 orations. Cicero was born in Italy to middle-class parents. He studied many subjects in school, including law, rhetoric, philosophy, and literature. Cicero visited Rome, Athens, and Rhodes. At Athens, Cicero studied with Titus Pomponius Atticus, who became a lifelong friend. Cicero wrote many letters, a large number of which still exist. Cicero wrote letters to his brother, to his friend Atticus, and even to Brutus (one of Julius Caesar’s assassins). Cicero’s letters reveal much about Roman life in his time. Cicero also contributed to language by translating ideas and technical terms from Greek into Latin. He improved Latin so much that it became an international language for centuries to come. VOCABULARY oration a formal speech, often given for a ceremony or special occasion Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 4 5606_MSH_Biography_Ch11a.indd 4 Rome and Christianity 6/10/05 1:16:27 PM Name Class Date Biography Cicero, continued Politically, Cicero was very vocal. While serving in the Roman Senate, he strongly opposed Caesar. Cicero called on Romans to limit the power of the generals and give control of the government back to the Senate. When Caesar was assassinated, Cicero applauded his death. But loyal supporters of Caesar did not tolerate Cicero’s opposition. Cicero was banished from Rome in 58 BC because of his political views. Cicero returned to Rome in 57 BC. Marc Antony and Cicero were enemies. The second triumvirate—Octavian, Lepidus, and Marc Antony—were all supporters of Caesar. The three disapproved of Cicero’s political beliefs, and Antony included Cicero’s name on a list of condemned Romans. Cicero was killed in 43 BC. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. What subjects did Cicero study? 2. Contrast How is politics different in America today than in Rome during Cicero’s time? ACTIVITY 3. Think about Cicero and his writings. Write a letter to a friend or family member describing what you have learned about Cicero. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 5 Rome and Christianity Answer Key Biography Marc Antony 9. “God’s chosen one” in Hebrew; prophets used to this word to describe the leader who was a descendant of King David 10. probably the most important figure in the spread of Christianity after Jesus’s death; traveled throughout the Roman world spreading Christian teachings 11. punishing a group because of its beliefs; a few Roman emperors banned Christianity and caused this to happen to Christians 12. what Christians call Jesus’s rise from the dead; believed by early Christians to be a sign that Jesus was the Messiah and the son of God WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Marc Antony delivered Caesar’s eulogy, and helped form the Second Triumvirate. 2. Antony lost influence and power in Rome because he ended his alliance with the Second Triumvirate, and also with Octavianus. Antony also gave each of his children a different country or kingdom, which breached relations with Rome. ACTIVITY 3. Students’ time lines will vary. Biography Saint Peter Vocabulary Builder Section 3 WHAT DID YOU LEARN? 1. Saint Peter was known for being Jesus’s 1. Diocletian ruled the Roman Empire in the 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. most trusted companion. He is considered by some Christians to be the first head of the church, and was the first bishop of Rome. 2. Peter was a fisherman. He met Jesus, and went on a journey with him and his brother Andrew. He began preaching Christianity. Peter then went on a missionary journey, then died as a martyr. late 200s. The Huns, under the fearsome leader Attila, raided Roman territory in the east. By the 400s corruption, the decay of people’s values, had become widespread in Roman government. Justinian, an emperor who ruled from 527 to 565, wanted to reunite the old Roman Empire, as well as had passions for the law and the church. Justinian’s smart and powerful wife was Theodora, who convinced Justinian to stay in power for the rest of his reign. Historians call the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire the Byzantine Empire. ACTIVITY 3. Answers will vary. Literature CALL-OUT BOX 1. Students’ answers will vary. Biography Cicero ANALYZING LITERATURE 1. She knows she can outrun them so she WHAT DID YOU LEARN? won’t ever have to marry. 1. Cicero studied law, rhetoric, Latin, 2. Answers may vary. Hippomenes will win philosophy and literature. because the oracle said that Atalanta will marry. Atalanta will win because she is faster and can outrun everyone. 2. In Cicero’s time, you had to agree with the political leaders or they had the power to have you silenced or killed. Today, people are encouraged to voice their opinions and share their differences. ACTIVITY 3. Students’ letters will vary. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 37 5606_MSH_Answer Key_Ch11.indd 37 Rome and Christianity 6/10/05 1:23:14 PM
© Copyright 2024 Paperzz