Chapter 1 A--The Evolution of Psychology
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1.
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of
A. physics and physiology.
B. philosophy and physiology.
C. chemistry and physics.
D. philosophy and chemistry.
2.
The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject
matter is
A. G. Stanley Hall.
B. René Descartes.
C. William James.
D. Wilhelm Wundt.
3.
According to historians, the "birth" of psychology occurred in
A. 1859 in England.
B. 1879 in Germany.
C. 1883 in the United States.
D. 1909 in the United States.
4.
The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience
is MOST closely linked with
A. William James.
B. Wilhelm Wundt.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. John B. Watson.
5.
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of
A. observable behavior.
B. conscious experience.
C. unconscious motivation.
D. the functions of behavior.
6.
Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
A. questioning the nature of existence.
B. studying stimulus-response associations.
C. determining people's unconscious motivation for behavior.
D. examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.
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7.
According to your textbook author, one factor that contributed to both the birth of psychology in
Germany and the rapid growth of psychology in the United States toward the end of the 19th century is
that
A. intellectual climates in both countries favored the development of new nonscientific approaches.
B. many American students choose to study in Germany.
C. resources were available for expansion and universities climates were open to the development of
new disciplines.
D. Wilhelm Wundt was a tireless scholar who generated numerous books and articles while establishing
the APA in 1892.
8.
The two disciplines from which psychology developed were
A. sociology and philosophy.
B. philosophy and physiology.
C. physiology and theology.
D. physiology and sociology.
9.
While the term psychology has existed since at LEAST the early 1700s, psychology did not come to be
considered a science until
A. the 1750s.
B. the early 1800s.
C. the late 1800s.
D. the 1940s.
10. The "birth" of psychology as a science occurred in ____ when ____.
A. 1859; Darwin published the theory of natural selection
B. 1879; Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research
C. 1890; James published the textbook Principles of Psychology
D. 1900; Freud first described the unconscious
11. Wundt defined psychology as
A. the scientific study of behavior.
B. the scientific study of the unconscious.
C. the scientific study of the brain.
D. the scientific study of conscious experience.
12. The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched
America's first psychology journal was
A. John Watson.
B. William James.
C. G. Stanley Hall.
D. Edward Titchener.
13. The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was
A. Sigmund Freud.
B. G. Stanley Hall.
C. William James.
D. John Watson.
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14. The world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is the
A. World Psychology Organization.
B. American Psychological Society.
C. American Psychological Association.
D. Psychologists of North America.
15. Kesha is a member of the world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology. Kesha
is MOST likely a member of the
A. World Psychology Organization.
B. American Psychological Society.
C. Psychologists of North America.
D. American Psychological Association.
16. Which of the followings is NOT one of the major contributions of G. Stanley Hall?
A. He established the first American psychological journal.
B. He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America.
C. He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.
D. He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
17. The psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in America, founded the first
American psychological journal, and was the first president of the American Psychological Association
was
A. G. Stanley Hall.
B. William James.
C. John Watson.
D. Wilhelm Wundt.
18. In a discussion with your professor she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study
should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical
schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST indicative of?
A. behaviorism
B. functionalism
C. structuralism
D. psychoanalysis
19. The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of
conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images was
A. humanism.
B. behaviorism.
C. structuralism.
D. functionalism.
20. Introspection was MOST likely to be used by
A. humanist psychologists.
B. behaviorist psychologists.
C. structuralist psychologists.
D. functionalist psychologists.
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21. Melissa is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious
reactions to several stimuli. Melissa is MOST likely participating in a study conducted by a
A. humanist psychologist.
B. behaviorist psychologist.
C. structuralist psychologist.
D. psychoanalytic psychologist.
22. Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she
experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of
A. structuralism.
B. functionalism.
C. behaviorism.
D. humanism.
23. In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting
and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called
A. introspection.
B. retrospection.
C. empiricism.
D. psychoanalysis.
24. The method used to examine the contents of consciousness by early psychologists that involved the
careful systematic self-observation of your own conscious experience is known as
A. introspection.
B. behaviorism.
C. structuralism.
D. natural selection.
25. Wundt and Titchener believed that psychology should
A. only study observable behavior.
B. analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C. focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D. study the function or purpose of consciousness.
26. Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it
is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views are MOST
consistent with those of
A. William James.
B. Ivan Pavlov.
C. Carl Rogers.
D. Edward Titchener.
27. The "school" of psychology that states that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience
into its basic elements is
A. behaviorism.
B. functionalism.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. structuralism.
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28. If you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc.)
you would be utilizing the technique of
A. introspection.
B. behaviorism.
C. functionalism.
D. empiricism.
29. If while watching an exquisite sunset you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings, you
would be performing introspection as the ____ once did.
A. structuralists
B. behaviorists
C. functionalists
D. psychoanalysts
30. The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior was
A. functionalism.
B. behaviorism.
C. neodynamism.
D. psychoanalysis.
31. Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee
would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain
A. if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
B. by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
C. if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
D. if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.
32. Stressing that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure is
associated with the school of psychology known as
A. structuralism.
B. functionalism.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. Gestalt psychology.
33. William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was MOST heavily influenced
by
A. Charles Darwin.
B. Sigmund Freud.
C. John Watson.
D. B. F. Skinner.
34. Dr. Yang is studying pain perception. She argues that we can only understand the conscious experience
of pain if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. Which early school of
psychology is Dr. Yang's views MOST like?
A. structuralism
B. behaviorism
C. functionalism
D. humanism
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35. Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to
understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to
produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with
A. the behaviorist approach to psychology.
B. the functionalist approach to psychology.
C. the structuralist approach to psychology.
D. the psychoanalytic approach to psychology.
36. Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the purpose
that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr. Rice's views
are MOST consistent with those of
A. Edward Titchener.
B. Ivan Pavlov.
C. Carl Rogers.
D. William James.
37. The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was
A. existential awareness.
B. stream of consciousness.
C. transcendental meditation.
D. phenomenological flow.
38. Of the following, the concept that is LEAST closely associated with functionalism is
A. mental testing.
B. stream of consciousness.
C. adapting to the environment.
D. elements of consciousness.
39. Which of the following was LEAST likely to be the focus of study for the functionalists?
A. mental testing
B. development in children
C. sensation and perception
D. the effectiveness of educational practices
40. The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was
A. Mary Calkins.
B. Margaret Washburn.
C. Leta Hollingworth.
D. Anna Freud.
41. The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology
was
A. structuralism.
B. behaviorism.
C. functionalism.
D. pragmatism.
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42. Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two
important contributions to the discipline that includes the development of
A. behaviorism and applied psychology.
B. psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
C. behaviorism and introspection.
D. women psychologists and applied psychology.
43. James believed that psychology should
A. only study observable behavior.
B. analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C. focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D. study the function or purpose of consciousness.
44. Functionalism was founded by
A. John Watson.
B. Sigmund Freud.
C. William James.
D. Wilhelm Wundt.
45. The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.
A. behaviorists
B. humanists
C. functionalists
D. structuralists
46. William James was significantly influenced in his approach to studying psychology by
A. Aristotle.
B. Plato.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. Charles Darwin.
47. Darwin's theory of natural selection had a significant influence on the development of
A. functionalism.
B. psychoanalysis.
C. structuralism.
D. behaviorism.
48. The "school" of psychology that has a practical focus and is interested in how people adapt their
behavior to the demands of the world is
A. psychoanalysis.
B. behaviorism.
C. functionalism.
D. structuralism.
49. The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with
A. John Watson.
B. William James.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. Wilhelm Wundt.
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50. The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the
views of
A. Carl Rogers.
B. Wilhelm Wundt.
C. B. F. Skinner.
D. Sigmund Freud.
51. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems,
which he called
A. behavior modification.
B. primal therapy.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. rational-emotive therapy.
52. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The
faculty member states, "Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their
overt actions." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by
A. B. F. Skinner.
B. Carl Rogers.
C. Wilhelm Wundt.
D. Sigmund Freud.
53. Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by
A. unrealistic demands from family and friends.
B. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.
C. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.
D. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.
54. The major departure of Freud's position from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that he
A. saw abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
B. saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
C. proposed the existence of free will.
D. emphasized environmental forces on behavior.
55. People resisted psychoanalysis mainly because of its emphasis on
A. unconscious motivation.
B. introspection.
C. the role of heredity.
D. stimulus-response associations.
56. People resisted psychoanalysis because of the suggestion that people are not masters of their own minds
and because of Freud's proposal that behavior is influenced by how people cope with
A. unconscious motivation.
B. sexual urges.
C. heredity.
D. stimulus-response associations.
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57. Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus
exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behavior. Liserel's views toward the study of psychology
match those of
A. the psychoanalytic perspective.
B. the cognitive perspective.
C. the humanistic perspective.
D. the structuralist perspective.
58. The idea that you have thoughts, memories, and desires beyond the control of conscious rational
processes originated with
A. John Watson.
B. B. F. Skinner.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. Abraham Maslow.
59. Which of the following statements about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is MOST accurate?
A. Freud's views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current
mainstream psychology.
B. Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology.
C. Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on
other areas of mainstream psychology.
D. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.
60. Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by
A. studying observable behavior.
B. analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements.
C. focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D. studying the function or purpose of consciousness.
61. You act impulsively, then wonder why. Freud would tell you that your behavior was influenced by
your
A. unconscious mind.
B. conscious mind.
C. inability to think quickly.
D. lack of rational thought.
62. Which of the following did not have a significant influence on the development of Freud's theory?
A. knowledge gained as a result of working with patients
B. the results of his experimental research
C. knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires
D. his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make
63. Freud believed that we are often not the masters of our own mind because of
A. introspection.
B. the physiological functioning of our bodies.
C. environmental influences acting on us.
D. the unconscious.
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64. Which of the following was not one of the reasons why psychoanalysis was controversial when it was
first developed?
A. its focus on the unconscious
B. its emphasis on sexual issues
C. its focus on humans
D. its lack of experimental research
65. While psychoanalysis was originally ____, with the passage of time many psychoanalytic concepts came
to be ____ by mainstream psychology.
A. controversial; rejected
B. controversial; accepted
C. accepted; rejected
D. only accepted by behaviorists; accepted
66. The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of
behavior was
A. John B. Watson.
B. Abraham Maslow.
C. G. Stanley Hall.
D. Sigmund Freud.
67. The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was
A. structuralism.
B. functionalism.
C. behaviorism.
D. psychoanalysis.
68. The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively
observed is
A. humanism.
B. behaviorism.
C. structuralism.
D. functionalism.
69. According to a behaviorist, an overt (observable) response or activity by an organism is
A. behavior.
B. the unconscious.
C. behaviorism.
D. a stimulus.
70. With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?
A. Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
B. In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
C. Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation of
experience.
D. Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.
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71. John B. Watson argued that psychologists should
A. use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
B. be concerned with the purposiveness (function) of behavior.
C. confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
D. abandon the study of consciousness.
72. According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by
A. heredity.
B. personal motives.
C. the environment.
D. unconscious desires.
73. Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements?
A. Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors.
B. Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
C. Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors.
D. No one really knows what the primary causes for human behavior are.
74. Response is to stimulus as
A. pain is to cut.
B. light is to moth.
C. joke is to laugh.
D. pen is to paper.
75. Another name for the behavioral approach in psychology is
A. stimulus-response psychology.
B. structuralism.
C. applied psychology.
D. Gestalt psychology.
76. Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the
experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the
A. behaviorist view of psychology.
B. structuralist view of psychology.
C. functionalist view of psychology.
D. psychoanalytic view of psychology.
77. Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle's mother asks her what she did
just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter's actions and her son's response
to those actions, Lynelle's mother is using the type of analysis that would be typical in
A. the structuralist approach to the study of psychology.
B. the functionalist approach to the study of psychology.
C. the behaviorist approach to the study of psychology.
D. the psychoanalytic approach to the study of psychology.
78. The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology
was
A. behaviorism.
B. structuralism.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. Gestalt psychology.
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79. The type of psychologist who would be MOST likely to study rats in a laboratory setting would be a
A. behaviorist.
B. structuralist.
C. psychoanalyst.
D. Gestalt psychologist.
80. Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats.
Christine would MOST likely be considered a
A. behaviorist.
B. structuralist.
C. psychoanalyst.
D. Gestalt psychologist.
81. Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological
research with animals?
A. It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans.
B. In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans.
C. With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with.
D. A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.
82. Behaviorism was founded by
A. Wilhelm Wundt.
B. Carl Rogers.
C. John Watson.
D. Sigmund Freud.
83. Watson believed that psychology should
A. only study observable behavior.
B. analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
C. focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
D. study the function or purpose of consciousness.
84. Watson defined psychology as
A. the scientific study of behavior.
B. the scientific study of the unconscious.
C. the scientific study of the brain.
D. the scientific study of conscious experience.
85. The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
A. psychoanalysis.
B. functionalism.
C. structuralism.
D. behaviorism.
86. Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) psychology?
A. psychoanalytic theory
B. behaviorism
C. structuralism
D. evolutionary psychology
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87. Which of the following "schools" of psychology was MOST influential in increasing the use of animals
in psychological research?
A. humanism
B. animalism
C. behaviorism
D. structuralism
88. If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive
behavior in school is the result of
A. a learning disability.
B. his genetic inheritance.
C. his prior experiences.
D. a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences.
89. A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in
the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights. These
scientists MOST likely follow
A. the behavioral perspective.
B. the psychodynamic perspective.
C. the humanistic perspective.
D. the functionalist perspective.
90. Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard,
tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors, rather than internal states in her study. Bernard's
views are MOST similar to those found in
A. the psychodynamic perspective.
B. the evolutionary perspective.
C. the behavioral perspective.
D. the biological perspective.
91. Caroline conducts research in which she systematically changes some aspect of the environment and
then measures changes in observable behavior. This approach to research is consistent with the basic
ideas of
A. the humanistic perspective in psychology.
B. the behavioral perspective in psychology.
C. the psychoanalytic perspective in psychology.
D. the biological perspective in psychology.
92. The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with
A. behaviorism.
B. humanism.
C. structuralism.
D. functionalism.
93. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The
faculty member states, "Internal states undoubtedly exist, but it is not necessary to draw inferences about
unobservable states in order to understand behavior." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to
the views held by
A. William James.
B. B. F. Skinner.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. Carl Rogers.
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94. The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive
outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
A. Sigmund Freud.
B. B. F. Skinner.
C. Carl Rogers.
D. Abraham Maslow.
95. With which of the following individuals is B. F. Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal
mental events?
A. John Watson
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Wilhelm Wundt
D. Abraham Maslow
96. Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and
praise. Janet used the principles of
A. behaviorism.
B. humanism.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. functionalism.
97. "Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses
that lead to neutral or negative outcomes." These words would MOST likely have been said by
A. Wilhelm Wundt.
B. William James.
C. B. F. Skinner.
D. Abraham Maslow.
98. Skinner's behaviorism
A. left room for free will.
B. included constructs about motives.
C. permitted limited statements about consciousness.
D. made the study of behavior and its outcome the basis of the whole approach.
99. Which of the following psychologists would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an
illusion"?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. B. F. Skinner
C. Wilhelm Wundt
D. Carl Rogers
100.In the 1950s Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of the principles of
A. humanism.
B. functionalism.
C. behaviorism.
D. psychoanalysis.
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101.Which psychologist believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes?
A. Carl Rogers
B. Sigmund Freud
C. William James
D. B. F. Skinner
102.Skinner would suggest that if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an "A",
for your next psychology midterm you would
A. continue to study "extra hard."
B. reduce your study time by approximately 25%.
C. reduce your study time by approximately 50%.
D. devote all of your study time to your other courses.
103.It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques
developed by
A. William James.
B. Abraham Maslow.
C. B. F. Skinner.
D. Wilhelm Wundt.
104.Lisa taught her son to buckle his seat belt in the car by only allowing him to play one of his tapes on the
car stereo after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of
A. cognitive psychology.
B. biological psychology.
C. humanism.
D. behaviorism.
105.Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:
A. all behavior is governed by external consequences
B. individuals have free will
C. organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes
D. organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes
106.Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual
uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?
A. behaviorists
B. psychoanalysts
C. humanists
D. Gestalt psychologists
107.The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and
potential for personal growth, is
A. behaviorism.
B. functionalism.
C. humanism.
D. psychoanalysis.
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108.The school of psychology that takes the most positive view of human nature is
A. behaviorism.
B. functionalism.
C. humanism.
D. psychoanalysis.
109.Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to
human behavior?
A. a psychoanalyst
B. a behaviorist
C. a humanist
D. a cognitive psychologist
110.Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's research will
produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from
animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Oliver's roommate
apparently has
A. a humanistic perspective.
B. an evolutionary perspective.
C. a biological perspective.
D. a cognitive perspective.
111.The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is
A. cognitive approach.
B. humanism.
C. structuralism.
D. biological approach.
112.Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?
A. Humans are unique.
B. The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances.
C. Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.
D. Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.
113.Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by
A. their self-concepts.
B. unconscious sexual urges.
C. the outcomes of their responses.
D. biochemical processes.
114.The school of psychology that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, and suggests that we have a
drive for personal growth is
A. humanism.
B. psychoanalysis.
C. behaviorism.
D. functionalism.
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115.Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist be
MOST likely to say about Manny?
A. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
B. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he
has the ability to fulfill his potential.
C. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice
assertive behaviors.
D. Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at
the root of his passivity.
116.Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to
grow and fulfill his or her potential?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. B. F. Skinner
C. G. Stanley Hall
D. Abraham Maslow
117.Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in government
intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this argument on the
assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential as long as others do
not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in
A. the evolutionary perspective.
B. the humanistic perspective.
C. the psychodynamic perspective.
D. the behavioral perspective.
118.Which of the following "schools" of psychology developed in the 1950s?
A. psychoanalysis
B. functionalism
C. humanism
D. behaviorism
119.Which of the following "schools" of psychology believes people have a basic need to fulfill their
potential for personal growth and experience free will?
A. humanism
B. behaviorism
C. cognitive psychology
D. psychoanalysis
120.The "school" of psychology that emphasizes unique qualities of people compared to other animals is
A. evolutionary psychology.
B. cognitive psychology.
C. behaviorism.
D. humanism.
121.Which of the following psychologists is(are) considered humanistic psychologist(s)?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. B. F. Skinner
C. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
D. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
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122.Both Rogers and Maslow believe
A. people are not masters of their own destiny
B. people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth
C. human behavior is largely determined by primitive sexual urges
D. human behavior is shaped by environmental events
123.As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. You MOST likely
follow the principles of
A. behaviorism.
B. structuralism.
C. psychoanalysis.
D. humanism.
124.The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called
A. developmental psychology.
B. abnormal psychology.
C. applied psychology.
D. cognitive psychology.
125.Margaret is an industrial psychologist who advises companies on how to improve worker morale. As a
psychologist who attempts to solve practical problems, Margaret would MOST likely be considered
A. an academic psychologist.
B. an applied psychologist.
C. a behavioral psychologist.
D. a humanistic psychologist.
126.Which of the following sounds LEAST like the work of an applied psychologist?
A. finding ways to teach learning disabled children
B. studying basic learning processes in rats
C. treating someone with a phobia
D. looking for ways to increase efficiency in an organization
127.The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was
A. quantitative psychology.
B. clinical psychology.
C. child psychology.
D. educational psychology.
128.A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in
A. determining how small groups make decisions.
B. studying facial expressions of emotion.
C. figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety.
D. studying the nature of optical illusions.
129.The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is
called
A. industrial psychology.
B. social psychology.
C. developmental psychology.
D. clinical psychology.
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130.If you were having problems with severe depression, the type of psychologist that would be the greatest
help to you would be
A. a developmental psychologist.
B. a social psychologist.
C. a clinical psychologist.
D. an experimental psychologist.
131.Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs) and
hallucinations. Michael would MOST likely seek help from
A. a clinical psychologist.
B. a developmental psychologist.
C. an experimental psychologist.
D. a physiological psychologist.
132.During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as
A. clinicians.
B. physicians.
C. teachers.
D. military leaders.
133.One of the first areas of applied psychology to develop was
A. counseling psychology.
B. mental testing.
C. personnel psychology.
D. sports psychology.
134.Which of the following contributed MOST to the development of applied psychology?
A. the advent of high-speed computers
B. the high demand for mental testing of military recruits
C. the increase in the number of people earning advanced degrees in psychology
D. the increase in public awareness of the symptoms of psychological disorders
135.Which of the following organizations was established in 1988 to serve exclusively as an advocate for the
science of psychology?
A. American Psychological Association
B. American Psychological Society
C. Society for the Study of Scientific Psychology
D. American Association for the Advancement of Science
136.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included under the umbrella of applied psychology?
A. school psychology
B. counseling psychology
C. experimental psychology
D. industrial/organizational psychology
137.Applied psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with
A. the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.
B. mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
C. unique qualities of individuals.
D. practical problems.
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138.The area of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and
disorders is
A. research psychology.
B. clinical psychology.
C. applied psychology.
D. medical psychology.
139.The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was
A. World War I.
B. the Great Depression of the 1930s.
C. World War II.
D. the cold war of the 1950s.
140.The major organization that represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology in
the United States is the
A. American Medical Society.
B. American Psychological Society.
C. American Psychiatric Society.
D. American Psychological Association.
141.After World War II, many psychologists began to specialize in
A. clinical psychology.
B. research psychology.
C. experimental psychology.
D. industrial psychology.
142.The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is
A. cognition.
B. pedagogy.
C. empiricism.
D. introspection.
143.Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental
and conscious events?
A. physiological psychology
B. psychoanalysis
C. behavioral psychology
D. cognitive psychology
144.The approach that contends psychology must study internal mental events in order to fully understand
behavior is
A. behaviorism.
B. cognitive psychology.
C. evolutionary psychology.
D. humanism.
145.Which of the following is MOST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
A. strategies used by college students to solve a particular problem
B. play behavior in preschool children
C. whether or not a job incentive program is effective
D. factors that determine group cohesiveness
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146.Programmers who were working on a chess-playing super computer asked a psychologist from their
university for some help in working out the problem-solving algorithms they would be using. The
psychologist who helped with this project was MOST likely
A. a behavioral psychologist.
B. a humanistic psychologist.
C. a biological psychologist.
D. a cognitive psychologist.
147.Which of the following psychologists demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could evoke
emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals?
A. James Olds
B. Roger Sperry
C. B. F. Skinner
D. Abraham Maslow
148.Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
A. how we remember things
B. the development of language
C. shaping behavior by reinforcement
D. how people reason to solve problems
149.Research findings from the 1950s and 1960s highlighted the
A. mind has unequivocal control over the body.
B. body has unequivocal control over the mind.
C. interrelations between the mind, body and behavior.
D. cognitive viewpoint will reconcile many research findings.
150.The results from a recent study suggest that the cognitive perspective surpassed the behavioral
perspective in influence sometime around
A. 1920.
B. 1950.
C. 1970.
D. 1990.
151.Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition capabilities. The type
of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer system
would be
A. a behavioral psychologist.
B. a humanistic psychologist.
C. a cognitive psychologist.
D. a biological psychologist.
152.Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemispheres in
individuals from different cultures. If Annabel could work with a psychologist who has made a
significant contribution in this area of research, she would MOST likely choose to work with
A. Carl Rogers.
B. Roger Sperry.
C. John B. Watson.
D. Alfred Adler.
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153.A recently published case study described an individual who showed obsessive behavior. Recordings of
brain activity indicated this same individual also experienced a number of mild epileptic seizures each
day. When the epileptic seizures were brought under control using medication, the obsessive behavior
also disappeared. The type of psychologist who would be MOST interested in this case study would be
one who had
A. an evolutionary perspective.
B. a cognitive perspective.
C. a behavioral perspective.
D. a biological perspective.
154.The research psychologists who are MOST likely to conduct research studies using animals are those
who have
A. a behavioral or biological perspective.
B. a behavioral or psychoanalytic perspective.
C. a biological or psychoanalytic perspective.
D. a psychoanalytic or cognitive perspective.
155.Which pair of terms both reflect the observation that "psychology returned to its roots" in the latter part
of the 20th century?
A. cultural perspective and biological perspective
B. biological perspective and humanism
C. cognitive perspective and humanism
D. cognitive perspective and biological perspective
156.A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s which reflects a renewed interest in
the study of the mind or consciousness that existed in psychology when it first became a science in the
late 1800s is
A. cognitive perspective.
B. mental perspective.
C. philosophical perspective.
D. biological perspective.
157.The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to focus
attention on
A. the role of the unconscious.
B. internal mental events.
C. the interrelations among the mind, body and behavior.
D. the adaptive value of a behavior.
158.Decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and language are topics MOST likely to be studied by
A. evolutionary psychologists.
B. biological psychologists.
C. cognitive psychologists.
D. behavioral psychologists.
159.A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s which reflects a renewed interest in
the study of the physiological bases of behavior that existed in psychology when it first became a science
in the late 1800s is the
A. cognitive perspective.
B. mental perspective.
C. philosophical perspective.
D. biological perspective.
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160.Which of the following psychological perspectives is MOST likely to focus on the interrelations among
the mind, body, and behavior?
A. evolutionary perspective
B. biological perspective
C. cognitive perspective
D. behavioral perspective
161.The biological perspective contends that to fully understand behavior, psychologists need to focus
attention on
A. the role of the unconscious.
B. internal mental events.
C. the interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior.
D. the adaptive value of a behavior.
162.Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to
abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
A. behavioral perspective.
B. cognitive perspective.
C. biological perspective.
D. humanistic perspective.
163.The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of
foreign ways is called
A. racism.
B. egocentrism.
C. ethnocentrism.
D. functionalism.
164.Historically, most of psychology's research has been conducted in
A. China.
B. Japan.
C. Mexico.
D. the United States.
165.Which of the following groups is MOST likely to have been used as subjects for psychological
research?
A. a variety of individuals
B. lower-class males
C. lower-class males and females
D. middle- and upper-class white males
166.The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of
foreign ways is known as
A. introspection.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. humanism.
D. positive psychology.
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167.Which of the following is cited in the textbook as a reason for the narrow focus of Western
psychology?
A. Cross-cultural research is time-consuming and costly.
B. Psychology traditionally has emphasized the study of groups rather than individuals.
C. Anthropologists are more research-oriented than psychologists.
D. The influence of behaviorism narrowed the perspective of Western psychologists.
168.The recent increased interest in research dealing with "cultural" variables in psychology can be attributed
to all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. depersonalization of human beings by modern psychology
B. various groups (such as civil rights groups, women's groups) arguing that society has paid little
attention to human diversity
C. increased ethnic diversity in the United States
D. increased contact with non-Western cultures due to advances in communication and travel
169.Dr. Vasquez has found that many Asians feel uncomfortable with the expression of emotions and
disclosure of personal information. As a consequence, Dr. Vasquez has made several suggestions for
ways in which psychological counseling might be modified to benefit people from Asian backgrounds.
Based on this information, you could infer that Dr. Vasquez investigates
A. the biological determinants of behavior.
B. the impact of evolutionary factors in psychological functioning.
C. the role of cultural factors in psychological processes.
D. psychometrics and cognitive psychology.
170.Historically, which of the following groups of individuals has been MOST frequently used as subjects in
psychological research?
A. white women
B. white men
C. black men
D. immigrant men and women
171.Recently Western psychologists have started to devote more attention to ____ as a determinant of
behavior.
A. intelligence
B. unconscious
C. feelings
D. culture
172.Psychologists who focus attention on cultural diversity are LEAST likely to
A. document differences among varying cultures.
B. document similarities among varying cultures.
C. identify deficiencies in other cultures.
D. test the generality of earlier findings to other cultures.
173.The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the
course of many generations is
A. clinical psychology.
B. cognitive psychology.
C. evolutionary psychology.
D. physiological psychology.
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174.Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some
adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
A. behavioral perspective.
B. cognitive perspective.
C. humanistic perspective.
D. evolutionary perspective.
175.The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance
organisms' success in
A. establishing a territory.
B. locating a source of food.
C. passing on their genes to the next generation.
D. aggressive interactions with members of other species.
176.Currently a large proportion of the American population is overweight. Dr. Laker thinks that, in part, this
may be due to an innate preference for foods that are rich in fats and sugars. Dr. Laker has suggested that
in times when foods were not so readily available, this innate preference would ensure enough calories
for energy and survival. Dr. Laker's views are MOST consistent with those of the
A. cultural perspective in psychology.
B. cognitive perspective in psychology.
C. behavioral perspective in psychology.
D. evolutionary perspective in psychology.
177.Evolutionary psychologists would MOST likely explain females' greater emphasis on potential mates'
economic resources by suggesting that it
A. increases resources available for their children.
B. supports their innate need for a large territory.
C. allows them to acquire a greater variety of time-saving appliances.
D. increases females' confidence about the maternity of their children.
178.Which of the following early psychologists would be MOST likely to endorse the tenets of evolutionary
psychology?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. William James
C. John Watson
D. Wilhelm Wundt
179.The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of evolutionary psychology is
A. Alfred Binet.
B. David Buss.
C. Roger Sperry.
D. James Olds.
180.Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current thinking about evolutionary psychology?
A. It is a widely accepted approach to the study of human behavior.
B. It is a simplistic rehash of ideas proposed by Charles Darwin over 140 years ago.
C. It is a radical perspective supported by a small group of "revolutionary" scientists.
D. It is a thought-provoking, innovative perspective that is rapidly gaining influence.
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181.The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is
A. David Buss.
B. Roger Sperry.
C. James Olds.
D. Martin Seligman.
182.Some researchers have suggested that people currently tend to sleep during periods of darkness because
sleeping under these conditions was an adaptive behavior that helped to increase survival among early
humans. This is the type of argument that would MOST likely be made by psychologists who take the
A. cognitive perspective in psychology.
B. evolutionary perspective in psychology.
C. biological perspective in psychology.
D. behavioral perspective in psychology.
183.Damion wants to investigate whether altruistic behavior in a specific species of tropical birds gives the
birds an evolutionary advantage. If Damion could work with a psychologist who has made a significant
contribution in this area of research, he would MOST likely choose to work with
A. Herbert Simon.
B. B. F. Skinner.
C. David Buss.
D. Carl Jung.
184.You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The
faculty member states, "psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathology, weakness
and how to heal suffering." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by
A. Martin Seligman.
B. Richard Buss.
C. Sigmund Freud.
D. Carl Rogers.
185.The viewpoint in psychology that uses theory and research to understand the adaptive, creative and
fulfilling aspects of human existence is known as
A. physiological psychology.
B. evolutionary psychology.
C. positive psychology.
D. applied psychology.
186.Evolutionary psychology examines ____ processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a
species over the course of many generations.
A. physiological
B. behavioral
C. cultural
D. cognitive
187.If you wonder about the adaptive purpose of a common behavior (such as toddlers following their
mothers around or teenagers wanting more independence from their parents) your wondering would be
MOST consistent with the principles of
A. cultural psychology.
B. humanism.
C. biological psychology.
D. evolutionary psychology.
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188.The emerging field in psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive,
adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experience is
A. humanism.
B. evolutionary psychology.
C. positive psychology.
D. creative psychology.
189.Which of the following is NOT a major area of interest in the positive psychology movement?
A. positive subjective experiences
B. positive life events
C. positive institutions and communities
D. positive individual traits
190.Topics such as courage, tolerance, creativity, and integrity reflect the interest of the positive psychology
movement on the study of
A. positive subjective experiences.
B. positive individual traits.
C. positive institutions and communities.
D. positive life events.
191.According to the definition of psychology that appears in your textbook, psychology is both
A. a science and a profession.
B. a theory and an academic discipline.
C. a school of thought and an occupation.
D. a cognitive process and an undergraduate major.
192.Over the last 50 years membership in the American Psychological Association has
A. decreased.
B. remained the same.
C. increased dramatically.
D. first increased and then decreased.
193.Of all doctoral degrees awarded in the sciences and humanities, psychology accounts for about
A. 5%.
B. 9%.
C. 20%.
D. 50%.
194.According to your textbook, the work settings for approximately 28% of psychologists are
A. hospitals and nursing homes.
B. business and industry.
C. colleges and universities.
D. police departments and schools.
195.One of the key changes that has occurred in psychology over time is that
A. psychology has become increasingly less applied in its focus.
B. the number of clinicians is decreasing.
C. psychologists have gone from being specialists to being generalists.
D. fewer psychologists now work in colleges and universities.
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196.The text's definition of psychology states that psychology is both a science and a(n)
A. art.
B. academic subject.
C. profession.
D. career.
197.Which of the following is NOT included in the text's definition of psychology?
A. psychology is a profession that solves practical problems
B. psychology studies behavior including physiological and cognitive processes
C. psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind
D. psychology is a science
198.Colleges and universities are the primary work setting for approximately ____ of American
psychologists.
A. 10 percent
B. 30 percent
C. 50 percent
D. 70 percent
199.Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a major area of research in psychology?
A. physiological psychology
B. cognitive psychology
C. industrial/organizational psychology
D. social psychology
200.A psychologist whose major interest focuses on how behavior changes as a function of age would
probably be considered a
A. physiological psychologist.
B. developmental psychologist.
C. social psychologist.
D. cognitive psychologist.
201.Which of the following is likely to be of MOST interest to a developmental psychologist?
A. the dynamics of small group decision making
B. the effect of anxiety on problem-solving behavior
C. the use of physical exercise as a means of combating depression
D. the effects on children of being raised in a single-parent home
202.A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would MOST likely specialize in
A. developmental psychology.
B. experimental psychology.
C. cognitive psychology.
D. psychometrics.
203.Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that
Larry is MOST interested in
A. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
B. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
C. how people relate to each other and influence each other.
D. the ways in which behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
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204.Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?
A. How stable is personality over the lifespan?
B. Why do we like some people and not others?
C. What effect does anxiety have on test performance?
D. Do depressed people think differently than non-depressed people?
205.Which of the following would NOT be expected of an experimental psychologist?
A. to study the effects of reward on learning
B. to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and task performance
C. to conduct psychotherapy
D. to study the factors that motivate behavior
206.Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of the
endocrine system in the regulation of behavior?
A. developmental psychology
B. physiological psychology
C. psychometrics
D. cognitive psychology
207.Phillip is a graduate student whose major area of interest is physiological psychology. You should
expect that Phillip is MOST interested in
A. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
B. how people relate to each other and influence each other.
C. the ways in which behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
D. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
208.Which of the following would a physiological psychologist be MOST likely to ask?
A. How do hormones affect behavior?
B. Why do we like some people and not others?
C. What effect does reward have on learning?
D. What are the stages of problem solving?
209.A psychologist who studies information processing and decision making would probably be considered
a
A. physiological psychologist.
B. developmental psychologist.
C. social psychologist.
D. cognitive psychologist.
210.A cognitive psychologist is MOST likely to be interested in
A. behavior in small groups.
B. information processing.
C. the adolescent identity crisis.
D. interpersonal attraction.
211.Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect
that Ramon is MOST interested in
A. understanding mental processes such as memory and learning.
B. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
C. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
D. how people relate to each other and influence each other.
29
212.Brooke is a graduate student whose major area of interest is in describing and understanding the
consistency in people's behavior. Which research is Brooke MOST likely to specialize in?
A. social psychology
B. personality psychology
C. cognitive psychology
D. physiological psychology
213.Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence
people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?
A. experimental psychology
B. personality psychology
C. psychometrics
D. social psychology
214.Marie is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should expect
that Marie is MOST interested in
A. the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
B. how people relate to each other and influence each other.
C. the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
D. the ways in which behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
215.Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual
differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques?
A. social psychology
B. psychometrics
C. cognitive psychology
D. physiological psychology
216.A psychologist who specializes in psychometrics would MOST likely be concerned with which of the
following?
A. developing tests
B. counseling
C. animal experimentation
D. the relationship between brain chemistry and behavior
217.Pablo is a graduate student whose major area of interest is the measurement of behavior and capacities
and the development of psychological tests. Which research is Pablo MOST likely to specialize in?
A. social psychology
B. psychometrics
C. cognitive psychology
D. physiological psychology
218.Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization in research psychology?
A. psychometrics
B. industrial/organizational
C. personality
D. social
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219.Currently, the two largest areas of specialization in research-oriented psychology are
A. clinical and counseling.
B. developmental and clinical.
C. developmental and social.
D. social and counseling.
220.____ psychologists are concerned with changes in behavior throughout the life span.
A. Developmental
B. Personality
C. Social
D. Cognitive
221.A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women
towards traditional sex roles were studied. MOST likely the researcher was
A. a cognitive psychologist.
B. a counseling psychologist.
C. a developmental psychologist.
D. a social psychologist.
222.A psychologist who specializes in psychometrics is MOST likely to be interested in
A. the development of psychological tests to measure intelligence or personality traits.
B. explaining development across the life span.
C. conducting psychotherapy.
D. the development of techniques to monitor the functioning of the nervous system.
223.The area of research specialization in psychology that studies many of the traditional topics in
psychology (such as sensation, learning, motivation) is
A. psychometrics.
B. experimental.
C. educational.
D. cognitive.
224.Jane's thyroid gland has become inactive and, as a result, she is becoming lethargic and has gained
weight. We know that the thyroid gland can cause this reaction because of studies conducted by
A. clinical psychologists.
B. medical psychologists.
C. experimental psychologists.
D. physiological psychologists.
225.Elizabeth is interested in the best way to study achievement among middle-school children and she is
also interested in the factors that underlie student motivation. Elizabeth would MOST likely describe her
research interests as
A. cognitive psychology.
B. psychometrics.
C. educational psychology.
D. developmental psychology.
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226.The focus of research for educational psychology is
A. developmental outcomes from ages six through eighteen.
B. how people learn and the best way to teach them.
C. interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior.
D. describing and understanding individuals' consistency in behavior.
227.The area of psychological research that is MOST interested in the causation, prevention, and treatment
of illness is
A. health psychology.
B. physiological psychology.
C. social psychology.
D. psychiatry.
228.The proportion of academic and research psychologists who identify their primary area of interest as
health psychology is
A. less than 3%.
B. just over 25%.
C. shrinking each year.
D. approximately 10%.
229.Which of the following areas is MOST likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in
psychology?
A. psychometrics
B. counseling psychology
C. experimental psychology
D. developmental psychology
230.Which of the following areas is MOST similar to clinical psychology?
A. social psychology
B. school psychology
C. industrial psychology
D. counseling psychology
231.Which of the following areas is LEAST likely to be considered an applied area of psychology?
A. industrial psychology
B. clinical psychology
C. educational psychology
D. developmental psychology
232.Dr. Lopez is a psychologist who evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people with everyday problems of
moderate severity. What type of psychologist is Dr. Lopez?
A. an educational psychologist
B. a counseling psychologist
C. a school psychologist
D. an industrial psychologist
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233.A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company
would MOST likely have received training in
A. clinical psychology.
B. counseling psychology.
C. educational and school psychology.
D. industrial and organizational psychology.
234.Sally is a psychologist interested improving curriculum design, achievement testing and teacher training.
What type of psychologist is Sally?
A. an educational psychologist
B. a counseling psychologist
C. a school psychologist
D. an industrial psychologist
235.Dr Hawkins is a psychologist who spends her day working in an elementary school testing and
counseling children who are having difficulty in school. What type of applied psychologist is Dr.
Hawkins?
A. an educational psychologist
B. a counseling psychologist
C. a school psychologist
D. an industrial psychologist
236.An industrial/organizational psychologist would be MOST likely to be involved in
A. providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems.
B. working to improve employee morale and attitudes.
C. testing and counseling children who are having difficulty in school.
D. providing group or individual psychotherapy.
237.The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is
A. clinical psychology.
B. experimental psychology.
C. educational and school psychology.
D. industrial/organizational psychology.
238.Kenn is a psychologist who spends the majority of his time assessing or treating elderly people who are
showing signs of dementia or who have experienced strokes. Ken would MOST likely describe the focus
of his practice as
A. counseling psychology.
B. psychometrics.
C. clinical neuropsychology.
D. forensic psychology.
239.As part of their professional practice, forensic psychologists
A. strive to promote the cognitive, emotional, and social development of school-age children.
B. apply psychological principles to issues arising in the legal system.
C. are involved in the assessment of people who suffer from central nervous system dysfunctions.
D. are concerned with the measurement of behavior and the development of valid psychological tests.
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240.A lawyer who wanted to have expert witness testify at a hearing to determine whether or not his client
was competent to stand trial would need to contact a psychologist whose specialty was
A. forensic psychology.
B. clinical neuropsychology.
C. psychometrics.
D. social psychology.
241.Not including clinical or counseling psychologists, the two most common specialties in applied
psychology are
A. school psychology and forensic psychology.
B. forensic psychology and clinical neuropsychology.
C. industrial/organizational psychology and clinical neuropsychology.
D. school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.
242.Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental
disorders?
A. a clinical psychologist
B. a counseling psychologist
C. a psychiatrist
D. a physiological psychologist
243.Which of the following statements regarding the difference between a clinical psychologist and a
psychiatrist is MOST accurate?
A. Psychiatrists cannot prescribe drugs.
B. A clinical psychologist has a medical degree.
C. Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists receive medical training.
D. Clinical psychologists tend to take a non-medical approach to the treatment of psychological
disorders.
244.A psychiatrist typically has a
A. Doctorate in Psychology.
B. Medical Degree.
C. Doctorate in Physiology.
D. Doctorate in Education.
245.Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization of applied psychology?
A. school psychology
B. industrial and organizational psychology
C. counseling psychology
D. personality psychology
246.An area of specialization in applied psychology that is primarily involved in the treatment of less severe
problems of everyday life (such as marriage counseling) is
A. social psychology.
B. counseling psychology.
C. clinical psychology.
D. cognitive psychology.
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247.Which of the following areas of specialization in psychology is involved with the development of
curricula and the training of teachers?
A. school psychology
B. educational psychology
C. experimental psychology
D. industrial/organizational psychology
248.The most widely practiced specialization in applied psychology is
A. industrial/organizational psychology.
B. counseling psychology.
C. clinical psychology.
D. developmental psychology.
249.____ psychologists work in schools and primarily help individual children having difficulties in school
and aid parents and teachers in solving school-related problems.
A. School
B. Educational
C. Counseling
D. Social
250.As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory. A(n)
____ would be MOST likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.
A. social psychologist
B. educational psychologist
C. industrial/organizational psychologist
D. clinical psychologist
35
Chapter 1 A--The Evolution of Psychology Key
1.
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of
A.
B.
C.
D.
2.
The person responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline with its own subject
matter is
A.
B.
C.
D.
3.
William James.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Sigmund Freud.
John B. Watson.
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
1859 in England.
1879 in Germany.
1883 in the United States.
1909 in the United States.
The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious
experience is MOST closely linked with
A.
B.
C.
D.
5.
G. Stanley Hall.
René Descartes.
William James.
Wilhelm Wundt.
According to historians, the "birth" of psychology occurred in
A.
B.
C.
D.
4.
physics and physiology.
philosophy and physiology.
chemistry and physics.
philosophy and chemistry.
observable behavior.
conscious experience.
unconscious motivation.
the functions of behavior.
Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be
A.
B.
C.
D.
questioning the nature of existence.
studying stimulus-response associations.
determining people's unconscious motivation for behavior.
examining people's awareness of their immediate experience.
1
7.
According to your textbook author, one factor that contributed to both the birth of psychology
in
Germany and the rapid growth of psychology in the United States toward the end of the 19th century
is that
A. intellectual climates in both countries favored the development of new nonscientific approaches.
B. many American students choose to study in Germany.
C. resources were available for expansion and universities climates were open to the development of
new disciplines.
D. Wilhelm Wundt was a tireless scholar who generated numerous books and articles while
establishing the APA in 1892.
8.
The two disciplines from which psychology developed were
A.
B.
C.
D.
9.
While the term psychology has existed since at LEAST the early 1700s, psychology did not come to
be considered a science until
A.
B.
C.
D.
10.
the scientific study of behavior.
the scientific study of the unconscious.
the scientific study of the brain.
the scientific study of conscious experience.
The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched
America's first psychology journal was
A.
B.
C.
D.
13.
1859; Darwin published the theory of natural selection
1879; Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research
1890; James published the textbook Principles of Psychology
1900; Freud first described the unconscious
Wundt defined psychology as
A.
B.
C.
D.
12.
the 1750s.
the early 1800s.
the late 1800s.
the 1940s.
The "birth" of psychology as a science occurred in ____ when ____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
11.
sociology and philosophy.
philosophy and physiology.
physiology and theology.
physiology and sociology.
John Watson.
William James.
G. Stanley Hall.
Edward Titchener.
The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sigmund Freud.
G. Stanley Hall.
William James.
John Watson.
2
14.
The world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
15.
Kesha is a member of the world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology.
Kesha is MOST likely a member of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
16.
behaviorism
functionalism
structuralism
psychoanalysis
The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of
conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images was
A.
B.
C.
D.
20.
G. Stanley Hall.
William James.
John Watson.
Wilhelm Wundt.
In a discussion with your professor she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological
study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following
historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST indicative of?
A.
B.
C.
D.
19.
He established the first American psychological journal.
He established the first research laboratory for psychology in America.
He received the first Ph.D. in psychology in America.
He was the first president of the American Psychological Association.
The psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in America, founded the
first American psychological journal, and was the first president of the American Psychological
Association was
A.
B.
C.
D.
18.
World Psychology Organization.
American Psychological Society.
Psychologists of North America.
American Psychological Association.
Which of the followings is NOT one of the major contributions of G. Stanley Hall?
A.
B.
C.
D.
17.
World Psychology Organization.
American Psychological Society.
American Psychological Association.
Psychologists of North America.
humanism.
behaviorism.
structuralism.
functionalism.
Introspection was MOST likely to be used by
A.
B.
C.
D.
humanist psychologists.
behaviorist psychologists.
structuralist psychologists.
functionalist psychologists.
3
21.
Melissa is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious
reactions to several stimuli. Melissa is MOST likely participating in a study conducted by a
A.
B.
C.
D.
22.
Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as
she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of
A.
B.
C.
D.
23.
only study observable behavior.
analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
study the function or purpose of consciousness.
Dr. Asgaard believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory
processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Dr. Asgaard's views
are MOST consistent with those of
A.
B.
C.
D.
27.
introspection.
behaviorism.
structuralism.
natural selection.
Wundt and Titchener believed that psychology should
A.
B.
C.
D.
26.
introspection.
retrospection.
empiricism.
psychoanalysis.
The method used to examine the contents of consciousness by early psychologists that involved the
careful systematic self-observation of your own conscious experience is known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
25.
structuralism.
functionalism.
behaviorism.
humanism.
In an attempt to learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract
painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. This technique is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
24.
humanist psychologist.
behaviorist psychologist.
structuralist psychologist.
psychoanalytic psychologist.
William James.
Ivan Pavlov.
Carl Rogers.
Edward Titchener.
The "school" of psychology that states that the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience
into its basic elements is
A.
B.
C.
D.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
psychoanalysis.
structuralism.
4
28.
If you take a sip of a soft drink and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet,
etc.) you would be utilizing the technique of
A.
B.
C.
D.
29.
If while watching an exquisite sunset you stop and analyze your sensations, thoughts, and feelings,
you would be performing introspection as the ____ once did.
A.
B.
C.
D.
30.
structuralism.
functionalism.
psychoanalysis.
Gestalt psychology.
William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was MOST heavily
influenced by
A.
B.
C.
D.
34.
if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood.
by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli.
if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation.
if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain.
Stressing that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than its structure is
associated with the school of psychology known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
33.
functionalism.
behaviorism.
neodynamism.
psychoanalysis.
Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee
would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain
A.
B.
C.
D.
32.
structuralists
behaviorists
functionalists
psychoanalysts
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior was
A.
B.
C.
D.
31.
introspection.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
empiricism.
Charles Darwin.
Sigmund Freud.
John Watson.
B. F. Skinner.
Dr. Yang is studying pain perception. She argues that we can only understand the conscious
experience of pain if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. Which
early school of psychology is Dr. Yang's views MOST like?
A.
B.
C.
D.
structuralism
behaviorism
functionalism
humanism
5
35.
Dr. Smythe believes that in order to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary
to understand the purpose that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to
produce taste sensations. Dr. Smythe's views are MOST consistent with
A.
B.
C.
D.
36.
Dr. Rice believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the
purpose that the conscious experiences associated with emotions play in survival and adaptation. Dr.
Rice's views are MOST consistent with those of
A.
B.
C.
D.
37.
mental testing
development in children
sensation and perception
the effectiveness of educational practices
The first woman to serve as president of the American Psychological Association was
A.
B.
C.
D.
41.
mental testing.
stream of consciousness.
adapting to the environment.
elements of consciousness.
Which of the following was LEAST likely to be the focus of study for the functionalists?
A.
B.
C.
D.
40.
existential awareness.
stream of consciousness.
transcendental meditation.
phenomenological flow.
Of the following, the concept that is LEAST closely associated with functionalism is
A.
B.
C.
D.
39.
Edward Titchener.
Ivan Pavlov.
Carl Rogers.
William James.
The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was
A.
B.
C.
D.
38.
the behaviorist approach to psychology.
the functionalist approach to psychology.
the structuralist approach to psychology.
the psychoanalytic approach to psychology.
Mary Calkins.
Margaret Washburn.
Leta Hollingworth.
Anna Freud.
The early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology
was
A.
B.
C.
D.
structuralism.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
pragmatism.
6
42.
Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two
important contributions to the discipline that includes the development of
A.
B.
C.
D.
43.
James believed that psychology should
A.
B.
C.
D.
44.
functionalism.
psychoanalysis.
structuralism.
behaviorism.
The "school" of psychology that has a practical focus and is interested in how people adapt their
behavior to the demands of the world is
A.
B.
C.
D.
49.
Aristotle.
Plato.
Sigmund Freud.
Charles Darwin.
Darwin's theory of natural selection had a significant influence on the development of
A.
B.
C.
D.
48.
behaviorists
humanists
functionalists
structuralists
William James was significantly influenced in his approach to studying psychology by
A.
B.
C.
D.
47.
John Watson.
Sigmund Freud.
William James.
Wilhelm Wundt.
The ____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.
A.
B.
C.
D.
46.
only study observable behavior.
analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
study the function or purpose of consciousness.
Functionalism was founded by
A.
B.
C.
D.
45.
behaviorism and applied psychology.
psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
behaviorism and introspection.
women psychologists and applied psychology.
psychoanalysis.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
structuralism.
The concept of "stream of consciousness" is associated with
A.
B.
C.
D.
John Watson.
William James.
Sigmund Freud.
Wilhelm Wundt.
7
50.
The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with
the views of
A.
B.
C.
D.
51.
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems,
which he called
A.
B.
C.
D.
52.
saw abnormal behavior as resulting from biological causes.
saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior.
proposed the existence of free will.
emphasized environmental forces on behavior.
People resisted psychoanalysis mainly because of its emphasis on
A.
B.
C.
D.
56.
unrealistic demands from family and friends.
personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.
genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way.
conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints.
The major departure of Freud's position from prevailing viewpoints around the early 1900s was that
he
A.
B.
C.
D.
55.
B. F. Skinner.
Carl Rogers.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Sigmund Freud.
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by
A.
B.
C.
D.
54.
behavior modification.
primal therapy.
psychoanalysis.
rational-emotive therapy.
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The
faculty member states, "Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive
their overt actions." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views held by
A.
B.
C.
D.
53.
Carl Rogers.
Wilhelm Wundt.
B. F. Skinner.
Sigmund Freud.
unconscious motivation.
introspection.
the role of heredity.
stimulus-response associations.
People resisted psychoanalysis because of the suggestion that people are not masters of their own
minds and because of Freud's proposal that behavior is influenced by how people cope with
A.
B.
C.
D.
unconscious motivation.
sexual urges.
heredity.
stimulus-response associations.
8
57.
Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to
focus exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behavior. Liserel's views toward the study of
psychology match those of
A.
B.
C.
D.
58.
The idea that you have thoughts, memories, and desires beyond the control of conscious rational
processes originated with
A.
B.
C.
D.
59.
the psychoanalytic perspective.
the cognitive perspective.
the humanistic perspective.
the structuralist perspective.
John Watson.
B. F. Skinner.
Sigmund Freud.
Abraham Maslow.
Which of the following statements about Freud's psychoanalytic theory is MOST accurate?
A. Freud's views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on
current mainstream psychology.
B. Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology.
C. Freud's views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not
on other areas of mainstream psychology.
D. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology.
60.
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by
A.
B.
C.
D.
61.
You act impulsively, then wonder why. Freud would tell you that your behavior was influenced by
your
A.
B.
C.
D.
62.
unconscious mind.
conscious mind.
inability to think quickly.
lack of rational thought.
Which of the following did not have a significant influence on the development of Freud's theory?
A.
B.
C.
D.
63.
studying observable behavior.
analyzing conscious experience into its basic elements.
focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
studying the function or purpose of consciousness.
knowledge gained as a result of working with patients
the results of his experimental research
knowledge gained from his examination of his own anxieties, conflicts, and desires
his observation of the slips of the tongue people tend to make
Freud believed that we are often not the masters of our own mind because of
A.
B.
C.
D.
introspection.
the physiological functioning of our bodies.
environmental influences acting on us.
the unconscious.
9
64.
Which of the following was not one of the reasons why psychoanalysis was controversial when it was
first developed?
A.
B.
C.
D.
65.
While psychoanalysis was originally ____, with the passage of time many psychoanalytic concepts
came to be ____ by mainstream psychology.
A.
B.
C.
D.
66.
humanism.
behaviorism.
structuralism.
functionalism.
According to a behaviorist, an overt (observable) response or activity by an organism is
A.
B.
C.
D.
70.
structuralism.
functionalism.
behaviorism.
psychoanalysis.
The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively
observed is
A.
B.
C.
D.
69.
John B. Watson.
Abraham Maslow.
G. Stanley Hall.
Sigmund Freud.
The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was
A.
B.
C.
D.
68.
controversial; rejected
controversial; accepted
accepted; rejected
only accepted by behaviorists; accepted
The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of
behavior was
A.
B.
C.
D.
67.
its focus on the unconscious
its emphasis on sexual issues
its focus on humans
its lack of experimental research
behavior.
the unconscious.
behaviorism.
a stimulus.
With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree?
A. Conscious experiences can be studied in an objective, precise way.
B. In order to understand behavior, one must understand the motives behind the behavior.
C. Behavior can only be explained in terms of phenomenology, that is, an individual's interpretation
of experience.
D. Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others.
10
71.
John B. Watson argued that psychologists should
A.
B.
C.
D.
72.
According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by
A.
B.
C.
D.
73.
use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness.
be concerned with the purposiveness (function) of behavior.
confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill.
abandon the study of consciousness.
heredity.
personal motives.
the environment.
unconscious desires.
Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements?
A. Human behavior is primarily caused by inherited factors.
B. Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
C. Human behavior is primarily caused by equal contributions of inherited and environmental
factors.
D. No one really knows what the primary causes for human behavior are.
74.
Response is to stimulus as
A.
B.
C.
D.
75.
Another name for the behavioral approach in psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
76.
stimulus-response psychology.
structuralism.
applied psychology.
Gestalt psychology.
Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the
experiences they have. Alison's views are MOST consistent with the
A.
B.
C.
D.
77.
pain is to cut.
light is to moth.
joke is to laugh.
pen is to paper.
behaviorist view of psychology.
structuralist view of psychology.
functionalist view of psychology.
psychoanalytic view of psychology.
Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle's mother asks her what she
did just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter's actions and her son's
response to those actions, Lynelle's mother is using the type of analysis that would be typical in
A.
B.
C.
D.
the structuralist approach to the study of psychology.
the functionalist approach to the study of psychology.
the behaviorist approach to the study of psychology.
the psychoanalytic approach to the study of psychology.
11
78.
The school of psychology that was MOST responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology
was
A.
B.
C.
D.
79.
The type of psychologist who would be MOST likely to study rats in a laboratory setting would be a
A.
B.
C.
D.
80.
only study observable behavior.
analyze conscious experience into its basic elements.
focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.
study the function or purpose of consciousness.
Watson defined psychology as
A.
B.
C.
D.
85.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Carl Rogers.
John Watson.
Sigmund Freud.
Watson believed that psychology should
A.
B.
C.
D.
84.
It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans.
In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans.
With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with.
A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject.
Behaviorism was founded by
A.
B.
C.
D.
83.
behaviorist.
structuralist.
psychoanalyst.
Gestalt psychologist.
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological
research with animals?
A.
B.
C.
D.
82.
behaviorist.
structuralist.
psychoanalyst.
Gestalt psychologist.
Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats.
Christine would MOST likely be considered a
A.
B.
C.
D.
81.
behaviorism.
structuralism.
psychoanalysis.
Gestalt psychology.
the scientific study of behavior.
the scientific study of the unconscious.
the scientific study of the brain.
the scientific study of conscious experience.
The fact that behaviors can be observed and thoughts and feelings cannot is the basis of
A.
B.
C.
D.
psychoanalysis.
functionalism.
structuralism.
behaviorism.
12
86.
Which psychological approach is often referred to as stimulus-response (S-R) psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
87.
Which of the following "schools" of psychology was MOST influential in increasing the use of
animals in psychological research?
A.
B.
C.
D.
88.
the psychodynamic perspective.
the evolutionary perspective.
the behavioral perspective.
the biological perspective.
Caroline conducts research in which she systematically changes some aspect of the environment and
then measures changes in observable behavior. This approach to research is consistent with the basic
ideas of
A.
B.
C.
D.
92.
the behavioral perspective.
the psychodynamic perspective.
the humanistic perspective.
the functionalist perspective.
Marissa wants to study people's emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate,
Bernard, tells her that she should focus on observable behaviors, rather than internal states in her
study. Bernard's views are MOST similar to those found in
A.
B.
C.
D.
91.
a learning disability.
his genetic inheritance.
his prior experiences.
a combination of his genetic inheritance and his prior experiences.
A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are
in the presence of environmental stimuli that increase anxiety, such as loud noises or flashing lights.
These scientists MOST likely follow
A.
B.
C.
D.
90.
humanism
animalism
behaviorism
structuralism
If Dr. Maple is a behaviorist he would MOST likely believe that the cause of a child's disruptive
behavior in school is the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
89.
psychoanalytic theory
behaviorism
structuralism
evolutionary psychology
the humanistic perspective in psychology.
the behavioral perspective in psychology.
the psychoanalytic perspective in psychology.
the biological perspective in psychology.
The notion that all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli is MOST consistent with
A.
B.
C.
D.
behaviorism.
humanism.
structuralism.
functionalism.
13
93.
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The
faculty member states, "Internal states undoubtedly exist, but it is not necessary to draw inferences
about unobservable states in order to understand behavior." This faculty member's views are MOST
similar to the views held by
A.
B.
C.
D.
94.
The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive
outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
A.
B.
C.
D.
95.
Wilhelm Wundt.
William James.
B. F. Skinner.
Abraham Maslow.
Skinner's behaviorism
A.
B.
C.
D.
99.
behaviorism.
humanism.
psychoanalysis.
functionalism.
"Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat
responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes." These words would MOST likely have been
said by
A.
B.
C.
D.
98.
John Watson
Sigmund Freud
Wilhelm Wundt
Abraham Maslow
Janet trained her dog to sit on command by following this behavior with a reward of a dog biscuit and
praise. Janet used the principles of
A.
B.
C.
D.
97.
Sigmund Freud.
B. F. Skinner.
Carl Rogers.
Abraham Maslow.
With which of the following individuals is B. F. Skinner MOST in agreement on the issue of internal
mental events?
A.
B.
C.
D.
96.
William James.
B. F. Skinner.
Sigmund Freud.
Carl Rogers.
left room for free will.
included constructs about motives.
permitted limited statements about consciousness.
made the study of behavior and its outcome the basis of the whole approach.
Which of the following psychologists would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an
illusion"?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Abraham Maslow
B. F. Skinner
Wilhelm Wundt
Carl Rogers
14
100.
In the 1950s Skinner argued that psychology should return to a strict interpretation of the principles
of
A.
B.
C.
D.
101.
Which psychologist believed that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
102.
cognitive psychology.
biological psychology.
humanism.
behaviorism.
Skinner would agree with all the following statements except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
106.
William James.
Abraham Maslow.
B. F. Skinner.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Lisa taught her son to buckle his seat belt in the car by only allowing him to play one of his tapes on
the car stereo after he was buckled up. Lisa taught him by applying the principles of
A.
B.
C.
D.
105.
continue to study "extra hard."
reduce your study time by approximately 25%.
reduce your study time by approximately 50%.
devote all of your study time to your other courses.
It should be easiest to teach a child to pick up his toys by utilizing the principles and techniques
developed by
A.
B.
C.
D.
104.
Carl Rogers
Sigmund Freud
William James
B. F. Skinner
Skinner would suggest that if you study "extra hard" for your first psychology midterm and earn an
"A", for your next psychology midterm you would
A.
B.
C.
D.
103.
humanism.
functionalism.
behaviorism.
psychoanalysis.
all behavior is governed by external consequences
individuals have free will
organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes
organisms tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes
Which of the following groups of psychologists would be MOST likely to focus on individual
uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person?
A.
B.
C.
D.
behaviorists
psychoanalysts
humanists
Gestalt psychologists
15
107.
The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom
and potential for personal growth, is
A.
B.
C.
D.
108.
The school of psychology that takes the most positive view of human nature is
A.
B.
C.
D.
109.
cognitive approach.
humanism.
structuralism.
biological approach.
Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
113.
a humanistic perspective.
an evolutionary perspective.
a biological perspective.
a cognitive perspective.
The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
is
A.
B.
C.
D.
112.
a psychoanalyst
a behaviorist
a humanist
a cognitive psychologist
Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn't think that Oliver's research will
produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from
animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Oliver's roommate
apparently has
A.
B.
C.
D.
111.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
humanism.
psychoanalysis.
Which type of psychologist would be LEAST likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to
human behavior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
110.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
humanism.
psychoanalysis.
Humans are unique.
The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances.
Humans have a basic need to fulfill their potentials.
Research on animals has little relevance to understanding human behavior.
Humanists believe that people's behavior is governed by
A.
B.
C.
D.
their self-concepts.
unconscious sexual urges.
the outcomes of their responses.
biochemical processes.
16
114.
The school of psychology that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, and suggests that we have
a drive for personal growth is
A.
B.
C.
D.
115.
humanism.
psychoanalysis.
behaviorism.
functionalism.
Manny tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist
be MOST likely to say about Manny?
A. Manny will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority.
B. Manny can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that
he has the ability to fulfill his potential.
C. Manny simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practice
assertive behaviors.
D. Manny should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at
the root of his passivity.
116.
Which of the following psychologists would be MOST likely to stress that each person has a drive to
grow and fulfill his or her potential?
A.
B.
C.
D.
117.
Imagine that the editor of your local newspaper writes a column supporting a reduction in
government intervention with a transfer of more rights to individual citizens. The editor bases this
argument on the assumption that people are rational beings who will fulfill their maximum potential
as long as others do not infringe on their basic human needs. This editor's views reflect those seen in
A.
B.
C.
D.
118.
psychoanalysis
functionalism
humanism
behaviorism
Which of the following "schools" of psychology believes people have a basic need to fulfill their
potential for personal growth and experience free will?
A.
B.
C.
D.
120.
the evolutionary perspective.
the humanistic perspective.
the psychodynamic perspective.
the behavioral perspective.
Which of the following "schools" of psychology developed in the 1950s?
A.
B.
C.
D.
119.
Sigmund Freud
B. F. Skinner
G. Stanley Hall
Abraham Maslow
humanism
behaviorism
cognitive psychology
psychoanalysis
The "school" of psychology that emphasizes unique qualities of people compared to other animals is
A.
B.
C.
D.
evolutionary psychology.
cognitive psychology.
behaviorism.
humanism.
17
121.
Which of the following psychologists is(are) considered humanistic psychologist(s)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
122.
Both Rogers and Maslow believe
A.
B.
C.
D.
123.
finding ways to teach learning disabled children
studying basic learning processes in rats
treating someone with a phobia
looking for ways to increase efficiency in an organization
The area of applied psychology MOST stimulated by World War II was
A.
B.
C.
D.
128.
an academic psychologist.
an applied psychologist.
a behavioral psychologist.
a humanistic psychologist.
Which of the following sounds LEAST like the work of an applied psychologist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
127.
developmental psychology.
abnormal psychology.
applied psychology.
cognitive psychology.
Margaret is an industrial psychologist who advises companies on how to improve worker morale. As
a psychologist who attempts to solve practical problems, Margaret would MOST likely be
considered
A.
B.
C.
D.
126.
behaviorism.
structuralism.
psychoanalysis.
humanism.
The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
125.
people are not masters of their own destiny
people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth
human behavior is largely determined by primitive sexual urges
human behavior is shaped by environmental events
As a young psychologist, your major goal is to help people reach their potential. You MOST likely
follow the principles of
A.
B.
C.
D.
124.
Sigmund Freud
B. F. Skinner
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener
quantitative psychology.
clinical psychology.
child psychology.
educational psychology.
A clinical psychologist would probably be MOST interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
determining how small groups make decisions.
studying facial expressions of emotion.
figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety.
studying the nature of optical illusions.
18
129.
The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is
called
A.
B.
C.
D.
130.
If you were having problems with severe depression, the type of psychologist that would be the
greatest help to you would be
A.
B.
C.
D.
131.
the advent of high-speed computers
the high demand for mental testing of military recruits
the increase in the number of people earning advanced degrees in psychology
the increase in public awareness of the symptoms of psychological disorders
Which of the following organizations was established in 1988 to serve exclusively as an advocate for
the science of psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
136.
counseling psychology.
mental testing.
personnel psychology.
sports psychology.
Which of the following contributed MOST to the development of applied psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
135.
clinicians.
physicians.
teachers.
military leaders.
One of the first areas of applied psychology to develop was
A.
B.
C.
D.
134.
a clinical psychologist.
a developmental psychologist.
an experimental psychologist.
a physiological psychologist.
During World War II, many academic psychologists were pressed into service, mainly as
A.
B.
C.
D.
133.
a developmental psychologist.
a social psychologist.
a clinical psychologist.
an experimental psychologist.
Michael is having problems relating to other people because he is exhibiting delusions (false beliefs)
and hallucinations. Michael would MOST likely seek help from
A.
B.
C.
D.
132.
industrial psychology.
social psychology.
developmental psychology.
clinical psychology.
American Psychological Association
American Psychological Society
Society for the Study of Scientific Psychology
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included under the umbrella of applied psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
school psychology
counseling psychology
experimental psychology
industrial/organizational psychology
19
137.
Applied psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with
A.
B.
C.
D.
138.
The area of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and
disorders is
A.
B.
C.
D.
139.
cognition.
pedagogy.
empiricism.
introspection.
Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in
mental and conscious events?
A.
B.
C.
D.
144.
clinical psychology.
research psychology.
experimental psychology.
industrial psychology.
The term that refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge is
A.
B.
C.
D.
143.
American Medical Society.
American Psychological Society.
American Psychiatric Society.
American Psychological Association.
After World War II, many psychologists began to specialize in
A.
B.
C.
D.
142.
World War I.
the Great Depression of the 1930s.
World War II.
the cold war of the 1950s.
The major organization that represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology
in the United States is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
141.
research psychology.
clinical psychology.
applied psychology.
medical psychology.
The major event that influenced the development of psychology as a profession was
A.
B.
C.
D.
140.
the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.
mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
unique qualities of individuals.
practical problems.
physiological psychology
psychoanalysis
behavioral psychology
cognitive psychology
The approach that contends psychology must study internal mental events in order to fully understand
behavior is
A.
B.
C.
D.
behaviorism.
cognitive psychology.
evolutionary psychology.
humanism.
20
145.
Which of the following is MOST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
146.
Programmers who were working on a chess-playing super computer asked a psychologist from their
university for some help in working out the problem-solving algorithms they would be using. The
psychologist who helped with this project was MOST likely
A.
B.
C.
D.
147.
mind has unequivocal control over the body.
body has unequivocal control over the mind.
interrelations between the mind, body and behavior.
cognitive viewpoint will reconcile many research findings.
The results from a recent study suggest that the cognitive perspective surpassed the behavioral
perspective in influence sometime around
A.
B.
C.
D.
151.
how we remember things
the development of language
shaping behavior by reinforcement
how people reason to solve problems
Research findings from the 1950s and 1960s highlighted the
A.
B.
C.
D.
150.
James Olds
Roger Sperry
B. F. Skinner
Abraham Maslow
Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
149.
a behavioral psychologist.
a humanistic psychologist.
a biological psychologist.
a cognitive psychologist.
Which of the following psychologists demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could
evoke emotional responses such as pleasure and rage in animals?
A.
B.
C.
D.
148.
strategies used by college students to solve a particular problem
play behavior in preschool children
whether or not a job incentive program is effective
factors that determine group cohesiveness
1920.
1950.
1970.
1990.
Darnell is working on a computer system that will have full language recognition capabilities. The
type of psychologist that could probably give Darnell the MOST help in developing this computer
system would be
A.
B.
C.
D.
a behavioral psychologist.
a humanistic psychologist.
a cognitive psychologist.
a biological psychologist.
21
152.
Annabel wants to investigate differences in the way language is processed by the brain hemispheres
in individuals from different cultures. If Annabel could work with a psychologist who has made a
significant contribution in this area of research, she would MOST likely choose to work with
A.
B.
C.
D.
153.
A recently published case study described an individual who showed obsessive behavior. Recordings
of brain activity indicated this same individual also experienced a number of mild epileptic seizures
each day. When the epileptic seizures were brought under control using medication, the obsessive
behavior also disappeared. The type of psychologist who would be MOST interested in this case
study would be one who had
A.
B.
C.
D.
154.
cultural perspective and biological perspective
biological perspective and humanism
cognitive perspective and humanism
cognitive perspective and biological perspective
A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s which reflects a renewed interest in
the study of the mind or consciousness that existed in psychology when it first became a science in
the late 1800s is
A.
B.
C.
D.
157.
a behavioral or biological perspective.
a behavioral or psychoanalytic perspective.
a biological or psychoanalytic perspective.
a psychoanalytic or cognitive perspective.
Which pair of terms both reflect the observation that "psychology returned to its roots" in the latter
part of the 20th century?
A.
B.
C.
D.
156.
an evolutionary perspective.
a cognitive perspective.
a behavioral perspective.
a biological perspective.
The research psychologists who are MOST likely to conduct research studies using animals are those
who have
A.
B.
C.
D.
155.
Carl Rogers.
Roger Sperry.
John B. Watson.
Alfred Adler.
cognitive perspective.
mental perspective.
philosophical perspective.
biological perspective.
The cognitive perspective contends that to fully understand human behavior, psychologists need to
focus attention on
A.
B.
C.
D.
the role of the unconscious.
internal mental events.
the interrelations among the mind, body and behavior.
the adaptive value of a behavior.
22
158.
Decision making, reasoning, problem solving, and language are topics MOST likely to be studied
by
A.
B.
C.
D.
159.
A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s which reflects a renewed interest in
the study of the physiological bases of behavior that existed in psychology when it first became a
science in the late 1800s is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
160.
behavioral perspective.
cognitive perspective.
biological perspective.
humanistic perspective.
The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth
of foreign ways is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
164.
the role of the unconscious.
internal mental events.
the interrelations among the mind, body, and behavior.
the adaptive value of a behavior.
Professor Vasquez believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to
abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Vasquez's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
A.
B.
C.
D.
163.
evolutionary perspective
biological perspective
cognitive perspective
behavioral perspective
The biological perspective contends that to fully understand behavior, psychologists need to focus
attention on
A.
B.
C.
D.
162.
cognitive perspective.
mental perspective.
philosophical perspective.
biological perspective.
Which of the following psychological perspectives is MOST likely to focus on the interrelations
among the mind, body, and behavior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
161.
evolutionary psychologists.
biological psychologists.
cognitive psychologists.
behavioral psychologists.
racism.
egocentrism.
ethnocentrism.
functionalism.
Historically, most of psychology's research has been conducted in
A.
B.
C.
D.
China.
Japan.
Mexico.
the United States.
23
165.
Which of the following groups is MOST likely to have been used as subjects for psychological
research?
A.
B.
C.
D.
166.
The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth
of foreign ways is known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
167.
introspection.
ethnocentrism.
humanism.
positive psychology.
Which of the following is cited in the textbook as a reason for the narrow focus of Western
psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
168.
a variety of individuals
lower-class males
lower-class males and females
middle- and upper-class white males
Cross-cultural research is time-consuming and costly.
Psychology traditionally has emphasized the study of groups rather than individuals.
Anthropologists are more research-oriented than psychologists.
The influence of behaviorism narrowed the perspective of Western psychologists.
The recent increased interest in research dealing with "cultural" variables in psychology can be
attributed to all EXCEPT which of the following?
A. depersonalization of human beings by modern psychology
B. various groups (such as civil rights groups, women's groups) arguing that society has paid little
attention to human diversity
C. increased ethnic diversity in the United States
D. increased contact with non-Western cultures due to advances in communication and travel
169.
Dr. Vasquez has found that many Asians feel uncomfortable with the expression of emotions and
disclosure of personal information. As a consequence, Dr. Vasquez has made several suggestions for
ways in which psychological counseling might be modified to benefit people from Asian
backgrounds. Based on this information, you could infer that Dr. Vasquez investigates
A.
B.
C.
D.
170.
Historically, which of the following groups of individuals has been MOST frequently used as
subjects in psychological research?
A.
B.
C.
D.
171.
the biological determinants of behavior.
the impact of evolutionary factors in psychological functioning.
the role of cultural factors in psychological processes.
psychometrics and cognitive psychology.
white women
white men
black men
immigrant men and women
Recently Western psychologists have started to devote more attention to ____ as a determinant of
behavior.
A.
B.
C.
D.
intelligence
unconscious
feelings
culture
24
172.
Psychologists who focus attention on cultural diversity are LEAST likely to
A.
B.
C.
D.
173.
The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over
the course of many generations is
A.
B.
C.
D.
174.
cultural perspective in psychology.
cognitive perspective in psychology.
behavioral perspective in psychology.
evolutionary perspective in psychology.
Evolutionary psychologists would MOST likely explain females' greater emphasis on potential mates'
economic resources by suggesting that it
A.
B.
C.
D.
178.
establishing a territory.
locating a source of food.
passing on their genes to the next generation.
aggressive interactions with members of other species.
Currently a large proportion of the American population is overweight. Dr. Laker thinks that, in part,
this may be due to an innate preference for foods that are rich in fats and sugars. Dr. Laker has
suggested that in times when foods were not so readily available, this innate preference would ensure
enough calories for energy and survival. Dr. Laker's views are MOST consistent with those of the
A.
B.
C.
D.
177.
behavioral perspective.
cognitive perspective.
humanistic perspective.
evolutionary perspective.
The basic premise of evolutionary psychology is that natural selection favors behaviors that enhance
organisms' success in
A.
B.
C.
D.
176.
clinical psychology.
cognitive psychology.
evolutionary psychology.
physiological psychology.
Professor Immel believes that behaviors that are predominant in certain species probably serve some
adaptive function. Professor Immel's beliefs are MOST consistent with the
A.
B.
C.
D.
175.
document differences among varying cultures.
document similarities among varying cultures.
identify deficiencies in other cultures.
test the generality of earlier findings to other cultures.
increases resources available for their children.
supports their innate need for a large territory.
allows them to acquire a greater variety of time-saving appliances.
increases females' confidence about the maternity of their children.
Which of the following early psychologists would be MOST likely to endorse the tenets of
evolutionary psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Sigmund Freud
William James
John Watson
Wilhelm Wundt
25
179.
The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of evolutionary psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
180.
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current thinking about evolutionary
psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
181.
Herbert Simon.
B. F. Skinner.
David Buss.
Carl Jung.
You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The
faculty member states, "psychology has historically devoted too much attention to pathology,
weakness and how to heal suffering." This faculty member's views are MOST similar to the views
held by
A.
B.
C.
D.
185.
cognitive perspective in psychology.
evolutionary perspective in psychology.
biological perspective in psychology.
behavioral perspective in psychology.
Damion wants to investigate whether altruistic behavior in a specific species of tropical birds gives
the birds an evolutionary advantage. If Damion could work with a psychologist who has made a
significant contribution in this area of research, he would MOST likely choose to work with
A.
B.
C.
D.
184.
David Buss.
Roger Sperry.
James Olds.
Martin Seligman.
Some researchers have suggested that people currently tend to sleep during periods of darkness
because sleeping under these conditions was an adaptive behavior that helped to increase survival
among early humans. This is the type of argument that would MOST likely be made by psychologists
who take the
A.
B.
C.
D.
183.
It is a widely accepted approach to the study of human behavior.
It is a simplistic rehash of ideas proposed by Charles Darwin over 140 years ago.
It is a radical perspective supported by a small group of "revolutionary" scientists.
It is a thought-provoking, innovative perspective that is rapidly gaining influence.
The individual MOST closely associated with the recent development of positive psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
182.
Alfred Binet.
David Buss.
Roger Sperry.
James Olds.
Martin Seligman.
Richard Buss.
Sigmund Freud.
Carl Rogers.
The viewpoint in psychology that uses theory and research to understand the adaptive, creative and
fulfilling aspects of human existence is known as
A.
B.
C.
D.
physiological psychology.
evolutionary psychology.
positive psychology.
applied psychology.
26
186.
Evolutionary psychology examines ____ processes in terms of their adaptive value for members of a
species over the course of many generations.
A.
B.
C.
D.
187.
If you wonder about the adaptive purpose of a common behavior (such as toddlers following their
mothers around or teenagers wanting more independence from their parents) your wondering would
be MOST consistent with the principles of
A.
B.
C.
D.
188.
positive subjective experiences.
positive individual traits.
positive institutions and communities.
positive life events.
According to the definition of psychology that appears in your textbook, psychology is both
A.
B.
C.
D.
192.
positive subjective experiences
positive life events
positive institutions and communities
positive individual traits
Topics such as courage, tolerance, creativity, and integrity reflect the interest of the positive
psychology movement on the study of
A.
B.
C.
D.
191.
humanism.
evolutionary psychology.
positive psychology.
creative psychology.
Which of the following is NOT a major area of interest in the positive psychology movement?
A.
B.
C.
D.
190.
cultural psychology.
humanism.
biological psychology.
evolutionary psychology.
The emerging field in psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive,
adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human experience is
A.
B.
C.
D.
189.
physiological
behavioral
cultural
cognitive
a science and a profession.
a theory and an academic discipline.
a school of thought and an occupation.
a cognitive process and an undergraduate major.
Over the last 50 years membership in the American Psychological Association has
A.
B.
C.
D.
decreased.
remained the same.
increased dramatically.
first increased and then decreased.
27
193.
Of all doctoral degrees awarded in the sciences and humanities, psychology accounts for about
A.
B.
C.
D.
194.
According to your textbook, the work settings for approximately 28% of psychologists are
A.
B.
C.
D.
195.
10 percent
30 percent
50 percent
70 percent
Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as a major area of research in psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
200.
psychology is a profession that solves practical problems
psychology studies behavior including physiological and cognitive processes
psychology studies primarily the unconscious mind
psychology is a science
Colleges and universities are the primary work setting for approximately ____ of American
psychologists.
A.
B.
C.
D.
199.
art.
academic subject.
profession.
career.
Which of the following is NOT included in the text's definition of psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
198.
psychology has become increasingly less applied in its focus.
the number of clinicians is decreasing.
psychologists have gone from being specialists to being generalists.
fewer psychologists now work in colleges and universities.
The text's definition of psychology states that psychology is both a science and a(n)
A.
B.
C.
D.
197.
hospitals and nursing homes.
business and industry.
colleges and universities.
police departments and schools.
One of the key changes that has occurred in psychology over time is that
A.
B.
C.
D.
196.
5%.
9%.
20%.
50%.
physiological psychology
cognitive psychology
industrial/organizational psychology
social psychology
A psychologist whose major interest focuses on how behavior changes as a function of age would
probably be considered a
A.
B.
C.
D.
physiological psychologist.
developmental psychologist.
social psychologist.
cognitive psychologist.
28
201.
Which of the following is likely to be of MOST interest to a developmental psychologist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
202.
A psychologist who is interested in the psychological effect of aging would MOST likely specialize
in
A.
B.
C.
D.
203.
developmental psychology
physiological psychology
psychometrics
cognitive psychology
Phillip is a graduate student whose major area of interest is physiological psychology. You should
expect that Phillip is MOST interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
208.
to study the effects of reward on learning
to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and task performance
to conduct psychotherapy
to study the factors that motivate behavior
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of
the endocrine system in the regulation of behavior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
207.
How stable is personality over the lifespan?
Why do we like some people and not others?
What effect does anxiety have on test performance?
Do depressed people think differently than non-depressed people?
Which of the following would NOT be expected of an experimental psychologist?
A.
B.
C.
D.
206.
the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
how people relate to each other and influence each other.
the ways in which behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be MOST likely to ask?
A.
B.
C.
D.
205.
developmental psychology.
experimental psychology.
cognitive psychology.
psychometrics.
Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that
Larry is MOST interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
204.
the dynamics of small group decision making
the effect of anxiety on problem-solving behavior
the use of physical exercise as a means of combating depression
the effects on children of being raised in a single-parent home
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
how people relate to each other and influence each other.
the ways in which behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
Which of the following would a physiological psychologist be MOST likely to ask?
A.
B.
C.
D.
How do hormones affect behavior?
Why do we like some people and not others?
What effect does reward have on learning?
What are the stages of problem solving?
29
209.
A psychologist who studies information processing and decision making would probably be
considered a
A.
B.
C.
D.
210.
A cognitive psychologist is MOST likely to be interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
211.
experimental psychology
personality psychology
psychometrics
social psychology
Marie is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should
expect that Marie is MOST interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
215.
social psychology
personality psychology
cognitive psychology
physiological psychology
Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups
influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research
specialization?
A.
B.
C.
D.
214.
understanding mental processes such as memory and learning.
the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
how people relate to each other and influence each other.
Brooke is a graduate student whose major area of interest is in describing and understanding the
consistency in people's behavior. Which research is Brooke MOST likely to specialize in?
A.
B.
C.
D.
213.
behavior in small groups.
information processing.
the adolescent identity crisis.
interpersonal attraction.
Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect
that Ramon is MOST interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
212.
physiological psychologist.
developmental psychologist.
social psychologist.
cognitive psychologist.
the ways in which physical or genetic factors influence and determine behavior.
how people relate to each other and influence each other.
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations.
the ways in which behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime.
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual
differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques?
A.
B.
C.
D.
social psychology
psychometrics
cognitive psychology
physiological psychology
30
216.
A psychologist who specializes in psychometrics would MOST likely be concerned with which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
217.
Pablo is a graduate student whose major area of interest is the measurement of behavior and
capacities and the development of psychological tests. Which research is Pablo MOST likely to
specialize in?
A.
B.
C.
D.
218.
Developmental
Personality
Social
Cognitive
A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women
towards traditional sex roles were studied. MOST likely the researcher was
A.
B.
C.
D.
222.
clinical and counseling.
developmental and clinical.
developmental and social.
social and counseling.
____ psychologists are concerned with changes in behavior throughout the life span.
A.
B.
C.
D.
221.
psychometrics
industrial/organizational
personality
social
Currently, the two largest areas of specialization in research-oriented psychology are
A.
B.
C.
D.
220.
social psychology
psychometrics
cognitive psychology
physiological psychology
Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization in research psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
219.
developing tests
counseling
animal experimentation
the relationship between brain chemistry and behavior
a cognitive psychologist.
a counseling psychologist.
a developmental psychologist.
a social psychologist.
A psychologist who specializes in psychometrics is MOST likely to be interested in
A.
B.
C.
D.
the development of psychological tests to measure intelligence or personality traits.
explaining development across the life span.
conducting psychotherapy.
the development of techniques to monitor the functioning of the nervous system.
31
223.
The area of research specialization in psychology that studies many of the traditional topics in
psychology (such as sensation, learning, motivation) is
A.
B.
C.
D.
224.
Jane's thyroid gland has become inactive and, as a result, she is becoming lethargic and has gained
weight. We know that the thyroid gland can cause this reaction because of studies conducted by
A.
B.
C.
D.
225.
health psychology.
physiological psychology.
social psychology.
psychiatry.
The proportion of academic and research psychologists who identify their primary area of interest as
health psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
229.
developmental outcomes from ages six through eighteen.
how people learn and the best way to teach them.
interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior.
describing and understanding individuals' consistency in behavior.
The area of psychological research that is MOST interested in the causation, prevention, and
treatment of illness is
A.
B.
C.
D.
228.
cognitive psychology.
psychometrics.
educational psychology.
developmental psychology.
The focus of research for educational psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
227.
clinical psychologists.
medical psychologists.
experimental psychologists.
physiological psychologists.
Elizabeth is interested in the best way to study achievement among middle-school children and she is
also interested in the factors that underlie student motivation. Elizabeth would MOST likely describe
her research interests as
A.
B.
C.
D.
226.
psychometrics.
experimental.
educational.
cognitive.
less than 3%.
just over 25%.
shrinking each year.
approximately 10%.
Which of the following areas is MOST likely to be classified as an applied area of specialization in
psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
psychometrics
counseling psychology
experimental psychology
developmental psychology
32
230.
Which of the following areas is MOST similar to clinical psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
231.
Which of the following areas is LEAST likely to be considered an applied area of psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
232.
an educational psychologist
a counseling psychologist
a school psychologist
an industrial psychologist
Dr Hawkins is a psychologist who spends her day working in an elementary school testing and
counseling children who are having difficulty in school. What type of applied psychologist is Dr.
Hawkins?
A.
B.
C.
D.
236.
clinical psychology.
counseling psychology.
educational and school psychology.
industrial and organizational psychology.
Sally is a psychologist interested improving curriculum design, achievement testing and teacher
training. What type of psychologist is Sally?
A.
B.
C.
D.
235.
an educational psychologist
a counseling psychologist
a school psychologist
an industrial psychologist
A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company
would MOST likely have received training in
A.
B.
C.
D.
234.
industrial psychology
clinical psychology
educational psychology
developmental psychology
Dr. Lopez is a psychologist who evaluates, diagnoses, and treats people with everyday problems of
moderate severity. What type of psychologist is Dr. Lopez?
A.
B.
C.
D.
233.
social psychology
school psychology
industrial psychology
counseling psychology
an educational psychologist
a counseling psychologist
a school psychologist
an industrial psychologist
An industrial/organizational psychologist would be MOST likely to be involved in
A.
B.
C.
D.
providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems.
working to improve employee morale and attitudes.
testing and counseling children who are having difficulty in school.
providing group or individual psychotherapy.
33
237.
The most widely practiced professional specialty in psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
238.
Kenn is a psychologist who spends the majority of his time assessing or treating elderly people who
are showing signs of dementia or who have experienced strokes. Ken would MOST likely describe
the focus of his practice as
A.
B.
C.
D.
239.
school psychology and forensic psychology.
forensic psychology and clinical neuropsychology.
industrial/organizational psychology and clinical neuropsychology.
school psychology and industrial/organizational psychology.
Which of the following is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental
disorders?
A.
B.
C.
D.
243.
forensic psychology.
clinical neuropsychology.
psychometrics.
social psychology.
Not including clinical or counseling psychologists, the two most common specialties in applied
psychology are
A.
B.
C.
D.
242.
strive to promote the cognitive, emotional, and social development of school-age children.
apply psychological principles to issues arising in the legal system.
are involved in the assessment of people who suffer from central nervous system dysfunctions.
are concerned with the measurement of behavior and the development of valid psychological
tests.
A lawyer who wanted to have expert witness testify at a hearing to determine whether or not his
client was competent to stand trial would need to contact a psychologist whose specialty was
A.
B.
C.
D.
241.
counseling psychology.
psychometrics.
clinical neuropsychology.
forensic psychology.
As part of their professional practice, forensic psychologists
A.
B.
C.
D.
240.
clinical psychology.
experimental psychology.
educational and school psychology.
industrial/organizational psychology.
a clinical psychologist
a counseling psychologist
a psychiatrist
a physiological psychologist
Which of the following statements regarding the difference between a clinical psychologist and a
psychiatrist is MOST accurate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Psychiatrists cannot prescribe drugs.
A clinical psychologist has a medical degree.
Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists receive medical training.
Clinical psychologists tend to take a non-medical approach to the treatment of psychological
disorders.
34
244.
A psychiatrist typically has a
A.
B.
C.
D.
245.
Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization of applied psychology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
246.
industrial/organizational psychology.
counseling psychology.
clinical psychology.
developmental psychology.
____ psychologists work in schools and primarily help individual children having difficulties in
school and aid parents and teachers in solving school-related problems.
A.
B.
C.
D.
250.
school psychology
educational psychology
experimental psychology
industrial/organizational psychology
The most widely practiced specialization in applied psychology is
A.
B.
C.
D.
249.
social psychology.
counseling psychology.
clinical psychology.
cognitive psychology.
Which of the following areas of specialization in psychology is involved with the development of
curricula and the training of teachers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
248.
school psychology
industrial and organizational psychology
counseling psychology
personality psychology
An area of specialization in applied psychology that is primarily involved in the treatment of less
severe problems of everyday life (such as marriage counseling) is
A.
B.
C.
D.
247.
Doctorate in Psychology.
Medical Degree.
Doctorate in Physiology.
Doctorate in Education.
School
Educational
Counseling
Social
As the result of a breakdown in communication, morale is low among employees in a local factory.
A(n) ____ would be MOST likely to be helpful in restoring communication and improving morale.
A.
B.
C.
D.
social psychologist
educational psychologist
industrial/organizational psychologist
clinical psychologist
35