RMS Olympic
being the last word in comfort and luxury.[6] The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response
to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and
now outclassed ships from 1890, the SS Teutonic and SS
Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be brought
back into her old spot on White Star’s New York service
after Titanic's loss.
RMS Olympic was a transatlantic ocean liner, the lead
ship of the White Star Line's trio of Olympic-class liners. Unlike her younger sister ships, Olympic had a long
career, spanning 24 years from 1911 to 1935. This included service as a troopship during the First World War,
which gained her the nickname “Old Reliable”. Olympic
returned to civilian service after the war and served successfully as an ocean liner throughout the 1920s and into
the first half of the 1930s, although increased competition, and the slump in trade during the Great Depression
after 1930, made her operation increasingly unprofitable.
The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders
Harland and Wolff, who had a long established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867.[7] Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line; the usual approach
was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the
former would take away and turn into a ship design. Cost
considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on
the ships, plus a five percent profit margin.[7] In the case
of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million for the
first two ships was agreed plus “extras to contract” and
the usual five percent fee.[8]
Olympic was the largest ocean liner in the world for two
periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the brief
tenure of the slightly larger Titanic (which had the same
dimensions but higher gross tonnage owing to revised
interior configurations), before she was then surpassed
by SS Imperator. Olympic also retained the title of the
largest British-built liner until the RMS Queen Mary was
launched in 1934, interrupted only by the short careers of
her slightly larger sister ships.[2][3]
By contrast with Olympic, the other ships in the class, Titanic and Britannic, did not have long service lives. On the
night of 14/15 April 1912, Titanic collided with an iceberg in the North Atlantic and sank, claiming more than
1,500 lives; Britannic struck a mine and sank in the Kea
Channel (Greece) in the Mediterranean on 21 November
1916, killing 30 people.
1
Background
Built in Belfast, Ireland, the RMS Olympic was the first
of the three Olympic-class ocean liners – the others were
the RMS Titanic and the HMHS Britannic.[4] They were
by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company
White Star Line's fleet, which comprised 29 steamers
and tenders in 1912.[5] The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star
Line’s chairman, J. Bruce Ismay, and the American financier J. Pierpont Morgan, who controlled the White
Star Line’s parent corporation, the International Mercantile Marine Co. The White Star Line faced a growing
challenge from its main rivals Cunard, which had just
launched Lusitania and Mauretania – the fastest passenger ships then in service – and the German lines Hamburg
America and Norddeutscher Lloyd. Ismay preferred to
compete on size and economics rather than speed and
proposed to commission a new class of liners that would
be bigger than anything that had gone before as well as
The launch of Olympic on 20 October 1910
Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work
designing the Olympic-class vessels. It was overseen by
Lord Pirrie, a director of both Harland and Wolff and
the White Star Line; naval architect Thomas Andrews,
the managing director of Harland and Wolff’s design department; Edward Wilding, Andrews’ deputy and responsible for calculating the ship’s design, stability and trim;
and Alexander Carlisle, the shipyard’s chief draughtsman and general manager.[9] Carlisle’s responsibilities included the decorations, equipment and all general ar1
2
3
CAREER
rangements, including the implementation of an efficient were equipped with private bathrooms. First-class paslifeboat davit design.[10]
sengers could have meals in the ship’s large and luxurious
On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the draw- dining room or in the more intimate A La Carte Restauings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line exec- rant. There was a lavish Grand Staircase, built only for the
three lifts that ran behind
utives. Ismay approved the design and signed three “let- Olympic-class ships, along with
[15]
the
staircase
down
to
E
deck,
a Georgian-style smokters of agreement” two days later authorising the start of
ing
room,
a
Veranda
Café
decorated
with palm trees,[16]
[11]
At this point the first ship – which was
construction.
[17]
gymnasium,[18] and
later to become Olympic – had no name, but was referred a swimming pool, Turkish bath,
several other places for meals and entertainment.
to simply as “Number 400”, as it was Harland and Wolff’s
four hundredth hull. Titanic was based on a revised ver- The second-class facilities included a smoking room, a
sion of the same design and was given the number 401.[12] library, a spacious dining room, and a lift.[3][19]
Bruce Ismay’s father Thomas Henry Ismay had previously Finally, the third-class passengers enjoyed reasonable acplanned to build a ship named Olympic as a sister ship to commodation compared to other ships, if not up to the
the Oceanic. The senior Ismay died in 1899 and the order second and first classes. Instead of large dormitories offor the ship was cancelled.[13]
fered by most ships of the time, the third-class passengers
Construction of Olympic began three months before Titanic to ease pressures on the shipyard. Several years
would pass before Britannic would be launched. In order
to accommodate the construction of the class, Harland
and Wolff upgraded their facility in Belfast; the most dramatic change was the combining of three slipways into
two larger ones. Olympic's keel was laid in December
1908 and she was launched on 20 October 1910.[4] For
her launch, the hull was painted in a light grey colour for
photographic purposes; a common practice of the day for
the first ship in a new class, as it made the lines of the ship
clearer in the black and white photographs. Her hull was
repainted black following the launch.[3]
2
Features
of the Olympic travelled in cabins containing two to ten
bunks. Facilities for the third class included a smoking
room, a common area, and a dining room.[3][19]
Olympic had a cleaner, sleeker look than other ships of
the day: rather than fitting her with bulky exterior air
vents, Harland and Wolff used smaller air vents with electric fans, with a “dummy” fourth funnel used for additional ventilation. For the power plant Harland and
Wolff employed a combination of reciprocating engines
with a centre low-pressure turbine, as opposed to the
steam turbines used on Cunard’s Lusitania and Mauretania.[20] White Star had successfully tested this engine set
up on an earlier liner SS Laurentic, where it was found to
be more economical than expansion engines or turbines
alone. Olympic consumed 650 tons of coal per 24 hours
with an average speed of 21.7 knots on her maiden voyage, compared to 1000 tons of coal per 24 hours for both
the Lusitania and Mauretania.[21]
Main article: Olympic class ocean liner § Specification
The Olympic was designed as a luxury ship; her passen- Although Olympic and Titanic were nearly identical, and
were based on the same design, a few alterations were
made to Titanic (and later on Britannic) based on experience gained from Olympic's first year in service. The most
noticeable of these was that the forward half of Titanic's
A Deck promenade was enclosed by a steel screen with
sliding windows, to provide additional shelter, whereas
the Olympic's promenade deck remained open along its
whole length. Also the promenades on Titanic's B Deck
were reduced in size, and the space used for additional
cabins and public rooms, including two luxury suites with
private promenades. A number of other variations existed between the two ships layouts and fittings. These
differences meant that Titanic had a slightly higher gross
tonnage of 46,328 tons, compared to Olympic's 45,324
tons.[22]
The Grand Staircase of Olympic
3 Career
ger facilities, fittings, deck plans and technical facilities
were largely identical to those of her more famous sis- Following completion, Olympic started her sea trials
ter Titanic, although with some small variations.[14] The on 29 May 1911, which she successfully completed;
first-class passengers enjoyed luxurious cabins, and some Olympic then left Belfast bound for Liverpool, her port
3.1
Hawke collision
Olympic arriving at New York on her maiden voyage on 21 June
1911
of registration, on 31 May 1911. As a publicity stunt
the White Star Line deliberately timed the start of this
first voyage to coincide with the launch of Titanic. After
spending a day in Liverpool, open to the public, Olympic
sailed to Southampton, where she arrived on 3 June, to be
made ready for her maiden voyage.[23] The deep-water
dock at Southampton, then known as the "White Star
Dock" had been specially constructed to accommodate
the new Olympic-class liners, and had opened in 1911.[24]
Her maiden voyage commenced on 14 June 1911 from
Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown,
reaching New York City on 21 June.[25] The maiden voyage was captained by Edward Smith who would lose his
life the following year in the Titanic disaster.[26] Designer
Thomas Andrews was present for the passage to New
York and return, along with a number of engineers, as
part of Harland and Wolff’s “Guarantee Group” to spot
any problems or areas for improvement. Andrews would
also lose his life in the Titanic disaster.[27]
As the largest ship in the world, and the first in a new
class of superliners, Olympic's maiden voyage attracted
considerable worldwide attention from the press and public. Following her arrival in New York, Olympic was
opened up to the public and received over 8,000 visitors. More than 10,000 spectators watched her depart
from New York harbour, for her first return trip.[28]
3.1
Hawke collision
Olympic's first major mishap occurred on her fifth voyage on 20 September 1911, when she collided with the
British cruiser HMS Hawke off the Isle of Wight. The
collision took place as Olympic and Hawke were running
parallel to each other through the Solent. As Olympic
turned to starboard, the wide radius of her turn took the
commander of the Hawke by surprise, and he was unable
to take sufficient avoiding action.[29] Hawke's bow, which
had been designed to sink ships by ramming them, collided with Olympic's starboard side near the stern, tearing
two large holes in Olympic's hull, above and below the wa-
3
Images documenting the damage to Olympic (left) and Hawke
(right) following their collision (alternate view)
terline, resulting in the flooding of two of her watertight
compartments and a twisted propeller shaft. HMS Hawke
suffered severe damage to her bow and nearly capsized.
Despite this, Olympic was able to return to Southampton
under her own power, and no one was seriously injured or
killed.[14][30] Hawke was repaired, but sunk by the German U-boat SM U-9 in October 1914.
Captain Edward Smith was still in command of Olympic
at the time of the incident. Two crew members, stewardess Violet Jessop and stoker Arthur John Priest,[31]
survived not only the collision with the Hawke but also the
later sinking of Titanic and the 1916 sinking of Britannic,
the third ship of the class.[32]
At the subsequent inquiry the Royal Navy blamed
Olympic for the incident, alleging that her large displacement generated a suction that pulled Hawke into her
side.[33][34] The Hawke incident was a financial disaster
for Olympic's operator. A legal argument ensued which
decided that the blame for the incident lay with Olympic,
and although the ship was technically under the control
of the pilot, the White Star Line was faced with large legal bills and the cost of repairing the ship, and keeping
her out of revenue service made matters worse.[29] However, the fact that Olympic endured such a serious collision and stayed afloat, appeared to vindicate the design of
the Olympic-class liners and reinforced their “unsinkable”
reputation.[29]
It took two weeks for the damage to Olympic to be
patched up sufficiently to allow her to return to Belfast
for permanent repairs, which took just over six weeks to
complete. To speed up the repairs, Harland and Wolff
was forced to delay Titanic's completion in order to use
her propeller shaft for Olympic. By 29 November she was
back in service, however in February 1912, Olympic suffered another setback when she lost a propeller blade on
an eastbound voyage from New York, and once again returned to her builder for repairs. To get her back to service as soon as possible, Harland & Wolff again had to
pull resources from Titanic, delaying her maiden voyage
from 20 March 1912 to 10 April 1912.[35]
4
3
CAREER
performed for the British enquiry in May 1912, to establish how quickly the ship could turn two points at various
speeds, to approximate how long it would have taken the
Titanic to turn when it sighted the iceberg.[40]
3.3 1912 “mutiny”
Olympic, like Titanic, did not carry enough lifeboats for
everyone on board, and was hurriedly equipped with additional, second-hand collapsible lifeboats following her
return to Britain. Toward the end of April 1912, as she
was about to sail from Southampton to New York, 284 of
the ship’s firemen went on strike because of fears that the
Olympic (left) being manoeuvred into dry dock in Belfast for ship’s new collapsible lifeboats were not seaworthy. 100
repairs on the morning of 2 March 1912 after throwing a pro- non-union crew were hastily hired from Southampton as
peller blade. Titanic (right) is moored at the fitting-out wharf. replacements, with more being hired from Liverpool.[41]
Olympic would sail for Southampton on 7 March, concluding
the last time the two ships would be photographed together
The 40 collapsible lifeboats were transferred from troopships and put on Olympic, and many were rotten and could
not open. The crewmen instead sent a request to the
Southampton manager of the White Star Line that the
3.2 Titanic disaster
collapsible boats be replaced by wooden lifeboats; the
manager replied that this was impossible and that the colMain article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic
lapsible boats had been passed as seaworthy by a Board of
Trade inspector. The men were not satisfied and ceased
On 14 April 1912, Olympic, now under the command work in protest.[42]
of Herbert James Haddock, was on a return trip from
New York. Wireless operator Ernest James Moore[36] On 25 April a deputation of strikers witnessed a test of
received the distress call from Titanic, when she was ap- four of the collapsible boats. Only one was unseaworproximately 500 nautical miles (930 km; 580 mi) west by thy and they said that they were prepared to recommend
south of Titanic's location.[37] Haddock calculated a new the men return to work if it was replaced. However the
course, ordered the ship’s engines to be set to full power strikers now objected to the non-union strikebreaker crew
which had come on board, and demanded that they be
and headed to assist in the rescue.[38]
dismissed, which the White Star Line refused. 54 sailors
When Olympic was about 100 nautical miles (190 km; then left the ship, objecting to the non-union crew who
120 mi) away from Titanic's last known position, she re- they claimed were unqualified and therefore dangerous,
ceived a message from Captain Rostron of Cunard Line's and refused to sail with them. This led to the scheduled
RMS Carpathia, which had arrived at the scene. Ros- sailing being cancelled.[41][43]
tron explained that Olympic continuing on course to Titanic would gain nothing, as “All boats accounted for. All 54 sailors were arrested on a charge of mutiny when
About 675 souls saved [...] Titanic foundered about 2:20 they went ashore. On 4 May 1912 Portsmouth magam.”[37] Rostron requested that the message be forwarded istrates found the charges against the mutineers were
or
to White Star and Cunard. He said that he was returning proven, but discharged them without imprisonment
[44]
fine
due
to
the
special
circumstances
of
the
case.
Fear[37]
Subsequently, the wireless
to harbour in New York.
room aboard the Olympic operated as a clearing room for ing that public opinion would be on the side of the strikers, the White Star Line let them return to work and the
radio messages.[37]
Olympic sailed on 15 May.[40]
When Olympic offered to take on the survivors, she was
heatedly turned down by Rostron, who was concerned
that it would cause panic amongst the survivors of the dis- 3.4 Refit
aster to see a virtual mirror-image of the Titanic appear
and ask them to board. Olympic then resumed her voyage On 9 October 1912 White Star withdrew Olympic from
to Southampton, with all concerts cancelled as a mark of service and returned her to her builders at Belfast to
respect, arriving on 21 April.[3]
have modifications added to incorporate lessons learned
Over the next few months, Olympic assisted with both the
American and British inquiries into the disaster. Deputations from both inquiries inspected Olympic's lifeboats,
watertight doors and bulkheads and other equipment
which were identical to those on Titanic.[39] Sea tests were
from the Titanic disaster six months prior, and improve
safety.[45] The number of lifeboats carried by Olympic
was increased from twenty to sixty four (per Carlisle’s
original number), and extra davits were installed along
the boat deck to accommodate them. An inner water-
3.5
First World War
5
tered again to Glasgow.[3][50]
The first few wartime voyages were packed with Americans trapped in Europe, eager to return home, although
the eastbound journeys carried few passengers. By midOctober, bookings had fallen sharply as the threat from
German U-boats became increasingly serious, and White
Star Line decided to withdraw Olympic from commercial service. On 21 October 1914, she left New York
for Glasgow on her last commercial voyage of the war,
though carrying only 153 passengers.[51][50]
Olympic as she appeared after her refit following the Titanic
disaster, with a full complement of lifeboats
3.5.1
tight skin was also constructed in the boiler and engine
rooms, to create a double hull. Five of the watertight
bulkheads were extended up to B-Deck, extending to the
entire height of the hull. This corrected a flaw in the
original design, in which the bulkheads only rose up as
far as E or D-Deck, a short distance above the waterline. This flaw had been exposed during Titanic's sinking, where water spilled over the top of the bulkheads
as the ship sank and flooded subsequent compartments.
In addition, an extra bulkhead was added to subdivide
the electrical dynamo room, bringing the total number
of watertight compartments to seventeen. Improvements
were also made to the ship’s pumping apparatus. These
modifications meant that Olympic could survive a collision similar to that of Titanic, in that her first six compartments could be breached and the ship could remain
afloat.[46][47]
At the same time, Olympic's B-Deck underwent a refit, which included extra cabins (the parlour suites which
proved popular on the Titanic were added to the Olympic),
more cabins were fitted with private bathing facilities, and
a Cafe Parisian (another addition that had proved popular
on the Titanic) was added, offering another dining option
to first class passengers. With these changes, Olympic's
gross tonnage rose to 46,359 tons, 31 tons more than Titanic's.[48]
In March 1913, Olympic returned to service and briefly
regained the title of largest ocean liner in the world, until
the German liner SS Imperator entered passenger service
in June 1913. Following her refit, Olympic was marketed
as the “new” Olympic and her improved safety features
were featured prominently in advertisements. [49][3]
3.5
First World War
In August 1914 the First World War began. Olympic initially remained in commercial service under Captain Herbert James Haddock. As a wartime measure, Olympic was
painted in a grey colour scheme, portholes were blocked,
and lights on deck were turned off to make the ship less
visible. The schedule was hastily altered to terminate at
Liverpool rather than Southampton, and this was later al-
Audacious incident
On the sixth day of her voyage, 27 October, as Olympic
passed near Lough Swilly off the north coast of Ireland,
she received distress signals from the battleship HMS Audacious, which had struck a mine off Tory Island and was
taking on water.[52]
The crew of the stricken Audacious take to lifeboats to be rescued
by Olympic
Olympic took off 250 of Audacious's crew, then the destroyer HMS Fury managed to attach a tow cable between Audacious and Olympic and they headed west for
Lough Swilly. However, the cable parted after Audacious's steering gear failed. A second attempt was made
to tow the warship, but the cable became tangled in
HMS Liverpool's propellers and was severed. A third attempt was tried but also failed when the cable gave way.
By 17:00 the Audacious's quarterdeck was awash and it
was decided to evacuate the remaining crew members to
Olympic and Liverpool, and at 20:55 there was an explosion aboard the Audacious and she sank.[53]
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, Commander of the Home
Fleet, was anxious to suppress the news of the sinking
of Audacious, for fear of the demoralising effect it could
have on the British public, so ordered Olympic to be held
in custody at Lough Swilly. No communications were
permitted and passengers were not allowed to leave the
ship. The only people departing her were the crew of
Audacious and Chief Surgeon John Beaumont, who was
transferring to RMS Celtic. Steel tycoon Charles M.
Schwab, who was travelling aboard the liner, sent word
6
3
CAREER
to Jellicoe that he had urgent business in London with the
Admiralty, and Jellicoe agreed to release Schwab if he remained silent about the fate of Audacious. Finally, on 2
November, Olympic was allowed to go to Belfast where
the passengers disembarked.[54]
HMT Olympic in dazzle camouflage while in service as a
troopship during the First World War
3.5.2
Naval service
Following Olympic's return to Britain, the White Star Line
intended to lay her up in Belfast until the war was over, but
in May 1915 she was requisitioned by the Admiralty, to
be used as a troop transport, along with the Cunard liners
Mauretania and Aquitania. The Admiralty had initially
been reluctant to use large ocean liners as troop transports
because of their vulnerability to enemy attack, however a
shortage of ships gave them little choice. At the same
time, Olympic's other sister ship Britannic, which had not
yet been completed, was requisitioned as a hospital ship.
In that role she would strike a mine and sink the following
year.[55]
Stripped of her peacetime fittings and now armed with
12-pounders and 4.7-inch guns, Olympic was converted
to a troopship, with the capacity to transport up to 6,000
troops. On 24 September 1915 the newly designated
HMT (Hired Military Transport) 2810, now under the
command of Bertram Fox Hayes left Liverpool carrying 6,000 soldiers to Mudros, Greece for the Gallipoli
Campaign. On 1 October lifeboats from the French ship
Provincia which had been sunk by a U-boat that morning
off Cape Matapan were sighted and 34 survivors rescued
by Olympic. Hayes was criticised for this action by the
British Admiralty, who accused him of putting the ship
in danger by stopping it in waters where enemy U-boats
were active. The ship’s speed was considered to be its
best defence against U-boat attack, and such a large ship
stopped would have made an unmissable target. However the French Vice-Admiral Louis Dartige du Fournet
took a different view, and awarded Hayes with the Gold
Medal of Honour. Olympic made several more trooping
journeys to the Mediterranean until early 1916, when the
Gallipoli Campaign was abandoned.[56]
Olympic in dazzle at Pier 2 in Halifax, Nova Scotia painted by
Arthur Lismer
unsuitable for this role, because the coal bunkers, which
had been designed for transatlantic runs, lacked the capacity for such a long journey at a reasonable speed.[57]
Instead, from 1916 to 1917, Olympic was chartered by the
Canadian Government to transport troops from Halifax,
Nova Scotia to Britain.[58] In 1917 she gained 6-inch guns
and was painted with a “dazzle” camouflage scheme to
make it more difficult for observers to estimate her speed
and heading. Her dazzle colours were brown, dark blue,
light blue, and white. Her many visits to Halifax Harbour carrying Canadian troops safely overseas, and back
home after the war at Pier 2, made her a favourite symbol in the City of Halifax. Noted Group of Seven artist
Arthur Lismer made several paintings of her in Halifax.
A large dance hall, “Olympic Gardens” was also named
in her honour. After the United States declared war on
Germany in 1917, Olympic also transported thousands of
U.S. troops to Britain.[59]
In the early hours of 12 May 1918, while en route for
France with US troops under the command of Captain
Hayes, Olympic sighted a surfaced U-boat 500 m (1,600
ft) ahead.[60] Olympic's gunners opened fire at once, and
the ship turned to ram the submarine, which immediately
crash dived to 30 m (98 ft) and turned to a parallel course.
Almost immediately afterwards Olympic struck the submarine just aft of her conning tower with her port propeller slicing through U-103's pressure hull. The crew of
U-103 blew her ballast tanks, scuttled and abandoned the
submarine.Olympic did not stop to pick up survivors, but
continued on to Cherbourg. Meanwhile, the USS Davis
had sighted a distress flare and picked up 31 survivors
from U-103. Olympic returned to Southampton with at
least two hull plates dented and her prow twisted to one
side, but not breached.[61]
It was subsequently discovered that U-103 had been
preparing to torpedo Olympic when she was sighted, but
the crew were not able to flood the two stern torpedo
In 1916, considerations were made to use Olympic to tubes.[62] For his service, Captain Hayes was awarded the
transport troops to India via the Cape of Good Hope. DSO.[63] Some American soldiers on board paid for a
However, on investigation it was decided that the ship was plaque to be placed in one of Olympic's lounges to com-
3.6
Post-war
7
memorate the event, it read:
This tablet presented by the 59th Regiment
United States Infantry commemorates the sinking of the German submarine U103 by the
Olympic on May 12th 1918 in latitude 49 degrees 16 minutes north longitude 4 degrees 51
minutes west on the voyage from New York to
Southampton with American troops...[64]
Olympic at Southampton in 1929
HMT Olympic in 1919
During the war, Olympic is reported to have carried up
to 201,000 troops and other personnel, burning 347,000
tons of coal and travelling about 184,000 miles.[65] Her
impressive war service earned her the nickname Old Reliable.[66] Her captain was knighted in 1919 for “valuable
services in connection with the transport of troops”.[67]
3.6
Post-war
In August 1919 Olympic returned to Belfast for restoration to civilian service. Her interior was modernised and
her boilers were converted to burn oil rather than coal
as it lowered the refuelling time from days to hours, it
also gave a steadier engine R.P.M and allowed the engine
room personnel to be reduced from 350 to 60 people.[68]
During the conversion work and drydocking, a dent with
a crack at the centre was discovered below her waterline
which was later concluded to have been caused by a torpedo that had failed to detonate.[69]
Olympic emerged from her refit with an increased tonnage of 46,439, allowing her to retain her claim to the
title of largest British built liner afloat, although the Cunard Line’s Aquitania was slightly longer. In 1920 she returned to passenger service, on one voyage that year carrying 2,249 passengers.[70] Olympic transported a record
38,000 passengers during 1921, which proved to be the
peak year of her career. From 1922 she was joined for an
express service by Majestic and Homeric, two former German liners which had been ceded to Britain as war reparations, operating successfully until the Great Depression
reduced demand after 1930.[71]
During the 1920s, Olympic remained a popular and fashionable ship, and often attracted the rich and famous of
the day; Charlie Chaplin, Mary Pickford and Douglas
Fairbanks, and Prince Edward, then Prince of Wales,
were among the celebrities that she carried.[72] Prince
Edward and Captain Howarth were filmed on the bridge
of the Olympic for Pathé News.[73] According to his
autobiography,[74] Cary Grant, then Archibald Leach,
first set sail to New York on the Olympic on 21 July
1920 on the same voyage on which Douglas Fairbanks
and Mary Pickford were celebrating their honeymoon.
One of the attractions of Olympic was the fact that she
was nearly identical to the Titanic, and many passengers
sailed on Olympic as a way of vicariously experiencing
the voyage of Olympic's sister ship.[75]
On 22 March 1924, Olympic was involved in another collision with a ship, this time at New York. As Olympic
was reversing from her berth at New York harbour, her
stern collided with the smaller liner Fort St George, which
had crossed into her path. The collision caused extensive damage to the smaller ship. At first it appeared that
Olympic had sustained only minor damage, but it was later
revealed that her sternpost had been fractured, necessitating the replacement of her entire stern frame.[76]
Changes in immigration laws in the United States in
the 1920s greatly restricted the number of immigrants
allowed to enter. This led to a major reduction in the immigrant trade for the shipping lines, forcing them to cater
to the tourist trade to survive.[3] At the turn of 1927–28,
Olympic was converted to carry tourist third cabin passengers as well as first, second and third class.[77] Tourist
8
3
CAREER
third cabin was an attempt to attract travellers who desired comfort without the accompanying high ticket price.
New public rooms were constructed for this class, although tourist third cabin and second class would merge
to become 'tourist' by late 1931.
A year later, Olympic's first class cabins were again improved by adding more bathrooms, a dance floor was fitted in the enlarged first class dining saloon, and a number
of new suites with private facilities were installed forward
on B-deck.[78] More improvements would follow in a later
refit, but 1929 saw Olympic's best average passenger lists Olympic in 1934, passing the Lightship Nantucket, the same ship
she would strike and sink a few months later
since 1925.
On 18 November 1929, as Olympic was travelling westbound near to Titanic's last known position, the ship sud- 3.7 Lightship collision
denly started to vibrate violently, and the vibrations continued for two minutes. It was later determined that this In 1934, Olympic again struck a ship. The approaches
had been caused by the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake.[79] to New York were marked by lightships and Olympic,
like other liners, had been known to pass close by these
vessels. On 15 May 1934, Olympic, inbound in heavy
fog, was homing in on the radio beacon of Nantucket
3.6.1 Last years
Lightship LV-117.[85] Now under the command of Captain John Binks, the ship failed to turn in time and
The shipping trade was badly affected by the Great De- sliced through the smaller vessel, which broke apart and
pression. Until 1930 there had generally been around one sank.[86] Four of the lightship’s crew went down with the
million passengers a year on the transatlantic route, but by vessel and seven were rescued, of whom three died of
1934 this had dropped by more than half. Furthermore, their injuries – thus there were seven fatalities out of
by the early 1930s, increased competition emerged, in the a crew of eleven.[87] The lightship’s surviving crew and
form of a new generation of larger and faster liners such the Olympic's captain were interviewed soon after reachas Germany’s SS Bremen and SS Europa, Italy’s SS Rex ing shore. One crewman said it all happened so quickly
and France’s SS Île de France, and the remaining passen- that they didn't know how it happened. The captain was
gers tended to prefer the more up-to-date ships. Olympic very sorry it happened but said the Olympic reacted very
had averaged around 1,000 passengers per journey until quickly lowering boats to rescue the crew, which was con1930, but this declined by more than half by 1932.[80]
firmed by an injured crewman.[88]
Olympic's running mate Homeric was withdrawn from
the transatlantic route as early as 1932, leaving only
Olympic and Majestic maintaining White Star Line’s 3.8 Retirement
Southampton-New York service, although this was occasionally augmented during the summer months by either
the MV Britannic or MV Georgic. [81] During slack periods in the summer, Olympic and fleet mate Majestic were
employed in summer recreational cruises from New York
to Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia.[82]
At the end of 1932, with passenger traffic in decline,
Olympic went for an overhaul and refit that took four
months. She returned to service in March 1933 described by her owners as “looking like new.” Her engines
were performing at their best and she repeatedly recorded
speeds in excess of 23 knots, despite averaging less than
that in regular transatlantic service. Passenger capacities were given as 618 first class, 447 tourist class and
only 382 third class after the decline of the immigrant Olympic (left) and Mauretania laid up in Southampton prior to
trade.[83]
their scrapping
Despite this, during 1933 and 1934, Olympic ran at a net
operating loss for the first time. 1933 was Olympic's worst
year of business – carrying just over 9,000 passengers
in total.[84] Passenger numbers rose slightly in 1934, but
many crossings still lost money.[81]
In 1934, the White Star Line merged with the Cunard
Line at the instigation of the British government, to form
Cunard White Star.[89] This merger allowed funds to be
granted for the completion of the future RMS Queen
9
Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth. When completed, these
two new ships would handle Cunard White Star’s express
service, and so their fleet of older liners became redundant and were gradually retired.
White Swan Hotel, in Alnwick, Northumberland, England. The rest of her fittings found homes in scattered
places throughout Great Britain.[94] One suite at Sparth
House Hotel, Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire has the origOlympic was withdrawn from the transatlantic service, inal furniture from one of the state rooms, including light
and left New York for the last time on 5 April 1935, re- fitting, sink, wardrobes and fireplace.
turning to Britain to be laid up. Her new owners con- In 2000, Celebrity Cruises purchased some of Olympic's
sidered using her for summer cruises for a short while, original wooden panels to create the RMS Olympic restaubut this idea was abandoned and she was put up for sale. rant on board their new cruise ship, Millennium. AccordAmong the potential buyers was a syndicate who pro- ing to the cruise line, this panelling had lined Olympic's à
posed to turn her into a floating hotel off the south coast la carte restaurant.[94]
of France, but this came to nothing.[90] After being laid The clock depicting “Honour and Glory Crowning
up for five months alongside her former rival Mauretania, Time” from Olympic's grand staircase is on display at
she was sold to Sir John Jarvis – Member of Parliament Southampton's SeaCity Museum.[95][96]
for £97,500, to be partially demolished at Jarrow to provide work for the depressed region.[91] Her superstructure
was demolished in 1936, and in 1937, Olympic's hull was
towed to Inverkeithing to Thos W Ward's yard for final 5 Official number and code letters
demolition.[92]
By the time of her retirement, Olympic had completed Official numbers are issued by individual flag states. They
257 round trips across the Atlantic, transporting 430,000 should not be confused with IMO ship identification numNumber 131345 and
passengers on her commercial voyages, travelling 1.8 mil- bers. Olympic had the UK Official
[97]
used
the
code
letters
HSRP.
[90][93]
lion miles.
4
Olympic artefacts
6 Popular culture
In London Weekend Television's Thomas and Sarah
(1978–79), episode 2 “The Silver Ghost”, a poster of the
Olympic is prominently featured with just the lettering
'S.S. Olympic'. Later as the episode progresses we see
the full poster showing the ship but the ship featured is
the SS Leviathan in her 1920s United States Lines livery.
Thomas and Sarah was a spin-off of the classic Upstairs,
Downstairs in which the characters of Thomas and Sarah
were a part of the household and which feature the Titanic
Fittings from the
in a couple of prominent episodes.
ship installed in the Olympic Suite at the White Swan
Hotel, Alnwick
7 See also
• SS Nomadic – surviving tender to Olympic
8 References
[1] “Mark Chirnside’s Reception Room: Olympic, Titanic & Britannic: Olympic Interview, January 2005”.
Markchirnside.co.uk. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
The marble fireplace from the
Olympic now at the White Swan, Alnwick
[2] Chirnside, Mark, RMS Olympic Specification File
(November 2007)
[3] “TGOL – Olympic”. thegreatoceanliners.com.
The Olympic's fittings were auctioned off immediately before she was scrapped; the fittings of the first-class lounge
and part of the aft grand staircase can be found in the
[4] Chirnside 2004, p. 319.
[5] Beveridge & Hall 2011, p. 27.
10
[6] Bartlett 2011, p. 26.
[7] Bartlett 2011, p. 25.
[8] Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 12.
[9] Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011, p. 14.
[10] McCluskie 1998, p. 20.
[11] Eaton & Haas 1995, p. 55.
[12] Eaton & Haas 1995, p. 56.
[13] Oceanic II – thegreatoceanliners.com
[14] “RMS Olympic – The Old Reliable”. titanicandco.com.
[15] (French) Les escaliers de 1 Classe, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30 July 2009
[16] (French) La Vie à bord du Titanic, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30 July 2009
[17] (French) Les Bains Turcs et la Piscine, le Site du Titanic.
Retrieved 30 July 2009
[18] (French) Le Gymnase, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 30
July 2009
[19] New York Times – Olympic Like A City – 18 June 1911
encyclopedia-titanica.org
[20] Chirnside 2004, p. 28.
[21] “RMS Mauretania”.
[22] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
8
REFERENCES
[35] “Classic Liners and Cruise Ships – RMS Titanic”. Cruiseserver.net. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
[36] Titanic Inquiry Project (2012, p. 2)
[37] Titanic Inquiry Project (2012, p. 1)
[38] Chirnside 2004, p. 76.
[39] “TIP – United States Senate Inquiry – Day 18”. titanicinquiry.org.
[40] Chirnside 2004, p. 83.
[41] Chirnside 2004, p. 78.
[42] “FIREMEN STRIKE; OLYMPIC HELD; Part of Crew
Leave Vessel as She Is About to Sail from Southampton
with 1,400 Passengers.” (PDF). New York Times. 25 April
1912.
[43] “OLYMPIC STRIKERS MAKE NEW DEMAND; Now
Satisfied with the Collapsible Boats, but Want NonStrikers Dismissed.” (PDF). New York Times. 26 April
1912.
[44] “FREE OLYMPIC MUTINEERS.; Magistrates Find
Charges Proved, but Forego Jailing or Fining Seamen.”
(PDF). New York Times. 5 May 1912.
[45] Chirnside 2004, p. 84.
[46] MODIFICATIONS TO OLYMPIC FOLLOWING THE
TITANIC DISASTER – www.titanicology.com
[47] Chirnside 2004, pp. 84–85.
[23] “RMS Olympic”. whitestarhistory.com.
[48] Miller, William H. (2001). Picture History of British
Ocean Liners, 1900 to the Present. Dover Publications.
ISBN 978-0-486-41532-1.
[24] “Southampton in 1912”. Southampton City Council. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
[49] Chirnside 2004, p. 87.
[25] Olympic and Titanic: Maiden Voyage Mysteries, by Mark
Chirnside and Sam Halpern – encyclopaedia-titanica. org
[50] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[26] Chirnside 2004, p. 45.
[51] Chirnside 2004, p. 88.
[27] “ANDREWS, Mr Thomas – Titanic First Class Passenger
Biography”. titanic-titanic.com.
[52] Chirnside 2004, pp. 89–90.
[28] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[29] Marriott, Leo (1997). TITANIC. PRC Publishing Ltd.
ISBN 1-85648-433-5.
[30] “Olympic”. tripod.com.
[31] “Titanic’s unsinkable stoker” BBC News 30 March 2012
[32] Beveridge, p. 76
[33] Bonner, Kit; Carolyn Bonner (2003). Great Ship Disasters. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 33–34. ISBN 9780-7603-1336-7.
[34] “Why A Huge Liner Runs Amuck”, February 1932, Popular
Mechanics. Google Books. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[53] Chirnside 2004, p. 90.
[54] Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M.
Schwab. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
[55] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[56] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[57] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[58] Chirnside 2004, p. 98.
[59] Chirnside 2004, p. 100.
[60] Chirnside 2004, p. 101.
11
[61] Gibson, Richard Henry; Prendergast, Maurice (1931).
The German submarine war, 1914–1918. Constable. p.
304. ISBN 978-1-59114-314-7. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
[62] McCartney, Innes; Jak Mallmann-Showell (2002). Lost
Patrols: Submarine Wrecks of the English Channel.
Periscope Publishing Ltd. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-90438104-4.
[86] Doherty, John (3 September 2004). “Lightship bell raised
from ocean’s depths”. SouthCoastToday.com. Fairhaven.
Archived from the original on 10 October 2004. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
[87] “de beste bron van informatie over night beacon. Deze
website is te koop!". nightbeacon.com. Retrieved 29
February 2012.
[63] “Page 7302 – Supplement 30756, 18 June 1918 – London
Gazette – The Gazette”. thegazette.co.uk.
[88] ""Olympic” Rams Lightship”. British Pathé. 28 May
1934. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
[64] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[89] “White Star Line Archives – 1931”. Chriscunard.com.
Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved
16 July 2009.
[65] 6 November 2008 1:30 pm by Kelly Wilson (6 November
2008). “RMS Olympic”. Members.aol.com. Retrieved
16 July 2009.
[90] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[66] Chirnside 2004, p. 99.
[91] Chirnside 2004, p. 137.
[67] “Page 11575 – Supplement 31553, 12 September 1919 –
London Gazette – The Gazette”. thegazette.co.uk.
[92] Chirnside 2004, p. 140.
[68] Chirnside 2004, p. 103.
[93] RMS Olympic: Another Premature Death?
Chirnside – encyclopaedia-titanica.org
[69] Olympic II titanic-titanic.com
[94] “Olympic Today”. atlanticliners.com.
[70] Chirnside 2004, p. 106.
[95] “RMS Olympic BL24990_002”. Englishheritageimages.com. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
[71] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[72] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[73] “I'm Glad To Be Home”. British Pathé. 16 February 1925.
Retrieved 10 September 2015.
[74] Archie Leach, Ladies Home Journal, January/February
1963 (Part 1), March 1963 (Part 2), April 1963 (Part 3)
[75] Wade, Wyn Craig, “The Titanic: End of a Dream,” Penguin Books, 1986 ISBN 978-0-14-016691-0
[76] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[96] “Collections and Exhibitions”. Southampton City Council.
Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
[97] “Lloyd’s Register, Navires a Vapeur et a Moteurs” (PDF).
Plimsoll Ship Data. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
• Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-Class Ships.
Stroud, England: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-75242868-0.
9 Further reading
• Beveridge, Bruce; Steve Hall (2004). Olympic & Titanic. Buy Books. ISBN 978-0-7414-1949-1.
[77] Chirnside 2004, p. 120.
[78] Chirnside 2004, p. 119.
[79] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[80] Chirnside 2004, pp. 121–131.
• Chirnside, Mark (2015). RMS Olympic: Titanic’s
Sister. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
ISBN 9780752491516.
• Hawley, Brian (2012). RMS Olympic. Stroud,
Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing.
ISBN
9781445600932.
[81] Chirnside 2004, p. 135.
[82] “SS Bismark/RMS Majestic", Monsters of the Sea: The
Great Ocean Liners of Time
[83] Chirnside 2004, p. 127.
[84] Chirnside, Mark (2011). The 'Olympic' Class Ships. The
History Press. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7524-5895-3.
[85] “History of U.S. Lightships”.
shop.com. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
– Mark
Palletmasterswork-
• Layton, J. Kent, Atlantic Liners: A Trio of Trios
• Talbot, Frederick A. (June 1911). “The Coming
of The “Olympic": A Ship That Has Caused Shipyards And Piers To Be Enlarged And Harbors To
Be Dredged”. The World’s Work: A History of
Our Time. XXII: 14507–14515. Retrieved 10 July
2009.
12
10
10
External links
• Titanic Research & Modelling Association, for
Olympic-Class Research
• RMS Olympic, the Original Ship of Dreams: a site
dedicated to the ship’s surviving relics
• Olympic Home at Atlantic Liners
• “RMS Olympic; Old Reliable”. Archived from the
original on 20 November 2007. Retrieved 17 April
2012.
• Encyclopedia Titanica: RMS Olympic
• Olympic on Titanic-Titanic.com
• The RMS Olympic Restaurant on the Celebrity Millennium (Virtual Tour of ship’s Plaza Deck shows
panoramic view).
• Olympic's Fittings at White Swan Hotel, Alnwick,
England
• Maritimequest RMS Olympic Photo Gallery
• “Lostliners: RMS Olympic". Archived from the
original on 29 January 2008. Retrieved 17 April
2012.
• “White Star Line RMS Olympic the Ship Magnificent”. Archived from the original on 9 November
2007. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
• Lego RMS Olympic
• "Olympic". Chris’ Cunard Page.
February 2010.
Retrieved 16
• White Star Line History Website, Olympic's owners.
• Images of RMS Olympic at the English Heritage
Archive
• Article from Encyclopedia Titanica describing a Titanic themed meal in a house with fittings from the
Olympic's restaurant
• Pathé News gallery on the Olympic class
EXTERNAL LINKS
13
11
11.1
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text
• RMS Olympic Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic?oldid=747032938 Contributors: JeLuF, Absecon 59, Liftarn,
Paddu, Stan Shebs, Jay, Stormie, Skeetch, Robbot, Chrism, Mervyn, Seano1, Danceswithzerglings, SoLando, Xanzzibar, DocWatson42, Herr Klugbeisser, Angmering, AlistairMcMillan, Bobblewik, Sca, Ryan524~enwiki, Piotrus, Trevor MacInnis, Canterbury Tail,
N328KF, Deadlock, Alistair1978, Pavel Vozenilek, Miraceti, Art LaPella, Viriditas, Bobbis, Alansohn, Free Bear, Mcf, Joshbaumgartner, Craigy144, Riana, Dave.Dunford, Scott Gall, Pcpcpc, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, FeanorStar7, Jeff3000,
Ardfern, BartBenjamin, MechBrowman, GraemeLeggett, Emerson7, Paxsimius, Graham87, Kbdank71, Sjö, Kotukunui, Rjwilmsi,
Erebus555, SMC, Tintazul, Williamborg, FlaBot, SchuminWeb, Grubbybest, BlueJaeger, Quentin X, RobotE, The Storm Surfer,
Rsrikanth05, Wimt, Michael Pocock, Exir Kamalabadi, Piratesswoop, Tony1, Robot Monk, Salmanazar, WHRupp, Pred, Mjroots,
Pryaltonian, SmackBot, ShadowRanger, Setanta747 (locked), Eskimbot, ZS, Commander Keane bot, Hmains, IanDavies, Chris the
speller, F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, DMS, Bluquail, Rcbutcher, AussieLegend, [email protected], Andy120290,
Leoboudv, Phind, TGC55, Cuervo7, Lawsonrob, Bejnar, Ohconfucius, BrownHairedGirl, Sambot, John, Accurizer, RoboDick~enwiki,
Beetstra, Saxbryn, Darry2385, Tut74749, WilliamJE, Pixi, MrBoo, JimmyV, Cydebot, Msa1701, Insley, Gogo Dodo, JonEastham,
Lothar1976, Hitrish, JohnClarknew, Xanthis, Legotech, Thijs!bot, DulcetTone, Kablammo, N5iln, FlaviaR, Stevvvv4444, Croftscv,
Akradecki, Jbrian80, Jj137, Pafan, Fireice, SincereGuy, JAnDbot, Barek, Arch dude, EKindig, Airbreather, MSBOT, Markhamman, Petegringo, Magioladitis, Bongwarrior, AtticusX, Tedickey, Scholastica547, Keallu, CommonsDelinker, Koplimek, Peter Clarke, Hans Dunkelberg, All Is One, FarbrorJoakim, Mark Chirnside, Slithymatt, Foetusized, AntiSpamBot, Phathead, 2812, Martynd, Anfield.red, Cometstyles, Rray32539, Bankhallbretherton, OsirisV, DMCer, Jvcdude, GrahamHardy, Mateck, Lights, G2bambino, VolkovBot, The Duke of
Waltham, JohnBlackburne, Letterofmarque, RPlunk2853, TXiKiBoT, Markwilliams91983, Dormskirk, Drappel, Aspdin, RD624, Nedrutland, Richard Doherty, Steve Smith, Andrewlim1, Maegara, AlleborgoBot, Thunderbird2, Michaelsbll, SieBot, TJRC, B626mrk, Oly35,
Lucasbfrbot, Andrew Steller, Titanicboss, Android Mouse Bot 3, Benea, Lightmouse, HenryRoot, Seedbot, Maralia, Tomtob1, Randy Kryn,
MBK004, ClueBot, Gazza1912, Hutcher, ElectricalTill, Niceguyedc, John Barleycorn’s Revenge, Ktr101, Jammy0002, AWoodland, Waterairfirearth, Eddaido, Gundersen53, El bot de la dieta, John Paul Parks, Carlson288, Trulystand700, DumZiBoT, Wikiuser100, Mojska,
Lephantome, Addbot, Looloopoo9, O484~enwiki, T128, Shirtwaist, Mac Dreamstate, Download, Unitarea, Gregory E. Miller, Mdnavman, Pmcyclist, Sardur, Numbo3-bot, Wholetone, Lightbot, Vasiľ, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, ManaphyPets, Eric-Wester, Tempodivalse, 11penguin11, AnomieBOT, Rubinbot, Aquitania, Davidpar, Ulric1313, Jcrct, Citation bot, DirlBot, Kirchsw, Xqbot, Printpost, Mlpearc, Srich32977, GrouchoBot, RibotBOT, Dan Conlin, AMPERIO, IShadowed, FrescoBot, Shipnerd62962, JuniperisCommunis, Russia
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Ad Orientem, ClueBot NG, RedWings ninety one, Lastbridge, Josh752, Mlamagra, Titanic24682, Danielzhuang2002, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Alphacatmarnie, Thomas401, Bonjour LaLaLa, MusikAnimal, SamEtches, Soerfm, MichaelKoebnick, Marriot5, LordRedXII, Alarbus,
Masonman2483, BattyBot, Bgriffler, Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Kevinnguyen940, Hotshot23, ÄDA - DÄP, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Trifox19, Joshtaco, Ponies89, Kevin12xd, Dillonthomo01, Walter.tylosaurus, GrafZeppelin127, Newsreellover, JackBrad419, A
Certain Lack of Grandeur, Glaisher, Jared905, TimH89, Aspire5740, RMSKennebec2036, Monkbot, NathanielJS, Shane50785, I2Z014,
Asdfghjkllolkbye, WikiKing14, Jmorton2014, 9BUJA, Rubbish computer, Mostafa1289, Supermeow20, Adam9007, Dallas S12345, Pamjavelin, Shipgirl09, Cunard freak, GreenC bot, Jjfredregill, SeanB2016, Antonio scord., Bender the Bot, Get it right and Anonymous: 324
11.2
Images
• File:29_olympic_1922.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/29_olympic_1922.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Olympic p6 Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:
Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.
svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png'
width='20'
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• File:Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg License:
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• File:Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/
Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/
exhibitions/guerre/photos/2800/19710261-0343.jpg Original artist: Arthur Lismer
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Cunard_White_Star_Line_Logo.JPG Source:
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• File:Government_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg
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Original artist: Pumbaa80
• File:Grand_staircase.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Grand_staircase.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by Tran_Quoc123 using CommonsHelper. First Published in The Shipbuilder in
1911 Original artist: The original uploader was Daniel Chiswick at English Wikipedia Original author unknown
• File:HMS_Audacious_crew_take_to_lifeboats.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/HMS_Audacious_
crew_take_to_lifeboats.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Amateur photograph taken by Mabel and Edith Smith of Derby, passengers on
RMS Olympic, returning from USA Original artist: Edith and Mabel Smith deceased
14
11
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
• File:Hawke_-_Olympic_collision.JPG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Hawke_-_Olympic_
collision.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: “Popular Mechanics” Magazine December 1911 Original artist: Unknown<a
href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
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data-file-height='590' /></a>
• File:ICS_Hotel.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/ICS_Hotel.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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• File:ICS_Papa.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/ICS_Papa.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
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image can be found at [1]. First published in maritime press in 1912. Original artist: Robert John Welch (1859-1936), official photographer
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