Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Articles 2001 Towards the exact value of the Ramsey number R(3, 3, 4) Konrad Piwakowski Stanislaw Radziszowski Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/article Recommended Citation Congressus Numerantium 148 (2001) 161-167 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. 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