The Gathering Storm
Colonial Economics
•
Mercantilism: Increase a nation's power through wealth (export more than import)
o Colonies contribute to mercantilism by
 ________________________________________
 ________________________________________ (serve as markets)
 ________________________________________
•
Colonies exist for the benefit of the MC
More Economics
o
American colonies were supposed to benefit England by
 __________________________ (sugar, tobacco, cotton, timber, and furs) only to England
 __________________________ (furniture, clothing) from England
Navigation acts and Salutary Neglect
•
•
England passed the Navigation Acts, which were laws passed to restrict the use of foreign trade in the colonies…
o _____________________________________________
BUT England didn’t enforce the Navigation Acts – "_____________________" - beneficial neglect. Why?
o it costs too much to enforce the laws
o England is busy with other things (civil war)
Growing Tensions….
•
Colonial Politics = Growing Tensions
o ____________________________________
 Revival of strong religious roots
 each person could have an individual relationship with God
o Challenged the authority of
 the Anglican Church as well as the power of the King (head of the church)
o ___________________________________________________________?
French and Indian War
•
French and Indian War (Seven Years War): 1754 – 1763
o ________________________ (except Iroquois) fought against _______________________ (& Iroquois)
o
•
Cause of war = __________________________________________
1763 – Treaty of Paris:
o ___________________________________________
Aftermath of the War
•
____________________________________________
o Britain forbids colonists to move west beyond the Appalachian Mountains
 don’t wish to antagonize the Native Americans
 The colonists were upset – _________________________________________
• Britain is in debt – will need a way to pay debt….
TAXES
•
Parliament passed new taxes to pay for the French and Indian War
o The Sugar Act – ____________________________________
 Colonists were upset and tax was repealed
o
The Stamp Act – ____________________________________
 The Colonists re-act with riots & boycotts. British merchants lost a lot of money and under
pressure Parliament revoked the Stamp Act…. but passed
o
The Declaratory Act – _____________________________________________
o
The Townshend Duties – ___________________________________________

Colonists protested “__________________________________” and boycotted those products –
• eventually Parliament repealed all the taxes except the tax on tea
Boston Massacre
o
o
anti-British mob riot at the Boston customhouse
soldiers fired into the crowd and killed five people, first of which was _______________________
Boston Tea Party
o
o
The Tea Act
 The East India Tea Company was near bankruptcy, due to boycotts and taxes, so Parliament gave
the company the right to sell tea in the colonies WITHOUT paying the taxes
Boston Tea Party
 __________________________________________________________________________ –
this made Parliament very angry, so they passed…..
Results of the Boston Tea Party
o
The Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts
 Purpose: to punish Boston until they pay for the tea
• ___________________________________
•
___________________________________
First Continental Congress
o
Organized by committees of correspondence (_________________________________________
________________________________________), all colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to
discuss whether or not colonists own loyalty to Parliament

___________________________________________________________________________
The Battle of Concord and Lexington
o
First Battle of the Revolution
 “______________________________________”
Causes of the Revolutionary War Chart
Directions: Fill in the chart below using your textbook Chapter 5 as well as your workbook.
Cause
Proclamation of 1763
Date
1763
Sugar Act
1764
Stamp Act
1765
Townshend Acts
1767
Intolerable Acts
1774
What happened
How did colonists react?
Boston Massacre
March
10,1770
Boston Tea Party
Dec.
16,1773
Battles of Lexington and
Concord
April
18,1775
Battle of Bunker Hill
June
16,1775
Declaration of Independence
July
4,1776
Continental Congress
May
10,1775
Causes of the American Revolution
SOL: VUS.4a, b
Objectives: The student will demonstrate knowledge of events and issues of the Revolutionary Period
by
a) analyzing how the political ideas of John Locke and those expressed in Common Sense helped
shape the Declaration of Independence
b) describing the political differences among the colonists concerning separation from Britain.
Essential Understandings: The American Revolution was inspired by ideas concerning natural
rights and political authority, and its successful completion affected people and governments
throughout the world for many generations.
The ideas of the Enlightenment and the perceived unfairness of British policies provoked debate and
resistance by the American colonists.
Before 1763 –
After 1763 – Colonists became upset as the English Parliament tried to control the Colonies
Events that Lead to Revolution
Proclamation of 1763: The colonists forbidden to settle west of the __________________________ – it is
expensive for the British to protect this area from Indian attacks
The colonists were upset –
British Troops in Colonies – they are “quartered” or housed in the colonist’s homes – this upset the colonists
Parliament passed new taxes to pay for the French and Indian War
1764 : The Sugar Act –
The Colonists were very angry and the British repealed (took away) the tax.
January 1765: The Stamp Act – __________________________________________ (all papers must be
stamped to show that the tax has been paid)
The Colonists re-act with riots & boycotts. British merchants lost a lot of money and under pressure
Parliament revoked the Stamp Act
Parliament removed the Stamp Act but passed Declaratory Act –
1767: The Townshend Duties – taxes on
Colonists protested ___________________________________ and boycotted those products – eventually
Parliament repealed all the taxes except the tax on tea
1770: Boston Massacre
1773: Tea Act
The East India Tea Company was near bankruptcy, due to boycotts and taxes, so Parliament gave the
company the right to sell tea in the colonies WITHOUT paying the taxes
Boston Tea Party
Citizens of Boston threw 15,000 pounds of ______________________________ tea into Boston Harbor
– this made Parliament very angry, so they passed
1774: The Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts
Purpose:
•
• Put Boston under Martial Law
September 4, 1774: First Continental Congress - Organized by committees of correspondence
(_______________________________________________________________________________________),
all colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss whether or not colonists own loyalty to Parliament
Decided that if the British used force against the colonies, then the colonists should _________________
April 18, 1775: The Battle of Concord and Lexington
•
Ideas that Lead to Revolution
The Enlightenment – a 17th / 18th century philosophical movement that stressed the use of reason
and science instead of religion
Developed new ideas about human rights and peoples’ relationships with their ruler
John Locke – Enlightenment philosopher – Believed that
• All people are free and equal and they have “natural rights” (life, liberty and property) that
rulers cannot take away.
• All original power resides in the people, and they consent to enter into a “social contract”
among themselves to form a government to protect their rights. In return, the people promise
to obey the laws and rules established by their government, establishing a system of “ordered
liberty.”
• Government’s powers are limited to those the people have consented to give to it. Whenever
government becomes a threat to the people’s natural rights, it breaks the social contract and
the people have the right to alter or overthrow it.
Thomas Paine
•
• Wrote __________________________ – a pamphlet written to challenge the rule of the
American colonies by the King of England, in simple language so everyone could
understand it
• Many people read “Common Sense” and began to believe in independence from England
Name _________________________________ Period ____ Date ___________
Chapter 4, section 1: Guided Reading
The Stirrings of Rebellion
Directions: As you read about the growing conflict between Great Britain and the American colonies,
answer the following questions (start on page 94).
1. Who was Crispus Attucks and why is he important?
2. What was the Stamp Act?
3. Who was Samuel Adams and why is he important?
4. How did the colonists respond to the Stamp Act?
5. What were the Townshend Acts?
6. What happened at the Boston Massacre?
7. What were committees of correspondence?
8. What was the Boston Tea Party?
9. What did the Intolerable Acts do?
10. What did King George set out to achieve when he disciplined Massachusetts?
Declaring Independence
More than a year past between the outbreak of fighting at the battles of Lexington and Concord and the decision to issue the
Declaration of Independence. The major reason for the delay was the high value that the colonists attached to unanimity. While
New England, Virginia, and South Carolina were ready to declare independence in 1775, other colonies still hoped that British
merchants or the parliamentary opposition would respond to American grievance. Many feared that a full-scale war for
independence might give France and Spain the opportunity to expand their New World empires.
After the outbreak of violence, pressure began to build for a formal declaration of independence. During the Spring of 1776,
colonies, localities, and groups of ordinary Americans--including New York mechanics, Pennsylvania militiamen, and South
Carolina grand juries--adopted resolutions endorsing independence.
On June 7, 1776, a Virginia delegate forced the delegates to take a stand. Richard Henry Lee offered a resolution calling for an
immediate declaration of independence. His resolution read:
That these United Colonies are, and of right out to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to
the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally
dissolved.
That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign alliances.
That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the representative colonies for their consideration and approbation.
Four days later-three weeks before Congress actually voted on Lee's resolution-the Continental Congress appointed a committee
consisting of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston to draft a
declaration of independence.
According to John Adams, Jefferson suggested that Adams write the first draft. Adams later recalled the conversation:
I said, "I will not," "You should do it." "Oh! no." "Why will you not? You ought to do it." "I will not." "Why?" "Reasons
enough." "What can be your reasons?" "Reason first, you are a Virginian, and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this
business. Reason second, I am obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular. You are very much otherwise. Reason third, you can write
ten times better than I can." "Well," said Jefferson, "if you are decided, I will do as well as I can." "Very well. When you have
drawn it up, we will have a meeting."
The committee delegated Thomas Jefferson to undertake the task. Jefferson, who was just 33 years old, was the Continental
Congress's youngest member.
The draft was reviewed first by Adams, followed by Benjamin Franklin, and then by the entire committee. The committee made
forty-seven alterations in Jefferson's draft and inserted three new paragraphs. The revised draft was presented to Congress on
June 28.
In a famous clause that was ultimately deleted from the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) cited the
African slave trade as one of the examples of British oppression. Jefferson refers to the English government's repeated vetoes of
attempts by colonial legislatures to restrict or halt the importation of slaves. Virginia, especially, had profited from a great
natural increase in its slave population and had no desire for a further slave "surplus" or for competition with its own profitable
practice of selling slaves to South Carolina and Georgia.
After voting for independence on July 2, the Congress then continued to refine the document, making thirty-nine additional
revisions to the committee draft and trimming the document by a third before finally adopting the declaration on the morning of
July 4.
The most radical idea advanced by the American Revolutionaries was the proposition set forth in the Declaration of
Independence that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain Unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness." In 1856, Senator Rufus Choate (1799-1859) would dismiss this
phrase as "glittering...generalities" (prompting the philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) to quip: "Glittering
generalities? They are blazing ubiquities!").
One of the most important themes in American history involves the repeated effort to extend the meaning of the "inalienable
rights" with which Americans are endowed and adopt a more inclusive definition of those who are "created equal." In the
decades preceding the Civil War, reformers pictured their efforts to improve the nation's educational system and to abolish
slavery as attempts to realize the republican ideals enshrined in the Declaration of Independence.
Proponents of abolition, women's rights, world peace, and other reforms drafted "Declarations of Sentiments" modeled on the
wording of the Declaration of Independence. Workingmen's parties in New York and Philadelphia in the 1820s, abolitionists in
the 1830s, and advocates of women's rights in 1848 each issued declarations listing a "history of repeated injuries and
usurpations" that justified their proposed reforms. Convinced that the sacred principles of the revolution had been corrupted,
reformers sought to revive the Spirit of 1776 by exposing a host of abuses that contradicted the nation's revolutionary principles.
Exploration 1: Declarating Independence (On a separate sheet of paper)
1. What was the Declaration of Independence's primary purpose?
2. Who was its intended audience?
3. On what grounds does the document justify the colonists' demand for political independence? Do you find these reasons
persuasive?
4. Some eighty-six alterations were made between Jefferson's original draft and the version ultimately adopted by the Second
Continental Congress. What are the most significant changes? Why do you think Congress made those changes? Did the
alterations strengthen or weaken the document?
5. One of the most significant changes involved delete Jefferson's discussion of slavery. What did Jefferson have to say about
slavery in the original draft? Why do you think Congress removed this section of the Declaration?
6. Why doesn't the Declaration refer to the British Parliament and why does it place so much emphasis on the actions of the
king?
7. What did Jefferson mean when he wrote that "all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
unalienable Rights"?
United States History
Unit 2: Revolution and Constitution
Lecture and Discussion: The American Revolution
I. Background
A. The Divided Colonies
1. 1/3 Patriots- Support Independence
2.
3. 1/3 Undecided- Lacked Commitment
4.
B. Strengths and Weaknesses
1. Great Britain’s Strengths
a. Professional Army
b.
c. Loyalist Support/ African American
d. Native American Support
e.
2. Great Britain’s Weaknesses
a.
b. Long Supply Lines
3. American Strengths
a.
b.
c. George Washington
4. American Weaknesses
a.
b. No Navy
c.
II. Important Battles
A. Lexington & Concord (April 1775)
1. Stockpiles of Ammunition at Concord
(20 Miles from Boston)
2.
3. American Victory
4.
B. The Battle of Bunker Hill (June 1775)
1. Actually Breeds Hill
2.
c.
d. Wrong Tactics
3. Patriots Fight Tenaciously
4.
5.
6. British Leave
C. Trenton & Princeton
1. Americans Defeated in NY
2.
3.
4. Crosses Delaware River
5.
6. 1,400 Hessians Captured
7. Morale Boost
D. Saratoga (September 1777)
1.
2. Moves from Canada with a Force of 8,000
3. General Gates Surrounds Burgoyne at Saratoga
4. Decisive American Victory
5.
6. Help From Abroad
a.
b. Marquis de Lafayette
c. Baron von Steuben
F. Valley Forge Winter 1777 - Disease/ Starvation/ Desertion
1. What made Washington a great leader?
2.
3. British Warm and Well-Supplied in Philadelphia
G. The Battle of Yorktown (October 1781)
1. Cornwallis Moves to Yorktown to be reinforced with Fresh Troops and Supplies.
2. Trap is Set
a. French Navy Cuts Off the Chesapeake
b. Lafayette is Reinforced by Washington
3.
4.
III. The Treaty of Paris (1783)
A. Great Britain Recognizes United States
B.
C. Mississippi River Boarder Between Spanish Territory and New Nation- The United
States of America
D.
E. Great Britain Removes Troops
F.
Name ___________________________
The American Revolution: People and Places
Identify the following important individuals from the American Revolution
Name
Who is he?
What did he do during the Revolution?
Patrick Henry
Baron von Steuben
Thomas Jefferson
George Washington
Benjamin Franklin
Samuel Adams
John Adams
Marquis de Lafayette
Define the following terms
Patriot:
Loyalists:
Fill in the chart below
Colonists
Great Britain
Military Strengths
Weaknesses
Important Battles & Turning Points
Lexington and Concord – When:
Who won?
Where did it occur:
What happened?
Bunker Hill – When:
Who won?
Where did it occur:
What happened?
Trenton -- When:
Who won?
Where did it occur:
What happened?
Saratoga -- When:
Who won?
Where located:
What happened?
Why was the battle of Saratoga important?
Winter @ Valley Forge -- When:
What happened?
Yorktown -- When:
Who won?
Where located:
Where located:
What Happened?
Why was the battle of Yorktown important?
The ConstitutionIssues
How Solved
Representation
New Jersey Plan (small states)
•
•
Large states -- all representation should be
___________________ -- based on the
population of each state -- Therefore states
with larger populations would have more
representatives in _________________
Small states -- all representation should be
_______________ -- each state has the
same number of delegates
•
__________________________________ - give
Congress power to tax & regulate commerce
Virginia Plan (large states)
•
Create a new form of government with 3
branches & proportional representation
•
_________________________________
Great (Connecticut) Compromise
•
•
•
Slavery
•
•
__________________________________?
As property or as Population?
How should they be taxed?
Who was more authority (______________)?
•
•
the States -- or-the National Government
Two houses of Legislature (________________)
Senate: ______________________________ -2 votes for each state
House of Representatives:
______________________________________
Three-fifths Compromise
•
____________________________________
____________________________________
Federalism (____________________________)
Made federal law the supreme law of the land, but
otherwise gave the states considerable leeway to
govern themselves
•
____________________________________
____________________________________
Free Flow of Commerce among the States
•
_____________________________
Commerce Clause
•
gave Congress the power to regulate trade
between the states as well as with foreign
nations
Comparing the Changes in American Government: 1607-1789
Colonial Governments
1607-1776
Articles of Confederation
1781-1789
Constitution
1789-present
Who had the
power to tax?
Who had the
power to make
laws?
How was this
legislature
organized?
How are
legislators
(law makers)
chosen?
Who was the
executive
authority
(to enforce the
laws)?
Who had the
power to
create courts?
Who had
power to
regulate trade?
What were
some
advantages of
this type of
government?
What were
some
disadvantages
of this type of
government?
Analysis Questions:
1. What was the biggest change in American government from the colonial era to today?
2. What changes to our government do you envision occurring over the course of the next 100 years?
Name ________________________________ Period ____ Date ___________
Chapter 5, sections 3: Guided Reading
Ratifying the Constitution
Directions: As you read about the arguments for and against ratification of the Constitution, answer the
following questions.
1. Who was John Jay? Why is he important to the ratification battle?
2. What is ratification?
3. Who were the Federalists? What did they think about the Constitution?
4. Who were the Anti-Federalists? What did they think about the Constitution?
5. What were The Federalist Papers?
6. What were the Anti-Federalists’ major arguments against the Constitution?
7. What is a bill of rights?
8. What were the arguments made by the Anti-Federalists and Federalists over adding a Bill of Rights to
the Constitution?
9. How did the adoption of the Bill of Rights show the flexibility of the Constitution?
American Revolution Review Sheet –Ewald
Name: ________________________________
1. Two parts: (a) What caused the French & Indian War? (b) Name the two European nations that fought in the French & Indian War.
2. What was the name of the treaty that ended the French & Indian War in 1763?
3. Name 1 way the French & Indian War changed the relationship between Britain and their American colonies.
4. What was the Proclamation of 1763?
5. How was the end of the French & Indian War in 1763 the beginning of the American Revolution in 1776?
6. Put these 3 events in chronological order: (a) Lexington & Concord, (b) Intolerable Acts, (c) Stamp Act
7. Put these 3 events in chronological order: (a) Boycotting the Townshend Acts, (b) publication of Common Sense, (c) meeting of the
First Continental Congress to protest the Intolerable Acts
8. Two part question: (a) What was the Stamp Act? (b) How did the colonists respond to the Stamp Act?
9. Two part question: (a) What were the Townshend Acts? (b) How did the colonists respond to the Townshend Acts?
10. Two part question: (a) What were the Intolerable Acts? (b) How did the colonists respond to the Intolerable Acts?
11. Who was the King of England at the start of the war?
12. What were the Sons of Liberty?
13. Who was the founder of the Sons of Liberty?
14. What were Committees of Correspondence?
15. What was the Boston Massacre?
16. Who was Crispus Attucks
17. What was the Boston Tea Party?
18. Colonists decided to meet at the First Continental Congress in 1774 in order to respond to what action by the British government?
19. What incident between colonial minutemen and British soldiers proved to be the beginning of the American Revolution?
20. Why did the British army march from Boston to Lexington and Concord in 1775?
21. Two part question: (a) Who wrote Common Sense? (b) Who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence?
22. The Declaration of Independence is based upon the ideas of which European Enlightenment thinker?
23. Two part question: (a) What is a “patriot”? (b) What is a “loyalist”?
24. Name two advantages of the British military at the outbreak of the American Revolution.
25. Name two advantages of the American Continental Army at the outbreak of the American Revolution
26. Two part question: (a) Who was the American in charge of the Continental Army? (b) Who was the French general who helped
American soldiers during the war?
27. Two part question: (a) Which European country did the Americans try to ally with during the Revolutionary War? (b) Who was
the American diplomat who successfully negotiated this alliance?
28. Why was Saratoga the “turning point” battle of the Revolutionary War?
29. What was the name of the fort where Washington’s army was stationed during the winter of 1777-78?
30. Two part question: During the American Revolution, (a) who was Lafayette? (b) who was Cornwallis?
31. Why was Yorktown an important battle during the Revolutionary War?
32. What was the Treaty of Paris, 1783 (that ended the American Revolution):
33. Who wrote the Articles of Confederation?
34. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
35. What were the strengths of the Articles of Confederation?
36. What was Shay’s Rebellion? What was the significance?
37. Who are the first five Presidents?
38. Who are the last five Presidents?
39. What was the motivation for settlement in the Jamestown Colonies?
40. What was the motivation for settlement in the Puritan Colonies?