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T H E T R A D E T R E A T Y OF 1 854 66
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W
B ET
E EN
CA NA D A A N D T H E U N I T E D ST A T E S ;
H O W I T C A M E T O B E N E G OT I A T E D
A ND
WH Y
WA S
IT
A N N UL L E D
EC O N O M I C A S P EC T S O F
I N PR
T R A D E T R EA T I E S
O T EC T I O N I S T C O U N T R I E S
E
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B
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BIGG AR
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B IG G A R
l
WI L S O N
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L i mi te d
P UB L I S H E R S
T O R O N T O C A NA D A
,
10
C E NTS
PE R
CO PY
I NT R O D UCT OR
N OT E
Y
.
Whe n the pre se n t ne got i at ion s for a rec ipr o c al trade
a gree me n t between Ca n ad a an d the U n ited S t ate s were
s tarte d i t was s tated th at the a gree me n t wo u l d be i n
the for m of a tre a ty a n d the wr ite r began to i nve s ti g ate
the h i s tory of the ol d rec i proc ity tre aty of 1 8 5 4 -6 6 to
lea rn h ow it bega n an d wh y i t was e nded The res u l t
of th is e n q u i ry 1 3 n ow presented i n the h ope th at i t w il l
t h row s ome l i gh t on the s u bj ec t of C a n ad i an tr ad e
rel at ion s wi th the Un i ted S tate s w he ther the prese n t
con ference at W as h i n gto n re s u l ts i n a t r a d e t re a ty or
a n y othe r for m of a gree me n t
At the t i me these p a ge s are bei n g m a de re a dy for
the p res s the re s u l t of the n egot i a tion s i s u n k nown t o
the p u bl ic a n d the refore these f a cts a nd o pin io n s are
n o t prese nted as a c ritic is m o n the p artic u la r for m of
a gree men t wh ich m a y be dev i sed The e ffort s of the
negot i ators i f an y agr ee me n t is re ached a re e ntitled
to the s y m p athe tic co n s ide ratio n of the people of bot h
cou n tr ie s for we k now th at the s tate s me n c on cerned
i n i t are me n wh ose s tron g des ire i s to serve the i r
co u n try faith ful ly a n d a t the s a me $ ti me t o pro m ote
i n ter n at io n al h a r mony
s ucceed owi n g
to the v ariety of C Cnl e ti di ng i ntere stsgtw b e de al t with
f
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agree me n t i s rati fi e d a n d d oe s n o t p rove e n d u rin g we
m u s t re me mber t h at the for mer rec ip roc ity alth o u gh
d oomed to e a rl y d is s ol u tio n w as ne goti ate d by one o f
t he a bles t s t ates me n wh o eve r repre se nted t he i nteres t s
of B riti s h Amer ic a s i nce p arl i a me nt ary in s t itu tion s were
es tab l i s he d o n th is p art of the con ti nen t
As the ex amp le of Ab rah am an d Lot s h ows tr ade
ad v ant age s m ay be l os t w ith a l i gh t he art i f b y s uc h
l os s other c au ses of frict ion m ay be p u t o u t of th e w a y ;
an d the m ai n q ues t io n i n the pre se n t t ar iff ne got i ation s
“
i s n ot
Wh at pre se n t t rade a dv an ta ge s d o they give
“
”
$
us
b u t A re they l i k e l v t o preven t fu t u re m i s u n d e r
”
$
s t and in gs
Th is review is ch ie fl y l i m ited to d i sc u s s in g the
e ff i c ie ncy of t rade tre aties a s a pol icy for a co u n try
‘
wh ich r ai se s its ch ief re ve n ues by a protective tari ff
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24 ,
1
91
1
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B
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BI GGA R
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R E CI P R OCI T Y
.
L et u s fi rs t as k Wh at i s Reciprocity $ I t i s wel l
to get a cle ar n otion of the te rm bec au se it is ev ide nt
fro m the s tate men ts of p ubl ic me n i n both c ou ntrie s th at
ide as d i ffe r w idel y and i f the se vario u s theor ies were
p u t i n to p ractice the res u l ts wo u l d not b e reciprocity
“
”
“
Rec i procal
accord i n g to Web s ter mean s
re
c u rr i n g i n v ic i s s it u de ; altern ate ; d one b y e a ch to the
othe r ; i nte rch an gi n g or i nterch an ged ; g ive n a nd re
”
ce i v e d ; d ue from
e ac h to e ach ; m u t u al
The s ame
“
“
”
a u th ori ty g ives Reci proc ity Tre aty a s a treaty c o n
cl u ded betwee n two co u ntries con ferr i n g e q u al priv i
l eges as re gard s c u s tom s o r c h ar ges on i mports or in
”
o the r res pects
I n a pol it ical sense the p resent co m
m o n i de a res tr icts the te r m to a treaty de al i n g w ith
’
c u s tom s t ari ffs a n d Ch a mber s Cycl ope d i a de fi nes rec i
“
proc ity as
a te r m fo r a n a rr an ge men t betwe en two
co u ntr ie s h a v i n g a p rotect ive t a r iff ag a in s t othe r co u n
’
t r ie s to ad m it in to each othe r s terr itorie s ce rta in
s pec i fi ed tax able articles of co m merce d u ty free or at
excepti on all y l i gh t d u ties The cl as se s of article s are
a rran ged to b al a nce one a nothe r o n one s ide and
the
”
othe r
The Cabi net Cycloped i a g ives a nothe r de fi n ition
“
as fol l ows :
A te rm i n econ om ics com m only appl ied i n
i n ter n ati onal rel at ions h i ps to th e arr an ge me n t whereby
two n ation s m u tu all y a gree to i m port fro m each other
cert ai n good s eithe r d u ty free o r wi th d u t ies wh ich a re
”
e q u ivalen t
the n the
I f th i s de fi n it io n i s ac ce pted
las t cl a u se i s i m portan t a s decl ar i n g wh a t i s e q u itable
an d reci proc al i n a n y tre aty contem pl a te d betwee n
Ca n ad a an d the U n ited S tates
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R eci pr o ci ty F i rs t A ppl i ed to S h i pp i ng
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gl an ce a t E u ropea n a n d A merica n com merc ial
h i s tory of the pas t 1 5 0 years w il l s h ow t h at the ter m
“
”
reci procity t reaty a s a t fi rs t u sed a ppl ied t o s h i ppi n g
reg u l ati on s rathe r th an to c u s tom s tari ffs \V hen ex
A
.
pe r i e n c e s h owed t h at
l a w s of the e i gh te en th
the res triction s of the n av i gat io n
oe n tu r y res u lte d i n as m u ch h arm
to the n at ion s i m pos i n g the m as t o the n ation s a ga in s t
wh o m they were d irected they be g a n to de a l w ith e ach
other m ore l iber all y a n d the fi rs t b re ach i nto the se
re stricti on s too k p l a ce be twe en G re a t B r i ta i n a n d the
U n ite d S t ate s A B ri tis h O rder i n Co u nc i l was p as se d
’
i n 1 7 8 3 p u tt i n g U n i te d S t ates s h ip s o n the s a me level
as B ri t is h when tr a d in g d i rect betwe e n t hese two co u n
tr ies These p r ivile ge s we re not ex te n de d to the We s t
I nd ies h owever o u t of co ns ider at ion to the B r it is h
A mer ic a n pr o v i n oe s wh ich m i gh t be depr ived of th i s
t r ade Afte r the W ar of 1 8 1 2 the tre aty of peac e con
cl u de d betw ee n G re at B r itai n a n d th e U n ite d S t a tes
p rovi ded be s ides th e d is arm amen t o n the G re at L a kes
th at the s h ip s of o ne n at io n s ho u l d n ot be l i able to
gre ate r ch arge s i n the ports of the othe r th an were
ex acted b y s u ch n atio n i n i ts ow n ports Th i s bro a d
ap pro a ch to free n av i gation w as afte rw ard s s o m ew h a t
s tu l ti fi e d
by the co as tal re gu l at ion s ad op te d b y the
U n ite d S t ate s ; b u t i t w a s e ffec t ive i n le ad in g the n at ion s
of E u rope to l oo k f avor a b ly o n l o w e r tar i ffs I t w as
foll owe d by the co m plete ad optio n of fre e tr ade b y G re a t
B ri t ain 1 n 1 8 4 6 an d m i gh t pe rh ap s h ave res u l te d i n
fr ee tr ade between B r i tai n a nd E u rope an d A mer ic a b u t
for the e ffec t of the Ger m an $ ol lve re i n fol lowe d by the
F r anco -P r u s s i a n w ar a n d the develop men t of i n te rs t ate
co m merce of the U n ite d S t ate s fol lowe d by t he C iv i l
War an d the coll ap se of the co nti ne n t al reci proc i ty
pl an s o f wh ich the tre a ty betwee n C an ad a a nd th e
S tate s was a p art
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B ri ta n s
i
E conomi c N ew B i rth
.
’
Fro m before the t i me of B r it ai n s ad op tion of free
trade the s ubj ect of rec ip roc ity wa s m u ch d isc u s sed
both i n th e U n ited S tate s a nd i n Can ad a Two ye ars
before the ad optio n of free t rade by B rita in a t re aty was
act u all y ne goti ated between t he U n ited S t a te s a n d the
Ge r m an $ ol l vere i n
b u t s h ared th e s ame fate a s
a l ater tre aty w ith Me x ic o by be in g k il led i n the Sen ate
The con s t it u tion al obj ecti on of th e Se n ate was t h at t he
P res i de nt i n negoti at in g the tre at y ex ce eded h is a u
th o r i ty i n d eal i n g w ith a q ues tio n a ffectin g the reven ue s
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b u t h o w fa r the Se nate w as i nfl uenced by th ose wh ose
i nte rest s wo ul d be ad versel y a ffected by th e t re aty c an n ot
be k n own “
The h u ge deb t p iled u p b y the two wars referre d
t o an d the con se q ue n t nece s s ity of r ai s in g in crease d
reven ue s was l argely re s po ns ible f o r the h i gh tari ff
m ove men t i n G e r m any a nd F ra nce—wh ich by ex a m ple
as we l l as by f o rce of c irc u m sta nce s affecte d the s m alle r
E u rope a n S tates —wh ile i n t he U n i ted S tate s the dem an d
for a h i gh t ari ff to pay o ff the C iv il W ar deb t h a d i ts
e ffect o n the ab ro gation of t he rec i proc ity tre aty w ith
C an ad a
Th u s w ar ca u se d a react ion i n the d irect ion of
h i gh t ari ffs i n E u rope an d A me r ic a wh ich con t in ued to
the open i n g o f the p resen t ce n tu ry
The re we re h oweve r l oc al i n fl uence s al so at wor k
both i n Ca n ad a an d the U n ited S tate s a ffecti n g the trade
devel opments of th e two cou n tr ie s These wil l be de al t
w ith i n an othe r sec t ion an d the ir ex pl an at ion w il l se rve
to s h ow s o me of th e d a n ge r s pots i n any fre s h re ad j u s t
me nt o f trade rel ation s s uc h as n ow c onte m pl ated
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T au gh t to S w i m A l o ne
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The adop tio n of free tr ade i n G re at B r ita i n an d t he
wi th d r awal of the p refe rences all owed i n favor of B r it is h
colo n ie s w as a ru de s h oc k to the ten der a n d u ndeve loped
i nd u s trie s of B r it i s h A me r ic a an d th is was al l th e
h arde r t o bea r when i n the v iole nce of the conte s t for
free trade B ri tis h s t ate s me n of em i ne nce decla re d the
c ol o n ie s to be a b u rde n an d a ppeared i nd i ffere n t t o the i r
pol it ical as wel l as the i r econ o m ic c o ne c ti o n w ith th e
Mot h er Co u ntry W h ile th e l oyal ty of the gre at m aj ority
of the people of the prov i nce s s tood the tes t al l th rou gh
t he bel ie f of th e B rit i s h pe ople th at free i m port s wou l d
b e be ne fi ci al to the n atio n h ad i ts e ffec t o n the p ubl ic
m i n d i n bot h Ca n ad a an d the U n ited S tate s a n d th e
mo st n atu ral th in g whe n c u t o ff fro m thei r a d van t a ge s
i n the m arkets of th e h o me l an d was th at t he B ritis h
A me rica n provi n ces s h ou l d t u rn to th e i r ne x t d oor nei gh
bors an d see k by m u t u al conce s s ion s to m a ke u p here
wh a t was l os t i n trade acros s the o ce a n A t t h a t ti me
t h e i nd u s tr ies of th e p rov ince s we re of a c ru d e ch a r
acte r the people be i n g e n ga ged c h ie fl y i n fi s h in g l u m
be ri n g s h i p pi n g an d a gric u l t u re wi t h a l it t le mi n i n g
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The U n ite d S tate s h ad devel o pe d i ts m an u factu res o n a
con s ide r able s cale i n s o me l i ne s b u t the gener a l d is
p os it ion o f the people i n fl uenced b y the free t r a de
d i s c u s s ion s i n E n gl an d was toward s a l ow t ar i f f e s pe c i
all y a s the new fre e t r a de pol icy o f Great B ri t ai n w a s
see n to le a d to O pe n i n g u p fres h ave nues of A n gl o
A mer ic an tr ade There was a n at u r a l te n de ncy to de a l
o n a m ore l iber al b as i s wi th the B ri ti s h col on ie s i n
N orth A meric a es pec i all y as me n of fores i gh t s aw a
pros pe ct of l ar ge fu t u re tr ade i n U n i te d S t ates m an u
f a ct u re s i n e xch a n ge f o r the r aw m ater i a l s wh ich
C a n ad a a nd t he M ar it ime P r ov i nce s co ul d s u ppl y an d
wh ich the n orther n an d e as ter n S t a tes neede d i n gre ater
a b u n d ance
I t wo u l d le s se n the t ar i ff fr iction be twee n
t he S tate s an d the p rov i n ces wh ic h h ad b ee n a c au se
of tro u ble a s far b a c k a s 1 80 6 ; wh ile the fi s herie s h ad
bee n the c a u se of con s t antl y rec u rr in g t ro ub les s ince
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81 8
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Th e E conomi c S tepmoth er
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The q ues t io n of rec ip roc ity wh ich be gan to be
e arnes tl y d is c u s se d i n 1 8 4 6 i ntere s ted onl y the e a s te rn
norther n an d we s te r n S t a tes as a p r acti c al q ue st io n ; b u t
i n the C an ad i a n prov i nce s it wa s the le ad in g p r ob le m
of govern me n ts fro m the m o men t free tr a de w as ad opted
i n B ri ta i n H ad the h o me gove rn me n t t ake n the fore
th o u gh t to s tip u l ate for rec iproc ity o n beh al f of the se
c ol on ie s w hen co nce d in g free i m p orts fro m the U n ited
S tate s a com pre he ns ive tre aty Wo u l d d o ubtles s h ave been
fr a me d at once Th a t th i s provi s i on h a d been ne glected
w as a m o st ser io u s a ggr av atio n of the co nd itio n i n wh ic h
the c o l on is ts we re le ft a n d m any of the p ubl ic me n g a ve
fr a n k u tte r a nce to these griev ances w h ich co ntrib u ted
to s uch de mon s tr ation s a s the a n nex at ion m an ifes tos of
1 8 49
I t w as fro m the vote s of the S o u thern S t ate s
h owever th at C a n ad a got reci proc ity a n d th e ad opti on
of the treaty c ame a b o u t th ro u gh a n i n fl ue nce remote
from the q ue s tion of i nte r n a t ion al trade i tsel f F or ye a rs
be fore t he C iv i l W ar th e q ues tio n of S tate s overe i gnty
with the q ues t ion of sl ave owners h ip l i n ke d u p w i th i t
w a s be i n g th o u gh t o u t a n d dete rm ine d by the people of
the S ou th Th ou gh rec i proc i ty b ill s h ad bee n defeated
i n Co n gres s i n 1 84 8 a nd 1 8 4 9 it wa s see n by the
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6
S o uther n repre se nt at ive s th at t he ide a was n o t onl y
favore d by G re at B r itai n an d C an ad a b u t was gai n i ng
gro u nd i n all th e northe r n S tates and whe n the a gita
t io n for a n nex ati on be gan to devel op le aders of opi n ion
i n the S o u th too k q u ie t note of it an d fore s aw th at th e
al tern at ive to a rec iproc ity tre a t y m i gh t b e a com ple t e
u n io n of the C an ad i a n p rovi nce s with the S t ates in
wh ic h c ase the se p arat is t moveme n t i n the s ou the rn
S t ates wo ul d b e s wam pe d b y a new u n io n ele men t in
the N orth The n t he s o u ther n Se n ators yiel de d and
with d rew their op pos itio n to the tre aty a n d th u s i n the
decre e of P rov i dence the m otive wh ich deter m ine d the
so u ther n S t ate s t o secede a n d wh ic h b ro u gh t o n the
te rr ible C iv il W ar g ave to C a n a d a her des ire s w ith ou t
the s acr i fice of h e r B r iti s h con nect ion a nd the ec on om ic
was te of the s ame w a r b ri n gi n g u p at its close new
reve n ue p roblem s c u t C an a da o ff fro m he r depe n den ce
on the t rade of the S tate s a n d th u s co n fi rme d h e r
a ga in s t her w i she s i n the p ath of a sep arate e x is tence
as a n ation B es ides t he nee d of fres h reve n ue to pa y
o ff the w ar deb t the re we re ot he r m otive s at wor k i n
O ne of the se w as the
th e rec i s ion of the t re aty i n 1 86 6
re sentme n t of the northe r n pe ople toward s G re at B ri t ai n
an d C an ad a for the i r s ym p ath y w ith the u n de r d o g i n
the co n fl ict b u t th is i s onl y an ot he r ill u s tratio n of the
al ie n ati n g e ffects of w ar an d serve s to s h ow th at t he
l aw of re tal i at io n d oe s not be ne fi t th ose w h o i nv oke i ts
powe r
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Th e
S i tu ati on i n
l 84 6 = 5 3
.
The news of the repeal of t he cor n l aws b rou gh t
co n s ter n atio n to the merch ants of Mo n tre al $ uebec
Tor o nto H al ifax a nd S t J oh n M r W or k m an p res i
de n t of the M o n tre al B o ard of Tr ade descr ibe d the
“
s it u at i o n i n the ph rase
We are l ab ori n g u nde r con
”
c u s s i o n of the brai n
Wh ile C an ad i an c itie s w e re th u s
d epres sed N e w Yor k B os ton P ortl and a n d Ph il a
del ph i a were el ated a n d the p ros pects for ex pa n d in g
t rade wi th G re at B ri tai n m ade th e co as t c itie s wel l d is
posed toward s t he Can ad i an provi nces There w e re
sel fi s h re as o ns for th i s frie nd l y d i s pos itio n The I n te r
col on i al R a ilway n ot yet bein g i n ex i stence the re wa s
n o con nect ion by ra il between t he Mari ti me P rovi nces
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an d t he C an ad i an p rovi nces ; an d w he n i n 1 8 5 3 the r a il
w ays of U p per a n d Lower C an ad a we re a m al ga m ated
u nde r the n a me of the G r a nd Tr u n k i t wa s to c arry
tr a fli c
n ot to th e seabo ard of N ova S cot i a or New
B r u nswic k b u t to P ortl an d M a ine The S t L awren ce
c a n al s co ul d onl y acco m mod ate ve s sel s of 6 0 0 or 7 0 0
to ns ; L ake S t P e ter h ad onl y a de pth of 1 1 % feet i n
s u m me r a n d i t w as n ot t il l 1 8 6 0 t h at i t was d red ged
to a d epth o f 1 8 % fee t The G ul f of S t L awrence h ad
not yet l ive d d ow n the n a me i t h ad go t a s a d an gero u s
ro ute fo r oce an s te a m s h i ps T h e Wel l an d Ca n al h ad n ot
bee n e nl ar ged an d co u l d o n l v t a ke v e se l s of 4 0 0 ton s
a nd the ra ilway an d c an al t ra f fi c fro m t he w e s te r n
S tate s and Up per C an ad a d r i f te d n a tu r a l l y to N e w Yor k
a nd B os ton a ide d t he reto by the B ri tis h s ub s id y g ive n
to the C u n ard l ine of s te ame rs F or these re as on s the
U n ited S t ates seaports were al re ad y d o in g a n i ncrea s i n g
an d profi table tr ans i t trade w it h C a nad a a n d fre er i n te r
ch a nge of tra f fi c wo u l d n at u r all y te n d to settle the b u s i
ne s s of the fu t u re i n these c h an nel s The merch a n ts of
the i nl an d c ities s u ch as R oc hes te r B u ffalo Detro it
etc
as w e l l as the i nd u s tr i al ce n tre s of N ew E n gl a nd
New Yor k a nd P e n n s l y v a n i a—s tood t o g ai n by acces s
t o t he m ar kets of Can a d a a n d the we s tern S tates n ow
fi l l in g u p with new settlers b ad ly needed be tte r s h ip p in g
faci l ities to the A tl a ntic seaboard wh ich acce s s to t he
Can a d i an c an al sys te m wo u l d give the m
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t he C an ad i an s ide th e c ase for rec iproc ity w a s
s till s tron ger The fi rs t effect of the with d rawal of the
B r it is h p refere nce b y the re pe al of the cor n l aws wa s
a com merc i al d epre s s i on wh ic h deepe ne d to s u ch a n
ex te nt th at the pop ul at ion of s ome t own s dwi n dled to
one h al f a nd m ore th an h alf of the me rch an t s a nd m a n u
E ve n the govern men t
f a c t u re r s wen t i nto b an k r u ptcy
w as re d u ce d by s h orta ge of c as h to p ay i ts o f fi c ial s b y
d ebe n t u re s w h ich c ou l d n ot be exch an ge d a t par A
m ar ke t t o t ake t he pl ace of th at l os t i n G re at B r ita in
h ad to be s o u gh t an d here i n the U n ited S t ates was one
ne a r a t h an d ; t he c an al s y s te m con s tr u c ted at s uc h
he avy cos t t o a yo u n g an d s tr u g gl i n g cou ntry wa nte d
t r a fli c wh ich the h ome m ar k e t co ul d n ot ye t s u ppl y an d
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Th e
T re aty
S u rpr i s e
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the self i ntere s t of me rch a nts an d m a n u f a c
tu r e r s
the need s of the people an d the re q u iremen ts o f
the reve n ue o n b oth s ides of the l ine cou l d al l b e h a r
m o n i z e d by a rec iprocal t r ade a gree m en t o n e woul d
h ave th o u gh t t h at s u ch a n a greeme n t wou l d be reache d
wi th i n a ye ar or two B u t i t too k e igh t ye ars of d is
negoti atio n before the t re aty was r a t i fie d
c u s s i o n a nd
a n d whe n i t wa s at l as t s i gne d at m id n i gh t o n th e 3t h
J u ne 1 8 5 4 a s the l a s t ac t before d i s s ol u tio n of Con
“
gre s s
a te n m i n u te s pee c h or the op pos i t ion of a
”
“
s i n gle me mbe r w o ul d h ave k illed it
I t p as s e d s i m pl y
bec au se th e co u n t r y ( the U n ited S tate s ) w as n ot pre
pa re d o n that l as t d ay of Con gre s s for s u ch a
pos s ib il i ty
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On
the Can ad ia n s ide the tre aty wa s d ue to th e h i gh
s ta t es m an s h i p an d kee n k nowled ge of h u m an n a t u re
pos ses se d b y L or d E l gi n a s an yone w il l bel ie ve wh o
rea d s th e acco u n t of the ne got i at ions con ta ine d i n L au
”
“
’
re nce O l i p h a nt s
E p is o d es i n a L ife o f A d ve nt u re
O n th e U n i te d S t ate s s ide th e real he ro of th e re c i pr o c i t v
t re a ty w a s a m a n w h om h is t ory h as al m os t com ple t el y
i g n ored an d w h o af t e r ye a rs of i n defat i gable l abor i n
the c a u se w a s le ft to be ar the d i s grace o f a B os ton
pri s on for d ebts con t rac t ed i n prepar i n g t he f a c ts and
s t at is tic s w h ic h made t he treaty s o pl ai nl y a favorable
o ne for th e Un i te d S tate s es pec iall y fo r N e w E n gl an d
i n one of w h ose pri s on s h e s u ff ered h is s oci al m a rtyr d om
Th i s m a n wa s I s rae l D A n d rews a n at ive of E as t
po rt M e wh o a t the t i me the corn l aws were repeale d
w a s Uni ted S tates cons u l at S t
J oh n N B A s a l a d
of te n or t w el ve A n d re ws too k h i s fi rs t l e s s on s i n
pol i t ical e cono m y i n t h e e m pl oy o f a merch a n t n e a r t he
New B ru n swic k Ma i ne bor d er w h ose opera t ion s co n
s i ste d ch iefl y i n s m u g g l i n g He t h ou gh t o f t he a b s u r d i t y
o f n e i gh b orin g far mers a n d merch a n t s bei n g fo rbi d d e n
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to h ave de al i n gs with e ach other bec au se a n i m ag i n ary
l i ne betwe e n far m a nd s tore m ar ked them o ff a s
al ie n s a gai n s t their n at u r a l i n cl in ati on s When A n drews
le a rned of the reci procity as a propos al to e x ch an ge far m
p rod ucts o nl y he opp osed i t as bein g too n arrow an d
u rged th at the fi s heri es be i ncl u de d i n the e xch an ge
s o th at the l on g s tan d i n g fi s he ry d is p u te s cou l d be settled
by the s ame agree me n t ; als o th at t he r i gh t of n av i
g ati n g the S t J oh n R ive r a nd th e S t L awren ce R iver
an d c an al s be arr an ged for H e we nt to W as h i n gton
to a d voc ate these v iews a n d w as h anded over to
Web s ter Calh o u n an d other Se n ator s wh o m he s o
i m pres se d th at the b ill the n before Con gres s w a s s top pe d
’
i n the Se n ate an d th is acco u nted for a ye ar s del ay i n
the negot iat ion s T h e le ad i n g s t ate s me n s oon s aw th at
A nd rew s w as r i gh t an d th at b oth fro m a c o m merc i al
poi n t of v iew an d for pe ace able rel at ion s w ith G rea t
B ri tai n the fi s he ry ri gh ts a n d t he n av i gati o n o f t he
l a ke s a n d c an al s were as i m p ort ant as i nl an d tr a de
ad va nt ages as ap peare d cle ar before th e t re aty wa s
fi n ally fra med
An d rews re ndered not le s s i m p ortan t
serv ices o n the B r iti s h A mer ic a n s ide
I nl a nd New
E n gl and was ap athe ti c be c a u se i g noran t of the a d v a n
t age s of its tr ade wit h the p rov i n ce s an d b oth N ew
B r u n sw ic k an d N ov a S coti a were o n the w h ole h os tile
to the m ove men t Th is w as the attitu de of the U n ited
S tates pol i tic i an s as a wh ole a nd i t m ay be s ai d t h at
pol i tic al p rej u d ices we re the l a s t a n d h a r de s t d i fi i C U l ti CS
to be overco me The p atie nce i ntel l i ge nce an d am i a
b i l i tv of An drews d id m o re to ove rcome the se ob st acle s
H e i nterv iewed
t h an
al l other i n fl ue n ce s comb i ned
me m ber s of the gover n men ts i n both c ou ntr ies ex pl ain ed
the s it u at io n to me mbers of the legis l at u re s ad d res se d
co m merc i al bo d ies a nd the n set to wor k to g ather
fi gu re s of the trade an d s h ip pi n g of the U n ite d S t ate s
a n d the prov i n ce s a t a t i me whe n t he re tu rn s were very
i m perfect an d the me a n s of g athe ri n g them l ittle u nde r
s tood b y the off i c ial s He w a s d ul y au th ori ze d by Con
gre s s ai ded by the C a n adi a n au th or itie s to prep are
the se rep orts a nd the vo l u m es i n wh ich the y we re
p ri n ted h as b e en reco gn ize d as th e m os t v al u a b le col
lection of com me rci al d ata p ubl ished u p t o th at t i me ;
—
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me a ns he c arried on b y a gree in g to pay othe rs th i n k in g
he wo u l d be reco u pe d —wa s afte rward s re p u d iate d an d
he wa s left to s u ffe r the od i u m I t w as tr ue th at whe n
the t re aty was p u t i nto force he was appoi n te d U n i t e d
S tate s Con s u l General for the prov ince s b u t o u t of
con s ide ratio n to th e co m me rc i al i nterests of both co u n
trie s decl i ne d to t ake th e u s u a l con s ul a r fee of $ 2 on
e ach e n try —wh ich h i s s u cces s or d id n ot he s i tate to
acce pt a nd th e re c eipts from wh ich wou ld h ave e n able d
A nd rews to p ay o ff all h i s ob l i gat ion s pr ivate and p ubl ic
—and of t he m il l ion s of mo ney wh ich h i s wor k pl ace d
i n the p ath of h is co u n try men not e no u gh c a me b ac k
to h i m to kee p h im o u t of d is gr ace an d o u t of th e deb ts
*
i nc u rre d i n h i s u n s el fi s h se rv ice to both cou ntr i e s
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gers
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Ti me s oon g a ve proof th at A n d rews fore s aw i n
thei r t r ue pe rs pective the i m portan t problem s of the
v e r y i n t e r es t i n g a c co u n t o f A n d r e w s t h ro w i n g m u c h
l i g h t o n th e h i s t o r y o f th e r e c1 pr o c i ty tr e a tv a p p e a r ed i n a
p a m p h l e t b y T h o s C $ e efer th e w e l l k n o w n civi l e n g i n e e r
M r $ e e f e r t e s t if y in g to th e p ubl i c s p iri t o f t h is m a n s a y s
“
T h e go ve r n m e n t a t Wa sh in g t o n h ad n o t th e c o n t r o l o f Co n
g r e s s o r o f th e p r e ss a n d i t r e q u i r ed $u s t s u ch a n e n t hu s i a s t
a s A n d r ews —
wi t h h i s p o we r o f a p p r o ac h in g ev e r y b o d y o f
t a k e th e
a p p e as i n g e v e r y b o d y
o ff e nd i n g n o o n e—to
a nd
S p e c i a l o v e r s i g h t o f a m e a s u r e wh i c h h e p ri d e d h i m s e lf o n
h a vi n g c o n v e r t e d fr o m a Ca n a d i a n to a n I m p e r i a l q ue s t i o n
T h e f ac t t h a t t h ro u g h a l l th e ch a n g e s o f d e p a r t m e n t al h ead s
a n d p o l i t ic a l p a r t i e s
fr o m 1 84 3 to 1 8 5 7 h e r e m a i n ed fi f t ee n
y e a r s i n th e s e rvic e o f th e g o v e rn m e n t
p ro v e s h i m to h av e
be e n n o o r d in ar y m a n
A n d r ew s had i t i n h i s
p o w e r to m a k e Ca n ad a pa y e v e r v do ll a r o f th e d e b t s h e a s
su m ed o n acc o u n t o f r e ci p r o ci t y a n d th e g r e a t m i s t a k e o f
h i s l i f e wa s t h a t h e d i d n o t ex e r c i s e i t
I n h i s a p p o i n t m ent o f
c o n sul a r a g e n t s
al so h e s e lec t e d B r i t i s h s u b $e c t s i n m o s t
ca s es
b e i n g u n w ill i n g to p l a c e u s i n th e c a te g o r v o f f o r e i g n
c o u n t ri e s ” A f t e r A nd r e w s ’ o w n g o v e r n m e n t n e g l ec t e d to
pa y
h i s c l a i m s th e Ca n a d i a n G o v e r n m e n t r e nd e r e d a t a rd y a c t o f
$us t i c e i n c o n t ribu t i n g to r e l i e v e h i m o f s o m e o f h i s d e b t s ;
b u t M r $ e e f e r wh o h a d s p e n t m o n t h s o f t i m e a n d m u c h o f
h i s o wn m o n e y
i n c o ll e c t i n g
i n fo r m a t i o n a n d t a b u l a t i n g
fi g u r e s f o r A nd r e w s fr o m Ca n ad i a n s o u rc e s w a s n e ve r t e
c o u p ed f o r h i s o u t l a y
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co nve nt ion F r anc is H i nc k s on be h alf of the govern
’
me nt of U n ited Can ad a we n t to W as h in gton i n 1 8 5 1
wi th the e x pect at ion of arr an gi n g a tr ade tre aty with
Ca nad a on ly b u t d i s c o m fi te d an d irr itated by h is fail u re
he wrote a letter t o the U n ite d S tate s Gove rn me nt
th re ate ni n g to cl ose the Can ad i a n c anal s to U n ite d
S tates tra f fi c an d to i m pos e proh ib it ive d u t ie s o n U n ite d
S tates good s The onl y n otice ta ke n of t h i s w as a let ter
fro m VVe b s te r t o S i r Hen ry B u l wer i n wh ich t he B rit is h
“
G ove rn me n t was told th a t these petty a n noyan ces from
”
the colo n ie s m u s t ce ase before he wou l d re s u me nego
ti a ti o n s
H i nc ks h ad de no u nce d as prepos te ro u s the
s u gge s tion o f W m H a m il ton Me rritt th at rec ip roc ity
was th e o nl y antid ote to an nex at io n b u t Merri tt n ow
a d voc ated th at G reat B r ita i n s h o ul d s a nct ion the i m po
s i ti o n of the s a me d u tie s a gai ns t the U n ited S t ates a s
th at co u ntry i m pose d a ga i ns t the B r it is h A me rica n p ro
v i nce s The \V h i g M in is try t u rned a de af e ar t o th i s
propos al b u t i n th e fal l of 1 8 5 2 S i r J oh n P ac k in gton
se n t Ad m i ral Sey m ou r w ith a B ri tis h fl eet t o the A tl an tic
fi sh in g gro u n d s Th i s acti on was tre ate d as a th re at b v
the U n ite d S t ates G overn me nt a nd eve n \Ve b s te r w h o
w a s pers on all y favor able t o a tre aty d ecl are d th at th e
“
A me ric a n fi s he rme n s h ou l d be p rote cte d
h oo k an d
”
l ine b ob a nd s i n ke r
a nd a U n ited S t ate s s te a m fri gate
w as se n t u p to th e fi sh i n g gro u nd s u n der Co m m odore
Pe rry of W a r of 1 8 1 2 fame I t t u rne d o u t h oweve r ,
t h at Sey m o u r w as i n s t r u cte d to de al ge ntl y w it h t he
fi s h er me n an d be i n g a d iscreet an d gen i al m an n o
tro u ble deve lope d The u n pleas an t pos s ib il itie s o f d rift
i n g o n with these q ue s ti on s u n se ttle d s h ow-cd the U n ited
S t ate s G ove rn me nt t h at m ore was to b e gai ned b V
meet i ng t he people of B r it i sh A meric a i n a pr e a s o n a b l e
s pi ri t th a n by ant agoni zi n g or mere bl u ff W e b s ter d ied
i n 1 8 5 3 and u nfort u n atel y E vere tt wh o s uc c eeded h i m
as Secre tary of S tate ra ise d v ar io u s q ue s t ion s app ar
e ntl y de s i gne d to preve nt rec iproc ity al to gether B u t i n
M arc h of th a t year P ie r c e bec a me P re s ide n t an d M arcy
Secre tary of S tate A p art fro m the u nceas i n g ed u c ati on
wh ich A nd rews h ad c arrie d o n a m on g co m m erc i al me n
al l over both cou ntrie s a nd t he l o ude r c al l of the We s t
for better acces s t o th e ocean M r P ierce s aw the pos
s ib il itie s of pol itical u n ion to wh ich rec i p roc ity i n trade
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m i gh t le ad an d whe n Lord E l gi n appeare d i n \ V a s h
i n g to n t he atm os p he re w as m ore favorable t h a n t h e
ord in ary ob server c o ul d h a ve i m a g ined Wh at the P re s i
de n t a nd s ome of the n orthe rn s ta tes me n h ad i n m i n d
i n the tre aty i s i nd ic ated i n the foll ow i n g fro m h is letter
of p rivate i n s tr u cti on s to A nd re w s wh o w as se n t u p as
a co m m is s i oner to report o n devel op men ts i n th e pro
v i nces A nd rews w as no t onl y t o h ave i n m i nd the
“
i nc re ase of
com merc i al i nte rcou rse m u t u all y a d v a n
ta ge o u s b u t to s ti m ul ate a nd e x tend a n i nc re ased regard
a n d i ntere s t for th is c o u n try an d i ts i ns tit u t ion s
The fee l i n g s and s y m p athy of a people s o meti me s fo l l ow
i n the s ame c h a n nel wi th its tr ade a nd com merce ; and
wh ile i t wo u l d be gr at ify i n g t o se e s u c h a re s u l t i n th is
”
i ns tance
he was to re me mber th e c irc u m s ta nce s of the
earl y settle me n t of the col on ies
I
,
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,
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Th e Cr o s s Cu rr ents
I n the northe r n S tates p ol itica l oppos ition t o rec i
proc ity y ie l de d p ar tl y to the p res s u re of c om me rc i al
nee d s o n both s ide s an d p ar tly to th e bel ief th at the
new com merci al rel ation s h i p wo ul d le ad to pol it ic al
u n io n The S o u th be l iev i n g w ith m os t Can ad i an s th at
reci p roc ity alone wo ul d s atis fy the p rov i nces favore d th e
tre aty to keep the m o u t of t he u n ion fe ari n g the ir i n fl u
e nce o n the sece s s ion m ove men t The i n t u itio n o f the
S o u th wa s correct for as s oon a s the tre aty w a s ne go
ti a te d
the a n n ex ati on se nt i me n t wh ich w as neve r very
deep d ied o u t
,
.
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T ra d e
and
T ari ff
Cond i ti ons
.
\V h a t
we re th e ta ri ff rel atio n s h ip s be tween the two
c o u n tr ies at th i s t i me a n d wh a t cl as se s of t rade w e re
a ffected b y the tre aty $
I t i s to b e n oted i n the fi r s t pl ace th at the tra d e
o f the C an ad ia n p rovi nce s d id n ot ri se fro m th e d ea d
b y v i rt ue of the reci p roc ity treaty The i nterch an ge of
good s h a d bee n in cre as in g s tead il y for m a ny y ea rs
be fore The U n i ted S tates re t u rn s s h owed th a t i n th e
t we l ve year s fro m 1 8 2 1 3 2 the Re p u bl ic ex porte d of
d o me s ti c good s
an d of fore i gn m a d e good s
to th e B ri ti s h N o r tlf A me rica n province s w h ile
,
,
.
.
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1
3
i n the per iod fro m 1 8 33 4 5 th i s e x port i ncre ased t o
of d omes t ic good s an d
of fo re i gn
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was
of d ome s tic good s a n d
forei gn I n the pe rio d fro m 1 8 2 1 -3 2 the prov i nce s of
B r itis h N orth A meric a ex ported to t he Un ite d S t a te s
i n the peri od of 1 833-4 5
an d
i n the s h ort ter m of 1 8 4 6 -5 3 i t grew to
Th is b ri n gs the record d ow n to t he ti me o f rec i
pr o c i ty The t ari ff con d ition s u n der wh ic h the trade of
the l as t -n amed pe r iod w as c a r ried o n were these : th at
the d u ties i mp osed by t he U n ite d S t a te s o n al l art icles
m an u fact u re d i n C an ad a r an ged fro m 2 0 pe r ce n t to
wh ile Can ad a i mposed a n aver age of 1 2 %
4 0 per ce nt
pe r ce nt o n l i ke good s fro m th e U n ite d S t ates
The
’
M ariti me P r ovi n ce s r ate s r a n ged fro m 5 per ce n t t o
H or a ce
1 0 pe r cen t , the e x tre me be in g 1 2 % pe r ce n t
G re eley i n a p a mp h le t p ubl is hed s h ortly afte r th i s
“
fi g u red it o u t as fol l ows : O n al l s uc h m an u fact u re s 5
he ( the C a n ad i a n ) c o u l d se n d to t he U n ited S t ate s he
i s s h u t o u t by a d u ty of 2 4 t o 30 per cent w h ile the
C a n a d i a n s ad m it m an u fact u res of the U n ite d S tate s to
a co ns i de r ab le e x te n t free of d ut y s o me at 5 pe r ce nt
”
a n d the gre at b u l k of the ir m an u factu res a t 1 5 per ce n t
N ot o nl y d id th is i ne q u al ity of tari ffs o n m a n u fact u red
good s ex i s t b u t n o s oone r h ad t he B ri tis h Cor n L a w s
b een re pe ale d th an the U n i te d S t a tes Govern men t i n
o rder to tran s fer the tr a f fi c of the We s t to U n i te d S t a tes
se a p orts fro m the S t L awre n ce ro u te gr anted a d r a w
b ac k o f the d u ty o n good s s h i p pe d fro m Can ad a to the
S t a tes for re -e x port a nd b ond i n g p riv ile ge s were al s o
gran ted to i m ports i n to C an ad a v i a U n i ted S tate s p ort s
I t w as i n the s ame year ( 1 8 4 6 ) t h a t the t ar i ff of the
U n ite d S t a te s w as in cre ased o n a n u m be r of art icles
wh ich wo u l d a d ve rse ly a ffec t the trade of the p rov i nce s
These f a ct s are to be re me mbered i n co n nectio n wi th
t he co mp l a i n ts afterward s m ade a s t o the ob se rvan ce c f
the s p ir it of the tre aty
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T h e S cope
of
th e T r eaty
.
B y the rec iproci ty tre aty of 1 8 5 4 the foll owi n g
cl a s se s of good s were p u t o n the free l is t of both cou n
tr ies : G rai n fl ou r and b re ad s t u ffs of a l l k i nd s ; an i m al s
,
1
4
of al l k i nd s ; fres h s mo ked or s al ted meats ; cotto n
wool seed s a nd ve getables ; d ried a n d u n dr ied fr u its ;
fi sh of a l l k i nd s ; p rod u cts of fi s h and of al l other cre a
t u res l ivi n g i n the wa te rs ; po u l try and e g gs ; h ides
fu rs s k i n s o f t ail s u n d re s se d ; s tone o r m arble i n cr u de
c hee se t al l ow ; l ard
0 r u nwro u gh t s tate ; sl a te ; b u tte r
h orn s m an u res ; ore s of met al s of al l k i nd s ; co al ; p itch
t ar t u rpe nti ne a nd a shes ; t i mbe r an d l u mber of al l
k i nd s ; fi rewood ; pl an ts s h r u b s a n d tree s ; pel ts wool ;
fi s h oi l ; r ice b roo m cor n a nd b ar k ; gyp s u m grou n d or
u n gro u n d ; gr i nd s tone s ; d ye s t u ffs ; fl ax h em p an d tow
u n m a n u fact u red ; u n m a n u fact u re d tob acco ; r a gs
The se articles an d these only were to b e f re e fro m
both co u n trie s The n av i gat io n of th e S t J oh n R ive r
t h e R ive r S t
L awre nce an d the c an al s of C a n ad a wa s
c oncede d a n d m u t u al fi s h i n g ri gh ts were agreed to
b u t noth i n g w h ateve r was s aid or i mpl ied l i m iti n g th e
fre ed o m of e ithe r c o u n try i n it s t ar i ff o n art icle s other
th a n th ose n amed i n the free l is t The t reaty w as to
en d u re for te n ye ars fro m the t i me i t s h o u l d t ake e ffect
b u t th is was n ot til l M arch 1 8 5 5 alth ou gh by le g is
l atio n o f th e C a n ad i a n prov i nce s the U n ited S t ate s got
t h e be ne fi t of the t re aty i n th ose terr itorie s i n 1 8 5 4
The
t re aty w a s ter m i n ated i n M arch
1 86 6
by f 0 r m a l n otice
fro m th e Un i te d S tate s
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Th e
U nstabl e E q u il i bri u m
D u ri n g the c u rre ncy of th is t re aty the tar i ff of the
U n ite d S t ates an d of the M ari t i me P rov i nces re m aine d
th e
s ame o n m a n u fact u re d good s b u t i n Uppe r a nd
L ower C a n ad a there we re al m os t yearly al te rati on s t o
the t ari ff an d these al te r a tion s we re ge nerall y u pward
A s the se ch a n ge s too k pl ace there we re protes ts fro m
US
m an u fac t u rer s of good s a ffecte d th at Can ad a wa s
v i ol a ti n g the s p ir i t of t he reci proc ity t re aty I t wo u l d n o
d ou b t see m s o to m os t of th ose e n ga ged i n the U n ited
S tates i nd us tr ie s ad versel y to uc he d b y the se i ncre ase s
o f d u tie s The re wa s n oth i n g i n the t reat y n or i n th e
ne goti a tion s on wh ic h i t was b ased preve nti n g e i the r
co u n try fro m ch a n gi n g i ts tari ff on good s not s pec i fie d
i n the ag ree me n t ; b u t i t i s al mos t certa i n th at i f th e
m an u fact u ri n g i nte res t s of the U n ited S tate s h ad k n o w n
,
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,
be fore h an d th at d ut ie s wo u l d be r a ise d on wh at they
h ad to sel l i n Ca n ad a they wo u l d n ot h ave favored the
treaty There is n o ev ide nce of an y co n sc iou s b ad faith
on the p art of the C an ad i an G over n men t an d af te r al l
t he ch an ge s th at h ad been m ade d u ri n g the l ife of the
tre aty t he tar i ff of C an ad a o n those m a n u fact u res
m ai nl y a ffecte d w as s til l l owe r b y ab o u t 2 5 pe r cent
th a n th at of t he Un ite d S t ate s s o th a t if recip roc ity w as
to i mpl y e q u al i ty of c on d ition s the ad v ant a ge was s t il l
o n the s ide of the U n ited S t ate s es pe ci all y whe n there
was n o i n d u s try i n C a n ad a e x ce p t l u mbe r i n g th at was
or ga n ized as wel l as i n the Rep u bl ic B u t as ev ide nce
th at C an a d a w a s will in g t o meet the U n ited S tate s
eve n u n der these u ne qu a l con d ition s a co m m ittee of th e
C a n ad i an L egi s l at u re i n 1 8 5 8 re port in g o n the co m
“
me rce of t he c o u n try recom m e nded th at p rec isel y the
s ame p ri nc iple a s e x i s ts i n the i nterco u rse be tw e en t he
d i ffe re n t S t ate s of the Am eric an U n ion m ay b e e s t a b
”
“
l i s h e d i n t he se colon ies
a nd al s o th a t the p r i nc iple
of reci proc ity w ith t he U n ite d S t ates m ay be ex te nded
to m an u fact u re rs the reg i s try of C an a d ia n a nd U n ited
S tates b u il t ve s sel s a nd to the s h i pp i n g and co as tin g
tr ade i n th e s ame m an ner a s to the p rod u ct ion s of the
”
s o il wh ich a p pl ie d t o t he e x i s t i n g tre at y Th i s re c o m
m e n d a ti o n w as co nveye d to the U n ite d S t a te s G over n
me nt by J W Tayl or wh o w ith H o n I s rael T H atch
was appoi n te d to en q u i re i nto the ope rat ion of the
tre aty M r T ayl or i n h i s rep or t p re s e nted to Co n gres s
i n 1 8 6 0 end orse d th i s p ropos al ex te n d i n g the tre aty
“
to m an u fac t ure s a nd e s t abl is h in g a n A me ric an $ oll
verei n e ach co u ntry ad opti n g the p ol icy of u n l i m ited
”
free tr ade w i th the othe r
Th is w as the pol icy afte rward s k n own a s Co m
m e r c i a l U n ion an d fav ore d i n i n fl uent ial q u arte rs i n th e
U n ited S tates b u t rej ecte d i n C an ad a whe re it h ad
be e n fi rs t proposed i n al l s i nce rity
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Th e
F i rs t R ea cti on
.
I n the ol d Le gis l at u res of U pper C an ad a com
m e r c i a l m atters were i n ch ar ge of a C ab i net M in is te r
k n ow n as the I n s pector Ge ner al Th e t itle of F in a nce
M i n is te r w as fi rs t conferre d o n A lex T G al t ( afterward s
S i r A T G alt ) an d i n d e al i n g w ith the fi n anci al s itu a
\
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,
1
6
.
wh ic h h ave p rod uced the res u l ts he i s abo u t to s tate
h ave always h ad h i s s u pp ort wh ile a membe r of the
p rov i nc i al p arl i ame n t a nd com i n g i n to c fli ce as F i n ance
M i n i s te r of the c ou n try i n 1 8 5 8 w ith an exh au s ted
excheq ue r i n the f ace of a general fail u re i n the h arve s t
i n the
an d wi th a defi c it of n o le s s th a n
reve n ue fo r 1 8 5 8 he re s ts the defe nce of h is pol ic y on
the fact th at t he gove rn me n t h as m ai ntai ned th e cred it
of the co u ntry u n i m peached a n d i n le s s t h a n e i gh teen
m on th s h as s o far s u cce ede d i n red uc in g the ex pe n d it u r e
and i ncre as in g the reve n ue th at the ye ar w il l b e fou n d
”
to be wi th i n the i ncome
He decl are d th at the p ol icy
of Can ad a h ad bee n b ro u gh t a s fa r as pos s ible i nto
h ar m ony w ith th at of th e Mothe r Co u ntr y a nd the i r
wil l i n gne s s to ne goti ate the reci p roc ity w as c ite d as a
proof He s t ate d th at i n the per iod fro m 1 84 4 4 8 the
d u tie s i m pose d o n i m por tat ion s ave raged 1 0 % per ce nt
an d the free good s we re 2 % pe r ce nt of the total i m
r t a ti o n s
o
I
n
the
nex
t
pe
r
iod
fro
m
1
8
p
4 9 5 4 the d u tie s
aver aged 1 3 % pe r ce nt a n d t he free good s 7 pe r ce nt ;
wh ile i n the reci p roc ity per iod fro m 1 8 5 5 5 8 the d ut ie s
aver a ged 1 0 % pe r cen t wh ile free good s i ncre ase d to
2
I t w as tr ue th at a l arge an d i n fl ue nt ial
9 pe r cent
par ty ex i s ted wh o advoc ated a p rote ctio n i s t pol icy b u t
th is p ol i cy h ad n ot b e en ad opte d b y the gover n me nt
t h o u gh th e nece s s it ie s of reven ue h ad co m pel le d action
i n part ial u ni so n w i th t hei r v iew s I t wo u l d u n d o u bte d ly
be a s ub ject of gr at i fic atio n to the gover n men t if t hey
fi n d th at the d u tie s ab s ol u tel y req u ire d to mee t thei r
e n g age me nts s h o u l d i n ci d ent a l ly bene fi t an d e nco u ra ge
t he prod uc tio n i n the co u n tr y of m any of th ose art icle s
we now i m p ort The gove r n men t h ad n o ex pe ct at io n
th at the m ode rate d u tie s i m posed wo u l d d o m ore th an
es tabl i s h wor ks re q u iri n g co m p ar ativel y u n s k illed l ab o r
i n prod uci n g good s wh ich cou l d be e q u all y wel l m ade i n
C a n ad a The obl i g a ti on s wh ic h h ad c au sed m os t of the
’
c o u n try s i ndeb ted nes s h ad b e en i nc u r re d i n c arryi n g ou t
t he former pol icy of the I m peri al Gove r n me n t or i n p ro
te e ti n g t hose wh o h ad rece ntl y i nves ted the ir me an s in
o u r r ailways a n d m u n ici p al b ond s The govern me n t h ad
c h an ged the d u tie s fro m s pec i fi c to a d v al ore m i n order
th at t he b u rde n m i gh t p res s m ore equ al l y u po n all
cl a s se s
The for me r s pec i fi c d u t ie s h a d res u l ted i n
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1
8
d ivert in g t he tra d e i n te as s u ga rs etc fro m Ca n a d i a n
por ts to the U n ited S tates an d d e s troyed the t ra d e for
merl y d one w i th the l owe r prov ince s a n d the Wes t
I n d ie s The ave ra ge r ate o f d u ty u nde r t he p resen t
tari ff of 1 8 5 9 was on ly 1 3 % per ce nt a n d the i nc rea se
to the con s u me r wo u l d be b al anced by th e che apene d
”
cos t of tran s port ati on
S u ch was the S i t u at ion as ex pl ai ne d by M r G alt
an d w hat o the r meth od he co ul d h ave ad opte d to m ake
e n d s meet w a s neve r m ade clear
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Cana da $ u sti fi e d
.
“
P rofe s s or s L a u gh l i n a nd W ill is i n
Rec ip roc ity
the m os t co m p re he ns i ve A me r ic an wor k the write r h as
seen o n the h i s tory of the rec i proc ity tre at ie s of the
U n ite d S tate s j u s ti fies the C an ad i a n Gove rn me n t even
m ore co mpl e tel y th a n th e C an ad i an F i n ance M i n is t er
h i m sel f i n re gard to th e t ar i ff re l at io ns h i p of th e two
co u n tr ie s D is c u s s i n g the re po rt of M r T aylor t o the
U n ite d S tate s G ove r n men t o n the t ari ff ch an ge s in
“
Ca n ad a th e au th ors s ay : The s pec i fi c concl u s ion d raw n
fro m t h i s co m p ari s o n w as th at o u r ( U n i ted S tate s )
ave ra ge ad v al ore m d ut ies u nde r the A c t of 1 8 5 7
a m o u n ted to ab ou t 2 1 pe r ce nt wh ile u n de r the Ca n a
d ia n Ac t of 1 8 5 8 the y were onl y 1 6 pe r c en t Th i s
s it u ation gave a r id ic ul ou s ap pearan ce t o th e d e m a nd
t h at C an a d a s h o u l d re s tore t he rate of d u ties wh ich
e x i s ted whe n the reci proci ty tre aty w a s r at i fie d u pon
pe n alty of abro gat io n The dem a nd b orde re d o n arro
ga n c e s ai d M r Taylor i n v iew of t he fac t t h at the
d u tie s i mpose d u nder the t ari ff of 1 8 5 7 were a t le as t 2 5
per ce n t h i ghe r th an the corres pon d in g rate s of th e
C an ad i a n t ar i ff
I t seemed cle a r th a t the i n
cre a se i n d u t ie s w as ab s ol u tely d e m a nde d by t he reven ue
need s of the Ca n ad i a n G over n me n t T h e A ct of 1 8 5 8
w as a re ve n ue meas u re a nd i mp osed he avy d u t ie s u po n
a rticles l i ke te a an d co ffee w h ic h were l i k e l v t o be pro
I t i s h ard i n v ie w of t hese
d u c ti v e s o u rce s of i nco me
facts to ac co u n t fu ll y fo r the lo u d cl a m or o n t he par t
o f ou r m an u fac t u re rs a ga i n s t th e d i scr i m i n at io n w h ich
t hey s u p posed t h em selve s to b e e i ther s ubj ec t e d t o or
ab ou t to s u ffe r fro m i n C an a d i a n m ar ke ts I n part th i s
w a s d ue t o th a t gene ra l p rej u d ice a ga i n s t Can ad a w h ich
”
s o u gh t i ts ar gu me nts e ven w here they d id n o t ex is t
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I
9
W h ile the se acc u s ation s were m ade a gai ns t the
C an ad i an G ove rn me nt by co m me rci al an d m a n u f a c
t u ri n g i nte re s ts of th e U n ited S t ates opposed to the
co m pet ition of B rit is h A m er ica n p rod ucts it i s ev ide nt
th at pol itical and e co nom ic i n fl ue n ces were at wor k
wh ic h wo u l d h ave e nde d the treaty eve n if n o c h an ge
h ad bee n m ade i n the t ari ff of the two C an ad ia n pro
v i nces There was o n ly o ne co nd ition u nder wh ich the
t re aty wo u l d h ave b e e n perpe t u ated an d th i s w as co m
pl e te u n io n wi th the A mer ic a n S tates ; b u t fi n anc ial
co n s ider ati on al one wou l d at th i s s ta ge h ave m ad e th i s
u nac ce ptable to the p rovi nce s wh ich w o u ld h ave bee n
co mpelled to p ay t h ro u gh t he t ari ff a s h are of t axe s
ar i s i n g fro m a cos tl y w ar i n w h ich they h ad n o c once rn
,
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M i no r
I nflu ences
.
B u t before ex pl ai n in g the e ffect of th e w a r o n t he
rec iproc i ty tre aty i t m ay be w el l to re fer to s ome of the
m ino r c a u ses o f t a bro g ation P artl y fro m the t ar i ff i n
cre ase s an d p artly fro m a growi n g apprec i ati o n of the
prod ucts of Ca n ad ia n i n d u s try th e e x por t of C an ad i a n
m an u fact u re d article s t o the U n ited S tate s be ga n to
i ncre ase th at i ncre ase bei n g fro m
i n 1 8 5 8 to
i n 1 8 5 9 O ne of the rep ort s to the gove rn men t
“
a t W as h in gto n s t ate s :
M an y m an u fact u ri n g e s tabl i s h
me n ts o n o u r s ide re ferr i n g mo re p art ic u l arl y to the
New Yor k fron tie r $ d i s m is se d their wor k me n a n d we re
cl osed a n d m an y we re re m ove d to C an ad a i n order t o
avoi d th e p ay me n t of d u ty on the ir p rod u ct io n s I t c a n
cre ate n o s u rp rise th a t m u ch i nd i gn atio n was e xc it e d
wi t h o u t e xception i n al l th ose c ities o n the C an ad i an
fron tie r wh ich are d ail y a n d h o u rl y w itnes ses of the one
s ided n at u re o f ou r d eal i n gs with Ca nad a i n t he pro
d ucts of A merica n l abor
M an y of the c it ize n s
of B u ffal o a nd R oche s ter h ave bee n com pe lle d b y the
C an ad i a n tar i ffs to le ave the i r h omes and re move the i r
”
fa m il ie s to C an ad a
Res ol ut ion s a n d me m or i al s of
boar d s of trade i n the town s of Up pe r Can a
d a are the n
ci ted to s h ow th at the b l a me for th is wa s not d ue t o
th e pe ople of the u p pe r p rov i nce b u t t o L ower C an ad a
w h ich p rovi nce s o u gh t to d iver t the trade of the Wes t
to Montreal an d $ uebec fro m N e w Yor k an d B oston
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20
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Th e
T r ans portati o n I nfl uence
.
B u t these p retex ts we re th e leve rs by wh ich a m ore
powe rfu l i nfl ue nce a ga in s t the treaty was b rou gh t to
be ar u po n W as h i n gton D u r i n g the l ife of the treaty
the A me ric a n We s t wa s rap id ly fi ll in g u p with settlers
wh o were gra i n a nd s toc k ra i sers —as no w i n the C an a
d i an N orth Wes t—a n d th e ra ilway c an a l and s h i ppin g
s y s te m s o f N ew Yor k an d othe r S tate s were t ak i n g i n
“
”
tol ls
al l the tr a fli c wo u l d bea r
The re were t i mes
whe n the c os t of gett i n g gra i n to the seabo ard ex cee ded
the price w h ich the Wes te r n far me r h i m sel f rece ived at
the fi rs t po in t of s h ip me n t I f these t r a ns portatio n i n
te re s ts co u ld
el i m i n ate the com pet ition of the G r a nd
Tr u n k an d the S t L awre nc e c an al s they wo u ld h ol d
th e traffi c of th e We s tern S tate s i n the h oll ow of the ir
h and The We s te rn farmers a nd merch a nts h ad bee n
p rotes t in g a gai ns t the e xce s s ive ch ar ges for tran s por
ta ti o n
a nd at a gre at co nve n tion of c h a mbers of com
mer c e at De troi t i n 1 8 6 5 the owne rs of ele v ators a n d
wareh o use s a t B u ffal o we re deno u nce d as ex tortion is ts
wh o ex acted c h ar ge s s u ffi c ie n t to p ay pro fi t s e q u al i n a
s i n g le year to th e wh ole v al ue of th e prope rty H atch
an d Tayl or the t wo com m i s s ioner s wh o reporte d i n 1 8 6 0
o n the Ope rat io n of the t re aty p re se n te d sep arate s tate
me n ts th e for me r a gai n s t the cont in u an ce of th e t reaty
a nd t he l atte r i n i ts fav or M r Tayl or i n h i s report
co nceded the i m men se se rvi ce to t he Un ited S tate s re n
de red b y the rec ip roc ity t re aty i n re movi n g th e d an gers
l ate n t i n the fi s herie s c onven t io n of 1 8 1 8 He q u oted
fr om a s peech b y Lord E l gi n i n wh ich th at s tate s m an
“
s a id :
A B ri ti s h ad m ir al an d a n A me rica n co m m od ore
we re s a il i n g on t he co as t w i th i n s tr u ction s fo u n de d on
oppos ite co ncl u s ion s an d a s i n gle i n d iscree t ac t on the
pa rt o f o n e o r the o the r wo u l d h ave brou gh t on a con
”
H e the n ta kes
fl i c t i nvol vi n g al l th e h orrors o f wa r
u p the co m merc i al a s pec ts o f the trea ty a n d s h ows th a t
th e ex p orts of the U n ited S tate s to the p rovi nce s h ave
e ach yea r e xc ee ded th ose o f Can ad a t o the U n ited
S tates a n d a s t o the i ncrea se s i n th e Ca n ad ia n ta ri ff
“
he as k s : Wh a t ri g h t h ave we to de m an d that th e p ro
v i nce s s h o ul d e n co u ra ge i m port ati on s fro m the U n i ted
S tate s whe n o u r legis l ation of 1 8 4 6 i m pose d d u tie s a s
h i gh a s 30 pe r cen t a nd th e Act o f 1 8 5 7 onl y red uced
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,
$
I
the i r a ve ra ge to 2 4 per ce nt on C an a d i an m a n ufactu re s $
Ca n ad a need s reven ue ; the p u bl ic l and s a s wi th u s
h ave ce ased to y ield any con s i d er a ble reven ue and i t
bec a me a neces s ity to i nc re a se the t a r i ff I n d oi n g so
‘
h ow c a n we as ser t th at C an a d a h as acte d i n b ad faith
to the U n i te d S tates an d v i ol ated the s p iri t of t he rec i
’
proci ty t re a ty t o repe at th e c u rre n t com pl ai nts o f the
”
$
New Yor k j ou rn al s
M r Tayl o r the n co m p are s the
tari ffs i n detail a n d s h ows h ow eve n afte r the d o w n
w ard ge ne r a l rev is io n of 1 8 5 7 the U n i ted S tate s t a r iff
was s t il l h i gher t h a n th at of C an ad a a n d cont a i ne d fe we r
item s on the free l is t
S ee append ix $ H e poi nts ou t
th a t n otwi th s t and i n g the ou tcry as to the C an ad i an
t ari ff th e ex port s of m a n u fact u red good s fro m the
U n i te d S t ates t o C an ad a i nc rease d fro m
in
1 8 8 to
i n 1 8 5 9 ; w h ile t he e x port s of C an a
5
d i an m an u f a c t u red good s t o the U n ite d S t ates m ade a
tot a l of o nl y
i n 1 8 5 8 an d
i n 1 8 59
“
He concl u de s by the fol lowin g s t a te men t :
The l ate
attac k on th a t p ol icy ( rec i proc ity ) c a n be tr a ced e x
cl u s ive ly to o ne q u arte r the s h i pp i n g i nte re s t of New
Yor k an d P h il ade l ph i a an d the l i ne s of t ran s port a ti on
betwee n th ose c itie s an d the We s t Pe n n sylv an i a as a
S tate c an not s h are the sentime n t for co al and i ron w ith
t he m a n ufact u res of the l atte r are p rom i nen t ex p ort s
t o Ca n ad a ; wh ile the other m a n u fact u r i n g i n te res t both
of Pe nn syl v a n i a a n d New Yor k g a i n l a r gel y fro m the
con s u m ptio n of thei r p rod u cts i n t he prov i nce s B u t t he
i m porti n g an d rail road i n tere s ts of t he two S tates are
a pprehe n s ive of the com peti tio n of the G r an d Tr u n k
R a ilw ay a n d the n av i gatio n of t he S t L a wren ce ; an d
the north -w es tern a nd e ve n the M is s i s s i pp i S t ates m u s t
be force d b y the ab r ogatio n of rec iprocal tr a de an d
n av i g atio n to p u rs ue e xcl us ivel y cert a i n c h an nel s o f
co m m u n ic at ion I t i s not pos s ible t h at the G over n me n t
of the U n i te d S t ate s c a n be i n d u ced to y iel d to s u ch a n
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a ppe a L
”
M r T a yl or ap pears to h a ve bee n onl y p arti all y cor
rect as to the O p i n io n of the i m portin g i n tere s t of New
Yor k for the Ch amber of Co m merce of N ew Yor k c ity
”
“
i n 1 86 5 ad opted the f e po r t of its select c o m m itt ee
i n wh ic h the mos t forc ible ple a yet m ade was prese n ted
i n fav or of th e co nt i n u an ce of the treaty and th at b o d y
.
‘
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,
$
0 [
[
h a s rem ai ne d to th i s d ay a con s ta n t ad voc ate o f reci
proc i ty betwee n th e two co u ntrie s
.
D
eath
‘
th e
of
T r e aty
.
Th at M r Tayl or h ad correctl y e s t im ated th e a i m
of th e tran s portation i nte re s t s of New Yor k t o a gre ater
h ol d on the tr a fli c of th e We s t appeare d two ye ars l ate r
i n a se t of res ol u tion s of the New Yor k S t ate L egi s
l a tu r e
decl ar in g th at C an ad a was v iol atin g t he s p iri t
of the tre aty F oll owin g u p the se res ol u t io ns Re p t e
se n ta ti ve Ward
of New Yor k m ade a re port o n be h al f
of the Co m m itte e o n Co m merce at Was h i n gto n i n wh ic h
he d is t in ctly ch ar ged th at it was t he avowe d p u rpose
of C an ad i an o fli c i a l s to d iver t A me r ic a n tr ade fro m i ts
“
”
n at u ral tran s por tat ion ro u te s w ith i n th i s co u ntry
a nd to c arry it th ro u gh C an ad i a n te rr itory by me an s c f
’
s pe ci al r ate s M r \V a r d s repor t wa s h oweve r pec u l ia r
i n th at wh ile i t com pl ai ne d of ex i s t in g cond ition s it
a rg ued s tron gly for the ge ne ral pr i n c 1 pl e of rec ip roc ity
*
an d ad voc ated the e x te n s ion an d rev is io n of the tr c aty
M r Wa rd re t u r ne d to th e attac k o n the t re aty i n 1 86 4
a nd m oved th at the P re s ide n t b e au thor ized t o give
n ot ice of its ter m i n a t io n u nles s a ne w con ven tion s atis
fac tory to b ot h gove r n me nts s h o u ld be concl u ded After
v ar io u s m ot io n s a nd a men d me nts a s i mple mot io n
ad opte d i n the Se n ate by a vote of 3 3 to 8 wa s p as sed
“
i n th e ye a r 1 8 6 5 decl ar in g th at I t i s no l on ger fo r the
i nte res t of t he U n ite d S t ate s to c o n ti n u e t h e s a me ( the
”
tre aty ) i n force
and t h at not ice b e give n o f i ts te r
m i n ati o n U n der th i s n ot ice the tre a ty c ame to an en d
’
on S t P atric k s D ay 1 8 6 6
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A ttempts
at
R e s u r re cti o n
.
A de p u tation co ns is t i n g o f A T G al t F i n an ce
Mi n i s te r a nd W P H owl a nd Pos tm as te r Ge ne ral of
Ca n ad a ; A J S m ith A ttorney Gene ra l of New B r u n s
wic k an d W A H e n ry A ttorney Genera l of N ova
S coti a ca me to Was h i n gto n an d rem a i ne d for two
wee k s m a k in g v ari o u s propos al s b u t i n v a i n A b il l
w a s i n deed p resente d to Con gres s i n M arch
1 86 6
but
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*
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L
a
ughl i n
a nd
\Vi l l i s
’ “
R
e
ci p ro c i ty
”
.
,
failed a nd eve n i f i t h ad go ne t h ro u gh Con gres s its
“
term s i n the op i n io n of L a u ghl i n a n d Wil l is
were so
u nfair th at C a n ad a co u l d n ot h ave d re a me d of ac ce pt in g
”
the m
M a n y e ff orts o n b oth s ide s of the l i ne h ave bee n
m a d e s i nce then t o b ri n g abo u t a new tre aty b u t u p to
the prese n t al l h ave failed an d e ach dec ade h as re d u ce d
the ch a n c es of a tre a ty of gener a l a ppl ic a tio n s uch as
the prov inces were o nce wil l i n g to negot i ate
,
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A n o teworthy pre se nt ati on of t he c ase w a s m ade
by S i r E dw ar d Th or nton B riti sh A mb a s s ad or a n d H o n
Ge or ge B rown rep rese nt in g Ca n ad a i n 1 8 7 4 Ta k i n g
u p the as se rtio n th a t the ad v a nta ge of th e ol d tre at y
wa s all o n t he s ide of Ca n a d a M r B rown po i nte d o u t
th at the h i gh prices of com m od i ties i n the Un ited S t ate s
c a u sed b y the wa r d u r i n g the l as t year s of t he t re aty
see me d to g ive a n ad v an ta ge to C an ad a b u t th i s a d
v ant age w as a n ap p are n t one an d d ue to fi ct it iou s
v al ue s
The w ar co nd i tio n s we re ab n orm al a nd n o
d ed u ctio n s co u l d be d r aw n fro m the m
H ad the t reaty
not b e en i n ex i s te nce at al l every to n of the se good s
wo u l d h ave gone fro m C an ad a to the U n i ted S t ate s
wi th onl y th i s d i ffe re nce th at they wou l d h ave cos t t he
co ns u mers of the U n i ted S tates th at m u ch m ore by
re as o n of the d ut ie s N otwi th s t an d i n g th at the ex port s
of Can ad a to the S tate s were re d u ce d i n vol u me beca u se
of t he w ar t he a ggre g ate b al a nce was s till i n favor o f
the U n i te d S tate s as i n the th i rtee n ye ars of the t reaty
the total i mp o rts of the prov i nce s fro m the U n i te d S t ate s
we re
an d the i m po r ts of the U n ited S t ate s
from the p rovi nces we re
The re a l d i ffe r
e nce w as s til l gre ate r i n favor of the U n ite d S tates
owi n g to the in fl at io n of t he c u rre ncy a nd bec au se al s o
there bei n g n o d u tie s on the p rod u cts goi n g to the
U n ited S tate s t he re was a m ore c o m m o n te mpt at io n t o
ove r -val u ation Th is w a s ev ide n t from the fact t h at the
Can a d i a n ret u r ns s h owe d a total i m p ort fro m the U n ited
S t ate s of
a n d a n ex port there to of $ 2 6 7
He g ave fi g u re s to s h ow th at the tr a fli c i n
bon d th ro u gh U n i te d S t a tes p orts h ad de velo pe d to the
advan t age of the U n ite d S tate s r ailways c an al s an d
s h ipp in g i nteres ts The free n av i gatio n of the Can ad i an
ca n al s h ad bee n g i ve n d u r i n g th e t re aty and h ad bee n
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24
the n ation to p ay o ff i ts w ar d eb t by a h i gher t ar i ff
r ather th a n any othe r for m of t ax ati o n a n d to d o th is
a n u mbe r of c om mod ities ad m i tte d free fro m C an ad a
h ad n ow to be t axed an d the t ari ff ra i s ed al l ro u n d
The nece s s i tie s of the reve n ue i nvol ve d an adv a nce of
’
d u ties a ffec ti n g C an ad a j u s t a s C an ad a s nece s s i tie s a
few year s befo re c om pelle d a n i ncre ase of d u t ies w h ich
f u rn is hed a n e xc u se for the rec i s i on of the tre aty
B u t the mot ives we re m i xe d The w ar b rou gh t a n
afte r m ath o f re sent me n t a g ai n s t t h a t portion o f both
B r itis h a nd C an ad i an people wh o h ad sy m p ath ize d wi th
t h e S o u th
a nd a h i ghe r t ar i ff wo u l d n ot o nl y p ay o ff
the w ar deb t b u t wo u l d h it the t rade of b oth C an ad a
a nd G re at B ri tai n M ore over the re was a l arge sect ion
o f the p u bl ic me n i n the U n i te d S tate s wh o re me m
be ri n g th e gre a t a nx iety of th e p rov i nces to sec u re the
t re aty fi r m ly bel ieve d th at i ts ab ro gat io n wo ul d s oon
be foll owed by a n appl ic at io n for u ncon d itio n al e n tr ance
i n to the A mer ic an U n ion
A t a gre at co nve ntio n of
co m merci al or gan iz at ion s he l d at Detroi t i n 1 86 5 to
wh ic h C an ad i an board s of trade were i nv i ted th is bel ie f
w as pl ain ly ex pre s sed by more th an one dele gate F or
e x amp le M r P otter the n U n i ted S tate s con s u l at
“
M on tre al s aid :
N ow we are re ad y to give yo u i n
Can ad a the m os t perfe ct rec iproc ity We w il l give yo u
co m plete free tr ade b u t we as k yo u t o c ome a nd s h are
with u s the res pon s ib il itie s of o u r own gover n me n t
I t i s not the p ol icy of o u r gove r n me n t t o con
t i n ne th i s t reaty an d I be l ieve t h at i n two years fro m
the ab ro gation of the re ci proc ity t re aty t he pe ople i f
Ca n ad a the mselves w i ll apply for ad m is s ion to the
”
U n ited S tate s
The s tre n gth of th is fe el i n g was n ote d b y Ch arle s
F ra nci s A d am s then U n ite d S t ate s M i n is ter to G reat
B rit ain wh o w rote to Secret ary Seward th at i n h i s
“
opi n io n
Al l the se me as u re s ( for abro gat ion ) were the
res u l t rathe r of a s tro ng p ol itic al feel in g th a n of a n y
”
“
”
co mmerc i al con s ide r at ion s
T h e s a me op in io n
s ay
“
L au gh l i n an d W ill i s
i s e n tertai ne d b y others an d th i s
tes ti mo ny i s of gre at i mport ance bec au se of the cl a i m
n ow fre q uen tly m ade th at th e C an ad ia n tre aty w as v e r v
”
d i s a d va n ta ge ou s to u s c om me rc iall y
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26
‘
an d
F o r ce
F ree W il l
.
Th i s me as u re i ll u s tr ated th e f ut il ity of force a s a
me an s of c u l t ivat i n g the frie nd sh i p of a n ati on a nd the
s peec h of t he H o n J ose p h H owe of N ova S coti a at
the Detro i t Co nve n tio n s h ou l d h ave bee n enou gh t o
i nd ic ate the re s po n se th at wo u l d be g ive n to th e freez in g
o u t proces s Afte r poi n ti n g o u t th e u nfai r ad va n ta ges
th at we re ta ke n by the U n ited S t ate s and n ot conte m
pl ate d wh e n the t reaty wa s s i gned i n re gard to the
fi s heries M r H owe s h ow ed th at the bl ock a din g of one
h alf of th e se ab oard of the U n ite d S tate s h ad c u t o ff a
l a r ge p art of the b ene fi ts th at s h ou l d h ave acc rue d to
t he M a r iti me P rov i nces d u ri n g th e w ar wh ile th e U n ite d
S tates got the be ne fi t of th e tr a de of the wh ole p rov i nc i a l
c oas t d u ri n g the e nt ire war peri od T u rn i n g to th e wa r
he co nten de d th at i n the m a i n the sy mp ath ie s of the
Ca n ad i an s a n d B ri tis h were with the N orth a n d c ited
i n s ta n ce s of m an y yo u n g me n fro m h i s ow n prov i nce
wh o h ad fo u gh t i n the n orthe r n arm ie s A c olle a g ue of
h is own h ad hel d th e ra n k of l ie u te n an t i n a M as s a
w ith o nl y o ne leg t o t a ke b ac k h ome
c h u s e tts re gi me n t
i n ste ad of two He the n proceede d :
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“
I n my own fa m ily an d pers on I h a ve s u ffere d n ot
a l i ttle by th is u n h appy rebel l ion I h ave fi ve boys an d
one of the m too k i t i nto h is head to e n te r yo u r ar m y
He h as n ow bee n nearl y two ye ars i n the 2 3r d O h io
Re gi me n t and h as fo u gh t i n al l t he b attles of th at re g i
men t d u ri n g th is pe riod He w a s i n both the great
’
b attle s u nde r S he rid a n i n wh ich Ge n eral E arl y s forces
we re s c atte red a nd the S he n a nd oa h v alley cleare d All
the pe rs o n al bene fi t th a t I h ave d er ive d fro m the rec i
p roc ity tre aty or h ope t o der ive fro m i ts re new a l w ill
’
ne ve r co m pe n s ate me o r t h at b oy s m othe r fo r the
a n x ie ty we h ave h ad w i th re gar d t o h i m ; b u t whe n he
prod uce d h i s ce rti fic ate o f h is co m m an d in g o fii c e r s h o w
i n g t h at he h a d con d u cted h i m sel f l i ke a ge ntle m a n an d
h a d bee n f a ith fu l and b rave i t wa s s o me con s ol ation
for al l o u r a n g u is h to k now th a t he h ad perfo rmed h is
d u ty ( E n th u s i as tic appl a u se A s the appl a u se s u bs ided
”
“
a ge ntle m a n p ropose d
Th ree cheers for th e boy
wh ich were g ive n with grea t hearti ne s s ) I h ave he a rd
i t s aid s i nce I ca me t o t he c on ve nt ion t h a t i f th e rec i
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p roci ty tre aty i s a n n u l le d the B r itis h prov i nce s w il l be
s o cra m pe d th at they w il l be c om pelle d to seek an ne x a
ti on to the U n i ted S tate s I k n o w the fee l i n g i n the
L owe r P rov i nce s a nd I bel ieve I a m wel l e nou gh ac
q u a i n te d w ith the C a n ad i an s t o s pe a k for the m al s o
when I m a ke the a s se rti on th at n o con s ider ati on s of
fi n ance no q ue s tio n of b a l a n oe for or a gai ns t the m on
the i n terch an ge of c om mod i tie s c a n h ave any i n fl ue nce
u pon the l oy al ty of th e i n h ab itan ts of the B r iti s h pro
v i nce s or te nd i n t he s l igh tes t de gree to al ie n ate the
a ffe ctio ns of the pe ople fro m their co u ntry the ir i n sti
t u ti o n s
their gover n me n t an d the ir $ uee n There is
n ot a m a n wh o d are on the ab rogat io n of the tre aty
i f s uch be i ts fate t o t ake the h u st in gs an d appe al to
a ny
co ns t it ue nc y o n a n nex at io n pr i nc iple s th ro u gh ou t
the e n tire Dom i n ion
The m an wh o avowe d s u ch a
sen ti m en t wo ul d be s co u te d fro m s oc iety b y h i s bes t
fr ie nd s Wh at othe r t re at me n t wo u l d a m a n de se rve
wh o h ad t u r ne d t raitor to hi s gove r n me n t an d v i ol ated
for pec u n i ary a d van t ages al l obl i gation s to th e co u ntry
th at gave h i m b irth $ The very boy to wh om I h ave
all u de d as h av i n g fo u gh t m an fu lly for the s tars and
’
s tr ipes wou ld r athe r bl ow h is ow n father s b r ain s ou t
th an h a u l d own the h on ore d fl ag u n de r wh ic h he was
bor n I f any me mbe r of th e conve n t ion h arbors the
idea t h at i n refu s i n g rec i proci ty to B r iti s h A me rica t hey
wou l d u nde rm i ne the l oy a l fee li n gs of the people of
th ose col on ie s h e is l abori n g u n de r a del u s io n
I s i nce rel y h ope th at al l th o u gh t of forc in g an nex at ion
”
u pon th e people of C a n ad a w il l be ab and one d
’
M r H owe s s peech was t hro u gh o u t rece ived in
good s p ir it a nd i t i s worth n ot i n g th at at th is c o n v e n
t io n a re s ol u t ion wa s u n an i m o u sl y p as sed i n favor of a
rec i proc ity tre aty be twee n the two cou n tr ie s a n d of
e x tend i n g i ts scope s o a s to i ncl u de B r itis h Col u mb ia
”
the Sel k ir k Settle men t a nd V an co u ver I s l an d
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Commer cia l
I ndepen dence
.
We th u s see h ow the Can ad i a n p rov i nc e s fi rs t by
the decl ar at ion of fre e tr ade i n G reat B ri tain a n d seco nd
by be i n g c as t off fro m c om merc i al depe nd e n c e o n th e
U n i te d S t a te s we re forced s o mewh a t aga in s t the i r w i l l
fee t a nd ta ke t he i r de s tined
to s t a n d u p on the i r own
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28
,
a mon g th e na t ion s \Ve see al s o wh at a n im portan t
the t ar i ffs h ad i n separa t in g the C anad ia n prov ince s
fro m th e Mo t he r Co u ntry a n d t he U n ite d S tate s
the n d riv i n g t he m i nto thei r pre sen t fe d era l u n ion
H avi n g i n d ica t e d s o me of the ch ief ca u ses th a t led
t o th e fr am i n g an d afterward s t o th e reci s ion of t he
ol d reci proc ity t re aty le t u s now e nq u ire in to rec i proc i t y
as a pol icy of c o i n m e r c i a l develop men t
way
par t
fi rs t
a nd
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,
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,
,
,
.
R e fl e cti ons
.
A rec i proc i ty t re aty i s a n ill og ica l s te p t o a lo gical
co ncl u s i on Th at concl u s io n i s free tr a d e be t ween the
p artie s to th e a gre e me n t and s o l o n g as any tar i ff at
al l i s ai n tai ne d betwee n the m the tre aty m u s t i n c ou rse
of t i me wor k i n $u s t ice to one or t he othe r an d come to
a n e n d Th i s i s s o bec a u se a tre a t y m ade for a te r m o f
years as s u me s a fi x i ty of cond i t ion s i n a worl d of
ch a nge
A s the l ive s of i n d iv id u al s s o the l ive s of
n ation s are u nde rgoi n g perpet u al ch a n ge s a nd t he eco
n om ic an d pol i t ic al con d i tion s wh ich ex is t i n one d ec ade
w i ll ne ver be r e peate d i n the ne x t or any s uccee d i n g
per iod The ch i p th rown o n the b os o m of the r ive r now
w il l be m ile s d own s tre a m an h o u r he nce an d w il l neve r
retu rn as l o n g as the r ive r fl ows T h e econ om ic rel ation s
be t wee n an y two co u n t ries wh ic h w ou l d g ive pe rfect
eq u al i t y a t t he t i me a tre aty i s ne go t i ate d wil l i n a c
re n de r an y fi xed trea t y an
w ith th i s l aw
c o r da nce
i n s t r u me n t of u n stable e qu il ibr i u m The recogn i t ion of
t h is l aw of pe rpe t u al fl u x i s wh at i s b r in gi n g pr o te c
ti o n i s t n a t io n s to see the nee d of perm ane n t tari ff co m
m i s s io n s by wh ich t he t ar i ff m ay be a d j u s t e d to t he
c o ns tan tly c h a n gin g co n d iti on s of i nter n ati ona l t rade
We h ave al r e a d y se e n how th i s l aw of ch a n ge operated
i n the h i s t o ry of the rec iproc i ty con t ract u n d e r d i sc u s
s ion N o s ooner wa s i t s i g ne d th an n e w neces s ities
a rose b y wh ich Can a d a w a s s oo n to b e co m pe lle d e i t he r
t o u p roo t i t s w h ole eco no m ic s y s t e m o r t o ma ke mo d i
fi c a ti o n s i n its tari ff wh ich m a ter ial ly ch an g e d t he t e r m s
u po n wh ich t he m a n u fac t u rers o f t he Un i t e d S t a t e s w ere
d oi n g b u s i n e s s with t h i s co u ntry ; wh ile on t he o t her s i d e
of the l i ne a pol i tic a l co n vu l s ion f o r oe d on econo m ic
o f a s t il l m o re p ro fo u n d n a t u re
The se
a l t e ratio n s
c h an ge s co mpel led t h e U n i t e d S ta t es to te rm in a t e a
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m
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comp act eve n th ou gh m any of the i r s tates me n fores a w
th at i ts c an ce ll a tion wo u l d s tar t the provi n ce s o n a new
p at h th at wo u l d close the d oor foreve r to th at or gan ic
u n ion to wh ich the t reaty s e e med l i kely to le ad T he
war p u t an en d to the tre aty m ore qu ic kl y b u t the
t ari ffs wo u ld h ave e n de d i t s oone r or l ater war or n o
w ar
The o nly al te rn at ive th at co u l d h a ve m ade the
tre at y pe r m a ne nt w a s to i ncl u de al l p rod u cts i n the zone
of free i nte rch a n ge s a n d th is wo ul d h ave i nvolved a
com mon t ar i ff ag a i ns t the res t of the worl d S uc h a
t ari ff wo u l d n at u r ally be fr a me d a n d re adj u s te d at t he
wil l of the d o m i n a n t p a rtner I n s h ort whi le a ny t ar i ff
s ys tem i s m ai nta ine d be twee n two co u n tries rec ip roc ity
i n a wi de se nse i s d oo me d t o aborti on from the d a y of
i ts concep ti on Whe n rec iproc ity i s co m plete i t i s n o
l on ge r rec ip roc ity b u t free t rade be t w een the p art ie s t o
the a gree me n t Tari ffs and co m plete rec ip roc ity c an n ot
c o ex i s t pe rm a ne n tl y betwee n two n at ion s
P ar ti a l rec i
p roci ty m ay e x is t wi th t ar i ffs b u t both wo ul d h ave t o
be re adj u s ted wi th ch an gi n g co nd ition s and every re ad
j u s t me n t i nv ol ve s d i sc ri m i n ati on s ag ai n s t othe r n at i o n s
not p art ie s to the agreeme n t
A reci p roci ty tre aty i s betwee n n at ion s j u s t wh at a
co ntract i s betwe e n t w o in d iv id u al s wh o p ropose to fi x
t er m s a n d co nd ition s wi th e ac h other o n article s t he
pr ices an d s u pply of wh ich are n ot u n de r the ir ow n
“
control I f F ar me r A s ays to Me rch an t B :
Let me
sell yo u m y crop of w
hea t for ten ye ars t o come at 9 0
”
c ents
a b u shel
an d B ac ce pts the propos ition a n d
s i gn s a n agr ee me n t i t i s ce rta i n th at i f nex t ye ar and
for the fol low i n g n ine Ye ars the m ar ket pri ce of wheat
B wil l be the l ose r ; wh ile if
a vera ge s o nly 7 5 Ce nts
whe a t for the s a me ter m of ye ars wen t u p to a n ave r a ge
of $ 1 a b u s hel A w o u l d be d is s ati s fied w ith h is own
propos ition These two me n l i ke two n ation s atte m pted
t o fi x rel at ion s be twe e n the m w ith ou t rec k on i n g c h an ges
ou ts ide of their own rel at ion s h ip wh ich the y co ul d n ot
gove rn an d o ne or the othe r m u s t be d is a ppoi nted
I f t ari ffs w e re e n tirel y eli m i n a te d be twee n two cou n
tr ie s an d a c o m mon tar i ff a d o p ted ag a i n s t the re s t c f
the worl d it wo u l d n ot fol low th at eq u al ity of ad va nta ge
u nde r th at co m m on t a r i ff wo ul d ex is t i n trade w ith the
worl d u nle s s le g isl a t ive co ntrol were al so eq u al l y d iv ided
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30
be twee n the two a nd u n les s the n atu ral and i nd u s tri al
prod uc ts were the s ame Th i s wo ul d n ot be th e case i n
two c o u ntrie s l i ke the U n ited S tates and C a nad a e ither
as to leg isl at io n or i n d u s tr i al cond ition s bec au se fore ig n
tr ade h as al s o to be t ake n i nt o the acco u n t and the
’
s pec i al co m m od itie s of C an ad a s forei gn t rade are d if
f e re n t from th ose of the U n ited S tates
,
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,
,
.
I f a n ap pro ach to free tr ade i s the object aimed at
i n a recip roc ity tre aty i s i t no t more l ogic al to m ove
i n th i s d i rec tio n by a re d uc tion of t he tari ff or its en t ire
re mov al for the wh ole world I n the c ase o f Can ad a
an d the U n i te d S tate s for ex am ple we fi nd th at fo r
ne arl y a h u nd re d ye ars th e t ar i ff of th e l atte r co u nt ry
h a s bee n h i ghe r th an th i s co u n try by a l ar ge perce nt age
an d the refore i f free tr ade i s s ou gh t the m ore com plete
the rec iproc ity the m ore b ac kw ard t he s te p wo ul d b e
if C an ad a yoked hersel f i nto a s ys tem wh ose tari ff i s
fro m two to fi ve t i me s as re s trictive as he r own
If
free tr ade i s good as betwee n C an ad a an d th e U n ited
S t ate s i t i s st il l better as be twee n Ca n ad a an d the wh ole
w o rl d Th i s red uce s com me rci al u n io n w ith the U n ite d
S t ate s to an abs u rd ity as a m ove toward s free tr ade
A rec ip roc ity tre aty be i n g a n atte m p t to fi x a l an d
m ar k i n a m id -o ce a n of ch an ge i s n ot o nl y b o u n d to
ten d t o an u n s table e q u il ib r i u m a s be twee n the two
p ri me p artie s to the con tract b u t e ach new tre aty ne go
ti a te d w i th other n ation s m u s t e n d i n a gre ater or les s
b re ach of the ter m s a n d ad van ta ge s al re ad y ple d ge d b y
the prev io u s b arg a in s I t m ay n ot be a c o n sc io u s b re ach
of fa ith b u t eve ry fre s h co ntr a ct m u s t nece s s arily qu al ify
the p refe re n ces g ive n to th e othe rs s i n ce th e total o f a
’
co u ntry s prod uct ive powe rs an d con se q uentl y the to t al
of i ts t rade ca n not be m u l ti pl ie d by te n bec a u se i t m ake s
te n tre at ies I ts total t r a de is l i mi ted to the p rod u ct i ve
c apac ity of its i nd ivi d u al wor ke rs C a n ad a h as h ad a n
ex am ple o f th i s i n the com merc i al tre aty with F rance
Th at co u n try for certai n e q u iv a len t pr iv ilege s bo u gh t
wh at i t th o u gh t wo ul d be a s pec ial m ar ke t for its s il k s
wi ne s etc b u t u nde r the favo red n atio n tre at ie s the ch ief
ad van t age h as be en rea ped b y S wi tzerl and an d I tal y
w h ose s il k s a nd other good s p roved to be more ad apted
to the C an ad ia n de m a nd I t d oe s n ot les sen the force
of the ar g u men t to ex pla i n th at t he favored n at io n
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3I
tre at ies a n d n ot a s pec i fic reci proc ity treaty w ith I t al y
a nd S wi tze rl an d d e pr ived F rance of the be nefi ts s he
e x pec t e d to ge t The fav ored n at ion c l a u se is onl y a n
a u to m at ically oper at in g re c i pr o c i tv e ffect
A s t ud y of th e eco no m ic h is tor y of n a t ion s sh ows a
h i gh r ate of m ortal ity a mon g rec iproc i t y t re aties The y
d o n ot e nd u re beca u se they are fou n d e d o n a fall acy
“
”
I n t he U n i ted S tates
s ay s t he au t h ori ty p rev iou s ly
“
q u ote d
rec ip roci ty h a s bee n a fail u re s o far as ta riff
refor m th rou gh th at me a n s i s concerned
Mani
f e s tl y the re is n o d i ffe re nce s o fa r as th e con s u me r
i s con cer ned betw e en s uch a p ol icy ( rec iproc i ty ) an d a
red uct io n of th e t ari ff b y l aw
O f the q ue s tion
’
wh ether i t i s r i gh t to barte r aw ay one m a n s p rotectio n
i n or d e r to gai n a trade ope n in g for a nothe r m a n i t i s
n ot ne c es s ary t o s pea k The u s u al a r gu me nt s tates th a t
we b arte r o nly th a t pro t ect io n w h ich i s n o l o n ge r nee d ed
To s u ch a s tateme nt i t is n at u r al to re pl y th at i f the
p rotect i o n I S n o l on ge r ne eded i t s h o u ld be w ithd raw n
i n t he i n teres t of the con s u me rs
I f t here fore
t he ord i n ary m an an aly z es the s it u atio n to con s ide r h i s
ow n i nte res t a s a c on s u me r he i s l i kely to become a
”
t ari ff rev is ion is t rather t h a n a rec i proc i t y a d voc ate
The a u th ors j u s t q u oted con s i d e r th e reciproc ity treat ie s
h i the rto m a d e by the U n ited S tat e s t o h ave been f ail u res
“
a n d they c onc l u de : I n s h ort if w e s h ou l d ever ap pr oach
the s t a ge of de vel op me n t i n t ar i ff m atte rs where reci
”
proc i ty co u l d be h ad w e s h o u ld n ot nee d it
The ol d rec iproc ity tre aty of 1 8 5 4 6 6 —ne go t i ate d a t
a t i me whe n me a n s of tra n s port w e re few a nd the i r c os t
ve ry h i gh — served a good p u rpose i n i ts d ay I t ti d e d
C a n a d a ove r i ts per i o d of de pres s io n and hel pe d pre pa re
its tra n s portatio n sys te m s for co nfede ration a nd i t
gave the i nd u s tr ie s of the U n it ed S tates the on l y l ar ge
ope n in g av a il ab le wh ile i t al s o a s s is ted t he deve lop me n t
of the A mer ic a n \V e s t
B u t s ince t he n the o u tlook of
bot h n atio n s h as m ateri all y c han g e d
The me an s of
t ra n s port h ave e n or mo u s ly deve loped a n d become les s
c os tl y th an i n 1 8 5 4 and the t i me con s u med i n de l iver in g
g ood s to the e n d s of the e arth is be i n g cont in u all y s h ort
ened s o th at eve ry co nt i nen t is co m i n g w ith i n re ach o f
the ex porter The co mple x d e m an d s of m oder n co m
merce c al l f o r d i rect con nect ion s with every n a t ion rathe r
th an fo r a tr u n k l i ne to o ne To s pea k
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o
0
$
‘
,
fu rn i t u re a nd the gre at v ariety of ar ticle s m ade from
wood afte r i t p a s s e s fro m the for m of l u mber These
are th ree elemen ts b u t they a re o ne a nd i n d iv is ib le
re g a rde d a s a h o me i n d u s try to uc h i n g the general
wan ts of the people Lo gs are not a n art icle of ge ner a l
co n s u mpt i o n a s s u ch n or are p ul p a n d l u mbe r til l t hey
go th ro u gh a nothe r pro ces s a nd beco me p ape r f u r n i
t u re e tc
I t i s o nl y the n t h at they fi rs t to u ch the nee d s
o f t he people at l ar ge N ow i t h a s co me ab ou t th rou gh
the rec kles s de s t ru ction of the fores t s o f the U n i te d
S tate s th at t h a t co u ntry is n ow s h ort of the raw m a
te r i a l s by wh ich i ts h ithe rto l ar ge fore i g n trade c an be
m a i n t ai ne d i n p a per fu rn it u re an d t he v ar io u s m a n u f a c
t u re s d erived fro m wood I f a n u nl i m ite d s u pply of r aw
o r sem i m an u fact u re d w ood s u ch as l u mbe r and pu l p
c an be ob t ai ned fro m an o u ts ide s o u rce s u c h a s Ca n ad a
th ose fore i gn e x ports m ay be m ai nta ine d an d ex te nde d
S u ppose the n a tr ade ar ra n geme n t i s m ade u nder the
s peci fi c s ancti o n o f wh ich s u ch i n d u s t rie s are c re ated i n
the U n i te d S tate s i n d epende nce o n r aw m ater i al s from
C a n ad a i t m u s t fol l ow th at the s u p pl y of s u ch m aterial s
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34
can n o t be s u dde nly c u t o ff w i th o u t fa r reach i n g fi n anc ial
los ses a n d i nd u s tri al d i s tu rb a nce i n the U ni ted S tate s
The acco m p anyi n g conve ntion al tree m ay il l u s trate
i n a s i m ple way the rel ation s of th i s tr in ity of i nd u s tr ies
I n as m uch as the proce s se s of converti n g fore s ts i nto
art icles of u se fo r m an k in d d o no t b r in g the m in to con
tact wi th th e ge neral con s u me rs t il l the th ird s t a ge i s
reache d a nd it i s i n th i s th ird s ta ge th at by far t he
gre ates t am o u n t of c ap ital an d l ab or are e m pl oye d the
l ogi cal p urpose of any tar i ff i nte nded to develo p s uch
an i n d u s try i s to m a ke i t a tri n ity i n u n ity To seve r i t i n
the m i d dle an d h a ve th e m os t i m port a n t p ro ces ses c om
l
t
e
e d i n anothe r co u n try with th is con nec tio n m a i n ta ined
p
at the h a z ard of a t a r iff Act m ay s ow th e s e ed s of fu t u re
‘
tro u ble w he re these i n d u s trie s of the two co u ntries
are i n r iv al ry i n see k i n g fore i gn trade I n th is p artic u l ar
c ase w e h a ve a fores try p robl e m ad de d to an i nd u s tri al
p roble m a nd th e fore s try p roble m is of graver concern
’
th an the i n d u s tr i al T h e p rese rv atio n of C a n ad a s water
p ower s by the co nse rv ati o n of i ts fore sts i s a m atte r of
s uc h co nse q ue n c e th at the fate of the wood wor k i n g p ul p
a nd p aper a nd al l othe r i nd u s tr ie s d irectl y conce r ne d in
b o th c ou n tr ies co u l d be c om pletel y i gnore d w ith les s
d an ge r to the n at ion W i th i n re cen t ye ars s u ch a fl ood
of l i gh t h as b e en th row n o n the devel op me nt o r d ownfal l
o f n ati on s th at o n e s t ate s a prove d tr u th and not a pro
’
phe c y i n as se rt in g th at the des tr uct io n of a c ou ntry s
fore s ts i s n a t ion al s u ic ide Th i s is real ized i n the U n i t e d
S tate s an d t he proble m i s g iv in g its s tate s me n gr ave
co nce rn B u t rememberi n g the p ar able of the fi ve w ise
v i rgi ns an d the fi ve fool is h one s th ose re s p on s ible for
the ad m i n is tr at io n of th i s d om ai n ca nn ot w ith s afe t y
t o p os te rity pe rm i t the fores ts to be swep t fro m the
re m ai n in g h al f of the con ti ne n t beca u se t he wor k of
dev as t a ti o n h a s bee n s o ne arly com ple te d in th e other
h al f I n s u c h a m atte r w e s h o ul d l oo k fa r beyond the
need s a nd d an ge r s of the p re sen t ge nerat ion
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’
Canad a s
S eparate D esti ny
.
N o th o u gh tfu l Can ad ia n c an h ave re flecte d u pon th e
h i s tory of h i s c ou ntry fro m th e beg i n n i n g o f i ts col on i
z a ti o n by w h ite me n t il l the form atio n o f the Dom in i on
wi th o u t reco gn izi n g a Co n troll in g H an d th a t h a s w illed
,
,
u s to be a d is ti nc t people The ve ry h is tory of the b i rth
a nd d i s s ol u ti on of the rec ip roc ity treaty here s ketched
reve al s a pl a n wh ic h t hwarte d o u r own des ire s i n t h at
ge ne ratio n to m a ke u s the se p ar ate n at io n we are n ow
We now begi n to see d i mly as i t m ay be to s ome th at
there a re m i s s ion s C an ad a c a n c arry o u t a n d se rv ices
to the worl d s he c a n perf o r m i n the s phe res of mor al
c ivi c an d s oc i al refor m wh ich c a n be be tte r e ffected
u n der o u r own pol itical or gan iza tion th an any other a n d
the re i s a m ple room o n t h i s con ti nen t for two sets of
ex pe ri me nt s i n the problem s of gove r n me n t wo rked o u t
i n the s pi ri t of a m it y wh ic h be fi ts n ation s wh o a re gre at
’
eno u gh to rej oice i n eac h othe r s s ucces s a nd h app i ne s s
To m a i n tai n th is free pl ay to o u r pol itic a l i nst it u tion s
o u r fi s c a l s y s te m s h o u ld be q u ite a s u n fette red a n d any
e n ta n gle me n t s wh ic h res trict t h i s fr eed o m are m ore l i kely
to ten d towa rd s fric tion t h a n h ar mony i n the pol it ical
rel a tion s
.
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,
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,
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.
N ati on s
N ot G reat b y
T ra d e A l one
.
t
h ave to th i s po i n t bee n d i s c u s s m g rec i proc i ty
ch iefly as a n eco no m ic q ues t ion b u t a n ati o n c an not
beco me gre at by tr ade al one The h i s tory of the ri s e
an d fal l of e m p i re s of t he p as t fu rn i she s too m an y s ad
e v i d e nce s th a t the n at ion wh ose pol icy is swayed fi rs t
a nd l a s t by tr ade con s id e rat io n s i s r un n i n g i ts tr ai n o n
to a b ro ke n br id ge A ce rta i n n atu ral be n t of m i n d
m ake s t h i s a pec ul i arl y d an ge rou s s n a re to the A n gl o
S ax o n peoples a n d s o far h ave they heade d o n th i s
m o ral d own grade th at i t h as become a l mos t a he re s y
to decl are i t pos s ible for a n at io n to l ose its sel f res pe ct
t h ro u gh g ain i n g trade a d v anta ge s W ar is o ne o f t he
retr ib u tive ca l am it ies be gotte n of greed of we al th an d
t h at l u s t of d om i n io n i nto w h ich gree d devel op s whe n i t
h as bec ome a n ation al v ice Ca n ad a owe s fi rs t and
fore m os t the d ebt of good w il l n ot onl y to he r nei ghb or
and the Mother Co u ntry b u t t o the wh ole worl d I f we
ce ntre o u r m i n d s merel y o n the ac q u i s ition of m ater ia l
we alth for ge tt i n g the c l a i m s of othe r n at ion s w h o cou ld
be ne fi t by a s h are o f the l igh t a n d b les s in g we h ave
rece ived then we fail of the c h ief s o u rce of o u r fu t u re
i n fl ue nce on the worl d Wheat i s n ot the s o u rce of the
’
n at i on s wel l be i n g I f i t were then B a b v l o n wh ich w a s
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36
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the worl d s fi rs t whe a t co u ntry wo u l d h av e bee n a
*
powe r to d a y
L i ke B abyl on the A n gl o -S ax on n ation s
devo te al l thei r e ner gie s to the acc u m u l atio n of s tores
of m ate ri al we al th an d the n b u il d B abyl on i a n w a ll s
i n the for m of n av ie s a n d e n gi ne s of s l a u g h te i w ith
wh ich to p rotec t th i s we a lth Wi ll C an ad a pl ace he r
s ole de pe nd ence i n these B abyl on i an wall s or wil l s he
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see k s o me be tte r way of w i n n i n g the worl d s good w i l l D
T a k i n g the e s ti m a tes for m il iti a an d n av al serv i c e the
c os t of t he n ew wars h i p s p u rch ased and to be b u il t the
o u tl ays i n the M ari ne a nd F i s herie s De p art me n t c h ar ge
able to the or g a n iz at io n of t he n av al serv ice the ite m s
in the P ubl i c Wo rk s Dep a rtment all otted for the ere c tion
an d m a i nte n a nce of a rm or ie s m il itary s tore h ou se s etc
we h a ve a total to wh ic h the co u nt ry i s com m itted fo r
wa r prep ar a tion s i n 1 9 1 1 of a l i ttle ove r
I n 1 880 the a mo u n t s pen t o n m il it i a a n d de fe n se was
i n 1 90 0 i t w a s
an d s ince 1 89 6
h as bee n s pen t i n t h is de p art e n t c h arge
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t he p ubl ic deb t I f one te n th of the am o u n t to wh ic h
Ca n ad a is c om m i tte d i n p rep ar i n g for war we re s pe n t
on m is s ion s of pe ace a nd on e d u c at io n al prop agand a t o
t h e people of
other n at ion s s h ow in g the w as te and
w ic ked nes s of w ar m i gh t i t n ot be the me an s of avoid i n g
the u ns pe a k able woes n ow th re ate n i n g th e pe ace of the
worl d by these u np ar a llele d p rep ar a ti on s $
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Th i s m ay be a d i gres s i on b u t i t wil l se rve to s u g
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p roc ity o f trade i s the le as t u r ge nt of al l the rel ation s
wh ich Ca n a d a m ay h ol d w ith othe r n ation s j u s t n ow
“
”
Above al l n ation s i s h u m an ity
an d th e reci proc ity of
good wil l i s wh at h u m an i ty mos t need s at a ti me wh e n
m ill ion s of the p oo r of the great n ation s are l ite ral ly
s i n k i n g be neath the b u rde n of t a x at ion for need les s wa r
p re p aration s
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fi r s t d e fi n i t e n otice o f w h e a t i s i n th e
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