ACID, BASE, AND NEUTRAL BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
ENERGY USE PRODUCES WASTE CALLED POLLUTION. POLLUTION IS THE CONTAMINATION OF NATURAL SYSTEMS AND OCCURS THROUGH HUMAN AND NATURAL ACTIVITIES. A
SYSTEM IS A GROUP OF RELATED PARTS THAT WORK TOGETHER. POLLUTING MATERIALS INCLUDE: TOXINS, RADIATION, HEAVY METALS, CHEMICALS, GASES, VAPORS,
PATHOGENS, SOLID WASTE, AND NON BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS.
ACID RAIN IS CAUSED WHEN COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GAS IS BURNED. PRODUCTS OF BURNING FOSSIL FUELS IS SULFUR OXIDES AND NITROGEN OXIDES WHICH PRODUCE ACID
RAIN. WHEN THESE OXIDES ARE RELEASED INTO THE AIR THEY REACT WITH WATER VAPOR TO PRODUCE SULFURIC ACID AND NITRIC ACID.
COMMON CLEAN RAIN HAS A pH VALUE OF 5.6, WHICH IS SLIGHTLY ACID AS A RESULT OF REACTIONS WITH THE CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE. WHEN WATER VAPOR IN
THE ATMOSPHERE REACTS WITH NITRIC OXIDES AND SULFUR OXIDES THE RAIN BECOMES MORE ACIDIC AND RANGES FROM 4.3 - 5.0 pH.
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AN ACID IS A SUBSTANCE THAT PRODUCES HYDRONIUM IONS H3O IN SOLUTION. ACIDS ARE PROTON DONORS. A BASE IS A SUBSTANCE THAT PRODUCES HYDROXIDE IONS OH IN
SOLUTION. BASES ARE PROTON ACCEPTORS. pH IS A MEASURE OF HYDRONIUM ION CONCENTRATION IN SOLUTION (POTENTIAL OF HYDROGEN). NEUTRALIZATION IS A CHEMICAL
REACTION BETWEEN AN ACID AND A BASE THAT PRODUCES WATER AND A SALT.
THE pH SCALE IS A MEASURE OF HOW ACIDIC OR BASIC IS A SUBSTANCE. THE pH SCALE RANGES FROM 0 TO 14. A pH OF 7 IS NEUTRAL. A pH LESS THAN 7 IS ACIDIC. A pH
GREATER THAN 7 IS BASIC. EACH WHOLE pH VALUE IS 10 TIMES MORE ACIDIC OR BASIC THAN THE NEXT HIGHER OR LOWER VALUE.
ATOMS ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF MATTER. ATOMS ARE THE SMALLEST AMOUNT OF AN ELEMENT THAT RETAINS THE ELEMENT’S PROPERTIES. ATOMS ARE COMPOSED OF
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES, PROTONS, NEUTRONS, AND ELECTRONS. PROTONS ARE POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES IN THE NUCLEUS HAVING AN amu OF 1. NEUTRONS ARE
NEUTRALLY CHARGED PARTICLES IN THE NUCLEUS HAVING AN amu OF 1. ELECTRONS ARE NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES SURROUNDING NUCLEUS HAVING AN amu OF 1/1836.
pH SCALE
ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. WHAT DOES THE pH SCALE MEASURE?
10. DESCRIBE ACID.
11. DESCRIBE BASE.
2. WHAT IS THE pH OF PURE WATER?
12. DESCRIBE NEUTRAL.
3. WHAT IS THE pH OF AMMONIA?
13. WHAT DOES A pH OF 7 INDICATE?
4. WHAT IS THE pH OF BATTERY ACID?
14. WHAT DOES A pH LESS THAN 7 INDICATE?
5. WHAT IS THE pH OF BLOOD?
15. WHAT DOES A pH GREATER THAN 7 INDICATE?
6. WHAT IS THE pH OF VINEGAR?
16. DESCRIBE POLLUTION.
ACID
NEUTRAL
BASE
7. WHAT IS THE pH OF LEMON JUICE?
17. WHAT 2 WAYS ALLOWS POLLUTION TO OCCUR?
8. COMPARE THE ACIDITY OF VINEGAR AND LEMON JUICE.
9. WHAT IS THE pH OF ACID RAIN?
COMPLETE THE DATA TABLE
A. TASTE
PROPERTIES OF ACIDS, BASES, AND NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS
B. FEEL
C. COLOR CHANGE
D. REACTIVITY
E. PROPERTIES
ACID
BASE
NEUTRAL
COMPLETE DATA TABLE
PARTICLE
PROTON
NEUTRON
ELECTRON
LOCATION
MASS (amu)
CHARGE