Chapter 1: Matter—Its Properties and
Measurement
General Chemistry
Principles and Modern Applications
Petrucci • Harwood • Herring
8th Edition
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Contents
Physical properties and states of matter
Measurements and SI units
Système International Units
Uncertainty and significant figures
Dimensional analysis
• Mole and Avogadro’s number(NA)
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Properties of Matter
Matter:
Occupies space, has mass and inertia
Composition: Parts or components
ex. H2O, 11.9% H and 88.81% O
Properties:
Chem 1050
Distinguishing features
physical and chemical properties
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
States of Matter
Three states of matter as we perceive them macroscopically
Gas-widely
separated
molecules.
Solid-closely packed
molecules
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Classification of Matter
Every sample of matter is either a single substance (an element or
compound) or a mixture of substances.
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Separations
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Separating Mixtures
1_17
Substances to
be separated
are dissolved
in liquid
Pure
liquid
A
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B
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
C
Significant Figures
Count from left; from first non-zero digit.
Number
Significant
Figures
6.29 g
3
100 g
0.00348 g
3
100 eggs
9.0
2
= 3.14159
1.0 10-8
2
1 in = 2.54 cm
infinite
bad notation
Exact number
Adding and subtracting.
Use the number of decimal places as in the number with the fewest
decimal places.
1.14
0.6
11.676
13.416
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
13.4
Significant figures
Rounding Off
Multiplying and dividing.
Use the fewest significant figures.
0.01208
0.236
= 0.0512
= 5.12
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3rd digit is increased if
4th digit 5
Report to 3 significant figures.
10-2
10.235
12.4590
19.75
15.651
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
10.2
12.5
19.8
15.7
SI ( Metric) Units
Measurements are expressed as the product of a number and a unit.
•
Common Base SI ( Metric) units
Derived
Newton, (kg m.s-2 )
Length
m
Force
Mass (kilogram)
kg
Pressure Pascal, (kg m-1 s-2)
Time (second),
s
Energy Joule, (kg m2 s-2)
Volume 1L = 1dm3
Temperature (Kelvin) K
Quantity
•
Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1
Other Common Units
Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Volume Litre ( L) = 10-3 m3
Energy
Calorie ( cal) = 4.184 J
Pressure 1 Atm = 1.0164 x 102 kPa
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg
SI Prefixes
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Temperature
Temperature conversion from
Celsius to Kelvin
T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15
Fahrenheit to Celsius
T(°C) = 5/9[t(°F) –32]
Celsius to Fahrenheit
T(°F) = 9/5t°C +32
(zero point correction is the last)
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Volume
SI unit-cubic meter (m3)
Derived from the unit of
length.
A cube with a 10 cm on edge
has a volume of 1000 cm3(1
dm3) and is called a 1liter
(1L). The smallest cube has
1cm on edge and has a
volume of 1cm3 = 1ml
1000mL beaker ± 50 mL
500 mL beaker ± 5ml
25.00 mL pipet ± 0.01mL
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Density
Extensive properties are dependent on the quantity of matter observed.
Mass and volume are extensive properties.
Intensive Properties are independent of the amount of matter observed.
1.
Density is an intensive property e.g. density of water in a beaker or in
a swimming pool at 25°C has a unique value
d = m/v (g/mL) conversion factor m = v x d or v= m/d
Density is a function of temperature. State of matter affects the density.
Solids
d = 0.2g/cm3 to 20 g/ cm3
d = 0.5g/cm3 to 3-4g/cm3
Liquid densities
and gas densities
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d= few g/liter
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Conversion
Example: What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25
inches on each side? Density of osmium = 22.48g/cm3
You can calculate the volume (length)3
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Wrong units can be disastrous
Boeing 767, The Gimli Glider, Q86, p30 8th Ed.
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Uncertainties in Measurements
• Systematic errors.
– Thermometer constantly 2°C too low.
• Random errors
– Limitation in reading a scale.
• Precision
– Reproducibility of a measurement.
• Accuracy
– How close to the real value.
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Using density and percent as a conversion
factor.
• Ho many kilogram of ethanol are present in 25 L of a
gasohol solution that is 90% gasohol-10% Ethanol by
mass? The density of gasohol is 0.71g.ml-1.
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
Concept check
• What weighs more , a tone of bricks or a ton of cotton?
• Hint: weight is propotional to the quantity of matter that is
mass
Chem 1050
Chapter 1 Matter
Dr. A. Ghumman
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