Identify the cell
Prokaryotic – lacks
a nucleus
Pro- no
Eukaryotic – has a
true nucleus
Eu - do
Bacteria
•
Bacteria are everywhere. They in the air, in foods that you
eat and drink, and on surfaces that you touch.
•
Bacteria are the smallest , simplest and most
abundant organisms on the planet.
Your skin has 100,000 bacteria
per square centimeter.
What are Bacteria?
• Bacteria are PROKARYOTES
– The smallest known living cells
Bacteria on
head of a pin
They are found
everywhere!!
Starr, 317
Did you know? There are over 80
species of bacteria in your mouth!
Bacteria in dental plaque
microbeworld.org
Drawing of bacteria. Notice no nucleus.
Some cause disease
We call these “pathogens”
Anthrax, as seen by Koch
microbeworld.org
But most are
beneficial
Bacteria ferment cheese
Schraer, 641
Many can MOVE
Some have
flagella -
Some slide on a slimy secretion.
Salmonella
www.iwate.jp
Streptomyces spores
Three basic
shapes
Rod-shaped - helps them absorb nutrients,
but they can also dry out easily.
Three basic
shapes
Spherical -more resistance to drying out than
rod-shaped bacteria.
Three basic
shapes
Spiral-shaped - move easily in a corkscrew
motion, using their flagella at both ends.
In the 19th century, Kingdom Moneran was defined
as a unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus
(___________).
prokaryotic
Recently, Kingdom Moneran has been split into
TWO groups:
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Two Kingdoms of Bacteria
• Kingdom Archaebacteria
- “Ancient”, most primitive
earliest known form of life
-
•Kingdom Eubacteria
- includes bacteria and
Fluorescent micrograph
of an archaeon
cyanobacteria (blue-green)
microbeworld.org
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular organisms that are
classified as prokaryotes, which means they lack
a nucleus. Remember – “Pro = before”
Most bacteria
reproduce
asexually.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Why a separate kingdom?
Basically, Archae differ chemically from other
bacteria.
The scientists found the archaebacteria on their tools when
they were working in the Pacific Ocean where hot gases and
molten rock boiled from the Earth’s interior in 1983.
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria are found in extreme
environments such as hot springs and thermal
vents in the ocean.
• The conditions in which some archaebacteria live
today are similar to conditions found on Earth
during its early history.
Archaebacteria are also known as
extremophiles because of the extreme
environments in which they have been
found.
Archaebacteria are divided into groups based on
where they live and how they get energy. We
break them down into 3 main types.
Types of archaebacteria
1) methanogens – decomposers, live in
animal intestines, swamps & bogs
sewage treatment
This group of archaebacteria live in
muddy swamps and the intestines of animals and humans.
They break down waste material that has been filtered from
sewage water. Methane produced by these bacteria bubbles
up in swamps and marshes. They can live with little oxygen.
Types of archaebacteria
2)
Halophiles
– “love salt”
Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea
Types of archaebacteria
3) Thermophiles, thermoacidophiles –
hot springs, geysers
Heat lovers live in places like
ocean rift vents where
temperatures are over 360˚C.
The thermoacidophiles live in the extremely hot, acidic water
and moist areas within and surrounding sulfur hot springs.
They die of cold at temperatures of 131oF!
Video clip
Recap!
Archaebacteria:
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Asexual reproduction (mostly)
Extremophiles – live in extreme conditions
such as very hot temperatures.
•Heterotrophic (most)
•Some have a cell wall, some lack a cell wall
Draw the bacteria. Notice no nucleus.
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Bacteria are unicellular organisms that are
classified as prokaryotes, which means they lack
a nucleus. Remember – “Pro = before”
Draw the bacteria.
Most bacteria
reproduce
asexually.
Kingdom Eubacteria
• The Eubacteria Kingdom is larger than the Archaebacteria
Kingdom
• Most eubacteria are grouped into two categories:
Autotrophic Eubacteria (producer- makes own food)
Heterotrophic Eubacteria (consumer- feed on others)
Cyanobacteria
(Producer Eubacteria)
Kingdom Eubacteria
1. Producer Eubacteria(autotroph) make their own food using
carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight Ex:
cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll that is used during
photosynthesis.
• They are sources of food and oxygen for organisms in lakes
and ponds.
Cyanobacteria
(Producer Eubacteria)
Kingdom Eubacteria
1.Consumer Eubacteria (heterotroph)
Break down other living things to get energy
but CANNOT make their own food.
Bacteria and fungi keep the world free of
wastes by breaking them down.
.
They can also cause diseases.
Eubacteria in Your Life
• Cheese, yogurt, sauerkraut, wine, and vinegar are produced
by a bacterium
Endospores
Lactobacillus Acidophilus
Harmful Eubacteria
• Some bacteria are pathogens. A pathogen is any organism
that produces a disease. Pathogens produce poisonous toxins.
• Strep throat is a bacterial pathogen. Some other bacterial
diseases are anthrax, tetanus, tuberculosis, and botulism.
How we destroy harmful
Eubacteria
• Penicillin is an antibiotic that prevents bacteria from making
cell walls. Without cell walls, bacteria cannot survive.
• Pasteurization involves heating food to a high temperature
kills harmful bacteria.
Ex: milk
• A vaccine is made from damaged particles from a dead
bacteria’s cell wall. The vaccine is injected into a human so
the white blood cells learn to recognize it. If the bacteria
attacks the body, the white cells will destroy it immediately.
Bacteria’s Role in the World
• Bacteria have been used to clean up and
combat pollution. Bioremediation is the use
of bacteria to change pollutants into
harmless chemicals. It is used to clean up
industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste
and oil spills.
Recap!
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Reproduce mainly asexually
Heterotroph and Autotroph (cyanobacteria)
Some have a cell wall and some lack a cell wall