Section
Section
1
1
Standards-Based Instruction
Popes and Rulers
Reading Preview
Standards at a Glance
In the last chapter, students read about
the rise of Charlemagne and the spread
of Christianity in Europe. Here, students
will focus on the relationship between
Charlemagne, and his successors, with
the popes in Rome.
Section Focus Question
How did popes try to establish
authority over kings?
H-SS 7.6.4 Demonstrate an
understanding of the conflict
and cooperation between the
Papacy and European
monarchs (e.g., Charlemagne,
Gregory VII, Emperor Henry
IV).
H-SS Research, Evidence,
and Point of View 2
Students distinguish fact from
opinion in historical
narratives and stories.
Before you begin the lesson for the day,
write the Section Focus Question on the
board. (Lesson Focus: The coronation of Charlemagne set the precedent of popes having the
authority to crown emperors. Later, Pope Gregory VII issued strict rules limiting the authority of emperors. This led to a conflict between
Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV, who was
then excommunicated.)
■
L2
Read each statement in the Reading
Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to
mark the statements true or false.
Have students discuss the statements in
pairs or groups of four, then mark their
worksheets again. Use the ReQuest
strategy (TE p. T37) to call on students to
share.
412 Chapter 15
Key Terms and People
clergy (KLER jee), p. 413
Pope Leo III (pohp LEE oh thuh therd),
p. 413
coronation (kor uh NAY shuhn), p. 413
Pope Gregory VII (pohp GREHG uh ree
thuh SEHV uhnth), p. 415
secular (SEHK yuh luhr), p. 415
Henry IV (HEHN ree thuh forth), p. 415
excommunicate (ehks kuh MYOO nih
kayt), p. 415
A Study in Cooperation
Charlemagne and Pope Leo III
had a cooperative relationship.
After Roman rule collapsed in Europe, the Christian
Church became the stable center of medieval life. Gradually,
local kings restored law and order. But the popes—the bishops
of Rome—claimed authority over all of Christendom. The relationship between Charlemagne and Pope Leo III marked a
high point in cooperation between a ruler and a pope.
A Christian Ruler Charlemagne was a devout Christian.
He viewed his victories as proof of God’s blessing. To thank
God, he set out to improve the Church. He ordered priests,
monks, and nuns to live strictly by Church rules. Scholars at his
court edited manuscripts to create a library of Christian texts.
L2
Teaching Resources, Unit 6,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 43
■
High-Use Words
tradition (truh DISH uhn), p. 413
issue (IHSH oo), p. 415
law and order in the early Middle Ages. The manorial system
dominated medieval life. In this section, you will read about
the conflicts and cooperation between kings and popes.
Ask students to define the words papacy
and monarchy. Using the Idea Wave technique (TE p. T38), ask students to tell how
the leadership positions are different and
how they are alike. (Papacy is the system of
leadership in the Roman Catholic Church,
where the pope is the sole ruler. Monarchy is a
system of government in which leadership is
also held by one person, usually a king or
queen, and it may or may not require adherence
to a particular religion.)
Set a Purpose
Identify Facts Facts are
pieces of information
that can be proved or
disproved. For
example, you can
prove that an event
happened on a certain
date by researching
that event in a history
reference source. To
identify a fact, ask
yourself what you
could use to prove or
disprove the piece of
information. If you can
determine a source for
this task, it is likely a
fact.
Vocabulary Builder
Background Knowledge A feudal system provided
Prepare to Read
Build Background
Knowledge
Reading Skill
412 Chapter 15 Medieval Conflicts and Crusades
Universal Access
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Study Aid To help students remember the
events they learned about in this section,
have them create an illustrated timeline.
One side of the timeline should list the
date and tell the significance of the event.
The other side of the timeline should
include a drawing, picture, or symbol to
help illustrate the event.
Charlemagne tried to rule in a Christian manner. Many of
his advisers were drawn from the clergy. The clergy is the
group of people who give their lives to serve the Church as
priests, monks, and higher church officials. He sent messengers out in pairs—a churchman and a noble—to find and fix
cases of injustice. He encouraged all his subjects to “live
together in perfect peace and charity.”
However, Charlemagne hoped for more. Although he controlled a huge empire, he wanted the title “emperor.” In
Roman tradition, the title of emperor gave the ruler a special
relationship with God. At that time, the only emperor recognized by the Church was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
Teach
A Study in Cooperation
H-SS 7.6.4
Instruction
■
High-Use Words Before teaching this
section, preteach the high-use words
tradition and issue, using the strategy
on TE p. 411.
Key Terms Following the instructions
on p. 7, have students create a See It–
Remember It chart for the key terms in
this section.
Vocabulary Builder
tradition (truh DISH uhn) n. belief,
custom, or old way of doing
something
A Pope in Trouble In 799, Charlemagne received an
important visitor: Pope Leo III. Leo had left Rome after rivals
Charlemagne’s
there had planned to blind him and remove him from office.
Coronation
Here, Pope Leo III places
The terrified pope fled across the Alps to the safety of Charlethe emperor’s crown on
magne’s court. A few months later, Leo returned to Rome
Charlemagne, who also
under the king’s protection.
received the title “Emperor
of the Romans.” Critical
The following year, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to supThinking: Draw Conclusions
port the pope. On Christmas Day, Pope Leo crowned CharleWho appears to be the highest
authority in this picture? Why?
magne emperor. Charlemagne seemed surprised by his
coronation, or crowning ceremony.
The copyright holder has not granted permission to display this
image in electronic format. Please see the teacher's edition of
Nonetheless, becoming emperor was a
your textbook for this image.
dream come true.
The coronation of Charlemagne had
lasting effects on Europe and the
Church. First, it strengthened the power
of the Church in Western Europe by
establishing the principle that only the
pope could crown an emperor.
However, in Eastern Europe, this
same idea was seen as an insult to the
Byzantine emperor. This disagreement
over who could crown an emperor worsened the growing division between the
Eastern and Western churches. As you
have read in Chapter 2, this division
eventually led to a schism, or complete
split, between the Eastern Orthodox and
Roman Catholic churches.
How did Charlemagne and
the pope cooperate with
each other?
Section 1
Popes and Rulers
413
History Background
Most historians feel that it is simply not
believable that Charlemagne did not know
of Leo’s plan to crown him emperor at the
Christmas mass in the year A.D. 800. The
coronation was probably planned by both
of them for some time. However, the story
enhanced Charlemagne’s reputation as a
humble and modest Christian. His biogra-
pher, Einhard, tells the story of Charlemagne’s coronation the following way.
“But at first he was so much opposed [to
the coronation] that he affirmed that, even
though it was an important feast day, he
would not have entered the church that
day if he had known in advance the plan
of the pope.“
L2
Vocabulary Builder
■
To help students better understand the
concept of authority, which is important
to the understanding of this section, use
the Concept Lesson, Authority, and the
Concept Organizer.
Teaching Resources, Unit 6,
Concept Lesson, p. 51; Concept Organizer, p. 6
■
Read A Study in Cooperation with students, using the Structured Silent Reading strategy (TE p. T36).
■
Ask: What examples show that Charlemagne ruled as a Christian leader?
(chose clergy for advisers, had a noble and
churchman solve conflicts)
■
Ask: What were the advantages to
Charlemagne of cooperating with the
pope? (As a religious man, he may have
believed it was the morally correct thing to
do. He may also have seen a good relationship with the pope as a path to more power
and authority over the European region.)
Independent Practice
Have students begin to fill in the Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
Interactive Reading and Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 15, Section 1
(Adapted version also available.)
Monitor Progress
As students fill in the Notetaking Study
Guide, circulate to make sure they understand that the pope and Charlemagne had
a cooperative relationship.
Answers
Charlemagne protected the
pope and the pope made him emperor.
Draw Conclusions Possible answer: The
pope does because he is bestowing a title
upon the king, which would imply his
authority.
Chapter 15 Section 1 413
SSMM15.book Page 414 Saturday, February 26, 2005 3:39 PM
Holy Roman Empire
A Study in Conflict
By 1100, the Holy Roman Empire
covered much of Central Europe,
including all of modern Germany.
H-SS 7.6.4
a
Se
ic
ENGLAND
S
POLAND
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
FRANCE
40°N
HOLY
ROMAN
EMPIRE
For: Interactive map
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mxp-6151
Black
Sea
SPAIN
Constantinople Rome
0 km
E
W
400
BY
ZAN
0 miles
400
Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection
TINE EMPIRE
Mediterranean Sea
30°W
At this time, assign the worksheet
Emperor Henry IV (see Universal
Access activity at the bottom of this
page).
N
lt
20°W
■
Ask students to share what they remember about Byzantine beliefs about monarchy from Chapter 2. Then, ask: Why
do you think the Byzantine emperor
would be angry that the pope felt he
had authority to crown an emperor?
(Possible answer: In the Byzantine Empire,
the emperor was the head of the Church. To
recognize that the pope was the head of the
Church in Rome was to challenge the
authority of the Byzantine emperor.)
Ba
50°
N
(a) Locate What country bordered the Holy Roman
Empire to the west?
(b) Identify Benefits What benefits would the Church gain
by linking itself to this
empire? Why?
20°W
■
Ask: What was the conflict over power
that began with the coronation of Charlemagne? (Charlemagne believed that God
had made him emperor. The pope believed
that the Church had made Charlemagne the
emperor.)
North
Sea
10°W
■
Holy Roman Empire
under Henry IV
Have students read A Study in Conflict.
Remind students to look for the causes
and effects of the conflict.
10°
W
■
60°N
KEY
L2
0°
Instruction
A Study in Conflict
Popes and rulers sometimes
competed for power.
Charlemagne believed that God had made him emperor in
order to do God’s work on Earth. It was the duty of the pope to
assist him in that work. Pope Leo, however, believed that the
Church had made Charlemagne emperor. It was the duty of
the emperor to assist the Church in doing God’s work on
Earth. Some 200 years after Charlemagne’s coronation, these
different views led to a dramatic clash between an emperor
and the pope.
The
Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne’s
empire collapsed, the German lands to the east were divided
among a number of dukes. Following Germanic tradition, they
chose one of their own to be king. In many cases, the German
king had little power over the other nobles.
A German king known as Otto the Great decided to
increase his power. Otto built a small empire by making alliances with other nobles. In 962, he persuaded the pope to
crown him Holy Roman Emperor. Otto and his successors
used the Church to support their authority.
414 Chapter 15 Medieval Conflicts and Crusades
Universal Access
L1 English language Learners
L1 Less Proficient Readers
Biography of Henry IV Have students
Answer
(a) France (b) The Church
would gain authority in much of the central part of Europe because of its expanse
and location.
414 Chapter 15
find out more about Henry IV. Distribute
the worksheet Biography of Henry IV. You
might wish to have students work in pairs
to answer the questions. Before discussing
the beliefs of Gregory VII, ask students to
L1 Special Needs
share their observations about how Henry’s personal characteristics contributed to
the conflict with the pope.
Teaching Resources, Unit 6,
Emperor Henry IV, p. 47
A Strong-Willed Pope In 1073, a monk named Hildebrand became Pope Gregory VII. Gregory had strong ideas
about the powers of the pope. He issued a list of rules declaring his supreme authority over both Church and secular, or
nonchurch, leaders. Gregory declared the pope alone had the
power to choose bishops. He even claimed to have the power
to remove emperors from the throne.
It is easy to imagine how Henry IV, the Holy Roman
Emperor at the time, reacted to Gregory’s new rules. They
were a direct attack on his own power and rights. The stage
was set for a clash of wills between the two men.
A Defiant Ruler The clash began when Henry ignored
the pope’s rules and named his own bishop for the city of
Milan, Italy. In response, Pope Gregory appointed a rival
bishop. Next, Henry tried to remove Gregory as pope. Pope
Gregory then excommunicated Henry. To excommunicate
means to exclude a person from a church or a religious community. In addition, the pope freed Henry’s subjects from their
feudal oaths of loyalty to the emperor.
Instruction (continued)
Vocabulary Builder
issue (IHSH oo) v. to put
something forth officially
H-SS RE&PV 2 Identify
Facts
Decide whether this
statement is a fact: Pope
Gregory then excommunicated
Henry. If it is a fact, how could
it be proved?
■
Ask: How did Pope Gregory’s rules
challenge the authority of Henry IV?
(The pope declared that only he had the
power to choose bishops, that he was superior to the secular leaders, and that he could
remove an emperor.)
■
Discuss the power of excommunication
with students. Help them understand
that this was the pope’s most powerful
weapon of authority. Ask: What two
things did Pope Gregory do to force
Henry to accept his authority? (He
excommunicated Henry and freed Henry’s
subjects from their oaths of loyalty to him.)
Independent Practice
Have students complete the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
(Adapted version available.)
Monitor Progress
The copyright holder has not granted permission to display this image in electronic
format. Please see the teacher's edition of your textbook for this image.
Power Struggle
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
(shown at far left) and Pope
Gregory VII (left) engaged in a
bitter struggle for power.
Henry gave in but later forced
the pope from office. Critical
Thinking: Understand
Sequence What sequence of
events led to this incident?
Check Notetaking Study Guide entries for
student understanding of the conflict that
occurred between Pope Gregory and
Henry IV. Tell students to fill in the last
column of the Reading Readiness Guide.
Probe for what they learned that confirms
or invalidates each statement.
Teaching Resources, Unit 6,
Reading Readiness Guide, p. 43
Section 1
Popes and Rulers
415
Answers
History Background
The castle at Canossa where Henry begged
forgiveness from Pope Gregory was
owned by Matilda, the countess of Tuscany and one of the most powerful supporters of the papacy in Europe. Matilda’s
family used its military forces to protect
those they saw as legitimate popes and to
fight against those they saw as antipopes.
Although the pope and emperor made a
formal peace at Canossa, they were far
from friendly, and Matilda remained Pope
Gregory’s chief conduit for communication with northern Europe. Mistrusting the
emperor, she wrote to the pope’s supporters in Germany to trust only those messages from the pope that had come through
her.
Reading Skill It is a fact. It could
be proved by reading the written notice by
Pope Gregory VII issuing the excommunication.
Understand Sequence The coronation of
Charlemagne by the pope began a conflict
over supreme authority. Pope Gregory VII
issued rules defining the papal authority
over secular leaders. Henry IV challenged
the pope’s authority and was excommunicated.
Chapter 15 Section 1 415
The copyright holder has not
granted permission to display this
image in electronic format. Please see
the teacher's edition of your textbook
for this image.
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
L2
Have students complete Check Your
Progress. Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Section
Quiz, p. 52
To further assess student understanding,
use the Progress Monitoring Transparency.
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, Chapter 15, Section 1
Reteach
L1
If students need more instruction, have
them read this section in the Interactive
Reading and Notetaking Study Guide.
This painting shows Pope
Gregory forgiving Henry IV.
Critical Thinking: Compare
and Contrast How does this
image compare with the one
on page 413?
Interactive Reading and
Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 15,
Section 1 (Adapted version also available.)
Extend
A Pope’s Pardon
What actions did Henry IV and Pope Gregory take as
they competed for power?
Looking Back and Ahead In this section, you have
seen how popes and rulers competed for power in medieval
Europe. In the next section, you will read about the struggle
for power between rulers and their nobles.
L3
Have students prepare the History Challenge unit activity, a Debate on ChurchState Relations. Allow time for students to
research and prepare their arguments.
Encourage the class to take notes on the
debate and decide the winners.
Section
Across Europe, members of the clergy and secular rulers
took sides. In an effort to end his excommunication, Henry visited the pope in an Italian castle. Stories say that Henry stood
in the snow outside the castle for three days before the pope
would see him. Though the pope forgave him, the conflict continued. Henry later took revenge on the pope by marching his
army to Rome and forcing the pope from office.
The power struggle between popes and rulers continued
long after Gregory and Henry died. Eventually, in 1122, the
Church and the Holy Roman Empire reached an agreement
called the Concordat of Worms. This agreement gave the
Church the sole authority to appoint bishops. But it also
allowed emperors to give fiefs, or grants of land, to bishops in
order to win their loyalty. Despite this agreement, popes and
rulers continued to have conflicts.
1 Check Your Progress
For: Self-test with instant help
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: mxa-6151
H-SS: 7.6.4; RE&PV 2
Comprehension
and Critical Thinking
1. (a) Recall How did Charlemagne try to reform the
Church in his empire?
(b) Analyze Cause and
Effect How did Charlemagne’s coronation contribute to the split between the
Christian churches?
2. (a) Describe What rights
did Pope Gregory VII claim as
pope?
(b) Draw Conclusions Why
was the power to choose
bishops an important factor
in the conflict between the
pope and the emperor?
Reading Skill
3. Identify Facts Decide
whether this statement is a
fact: In 1073, a monk named
Hildebrand became Pope
Gregory VII. If it is, how
could it be proved?
Vocabulary Builder
Read each sentence below. If
the sentence is true, write yes
and explain why. If the sentence is not true, write no and
explain why.
4. It was important that clergy
be well educated.
5. Bishops were responsible for
the secular life of the people.
6. After being excommunicated,
an individual had to participate in Church activities.
Writing
Decide whether each statement below is logical or not.
Write L for logical or NL for not
logical, and explain why.
7. Charlemagne encouraged
his subjects to “live together
in perfect peace and charity”
to make his job easier.
8. Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV so that he
would become a better
Christian.
416 Chapter 15 Medieval Conflicts and Crusades
Answers
Compare and Contrast In the first image,
the two leaders appear equal. In the second, the pope appears as a higher authority.
both appointed bishops; Pope
Gregory excommunicated Henry; both
agreed to Concordat of Worms; Henry
invaded and forced out the pope.
416 Chapter 15
Section 1 Check Your Progress
1. (a) He ordered priests, monks, and nuns
to live strictly; he resolved conflicts with
a noble and a church leader.
(b) It was the beginning of the conflict
over who had power to crown an
emperor. The Eastern Church did not
believe that the pope had the authority.
2. (a) He claimed that the pope alone had
the power to choose bishops and
remove emperors from the throne.
(b) Emperors wanted to choose bishops
who would follow their rules and maintain their own political agendas.
3. It is a fact. One could read documents
from the time.
4. Yes. Clergy were teachers and advisers.
5. No. Secular means “nonreligious.”
6. No. An excommunicated person is
restricted from all church activities.
7. L
8. NL; answers will vary.