HWA CHONG INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
MODEL UNITED NATIONS 2016
UNICEF
United Nations Children’s Fund
Study Guide
Welcome Address to Delegates
1
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to Hwa Chong International’s Model United Nations 2016, United Nations
Children’s Fund Council (UNICEF). I am Linus Lee, the chair for this year’s UNICEF
council. Alongside me is Matthew Tee, who is the vice chair for the council. This year
is our first time chairing a council in a MUN. This is also my vice chair’s first MUN
experience. As chairs, we will do our utmost to ensure that you, as a delegate, will get
the most out of this MUN experience. We hope to create an exciting, enriching and
unforgettable MUN experience for all of you.
MUN (Model United Nations) is in essence a realistic simulation of the United
Nations Conference that is held between the many countries in the world to solve
world issues ranging from poverty to terrorism. During the days of the conference,
you will be required to represent your countries in the MUN context and debate on
solutions of world issues. Understanding your country is very important in MUN.
Learn your countries thoroughly and understand your countries’ political views with
regards to religion, culture and other aspects. MUN will expose you to different
perspectives from around the world and help you develop an international perspective
on issues in the current world. I hope all delegates will prepare for the MUN
conference thoroughly and there will be a fruitful and meaningful debate.
I would also like to address the first time delegates. I applaud you for having the
courage to take the initiative to attend this MUN. Participating in MUN can seem
scary and daunting at the start. However, once you get over the initial fear of speaking
up, MUN becomes less intimidating and more interesting as you delve deeper into the
complexities of policy making. Speaking is not compulsory for all delegates and no
delegate will be forced to speak. However, it is only by speaking and gaining the
experience will you be able to improve upon your MUN skills. As a chair, I strongly
urge all delegates to speak during debates to put forth ideas and solutions to help solve
the issues at hand. I would like to remind the delegates that the MUN is a real
simulation of the United Nations and should be taken seriously. Despite that, the
chairs are open to witty, humorous and innovative speakers so long as they keep in
mind to respect their fellow delegates and their countries. I wish the best to all of you
in your preparations for HMUN 2016 and I hope to see all of you there!
Best Regards,
Linus Lee and Matthew Tee
Table of Contents
Background Information……………………………………..4
Topic 1:
2
Child Rights/Exploitation in the Digital Era………………....5-16
Introduction …………………………………………………6
Recent Developments………………………………………..7
Scope of Debate………………………………………….......9
Main Guiding Questions…………………………………......10
Key Countries………………………………………………..11
Key Terms……………………………………………………14
Further Readings……………………………………………..16
Topic 2:
Reduction of Armed Conflict Involving Children…………....17-25
Introduction……………………………………………………18
Recent Developments…………………………………………19
Scope of Debate……………………………………………….21
Main Guiding Questions………………………………….......22
Key Countries…………………………………………………23
Key Terms……………………………………………………..24
Further Readings………………………………………………25
Bibliography…………………………………………………..26
3
Background Information
UNICEF
UNICEF is a council dedicated to providing long-term humanitarian and
developmental assistance to children and mothers in developing countries. Its original
name was United Nations International Children Emergency Fund. The main purpose
of UNICEF is to tackle problems such as child labour and any other issues with
relations to children rights. UNICEF was created by the United Nations General
Assembly on December 11, 1946, to provide emergency food and healthcare to
children in countries that had been devastated by World War II. Ludwik Rajchman, a
Polish bacteriologist, is regarded as the founder of UNICEF and was its first chairman
from 1946 to 1950.
In 1953, UNICEF became a permanent part of the United Nations System and its
name was shortened from the original United Nations International Children's
Emergency Fund, but it has continued to be known by the popular acronym based on
this previous title. UNICEF relies on contributions from governments and private
donors and UNICEF's total income for 2008 was $3,372,540,239. Governments
contribute two thirds of the organization's resources; private groups and some 6
million individuals contribute the rest through the National Committees. It is
estimated that 91.8% of their revenue is distributed to Program Services. UNICEF's
programs emphasize developing community-level services to promote the health and
well-being of children. Most of UNICEF's work is in the field, with staff in over 190
countries and territories. More than 200 country offices carry out UNICEF's mission
through a program developed with host governments. Seventeen regional offices
provide technical assistance to country offices as needed.
Overall management and administration of the organization takes place at its
headquarters in New York. UNICEF's Supply Division is based in Copenhagen and
serves as the primary point of distribution for such essential items
as vaccines, antiretroviral medicines for children and mothers with HIV, nutritional
supplements, emergency shelters, family reunification, educational supplies, among
others. A 36-member Executive Board establishes policies, approves programs and
oversees administrative and financial plans. The Executive Board is made up of
government representatives who are elected by the United Nations Economic and
Social Council, usually for three-year terms.
4
TOPIC 1
CHILD
RIGHTS/EXPLOITATION
IN THE DIGITAL ERA
5
Introduction
Over the past twenty years, the Internet has become an essential tool in which we
conduct our everyday lives. The Internet has been integrated seamlessly into our lives
and many of us would not even be able to imagine life without the internet. With the
numerous advancements of technology in the current world, it has allowed
accessibility of technology to increase rapidly till the point where most of the people
in the world are connected one way or the other via the internet.
Out of the population of the world that makes use of the internet, it is by far children
that spend the most of their time on the internet. Children now use information and
communication technologies (ICT) as part of their everyday lives and the access to
ICT are considered a fundamental necessity in many countries. Children make use of
ICT for many purposes such as playing video games, accessing digital media and even
doing their everyday school work. With the generation gap between children and
adults in the current age, it has become difficult for many parents to relate to their
children regarding the usage of ICTs.
Despite this, it is important to monitor and protect the children of this digital age
against exploitation as they are the future generation of innovators, creatives and the
spearheads of future technological advancement. UNICEF has already taken action in
terms of partnerships and implementing policies to combat the issue. However, a more
efficient and effective solution has to be introduced if the problem is to be combated
on an international level. 1
1
For clarification on words mentioned, refer to the key terms section in the study guide
6
Recent Developments
It is undeniable that children take up most of the internet’s online population.
However, the increasing usage of these ICT by children brings about the issue of their
rights as well as the potential for exploitation on the digital front. Although there is no
doubt that the internet yields numerous opportunities for education and social
inclusion, the prevalence of ICTs in the world has further led to children being
exposed to many dangers online.
This has resulted in exploitation of children via platforms such as social media.
Common forms of exploitation include sharing of abusive images online, being lured
into sexual conversations or exploitations by adults and being bullied or harassed
online. Even without the exploitation of children online, the internet still poses a
danger for the young with exposure to material unsuitable for their age and many
other inappropriate material circulating around the internet. To the children, the
distinction between the online and offline world has become meaningless and they
seem to move effortlessly between both environments.
For many of the children of the current era, the internet is their domain, where they are
free to express their views and thoughts about certain matters without any of the
dogma present in the real world. As a result, the children online are easily exploited
by adults to the extent of real life and psychical exploitation via online means.
Child rights online take into consideration the key articles of the UN Convention on
the Rights of the Child (CRC). Despite the fact that this article was formulated and
conceived before the digital era, the rights in the article remain as crucial both in the
online and offline environment. With the internet treating both children and adults
equally in terms of the material available online, this brings about many problems
regarding the regulation of content in the internet, as well as the control of access that
children have.
7
The issue of child rights/exploitation on the digital front has been a topic of debate
since the apparent rise in the accessibility of ICT around the world. UNICEF has
collaborated with many private sector companies that deal with internet usage to
ensure that children are given protection. Companies such as GSMA and BT have
worked together with UNICEF on child protection online in their respective regions.
Besides the private sector companies that work on improving online security via
policy implementation, other organisations such as the ITU also provide aid against
this issue. Many campaigns have also been implemented by UNICEF. The problems
will have to be addressed effectively by the countries present in the council on both
regional and international scales while keeping in mind the principles of sovereignty
and mutual respect between countries.
Taking all the above into consideration, it is important to strike a balance between
participation and protection of the children using the internet. UNICEF, the council
you as a delegate will be a part of, tries to tackle this issue of child rights and
exploitation and find a feasible solution that benefits everyone.2
2
For clarification on words mentioned, refer to the key terms section in the study guide
8
Scope of Debate
While the scope of debate should be on child rights and exploitation in relation to the
use of ICT, other aspects such as the long-term consequences on children are relevant
in the discussion. To many children, the online and offline environment are extremely
similar and many have a hard time distinguishing between the two. Therefore, this
makes the real-life influences of online environment a relevant area that is expected to
be covered in the debate.
For child rights online, the main focus of the debate would be around improving
accessibility of technology to all children around the world. Additionally, another key
point in the debate would be the balancing of participation and protection for the
children. With the increasing accessibility of the internet, children must have the right
to participate as fellow members of the online community without the threat of
exploitation and other cybercrimes. This must be done without restricting the
children’s freedom to use the internet, and at the same time protecting the children
from its everyday dangers. Lastly, education of children about their own rights online
is also vital and should be discussed thoroughly. Education empowers the children to
be responsible internet users and allows them to make safe and wise decisions when
alone in the internet.
Child exploitation covers the other side of the debate and is a very real and serious
issue in the world. Exploitation would include both online and offline exploitations by
adults. These could range from sexual exploitations to exploiting children online
through scams, hoaxes in order to obtain money or personal information. Both online
and offline exploitations are closely linked as online exploitation could very well lead
to offline exploitation by the same person. Many instances of sexual exploitation start
out on the internet, but eventually become real-life incidents where the children are
assaulted by paedophiles after becoming too close to them online. The link between
the internet and real life should be discussed in the debate and solutions to prevent
such incidents should be put forward.
Delegates should be aware of the delicacy and sensitivity of the topic being handled
and should give other delegates due respect based on their countries’ current situation,
religious or cultural stance. Delegates should use a proper level of diplomacy when
debating and not use any inappropriate language that would insult the delegate
himself/herself or the country he/she is representing.
9
Main Guiding Questions
The guiding questions given below help to outline the main issues in the topic. Do
note that the questions asked are not all the debate encompasses. All delegates should
ponder over these questions and use them as guidelines during the debate.
 How can countries prevent exploitation of children via digital platforms?
(Example: Facebook, Twitter and other social media)
 What can countries do to increase internet security to protect children from
harmful influence online?
 How can children be educated about the extent of their rights on the internet?
 How can children be educated to become responsible users of the internet and
to know the dangers of the internet?
 What can be done to balance children’s digital participation and their digital
protection?
 What are possible ways to increase accessibility of the internet to all children
around the world?
 What can NGOs and other organizations do to help with the issue?
10
Key Countries
USA and all other members of UNICEF Executive Board
As one of the biggest superpowers in the world, it is rather self-explanatory that the
United States of America has the key role in any discussion. USA, being the country
that is known for democracy and freedom, will play a key role in child rights and
freedoms in UNICEF. In addition, all other members of the executive committee of
UNICEF also play a vital role in the UNICEF council and are expected to be part of
policy making due to their presence in the executive board in UNICEF. Countries that
are considered superpowers in the world would carry more weight and have more
important roles in the council. Examples include Russia, United Kingdom and France.
Non-superpower countries such as Denmark and Australia are also part of the council
and will also have roles to play as fellow members of UNICEF. Such countries would
work towards improving internet security within their country as well as help provide
internet accessibility to all countries. Countries represented in this MUN that are
present in the UNICEF council will therefore be key countries when formulating and
voting on policies. 3
Some key countries to look out for
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3
USA
China
India
United Kingdom
Russia
France
Denmark
Australia
Japan
For a full list of all UNICEF Executive Board Members, refer to the further reading section
11
LEDC Countries
These countries include South Africa and Afghanistan. LEDCs (Less Economically
Developed Countries) generally have limited access to resources such as the internet.
Furthermore, with the Middle Eastern conflict still occurring in some countries, it may
be difficult for any policies formulated by UNICEF to take action in a country with
war. However, these countries are important as children in the countries have little to
no accessibility to the internet. Thus the countries represented in the MUN that are
present in the UNICEF council will be the main target in which the other MEDC
countries will formulate their policies towards.
Other MEDC countries
There are quite a number of MEDC countries that are not part of the UNCIEF
Executive Board. However, this does not diminish the importance of these countries in
the MUN conference. As neutral parties in the issue, these countries will be able to
give unbiased opinions on the policies implemented by other countries. Examples of
MEDC countries not in UNICEF include but are not limited to Norway and
Philippines. These countries are expected to participate in the debate and have equal
importance compared to all the other countries present.
List of Countries Represented in HMUN UNICEF Council
Ukraine
USA
South Africa
Norway
Russia
Malaysia
Denmark
Vietnam
France
Norway
China
Iceland
Philippines
UK
Australia
Japan
Canada
Afghanistan
12
Key Terms
Children- In this context, children are defined as all those under the age of 18, in
accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) - Information and
Communication Technologies are defined as any communication device or application
encompassing radio, television, cellular phones, satellite systems, and computer and
network hardware and software, as well as associated services and applications such
as video conferencing and distance learning (UNICEF 2011). Within this broad
definition of ICT, the focus is mainly revolving around children’s experiences of the
internet and mobile technology.
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) - The United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child (commonly abbreviated as the CRC) is a human rights
treaty which sets out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of
children. The Convention defines a child as any human being under the age of
eighteen, unless the age of majority is attained earlier under a state's own domestic
legislation.
Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) - The GSM Association (GSMA, or
Groupe Speciale Mobile Association), formed in 1995, is an association of mobile
operators and related companies devoted to supporting the standardising, deployment
and promotion of the GSM mobile telephone system. The GSMA represents the
interests of mobile operators worldwide, uniting nearly 800 operators with more than
250 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, including handset and device makers,
software companies, equipment providers and internet companies, as well as
organisations in adjacent industry sectors.
13
British Telecommunications plc (BT) - BT Group plc, trading as BT, is a holding
company which owns British Telecommunications plc, a British multinational
telecommunications services company with head office in London, United Kingdom.
It has operations in over 170 countries.
International Telecommunications Union (ITU) - The International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an agency of the United Nations (UN) whose
purpose is to coordinate telecommunication operations and services throughout the
world. Originally founded in 1865, as the International Telegraph Union, the ITU is
the oldest existing international organization. The ITU sets and publishes regulations
and standards relevant to electronic communication and broadcasting technologies of
all kinds including radio, television, satellite , telephone and the Internet. The
organization conducts working parties, study groups and meetings to address current
and future issues and to resolve disputes. Another important aspect of the ITU's
mandate is helping emerging countries to establish and develop telecommunication
systems of their own. Although the recommendations of the ITU are non-binding,
most countries adhere to them in the interest of maintaining an effective international
electronic communication environment.
More/Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC and MEDC)
MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries): Countries with more resources,
salaries and housing accessibilities are MEDCs. A MEDC will have a lower birth rate
and also a low death rate due to advanced medical technology.
LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries): Countries that are relatively
underdeveloped compared to the rest of the world. These countries have high birth
rates and death rates due to poor health care and generally more widespread diseases.
Low income levels prevent these countries from having access to more resources.
The LEDC sector includes countries with a lower GDP and standard of living than
MEDC countries. Indicators used to classify countries as LEDC or MEDC include
industrial development and education.
14
Further Readings
 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ProtectingChildrenDigitalAge.as
px
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/know-your-childs-digital-rights-surenramasubbu
 http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2015/02/04/sonia-livingstonechildrens-rights-in-the-digital-age/
 http://www.childtochild.org.uk/news/childrens-rights-digital-age/
 http://epthinktank.eu/2012/11/09/protecting-children-in-the-digital-world/
 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/
228968/7785.pdf
 http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/lse%20olol%20final3.pdf
 http://www.unicef.org/about/execboard/index_42661.html
15
TOPIC 2
REDUCTION OF ARMED
CONFLICT INVOLVING
CHILDREN
16
Introduction
In the 21st century, children around the world have increasingly become the direct and
indirect victims of armed conflict. Despite the development of concepts such as child
rights in the 21st century, manifesting in policies such as the UN Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC), armed conflicts involving children have continued to
plague countries around the world. Child soldiers are used in places such as the
Middle East and Africa. These boys and girls, some as young as 8 years old, serve in
government forces and armed opposition groups. They may fight on the front lines,
participate in suicide missions and act as spies, messengers or lookouts. Many of the
children are abducted or recruited into service by force while others join out of
desperation, thinking that joining armed forces offers the best chance for survival.
While the children living in our countries have happy and peaceful lives, the children
used as soldiers in warring countries are suffering. At the age of 8, most children
know only of playing with toys. At the age of 8, child soldiers know only of the
hardships and cruelty of war. These child soldiers are no different from any other
children. They deserve to have the right to education, healthcare and other necessities
that other children have all around the world. UNICEF has made efforts to help solve
the issue in the past but has been unsuccessful in completely eradicating children
involved in armed conflicts. A different approach to the situation has to be taken to
effectively solve the issue and reduce child involvement in armed conflicts on an
international level.
Recent Developments
17
With the many conflicts still occurring in the world, there are many instances where
children are involved directly or indirectly in armed conflict. Child soldiers are mostly
used in parts of the Middle East and Africa. Africa has almost 120,000 child soldiers
that are fighting on the front lines. It is estimated that there are over 300,000 child
soldiers active in conflicts around the world. 40% of armed forces (including national
armies, militias, gangs, terrorist organizations and resistance forces) in the world use
children. In the Middle East, some terrorist organizations, such as ISIS, train children
from young to be soldiers from as early as the age of 8.
The prevalence of child soldiers is closely linked to the vast increase in accessibility
of weaponry around the world. In the past decade, guns have become a key weapon
for all militaries around the world. Soviet-made AK-47s are both light weight and
easily obtained assault rifles that have been the go-to weapon for many
terrorist/extremist organizations in the past decade. They are simple and easy to use
and turn a small innocent child into someone capable of taking a life. Since their
introduction in 1947, around 55 million AK-47s have been sold; in one African
country, for example, they cost no more than US$6 each. Besides being able to use
lethal weapons, children have other advantages as soldiers. They are easier to
intimidate and they do as they are told. They are also less likely than adults to run
away and they do not demand salaries. All of these reasons have made child soldiers
extremely popular in today’s world.
Recently, with the UNICEF’s efforts to solve the problem at hand, there has been
improvement in the situation regarding child soldiers. Many child soldiers have been
released from terrorist organizations and set free. However, with the freedom given to
these children, there arises another problem among the child soldiers. Child soldiers
that are rescued from terrorist organization face the problem of reintegration. Having
been raised in hyper-violent situations, most children are unable to adjust to civilian
life. There is often little recourse for effective mental health counselling in countries
recovering from armed conflict. Many face stigma from other members of society.
Beyond the practical challenge of locating the families and communities of lost
children, successful reintegration must also address the challenge of reconciling
children and their communities, especially when children may have committed
18
atrocities during their time as child soldiers. DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization and
Reintegration) programmes have been implemented in countries such as Sierra Leone
and Liberia.
The issue surrounding child soldiers has many different factors affecting it. Besides
reintegration, there is also the problem of funding reintegration programmes,
accountability of the justice system to deal with the mistreatment of the children and
the base issue of how to get the children out of these terrorist organizations without
starting more armed conflicts. Therefore, it is key that all the issues surrounding child
soldiers should be addressed during the debate and a solution be presented towards the
resolving of this issue as a whole.
Scope of Debate
19
The debate on the reduction of children involved in armed conflicts mainly revolves
around the different ways in which these children can be released from the pressures
to join armed forces. However, other areas such as the reintegration, accountability
and release of child soldiers must also be discussed. The debate should not only focus
on reduction of involvement, but also deal with prevention and rescue. It is not only
important to reduce involvement but to also eventually reach a state in which there is
no involvement at all. The children already in terrorist organizations cannot simply be
abandoned to stay there and thus the rescue of these children should also be placed as
a high priority.
An armed conflict is defined as a contested incompatibility which concerns
government and/or territory where the use of armed forces between two parties, of
which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related
deaths. Many children are fighting on the front lines in armed conflicts around the
world. However, these are not the only children that are suffering. There are other
children involved in armed conflicts but are not front line fighters. These children
could simply be messengers or lookouts. The debate should not only include the
children fighting on the front lines as the main victims, but also the children involved
in non-combat operations.
Accountability of justice plays another big factor in the debate. Children who have
suffered from the conflicts should be able to seek justice for the violations of their
rights including through their participation in judicial and non-judicial processes. On
the other side, children who have committed violations themselves should be made to
understand their acts by truth-telling, traditional ceremonies, and restorative justice
measures which strengthen their reintegration into society.
20
Main Guiding Questions
 How can countries ensure that children are less involved in armed
conflicts?
 What can be done to reintegrate released children back into society?
(Possibly through policies and programmes)
 How will the programmes mentioned above be funded, and by whom?
 How can countries to reduce influence that extremist organizations have
on children in parts of the world where the organization’s grip is strong?
 What can be done to increase awareness and educate the youths in
highly recruited areas not to turn to these organizations as means of
survival?
 How can countries still making use of child soldiers be convinced to
cease operations?
 What can be done to ensure the compliance of above mentioned
countries?
Key Countries
Countries that make use of child soldiers
21
With the focus of the whole debate being to reduce involvement of children in armed
conflict, these countries will have a negative view towards the resolutions presented
due to the respective use of child soldiers in their countries. These countries will be
the main opposition towards the many solutions presented as well as the main target
that most of the countries will direct their attention towards during the debate. These
countries include but are not limited to:
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Afghanistan
Colombia
Iraq
Israel
Libya
Mali
Pakistan
Countries that are against the use of child soldiers
This encompasses almost all other countries around the world. Specifically however,
those countries that provide large sums of humanitarian aid around the world are the
main stakeholders in the debate as they have the power and money to kick-start any
programme and fund it. Countries with humanitarian advocates amongst them will
also be key in the reduction of involvement of children in armed conflicts. Countries
that receive humanitarian aid as well as donate any sum of money towards other
countries to aid their humanitarian development in this area will also be included.
Note that some countries do receive aid but however do still make use of child
soldiers in their country (Afghanistan). Main countries against the child soldiers
include but are not limited to:4
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USA
UK
Canada
France
Norway
Key Terms
4
Full list of recipient and donor for humanitarian aid in further readings section
22
Child Soldiers- Child soldiers are any children under the age of 18 who are recruited
by a state or non-state armed group and used as fighters, cooks, suicide bombers,
human shields, messengers, spies, or for sexual purposes.
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham)- Also known as the Islamic State of Iraq
and Syria, or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIS is a Salafi jihadist militant
group that follows an Islamic fundamentalist Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. Adept
at social media, ISIS became notorious for its videos of beheadings of both soldiers
and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and for the destruction of cultural
heritage sites.
DDR (Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration)- The objective of the
DDR process is to contribute to security and stability in post-conflict environments so
that recovery and development can begin. The DDR of ex-combatants is a complex
process, with political, military, security, humanitarian and socio-economic
dimensions. It aims to deal with the post-conflict security problem that arises when
ex-combatants are left without livelihoods or support networks, other than their former
comrades, during the vital transition period from conflict to peace and development.
Through a process of removing weapons from the hands of combatants, taking the
combatants out of military structures and helping them to integrate socially and
economically into society, DDR seeks to support male and female ex-combatants and
men, boys, women and girls associated with armed forces and groups, so that they can
become active participants in the peace process.
Judicial/Non-judicial process
Not resulting from a court ruling or judgment (Non)
Not involving courts or judges (Non)
Vice Versa
23
Further Readings
 http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org/country-profiles
 http://www.unddr.org/what-is-ddr/introduction_1.aspx
 http://www.cfr.org/world/disarmament-demobilization-reintegration-ddrafrica/p12650
 https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-soldiers
 https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/
 http://www.globalissues.org/article/82/children-conflicts-and-the-military
24
Bibliography
 http://www.unicef.org/sowc96/2csoldrs.htm
 https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/our-work/release-and-reintegration/
 https://www.essex.ac.uk/armedcon/story_id/000577.html
 http://www.globalissues.org/article/82/children-conflicts-and-the-military
 http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mediapolicyproject/2015/02/04/sonia-livingstonechildrens-rights-in-the-digital-age/
 https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/know-your-childs-digital-rights-surenramasubbu
 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ProtectingChildrenDigitalAge.as
px
 http://www.voicesofyouth.org/en/posts/digital-media---child-rights---2
 http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Childrens_Rights_in_the_Digital_Age
_A_Download_from_Children_Around_the_World_FINAL.pdf
 http://epthinktank.eu/2012/11/09/protecting-children-in-the-digital-world/
 http://www.gsma.com/latinamerica/gsma-unicef-child-online-protection-latinamerica
 http://www.unicef.org/crc/index_30160.html
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UNICEF STUDY
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