UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA
La Universidad Católica de Loja
ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION
MENCION INGLES
MODALIDAD ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN
ECUADORIAN NEWSPAPERS
Research done in order to achieve
the
Bachelor’s Degree in Teaching
English as a Foreign
Language
AUTHOR:
SANDY TATIANA SOTO ARMIJOS
ADVISOR:
Mgs. ALBA BITALINA VARGAS SARITAMA
CENTRO UNIVERSITARIO SANTA ROSA
2010
CERTIFICATION
ALBA BITALINA VARGAS SARITAMA CERTIFIES THAT:
This research work has been thoroughly revised by the graduation
committee. Therefore, authorizes the representation of this thesis,
which complies with all the norms and internal requirements of the
Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja.
Loja, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................
THESIS ADVISOR
i
CONTRATO DE CESION DE DERECHOS DE GRADO
Yo, SANDY TATIANA SOTO ARMIJOS declaro ser autora del presente
trabajo y eximo expresamente a la Universidad Técnica Particular de
Loja y a sus representantes legales de posibles reclamos o acciones
legales.
Adicionalmente declaro conocer y aceptar la disposición del Art. 67
del Estatuto Orgánico de la Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
que en su parte pertinente textualmente dice: “formar parte del
patrimonio
de
la
Universidad
la
propiedad
intelectual
de
investigaciones, trabajos científicos o técnicos y tesis de grado que se
realicen a través, o que el apoyo financiero, académico o institucional
(operativo) de la Universidad”.
Sandy Soto A.
AUTHOR
ii
AUTHORSHIP
The thoughts, ideas, opinions and the information obtained through
this research are the only responsibility of the author.
Date: September, 2010.
Sandy Soto A.
AUTHOR
iii
DEDICATION
To the King of Kings and Lord of Lords Jesuschrist for having
given me all the strength I’ve needed during all this five years of study
and even more during the development of this work.
To Angel Escaleras, a good friend since without his help and
support I would have not been able to start this stage of my life.
To my mother, for giving me the life and teaching me good
things.
To my brothers because I want them to know that to achieve
success it is necessary to work hard and to sacrifice moments of
pleasure with friends and family, but after all that sacrifice, the
results seen make one happy and feel proud of oneself.
To all those persons, relatives and friends who supported and
encouraged me not to give up.
iv
Contents
Preliminary Pages
i
Certification
i
Contrato de Cesion de Derechos
ii
Authorship
iii
Dedication
iv
Table of Contents
v
Abstract
1
Introduction
2
Methodology
6
Results
9
Qualitative Tabulation
10
Quantitative Tabulation
53
Discussion
59
Theoretical Background
59
Description and Analysis of Results
79
Linguistic Analysis
79
Comparative Analysis
112
Sociological Analysis
117
Conclusions
119
References
121
Appendix
125
v
Abstract
A Descriptive Analysis of Anglicisms used in Ecuadorian
Newspapers is a research aimed at discovering the use of anglicisms
in Ecuadorian newspapers, raising awareness of their unnecessary
use in Spanish.
This study was conducted in Santa Rosa, El Oro. The analysis
is based on three Ecuadorian newspapers El Universo (national), El
Nacional (local) and El Extra (tabloid) which were consecutively
collected for seven days, from November 9th to November 15th, 2009.
The information was gathered by using instruments such as
charts, direct observation forms, bibliographic cards, surveys and
interviews. The results of this research evidence that one hundred
and twenty two anglicisms were used in the different sections of the
three newspapers selected as sample. However, the most common
anglicisms found are: full, club and laptop.
The two mayor conclusions drawn in this study are that no
matter the type of newspaper, there is a considerable influence of
English terms in Ecuadorian newspapers especially in sections such
as news, ads, and sports and that interestingly about forty percent
40% of the anglicisms found have already been accepted by the Royal
Spanish Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon which evidences that
the influence of English in the Ecuadorian written press field
(especially in the newspapers area) is growing.
Introduction
Nowadays, the globalized world we are living in and the
economical power and dominance that the United States has had
during the last years has made English a very important language.
This fact causes that different Spanish countries including Ecuador
be influenced by this language, influence that is clearly seen in the
introduction of English terms, anglicisms.
This study arouses out of the desire to know how the
economical
power
and
dominance
of
the
United
States
has
influeneced the Spanish language in Ecuador. This influence is seen
in different areas, but this research concentrates only in English
vocabulary found in the written press (Ecuadorian newspapers).
The use of anglicisms in Ecuadorian newspapers has not been
widely investigated. However, the literature on the topic shows that
few researches have started to get interest on this field. A short
investigation performed by Morin (2006) has demonstrated that
anglicisms are frequeltly used in Ecuadorian newspapers every day,
especially, in sections related to technology ads, job ads, ads for
stores, travel agencies, educational institutions, announcements for
public auctions as well as miscellaneous items which included
information for newspapers, letters to the editor, death notices and
contest entry forms.
2
That languages bear, change, evolute, or disappear with the
pass of the years is not unknown, for this reason it is of great
importance to study the state of our language regarding to changes
like the lexical ones used in written form. And, since very few
researches about this topic have been carried out, in order to get
better insights on the language used in the written press, it is truly
necessary to make a deep investigation and analysis about the
lexicon being used in the language utilized by Ecuadorians in the
different newspapers that circulate throughtout the country.
The motivational force that encouraged me to develop this
research was getting my Bachelor’s Degree in Teaching English as a
Foreign Langauge; however, during the process of the same, the
curiosity and interest of knowing more about our language and the
changes that this is suffering at being influenced by a bunch of
foreign lexicon which not only comes from English, but from other
languages, too, as well as facitlity with which this is happening and
the way we, most of the time, unconsciously make of this new lexicon
part of the vocabulary we use daily.
In order to conduct this important investigation, resources like
computers and class supplies were utilized. And the methods applied
for developing the same were the qualitative and quantitative ones.
Techniques like the selection of the written material, note taking to
collect bibliographic information and interviews to different persons
3
such as a literature teacher, a journalist, and five learned persons,
were applied too. Even though the majority of the sources for
conducting the present investigation were available for me, the time
was my greatest limitation since I just had few hours at night to
develop the same; taking care of my brothers (since I’m their tutor),
working part of the morning, afternoon and evening until nine pm
plus one hour travelling for going to work and one more to get back
home didn’t allow me to have much sparetime and made it really
hard everyday, but after all this hard fight I have completed this work
successfully.
As I stated above, I have completed this work successfully, by
this I mean that the objectives set for this research have been
achieved very successfully as it is shown throughtout this work.
These objectives are stated next.
 To determine the level of influence of the English language on
the linguistic expressions used in Ecuadorian newspapers.
Objective that was achieved by analysis of different sections
(news, ads, social pages, sports, and reports) in three
Ecuadorian newspapers (El Universo, El Nacional and El
Extra) collected for a week.
 To identify syntactic and lexical angliscims more commonly
used in newspaper material in Ecuador. Objective achieved by
4
applying the qualitative method as shown in the charts of the
section results.
 To make a deep analysis of the anglicisms found in Ecuadorian
newspapers regarding etymological, syntactic-semantic and
morphological aspects. This objective was achieved in a
hundred percent of thirty six anglicisms as demonstrated in
the section DISCUSSION; Description and Analysis of Results
(Linguistic Analysis).
 To determine the written sections of Ecuadorian newspapers in
which anglicisms are mostly used. Thoroughly achieved by
comparing the sub variables proposed for this research.
 To know the level of acceptance Ecuadorians have on the use of
anglicisms in newspapers.
This objective was achieved by interviewing seven persons (a
literature teacher, a journalist, and five learned persons) and
discussing
their
opinions
in
the
section
DISCUSSION;
Description and Analysis of Results (Sociological Analysis).
5
Methodology
This qualitative and quantitative research was conducted in
Santa Rosa-El Oro-Ecuador. In order to develop this research, the
Scientific Methods like the Bibliographic, Analytic, and Descriptive
methods were applied.
The information that makes up the Theoretical Background
was gathered from scientific material such as books and the internet;
these data were collected by applying the Bibliographic Method and
the Theoretical Frame was developed from October 15th to November
14th, 2009.
To develop the section Results a field research was conducted.
This field research consisted on collecting the sample, 3 Ecuadorian
newspapers: “El Universo” the national newspaper with the most
circulartion
and
popularity
nationwide;
“El
Nacional”
a
local
newspaper that circulates in El Oro province; and, “El Extra” the
tabloid with the mayor popularity and circulation in Ecuador; this
process was done for a week, November 9th to November 15th, 2009.
The data collected from this part of the field research was used
to develop the second part of this work which consisted on, first,
identifying and reading the information contained in the sections of
the sub variables (news, ads, social pages, sports, and reports,)
within the variables (newspapers) chosen as the sample for this
6
research; second, identifying the foreign words found in the sub
variables, underlining them, and verifying with the Royal Spanish
Dictionary and the Merriam Webster online dictionary which of those
foreign words are anglicisms in order to continue with the tabulation
of these English words in the charts designed for the qualitative and
qualitative tabulation for which the quantitative and qualitative
methods were applied.
The gathered data was analyzed and clasyfied by grouping the
different sub variables belonging to every variable chosen for this
research and then getting the total number of anglicisms found in the
different sub variables which was dominated as frequency, after that,
the frequencies resulting from every sub variable were added between
each other so that we could get the total number of anglicisms found
in a variable.
Additionally, part of the field investigation consisted on
interviewing seven people (a literature teacher, a journalist, and five
learned persons); which was done on February 15th, 2010; to do this
part of the field research, the technique interview was applied.
Once all the necessary data from the interviews was collected
and the data from the newspapers tabulated, the process of analysis
of this information (linguistic, comparative and sociological analysis)
started; to carry out this process the analytic (linguistic analysis) and
7
descriptive (comparative and sociological analysis) methods were
used.
While the selection of written material, note-taking to collect
bibliographic information and interview were techniques used for this
research, direct observation forms, bibliographic cards, survey forms,
interview forms, and charts were the instruments used to conduct
the same.
8
Results
This section will provide relevant data about “The Use of
Anglicisms in Ecuadorian Newspapers” which was carried out in
Santa Rosa – El Oro- Ecuador.
The samples were taken from a national newspaper, a local
newspaper and a tabloid; being these “El Universo”, “El Nacional”
and “El Extra”, in the order mentioned above. These data were
collected for seven days starting from November 09, 2009 until
November 15, 2009, analyzing a total of twenty one newspapers.
It is of relevant importance to mention that the sections taken
into account in order to get our data were: News, Ads, Social Pages,
Reports, and Sports as you will see in the charts below.
9
QUALITATIVE TABULATION
Chart One
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: News
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Dólares o más tiene que dar
una trabajadora sexual para
Night Club
1
Ciudad
11/09/2009
1
Ciudad
11/09/2009
1
Ciudad
11/09/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/09/2009
1
Musica
11/09/2009
1
Protagonistas
11/09/2009
trabajar una semana en un
night club de la ciudad.
. . . con la decoración de
arboles, nacimientos y luces
Show
ademas de los shows que se
ofrecen en esta epoca.
La convocatoria consta en la
Web
página web del Ministerio de
Educacion.
. . .en vez de ello ideo algo
que va más alla
de los
Hot-dog
carritos
de
hot-dogs
rodantes. . .
J. Perales ofrecio un show
Show
de nostalgia y emociones.
Con temas de su autoria
además de un cambio de
Look
look y un nuevo genero
musical.
10
Joe Jackson padre de
Pop
2
Protagonistas
11/09/2009
1
Protagonistas
11/09/2009
3
Actualidad
11/10/2009
2
Actualidad
11/10/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/10/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/10/2009
7
Gente
11/10/2009
1
Actualidad
11/11/2009
1
El País
11/11/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/11/2009
13
Gente
11/11/2009
conocido Rey del pop.
. . .predominan en el CD,
CD
que se mezclo y masterizo en
Miami.
Afiliados pueden acceder al
Web
nuevo servicio a traves de la
página web de la institución.
En este sitio aparecera un
Link
nuevo link que se llamara
portabilidad de hipotecas.
Visite
Bar
nuestro
bar,
se
convierte en el grupo mas
importante del rock español.
El grupo más importante de
Rock
rock.
Isabella
Miss
Chiriboga
representara al Ecuador en
Miss International Beauty.
Leonidas Iza, quien aparece
en
los
supuestos
Word
documentos de Word de las
computadoras de Reyes. . .
Algunos
usaron
presentacciones
en
power
Power Point
point
para defender su
tesis.
. . .Spock podría restrear los
Web
datos de unos 6 mil millones
de usuarios de la web.
Miss
Once latinas por el Miss
11
Turismo
. . .las jovenes luciran en el
Openning
openning
de
la
final
1
Gente
11/11/2009
1
Actualidad
11/12/2009
3
Actualidad
11/12/2009
2
Actualidad
11/12/2009
1
Lectores
11/12/2009
1
Lectores
11/12/2009
1
Ciudad
11/12/2009
1
Institucionales
11/12/2009
1
Servicios
11/12/2009
1
Musica
11/12/2009
vestidos de Tatiana Torres.
. . .la venta del inmueble se
concreto
Club
en
$100.000,
incluida una membresia del
Club
Liga
Deportiva
Universitaria.
En la web se generara una
Web
planilla de pago. . .
. . .accediendo con su clave
Link
al
link
de
“prestamos
hipotecarios”
Aunque esta normativa fue
Gol
para Ecuador un gol de
media cancha. . .
.
Spot
.
.las
transaciones
liquidaban
a
precio
se
de
mercado spot.
La usan para dar energía a
Offset
una
computadora y una
imprenta offset.
Informes e inscripciones al
E-mail
teléfono 2990-800 y al
e-
mail [email protected]
.
.
.se
stands
presentaron
con
temas
20
como
Stand
virus AH1N1 e infecciones
bacterianas.
CD
La estrella unió fuerzas con
12
Pharrell, wyclef Jean y John
Hill para el CD que sale a la
venta el 23 de noviembre.
En el ciclo se exhibió –
tambien a las 9:30- la cinta
Rock
de
la
banda
de
6
Espectaculos
11/12/2009
1
Espectaculos
11/12/2009
1
Espectaculos
11/12/2009
1
Espectaculos
11/12/2009
1
Espectaculos
11/12/2009
1
Espectaculos
11/12/2009
3
Gente
11/12/2009
1
Manifestacion
11/12/2009
1
Ciudad
11/13/2009
rock
británica Motorhead.
Hacia
Hit
el
medley
final
de
tocan
grandes
un
hits
clásicos.
Hacia
Medley
el
medley
final
de
tocan
grandes
un
hits
clásicos.
. . .esta filmación lograda en
el
Brixton
Londres
Speed
Academy
deja
de
claramente
establecida una catedra de
heavy metal con todas sus
facetas de speed, punk y
trash.
. . .una catedra de heavy
Punk
metal con todas sus facetas
de speed, punk y trash.
. . .una catedra de heavy
Trash
metal con todas sus facetas
de speed, punk y trash.
Esta noche se elige la nueva
Miss
Miss Turismo Latino.
.
.
.algunos
estudiantes
Performance
realizaron performance.
Bar
Norman
Jaramillo,
13
vicepresidente de la Cámara
de Turismo y dueno de un
bar en el malecón. . .
La única versión ofrecida,
mediante el e-mail, es que
E-mail
formalmente
el
programa
martes
el
dejo
el
1
Ciudad
11/13/2009
1
Servicios
11/13/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/13/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/13/2009
2
Vida y estilo
11/13/2009
1
Espectaculos
11/13/2009
1
Espectáculos
11/13/2009
3
Cine
11/13/2009
para
asumir otros proyectos.
.
Stock
.
.tienen
stock
de
medicinas suficientes para
un mes.
. . . para descubrir en esa
Made
cascada de caratulas el sello
“Made in Ecuador”.
La
cultura
pop
no
se
entiende sin ese matrimonio
Pop
bien avenido entre música e
imagen.
Las
portadas
del
latinoamericano
rock
aparecen
Rock
tintadas con la impronta de
las diversas estéticas. . .
Son cinco los videos más
vistos a nivel internacional
Web
durante la última semana,
según
el
sitio
web
especializado youtube.com
Mañana show: un grupo de
Show
artistas se reunirá . . .
Saga
“Twilight”
lidera
People
nominaciones
para
los
14
galardones People choice.
Jorge Toledo como director
de
El
Cholito
decidió
sumarla al staff
de ese
Staff
1
Protagonistas
11/13/2009
1
Protagonistas
11/13/2009
2
Produccion
11/14/2009
1
Ciudad
11/14/2009
2
Seguridad
11/14/2009
1
Seguridad
11/14/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/14/2009
1
Vida y estilo
11/14/2009
1
Cultura
11/14/2009
1
Cultura
11/14/2009
drama.
. . . “Hasta hice un casting
Casting
con Marcela para un espacio
paraceido a este”.
.
.
.la
Asociacion
de
Ganaderos de Nono (Quiloc)
Club
ha firmado un convenio con
Florap y el Club Rotatio.
I
Jornada
de
marketing
Marketing
para centros de belleza.
Nueva denuncia de express
Express
en malecon.
Le robaron una laptop y
Laptop
dinero.
Esntrenadora
certificada
y
personal
duena
de
Fitness
Balance
Fitness
en
New
Heaven.
Ofrecio
Kickboxing
yoga,
aerobicos
y
Kickboxing,
clases
de
acondicionamiento.
Los postulantes al taller y
que
E-mail
no
sean
miembros
deben enviar un relato al email
[email protected]
Show
Show de clown en Centro
15
Civico
En el miniteatro del Centro
Civico Eloy Alfaro hoy se
Clown
realiza el show gratuito de
clown
El
mundo
en
1
Cultura
11/14/2009
8
Noctambula
11/14/2009
2
Noctambula
11/14/2009
1
Bienestar
11/14/2009
1
Television
11/14/2009
2
Television
11/14/2009
6
Gente
11/14/2009
2
Negocios
11/15/2009
2
Negocios
11/15/2009
1
Negocios
11/15/2009
las
nubes.
Se llama Premium porque es
Rock
exclusivo para las bandas de
rock en todos sus generos.
El rock suena fuerte en el
Bar
bar Premium de la zona
rosa.
.
Shot
.
.en
piqueo
para
un
aperitivo o en vasitos de
shot durante el coctel.
Por ahora se llama robito y
Link
abrimos un link en la web
de acuavisa.
Por ahora se llama robito y
Web
abrimos un link en la web
de acuavisa.
Nancy
Montero,
Miss
Miss
Turismo Latino 2009.
No
todos
lanzaron
los
su
shopping
temporada
Shopping
navideña a inicios de este
mes.
Leticia
Arcia,
gerente
de
Marketing
Marketing del Mall del Sur.
Para mayor información, la
Web
firma abilito el Sitio web
16
http://chargerexchange.nok
ia.com.
Por ejemplo, en el link de
Link
noticias
de
la
web
del
2
Informe
11/15/2009
2
Informe
11/15/2009
2
Vida y estilo
11/15/2009
Ministerio.
Por ejemplo, en el link de
noticias
de
la
web
del
Web
Ministerio.
Esperando
CD
segundo
tu
CD,
voz,
le
dio
su
el
premio.
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Two
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Ads
Title of the article
Word Repetition
Anglicisms
Examples
Type of
Date
Number
Advertisement
3 dormitorios, terraza,
Jacuzzi
3
Real State
11/09/2009
14
Real State
11/09/2009
5
Real State
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
jacuzzi.
3 dormitorios, terraza,
Full
jacuzzi, full acabados.
Laguna club proyecto
Club
de villas.
Costa
de
Oro,
cerca
Shopping
Paseo Shopping.
4 dormitorios, piscina,
Family
family estudio.
17
Guayaquil
Tennis
tennis,
oportunidad
vendo
1
Real State
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
28
Automobil
11/09/2009
1
Automobil
11/09/2009
1
Job and Services
11/09/2009
1
Job and Services
11/09/2009
departamento.
Penthouse
Por viaje penthouse.
Informes
al
e-mail
E-mail
[email protected].
Chevrolet evolution full
Full
equipo.
Chevrolet Optra 2007,
Airbag
full, airbags.
Tecnólogo
en
computación
solicito
Hardware
con
experiencia
en
Hardware y software.
Tecnólogo
en
computación
solicito
Software
con
experiencia
en
Hardware y software.
Hora
loca
económica,
accesorios,
gratis
Food Services and
Discjokey
1
también,
discjokeys,
11/09/2009
Social Events
shows.
Hamburgesas,
hot
Food Services and
Hot dog
1
dogs.
11/09/2009
Social Events
Travel
Katherine travel
1
Turism
11/09/2009
Charter
Panama vuelos charter
3
Turism
11/09/2009
Laptop
Laptop $335 + IVA
5
Produtcs
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/10/2009
3
Real State
11/10/2009
3 dormitorios, terraza,
Jacuzzi
jacuzzi.
Central
suite
full
Full
amoblado.
18
Costa
de
Oro,
cerca
Shopping
1
Real State
11/10/2009
27
Automobil
11/10/2009
1
Automobil
11/10/2009
2
Courses
11/09/2009
Paseo Shopping.
Chevrolet evolution full
Full
equipo.
Chevrolet Optra 2007,
Airbag
full, airbags.
Cursos
disjockeys
Disjockey
locucion.
Hora
loca
económica,
accesorios,
gratis
Food Services and
Show
1
también,
discjokeys,
11/09/2009
Social Events
shows.
Hora
loca
económica,
accesorios,
gratis
Food Services and
Disckjokey
1
también,
discjokeys,
11/10/2009
Social Events
shows.
Laptop
Laptop $335 + IVA
5
Produtcs
11/10/2009
2
Real State
11/11/2009
8
Real State
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/11/2009
32
Automobil
11/11/2009
4 dormitorios, piscina,
Jacuzzi
jacuzzi.
Departamento
full
Full
amoblado.
En Villa club, vendo
Club
una planta.
Por
viaje
penthouse
Penthouse
con piscina.
Informes
al
e-mail
E-mail
[email protected].
Magnifica vista al rio,
Openhouse
openhouse.
Chevrolet evolution full
Full
equipo.
19
Chevrolet Corsa, 1 4
Hatchback
1
Automobil
11/11/2009
3
Job and Services
11/11/2009
2
Job and Services
11/11/2009
6
Produtcs
11/11/2009
3
Real State
11/12/2009
1
Real State
11/12/2009
1
Real State
11/12/2009
1
Real State
11/12/2009
1
Real State
11/12/2009
31
Automobil
11/12/2009
1
Automobil
11/12/2009
1
Job and Services
11/12/2009
5
Produtcs
11/12/2009
hatchback.
Animadores,
Discjokey
discjokeys, meseros.
Envie hoja de vida al eE-mail
mail
[email protected].
Laptop
laptop $336 + IVA
1
Jacuzzi
dormitorio,
totalmente
amoblado,
jacuzzi.
Tres
dormitorios
full
Full
servicios.
Dos
dormitorios,
Closet
closets, seguridad.
Guayas
club
Club
organizacion.
Seguridad
Tennis
piscina,
privada;
gimmancio,
cancha de tennis.
Chevrolet
Spark
full
Full
equipo.
Chevrolet Corsa , 1 4
Hatchback
hatchback
Envie hoja de vida al eE-mail
mail
[email protected].
Laptop
Laptop $336 + IVA
Gratis
tambien
Food services and
Discjokey
3
discjokey.
Show
Iluminacion
11/12/2009
social events
para
3
20
Food services and
11/12/2009
shows.
Relax
social events
Aromaterapia relax.
1
Beauty Services
11/12/2009
3
Real State
11/13/2009
4
Real State
11/13/2009
2
Real State
11/13/2009
4
Real State
11/13/2009
51
Automobil
11/13/2009
1
Automobil
11/13/2009
3 dormitorios, terraza,
Jacuzzi
jacuzzi.
Full
Suite Full amoblada.
Sala,
comedor,
Closet
lavanderia, closets.
Hermosa casa en Villa
Club
club.
Chevrolet Astra 2002,
Full
full
Chevrolet Corsa, 1 4
Hatchback
hatchback.
Airbag
Mecanico, full, airbags.
4
Automobil
11/13/2009
Laptop
Laptop $336 + IVA
5
Produtcs
11/13/2009
Caritas
pintadas,
Food services and
Show
2
títeres, show navideño.
Discjokey, hora loca,
Food services and
Discjokey
6
pantalla gigante.
Oportunidad
Penthouse
11/13/2009
social events
11/13/2009
social events
hermosa
casa rentera más solar,
1
Real State
11/14/2009
6
Real State
11/14/2009
12
Real State
11/14/2009
1
Real State
11/14/2009
13
Real State
11/14/2009
4
Automobil
11/14/2009
1 penthouse.
3 dormitorios, jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
full acabados.
Vendo
villa
full
Full
amoblada.
Dos
dormitorios,
Closet
closets, seguridades.
3
dormitorios,
aires,
Club
patios, club social.
Airbag
Chevrolet optra 2007,
21
mecanico, full, airbags,
credito.
Mazda
3
hatchback
Hatchback
1
Automobil
11/14/2009
45
Automobil
11/14/2009
7
Job and Services
11/14/2009
6
Produtcs
11/14/2009
2006.
Chevrolet
Spark
full
Full
equipo.
Envie hoja de vida al eE-mail
mail
jefaturademarketing@g
mail.com.
Laptop
Laptop $336 + IVA
Gratis
tambien
Food services and
Discjokey
4
11/14/2009
social events
discjokey
También
Disjockey
Food services and
Show
1
Show navideno.
11/14/2009
social events
Penthouse con piscina,
Penthouse
4
Real State
11/15/2009
9
Real State
11/15/2009
11
Real State
11/15/2009
1
Real State
11/15/2009
13
Real State
11/15/2009
62
Automobil
11/15/2009
2
Automobil
11/15/2009
7
Job and Services
11/15/2009
parqueo.
4 dormitorios, jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
2 parqueos.
Villa
Alegria,
full
Full
servicios.
Dos
dormitorios,
Closet
closets, seguridades.
Villa
Club
club
dormitorios,
3
una
planta, garage.
Chevrolet
Spark
full
Full
equipo.
Airbag
2 airbag japonés
Envie hoja de vida al e-
E-mail
mail
22
jefaturademarketing@g
mail.com
Charter
Charter con zona libre
3
Turism
11/15/2009
Laptop
Laptop $336 + IVA
6
Produtcs
11/15/2009
Gratis
tambien
Food services and
Discjokey
4
11/15/2009
social events
discjokey
También
Disjockey
1
Food services and
Show
11/15/2009
Show navideno.
social events
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Three
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Social Pages
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Fanáticos australianaos de
Pop
la Princesa del pop están
1
Sociales
11/09/2009
1
Sociales
11/09/2009
1
Sociales
11/09/2009
1
Sociales
11/09/2009
1
Sociales
11/10/2009
1
Sociales
11/11/2009
enojados. . .
. . .utilizo playback en su
Playback
reciente show.
. . .utilizo playback en su
Show
reciente show.
Encabeza la lista billboard
Billboard
de los Latin Albums.
Denisse
Marketing
Gutierrez,
vicepresidenta de marketing
de De Prati.
“yo mismo”, el nuevo CD de
CD
Manuelle.
23
Incorporación en el salón de
Club
1
Sociales
11/12/2009
1
Sociales
11/13/2009
ingles del club de la Union.
Maria Jose Aviles, gerente de
Marketing
marketing.
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Four
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Reports
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Revolucion
versus
Versus
1
Opinion
11/14/2009
Naturaleza
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Five
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Sports
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Creamos situaciones de gol
Campeonato
Gol
7
y manejamos bien el balon.
11/09/2009
ecuatoriano
Challenger
V Challenger de Guayaquil.
2
Polideportivo
11/09/2009
Tenis
Tenis
1
Polideportivo
11/09/2009
. . .Zlatan Ibrahimovic, se
Futbol
Club
lesiono el muslo izquierdo y
1
11/09/2009
Internacional
estará una semana de baja,
24
anuncio ayer su club.
Campeonato
Versus
Emelec versus Espoli
8
11/09/2009
Ecuatoriano
Ansy Pettie tiene 18 triunfos
Playoff
1
Polideportivo
11/09/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/09/2009
1
beisbol
11/09/2009
2
Polideportivo
11/09/2009
2
Polideportivo
11/09/2009
3
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
7
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
2
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
5
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
2
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
en playoffs.
Beisbol
Beisbol
Derek Jetter, el lider de hits
Hit
en los Yankees.
Version
más
radical
del
Mountain – bike
mountain-bike.
Toro Salvaje se queja del
Box
box.
El serbio (foto), tercero del
Ranking
ranking ATP.
La estrella estadounidense
de los JJ.OO. DE Munich
Club
1972 viene para inagurar la
piscina de 50 metros del
club.
. . . el club Diana Quintana
cuenta con areas de karate,
Futbol
pista
atlética,
futbol,
gimnasio, spa.
Joven
Wild card
tenista
ecuatoriano
que también llego al cuadro
principal con una wild card.
Challenger
V challenger de Guayaquil.
El primer Grand Slam del
Grand slam
2010.
Solo cuando se retiro del
Tenis
tenis y gozo de mas tiempo
25
con su familia.
Como podría ser que Chang,
Grand Slam
de entre todos, podía ganar
1
Polideportivo
11/10/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/11/2009
2
Deportes
11/11/2009
4
Deportes
11/11/2009
1
Deportesxtv
11/11/2009
2
Deportes
11/11/2009
1
Deportes
11/11/2009
6
Contraataque
11/11/2009
5
Contraataque
11/11/2009
3
Contraataque
11/11/2009
2
Contraataque
11/11/2009
un Grand Slam.
La pasión por el turf surgió
Turf
por la
motivación
de su
padre.
“Le pido decencia”, dijo Paz,
quien
lamento
que
el
Club
presidente de un club se
exprese . . .
El entrenador de la selección
Futbol
argentina de futbol.
. . . en una nueva jornada
Básquet
del apasionante básquet de
las estrellas de la NBA.
Se juega la tercera fecha del
Master
torneo
masters
1.000 de
Paris.
La
Cross country
seleccion
country
del
de
cross
Azuay
gano
ocho de las once pruebas.
El tenista argentino venció
al
ecuatoriano
Roberto
Set
Quiroz en dos sets y paso a
la segunda.
Zabatela clasifica rapido en
Challenger
challenger.
V challenger de tenis de
Tenis
Guayaquil.
Game
A partir del septimo game
26
del primer set.
Al pegar las pelotas a ras de
Net
la net que complicaron a
3
Contraataque
11/11/2009
2
Contraataque
11/11/2009
2
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
4
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
7
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
3
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
1
Polideportivo
11/12/2009
2
Deportes
11/12/2009
chileno.
En
la
tercera
ronda,
Zabatela, jugador que llego a
Ranking
estar
entre
los
21
del
ranking internacional.
El tricampeon del Masters
Master
perisino gano el abierto de
Estados Unidos.
El ruso ocupaba el lugar 65
Ranking
del ranking ATP.
La de un Zar que se negó a
Tenis
que el tenis fuera toda su
vida.
Con
exelentes
winners
Winner
desde la línea de fondo.
Club
Karting Club Guayaquil
El piloto Rafael Peralta se
llevo
la
cuarta
valida
Karting
provincial del karting que se
cumplió el sábado pasado.
Squash
Squash femenino
El brasileño Rodrigo Teixeira
no ha sido titular en los
Futbol
últimos juegos del cuadro
cuencano,
que
ayer
hizo
futbol.
Challenger
V challenger de Guayaquil
3
Contraataque
11/12/2009
Set
Julio
2
Contraataque
11/12/2009
Silva,
no
tuvo
27
inconvenientes para vencer
al austriaco Andreas HaiderMaurer (181) en dos sets de
6-3, 6-2.
Nico respondió a una bola
corta y pese a la buena
Net
1
Contraataque
11/12/2009
2
Deportes
11/13/2009
3
Deportes
11/13/2009
1
Deportes
11/13/2009
2
Deportes
11/13/2009
2
Contraataque
11/13/2009
2
Contraataque
11/13/2009
1
Contraataque
11/13/2009
2
Deportes
11/14/2009
posocion de Souza, este la
dejo en la net.
Los miembros del directorio
de Barcelona se han sentido
Club
afectados
por
declaraciones
d
las
el
aun
vicepresidente del club.
La selección de futbol de
Futbol
Uruguay.
Se juegan los cuartos de
Master
final del masters
1000 de
Paris.
Fred garantiza una victoria
Gol
mas, marca su noveno gol
en nueve partidos.
Challenger
V challenger de Guayaquil.
En
Ranking
dobles
también
se
reparten 80 puntos para el
ranking mundial.
Machado, que remonto las
dos veces que estuvo abajo
Set
en el marcador en ambos
sets,
pero
no
le
fue
suficiente.
Master
Continúan los juegos por los
28
cuartos de final del masters
1000 de Paris.
El tenista tricolor disputaba
anoche su pase a la final del
Challenger
3
Deportes
11/14/2009
1
Deportes
11/14/2009
5
Deportes
11/14/2009
3
Deportes
11/14/2009
7
Contraataque
11/14/2009
1
Contraataque
11/14/2009
2
Deportes
11/15/2009
2
Deportes
11/15/2009
challenger ante el alemán
Poerschke.
Hoy
estuve
con
mucho
Feeling
feeling con la pelota.
Ismael
Villalba,
delantero
argentino de los morlacos,
Club
esta feliz por la campana
que cumple el club azuayo.
Ingleses
Futbol
y
brasileños,
ya
clasificados al Mundial de
futbol 2010.
Mitico
narrador
de
los
vuelve
luego
de
Dodgers
Beisbol
cinco
anos;
donación
hoy
a
hara
escuela
de
beisbol.
Media
Pro,
compañía
española que asesorara al
Marketing
club
canario
en
temas
administrativos de futbol y
marketing.
A la final del Masters de
Master
Paris
Karla Manzo, de Delfines,
entrego
la
única
presea
Club
dorada a su club al ganar
los 100 m pecho.
29
Con un gol de cabeza de
Gol
6
Deportes
11/15/2009
4
Deportes
11/15/2009
6
Deportes
11/15/2009
cabeza de Rory Fallon.
Con un gol de cabeza de
Futbol
cabeza de Rory Fallon, el
equipo de futbol de Nueva.
El artefacto fue traido como
parte de una donación para
Beisbol
la escuela de beisbol de El
Recreo.
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Six
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: News
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
El
embajador
libio
en
Nicaragua depues de recibir
dichas muestras le entrego
E-mail
1
Local
11/09/2009
1
Mortuorios
11/09/2009
1
Espectáculo
11/09/2009
1
Espectáculo
11/09/2009
su tarjeta con su e-mail y
teléfonos
para
que
lo
contacten. . .
Baile de Integracion
Show
Show
artístico.
Serán parte de los videos
Clip
clip que se graba.
El bolero antillano sigue en
Show
el show de Fabian Antonio.
30
50.000 en las calles piden
Gay
1
Internacional
11/10/2009
2
Social
11/10/2009
matrimonio gay.
Nuevo presidente del Club
Club
Social Pasaje
Baby doll
Baby dolls lujoriosos
1
Social
11/10/2009
Sexy
Tierna, sexy, cómoda
1
Social
11/10/2009
1
Escolar
11/10/2009
1
Social
11/11/2009
1
Medica
11/11/2009
1
Escolar
11/11/2009
1
Miscelánea
11/13/2009
1
Miscelánea
11/13/2009
1
Miscelánea
11/13/2009
1
Miscelánea
11/13/2009
El
Club
Ecológico
Club
Leovildense
Tomar una bebida light fría
Light
con limon.
Manejo
activo
del
shock
Shock
hipovolemico y otros.
Club
Club Social Arenillas
Miss
Miss
Coalición
Latinoamericana
Internacional.
Master en Ciencias de la
Master
Comunicación
Primera
posición
del
Ranking
ranking
Web
En su pagina web
Irene Sanchez, Jefa del Area
Miscelánea
Marketing
1
11/14/2009
de marketing.
Body
print
o
cuerpos
Body
2
Miscelánea
11/14/2009
1
Miscelánea
11/14/2009
1
Crónica
11/14/2009
1
Miscelánea
11/15/2009
1
Cantonal
11/15/2009
desnudos.
Compartieron un momento
Relax
de relax.
Switch
En el switch del vehiculo.
Arrollo con un carro de golf
Golf
a Nicolas.
CD
Los
comerciantes
que
se
31
dedican a la venta de CD.
Los socios que hacemos este
Club
2
Miscelánea
11/15/2009
1
Social
11/15/2009
2
Espectáculo
11/15/2009
2
Espectáculo
11/15/2009
club.
Se especializo en gestión de
Marketing
empresas y marketing.
Canal 8, en el que estará
Opening
presente para el opening, el
Estudio de Jotty Borja.
Clip
Marel prepara su video clip.
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Seven
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Ads
Title of the article
Word Repetition
Anglicisms
Examples
Type of
Date
Number
Advertisement
Party
Botox party
Master
en
1
Beauty Services
11/09/2009
1
Medical Services
11/09/2009
3
Medical Services
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/09/2009
8
Automobile
11/09/2009
cirugía
Master
plástica.
E-mail:
tiagoplastica
E-mail
@yahoo.com
Dormitorios
Full
acabados
de
con
primera
full comodos.
Sauna, jacuzzi, parque
Jacuzzi
comunitario.
Bar
Se vende Vaqueros Bar
Doble cabina ano 2002,
Full
nuevita, un solo dueno,
32
full.
c/ aire acondicionado,
CD
2
Automobile
11/09/2009
2
Automobile
11/09/2009
1
Automobile
11/09/2009
5
Job and Services
11/09/2009
3
Job and Services
11/09/2009
3
Job and Services
11/09/2009
1
Job and Services
11/09/2009
CD, no intermediarios.
Color rojo, motor ok,
Ok
palcas del Guayas.
Línea
de
taxi
flash
Flash
ejecutivo.
Se
Bar
necesitan
Bonitos
para
srtas.
atender
bar.
Club
Venda
ropa
por
catalogo:
Greco,
Kids
Club.
Traer
documentos
en
Record
regla: Record policial.
Técnicos
de
box
y
técnicos
en
refrigeración
de
Box
contenedores.
Chip
Clonación de chips.
3
Job and Services
11/09/2009
E-mail
Claves de e-mail
2
Job and Services
11/09/2009
Laptop
Se remata 1 laptop
2
Products
11/09/2009
Stock
Hasta agotar stock.
1
Products
11/09/2009
2
Products
11/09/2009
Chip franquiciado pago
Chip
por consumo.
Memory card
Memory card
1
Products
11/09/2009
Power
Vendo Emac power PC
1
Products
11/09/2009
Router
1 router
1
Products
11/09/2009
Game
Electronic game
1
Products
11/09/2009
Dance
Axucar dance
1
Courses
11/09/2009
Body
Esthetic body line
1
Courses
11/09/2009
33
Glitter
Maquillaje glitter
1
Courses
11/09/2009
Smock eyes
Maquillaje smock eyes
1
Courses
11/09/2009
High light
Mechas high light
1
Courses
11/09/2009
1
Courses
11/09/2009
1
Job and Services
11/10/2009
1
Real State
11/10/2009
1
Real State
11/10/2009
7
Automobile
11/10/2009
4
Automobile
11/10/2009
1
Automobile
11/10/2009
6
Job and Services
11/10/2009
2
Job and Services
11/10/2009
1
Job and Services
11/10/2009
1
Job and Services
11/10/2009
1
Job and Services
11/10/2009
1
Job and Services
11/10/2009
Fashion
hair
Fashion
desgrafilados y otros.
Requiere incorporar a
Staff
su staff academico.
Seguridad
Jacuzzi
24
horas,
sauna, jacuzzi, parque
comunitario.
Bar
Se arrienda Bar
Rodeo
del
98
4
Full
cilindros, full equipo.
En
exelente
estado,
CD
radio CD.
Todo okey, matricula
Okey
del ano.
Se
necesita
señoritas
Bar
bonitas para bar.
Club
Vendo
ropa
catalogo:
Graco,
por
Kids
Club
Urgente
secretaria
Word
Conocer: Word, Excel
Urgente
secretaria
Excel
Conocer: Word, Excel
Carreras:
Marketing
marketing,
economía,
administracion.
Enviar C/V al e-mail
E-mail
agroindustriavacante@g
34
mail.com
Chip
Clonaciones de chip
2
Job and Services
11/10/2009
Laptop
Laptop de paquete
1
Products
11/10/2009
2
Products
11/10/2009
Los precios son solo
Stock
hasta agotar stock.
Chip
Chip incluido
4
Products
11/10/2009
Mobile
Nuevo TV mobile
1
Products
11/10/2009
1
Products
11/10/2009
Secadora de ropa G.EV
Made
Made in Canada.
Switch
1 switch
1
Products
11/10/2009
Router
1 router
1
Products
11/10/2009
1
Products
11/10/2009
Products
11/10/2009
Counter
(caja)
y
Counter
escritorios de madera.
Game
Electronic Game
1
Snack
Snack Bar
1
Food Services and
11/10/2009
Social Events
Food Services and
Bar
Snack Bar
1
11/10/2009
Social Events
Hamburguesas,
hot-
Food Services and
Hot-dog
1
dog, jugos y colas.
11/10/2009
Social Events
Dance
Axucar dance
1
Courses
11/10/2009
Body
Esthetic body line
1
Courses
11/10/2009
1
Job and Services
11/11/2009
4
Job and Services
11/11/2009
1
Job and Services
11/11/2009
1
Job and Services
11/11/2009
Requiere incorporar a
Staff
su staff académico.
Se
necesita
señoritas
Bar
para bar.
Carreras:
Marketing
marketing,
economía,
administracion.
Enviar C/V al e-mail:
E-mail
agroindustriavacante@g
35
mail.com
Chip
Clonaciones de chip
1
Job and Services
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/11/2009
3
Real State
11/11/2009
3
Automobile
11/11/2009
1
Automobile
11/11/2009
1
Automobile
11/11/2009
6
Automobile
11/11/2009
2
Products
11/11/2009
4 dormitorios con baño,
Closet
closet, lavanderia.
Seguridad
24
horas,
Jacuzzi
sauna, jacuzzi.
Bar
Arriendo Bar
Latería
en
exelente
CD
estado, radio CD.
Carreta
de
comida
rápida
para
hamburguesas,
hot-
Hot-dog
dog.
96.000 kms, todo okey,
Okey
matriculada del ano.
Rodeo
del
98
4
Full
cilindros, full equipo.
Los precios son solo
Stock
hasta agotar stock.
Chip
Chip incluido
5
Products
11/11/2009
Mobile
Nuevo TV mobile
1
Products
11/11/2009
Game
Electronic Game
1
Products
11/11/2009
3
Products
11/11/2009
1
Real State
11/12/2009
1
Real State
11/12/2009
e-mail:
E-mail
[email protected]
om
4 dormitorios con baño,
Closet
closet, lavanderia.
Sauna,
jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
parqueo comunitario.
Bar
Arriendo Bar
2
Real State
11/12/2009
CD
Radio, CD
3
Automobile
11/12/2009
36
Carreta
de
comida
rápida
para
hamburguesas,
hot-
Hot-dog
1
Automobile
11/12/2009
1
Automobile
11/12/2009
6
Automobile
11/12/2009
4
Job and Services
11/12/2009
1
Job and Services
11/12/2009
4
Job and Services
11/12/2009
3
Job and Services
11/12/2009
dog.
96.000 kms, todo okey,
Okey
matriculada del ano.
Rodeo
del
98
4
Full
cilindros, full equipo.
Se
necesita
señoritas
Bar
para atender bar.
Marketing
Carreras: marketing
Enviar C/V al e-mail:
E-mail
agroindustriavacante@g
mail.com
Chip
Clonaciones de chip
Cayro express servicio
Job and Services
Express
1
11/12/2009
motorizado.
Food Services and
Snack
Snack Bar
1
11/12/2009
Social Events
Food Services and
Bar
Snack Bar
1
11/12/2009
Social Events
Hamburguesas,
hot-
Food Services and
Hot-dog
1
dog, jugos y colas.
Laptop
11/12/2009
Social Events
Vendo 1 laptop
1
Products
1
Products
Los precios son solo
11/12/2009
11/12/2009
Stock
hasta agotar stock.
Chip
Chip incluido
3
Products
11/12/2009
Game
Electronic Game
1
Products
11/12/2009
Party
Botox party
1
Beauty Services
11/13/2009
Master
Master
1
Medical Services
11/13/2009
en
cirugía
37
plástica.
E-mail:
E-mail
thiagoplastica@hotmail.
3
Medical Services
11/13/2009
1
Real State
11/13/2009
1
Real State
11/13/2009
2
Automobile
11/13/2009
1
Automobile
11/13/2009
1
Automobile
11/13/2009
7
Automobile
11/13/2009
com
Sauna,
jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
parqueo comunitario.
3 dormitorios con baño,
Closet
closet.
Latería
en
exelente
CD
estado, radio CD.
Carreta
de
comida
rápida
para
hamburguesas,
hot-
Hot-dog
dog.
96.000 kms, todo okey,
Okey
matricula del ano.
5 puertas, ano 2005,
Full
full equipo.
Vidrios
electricos,
Automobile
Airbag
2
11/13/2009
airbag, bloqueo central.
Se
necesita
señoritas
Bar
4
Job and Services
11/13/2009
1
Job and Services
11/13/2009
para atender bar.
Carreras:
Marketing
marketing,
economía,
administracion.
Chip
Clonaciones de chip
3
Job and Services
11/13/2009
Express
Cayro express
1
Job and Services
11/13/2009
sepa
1
Job and Services
11/13/2009
de
2
Products
11/13/2009
Se
Hot – dog
necesita
persona
que
una
preparar hot-dog
Stock
Nuevo
stock
38
juguetes
Laptop
Laptops de paquete
1
Products
11/13/2009
Chip
Chip incluido
2
Products
11/13/2009
Mobile
Nuevo TV mobile
1
Products
11/13/2009
Game
Electronic Game
1
Products
11/13/2009
2
Products
11/13/2009
1
Real State
11/14/2009
1
Real State
11/14/2009
3
Real State
11/14/2009
1
Automobile
11/14/2009
1
Automobile
11/14/2009
8
Automobile
11/14/2009
2
Automobile
11/14/2009
3
Job and Services
11/14/2009
e-mail:
E-mail
[email protected]
om
Sauna,
jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
parqueo comunitario.
4 dormitorios con baño,
Closet
closet.
Bar
Se vende Bar
Latería
en
exelente
CD
estado, radio, CD
96.000 kms, todo okey
Okey
matriculada del ano.
Doble cabina ano 2002,
Full
nuevita un solo dueño,
full.
Airbag
Full equipo, a/c airbag.
Se
necesita
señoritas
Bar
para atender bar.
Chip
Clonaciones de chip
4
Job and Services
11/14/2009
Express
Cayro express
1
Job and Services
11/14/2009
1
Job and Services
11/14/2009
Se
necesita
persona
Hot – dog
que
una
sepa
preparar
hamburguesas y hotdog.
39
Nuevo
stock
de
Stock
1
Products
11/14/2009
juguetes
Laptop
Laptops de paquete
1
Products
11/14/2009
Chip
Chip incluido
3
Products
11/14/2009
Mobile
Nuevo TV mobile
1
Products
11/14/2009
Game
Electronic Game
1
Products
11/14/2009
Snack
Snack Bar
1
Food Services and
11/14/2009
Social Events
Food Services and
Bar
Snack Bar
1
11/14/2009
Social Events
Food Services and
Hot-dog
Hot-dog, jugos
1
11/14/2009
Social Events
Se venden tres solares
juntos
Full
a una cuadra
del nuevo bananero con
cerramiento
y
1
Real State
11/15/2009
1
Real State
11/15/2009
1
Real State
11/15/2009
3
Real State
11/15/2009
1
Automobile
11/15/2009
full
relleno.
Sauna,
jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
parqueo comunitario.
4
dormitorios,
baño,
Closet
closet.
Bar
Se vende Bar
Ano 89, flamante radio
CD
CD.
Okey
96.000 kms, todo okey
1
Automobile
11/15/2009
Full
5 puertas full, blanco.
7
Automobile
11/15/2009
Airbag
Full equipo, A/c airbag
2
Automobile
11/15/2009
3
Job and Services
11/15/2009
2
Job and Services
11/15/2009
Se
necesita
señoritas
Bar
para atender bar.
Express
Cayro express
40
Flash
Taxi Flash
Nuevo
stock
1
Job and Services
11/15/2009
3
Products
11/15/2009
de
Stock
juguetes
Laptop
Laptops de paquete
1
Products
11/15/2009
Chip
Chip incluido
3
Products
11/15/2009
Mobile
Nuevo TV mobile
1
Products
11/15/2009
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Eight
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Social Pages
Anglicisms
Word Repetition
Title of the
Number
article
Examples
Date
Bar
Hydra Cafe Bar
2
Cocktail
11/12/2009
Bye
Contactanos; bye
1
Cocktail
11/12/2009
1
Cocktail
11/12/2009
1
Cocktail
11/12/2009
Cocktail
11/15/2009
Cocktail
11/15/2009
E-mail:
E-mail
[email protected]
om
Una linda toma en el
baby shower
Baby shower
de Mayra
Carvajal.
E-mail:
E-mail
[email protected]
om
1
Loly de Zambrano para
pasar
agradables
Baby shower
1
momentos en una tarde
llena
de
juegos
por
41
motivo
de
su
baby
shower.
Show
El show de Patito Feo
1
Cocktail
11/15/2009
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Nine
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Reports
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Nadie
Stock
ha
tenido
stock
suficiente y han tenido que
1
Opinión
11/14/2009
pedirlos a Guayaquil.
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Ten
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Sports
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Fue una verdadera fiesta de
Futbol
7
Deportivo
11/09/2009
2
Deportivo
11/09/2009
10
Deportivo
11/09/2009
despedida de futbol.
Kimberley Vera Granda de
Basquetbol
reconocida
valia
en
el
basquetbol.
Gol
Emelec logra un gol después
42
de 390 minutos.
Box
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/09/2009
Tenis
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/09/2009
1
Deportivo
11/09/2009
6
Deportivo
11/09/2009
2
Deportivo
11/09/2009
1
Deportivo
11/09/2009
1
Deportivo
11/09/2009
1
Deportivo
11/09/2009
3
Deportivo
11/10/2009
Que fácil es ser pediodista!
Crack
Dijera
en
alguna
ocasión
algún crack del futbol.
El club brasileño retorna a
Club
libertadores.
Challenger
V Challenger
. . . ostenta dos medallas de
oro olímpicas ganadas en los
Single
JJ.OO
de
Atenas
2004,
donde se corono en singles.
Ranking
Para el ranking ATP
Primer Grand Slam
de la
Grand Slam
temporada 2010.
. . . algunas de sus palabras
Futbol
estarían
dirigidas
a
ex
árbitros de futbol.
Box
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/10/2009
Tenis
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/10/2009
2
Deportivo
11/10/2009
1
Deportivo
11/10/2009
2
Deportivo
11/10/2009
2
Deportivo
11/10/2009
Seleccionada
nacional
de
Básquet
básquet.
Benitez
pesco
un
rebote
dentro del area, si doble
Gol
cabezazo es gol, más aun un
triple golpe.
Club
Club Birmingham City
Empezaron a moverse los
Futbol
jugadores del plantel y hasta
hicieron un poco de futbol.
43
Box
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/11/2009
Tenis
Futbol, box, tenis
2
Deportivo
11/11/2009
2
Deportivo
11/11/2009
1
Deportivo
11/11/2009
5
Deportivo
11/11/2009
1
Deportivo
11/11/2009
2
Deportivo
11/11/2009
2
Deportivo
11/12/2009
Open
internacional
de
Open
micritenis.
En la champions
no se
siente el equipo que supere
Champions
la contundencia del hasta
hace poco imparable en gol.
El equipo de Alex Fergusson
va tercero en la Premier Liga
Gol
su
estructura
empieza
a
resentirse y es evidente que
le falta un gol.
Master
Categoría master
Al
caer
alegría,
la
tarde,
hubo
hubo
fiesta,
el
club
del
La comisión de futbol
del
Club
triunfo
para
el
barrio los Sauces.
Futbol
club.
Box
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/12/2009
Tenis
Futbol, box, tenis
2
Deportivo
11/12/2009
5
Deportivo
11/12/2009
1
Deportivo
11/12/2009
1
Deportivo
11/12/2009
La comisión de futbol
del
Club
club.
Engels
convencido
Básquet
Tenorio
de
esta
que
en
Guayas, el trabajo de los
dirigentes es deficiente, no
solo en basquet.
Mostro se deseo de seguir
Master
vinculado al tenis, con 15
44
masters
series
en
sus
palmares.
Una
gloria
del
futbol
Futbol
4
Deportivo
11/13/2009
argentino.
Box
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/13/2009
Tenis
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/13/2009
5
Deportivo
11/13/2009
2
Deportivo
11/13/2009
4
Deportivo
11/13/2009
5
Deportivo
11/14/2009
En 9 partidos jugados, entre
la Copa Sudamericana y el
Gol
torneo
brasileño
lleva
9
goles, un gol por partido.
Crack
El crack de Milan
Asistieron deportistas de 2
Club
clubes de Loja, 1 club de
Canar.
Simbolos
de
equipo
memorables que llenaron de
Futbol
futbol
las
canchas
de
America.
Box
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/14/2009
Tenis
Futbol, box, tenis
1
Deportivo
11/14/2009
1
Deportivo
11/14/2009
Luciano Dos Santos atajo
Gol
dos penales y ejecuto uno
que fue gol.
Club
Museo del club
2
Deportivo
11/14/2009
Crack
Un ex crack
1
Deportivo
11/14/2009
2
Deportivo
11/14/2009
1
Deportivo
11/14/2009
4
Deportivo
11/15/2009
Este cuarto back estuvo en
Back
Emelec.
34 lugar en el ranking de la
Ranking
FIFA.
Club
Centrocampista
del
club
45
ingles
Copa
Mundial
de
futbol
Futbol
5
Deportivo
11/15/2009
8
Deportivo
11/15/2009
1
Deportivo
Surafrica 2010
El gol se produjo en el
Gol
minuto 72 del partido.
Listo para jugar los partidos
11/15/2009
Basquetbol
de basquetbol.
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Eleven
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: News
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Miss
Miss Mundo America
2
Provincias
11/09/2009
4
Provincias
11/09/2009
4
Farándula
11/09/2009
3
Especial
11/10/2009
1
Especial
11/10/2009
Asesinan a gay que era Miss
Gay
Mundo America.
En
Show
este
recordó
show
sus
Perales
anos
de
juventud.
Show
Un show inigualable.
El segmento de la chica
Sexy
sexy.
Standby
El famoso sistema standby.
1
Especial
11/10/2009
Jeans
Jeans y zapatos negros
1
Provincias
11/11/2009
Miss
Miss Turismo Latino
6
Farándula
11/11/2009
Club
Rotary Club
5
Especial
11/12/2009
Full
Un
1
Especial
11/13/2009
comerciante
46
guayaquileño trabaja a full.
Fue quien compro el último
Stock
equipo que Floreano tenia
1
Especial
11/13/2009
1
Especial
11/13/2009
8
Quito
11/13/2009
1
Farándula
11/13/2009
1
Farandula
11/13/2009
en stock.
Raul
tiene
un
pequeño
CD
kiosco de venta de CDs.
Swinger
Parejas swinger
Estefania vio un casting que
Casting
realizamos hace tres anos.
Buscaban
una
joven
con
Look
look latino y exotico.
Miss
Miss Turismo
1
Farándula
11/13/2009
CD
Reproductor de CD
1
Especial
11/14/2009
1
Farandula
11/15/2009
17
Farándula
11/14/2009
Un video aparece en un sitio
Web
web.
Miss
Miss Turismo Latino
Show
El show será en Amnesia.
1
Farándula
11/14/2009
Opening
Traje de opening
1
Farándula
11/14/2009
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Twelve
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Ads
Title of the article
Word Repetition
Anglicisms
Examples
Type of
Date
Number
Advertisement
Full
4x4 automática full.
2
Automobile
11/09/2009
Sex
Sex Shop
1
Sexual Services
11/09/2009
Spray
Spray prolongadores
2
Sexual Services
11/09/2009
47
Sexy
Sexy chat
2
Sexual Services
11/09/2009
Chat
Sexy chat
2
Sexual Services
11/09/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/09/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/09/2009
1
Real State
11/10/2009
8
Automobile
11/10/2009
High Class servicio de
High class
compañía
Gay
Videos gay
5 dormitorios, jacuzzi,
Jacuzzi
piscina.
Chevrolet Spark 2007 y
Full
2009; full equipo.
Laptop
Laptop HP
5
Products
11/10/2009
Sex
Sex Shop
1
Sexual Services
11/10/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/10/2009
Tabletas,
sprays,
Spray
cremas retardantes.
Gay
Videos gay
1
Sexual Services
11/10/2009
Sexy
Sexy tienda
1
Sexual Services
11/10/2009
Chat
Chat en vivo
1
Sexual Services
11/10/2009
Hot
Hot
2
Sexual Services
11/10/2009
5
Automobile
11/11/2009
4
Products
11/11/2009
1
Products
11/11/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/11/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/11/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/11/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/11/2009
Mitsibishi Lancer 2002,
Full
full equipo.
Laptop
Laptop Toshiba
Celular con TV doble
Chip
chip
Sex
Sex Shop
Tabletas,
sprays,
Spray
cremas retardantes.
Gay
Videos gay
Mara
chilena
rubia,
Sexy
sexy, masaje relajante.
Chat
Chat en vivo
2
Sexual Services
11/11/2009
Hot
Hot
3
Sexual Services
11/11/2009
Full
Chevrolet Rodeo 2000
2
Automobile
11/12/2009
48
4x4 full
Laptop
Laptop Toshiba
5
Products
11/12/2009
Sex
Sex Shop
1
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
Tabletas, spray, cremas
Spray
retardantes.
Gay
Videos gay
1
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
Sexy
Sexy tienda
2
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
Chat
Chat en vivo
1
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
Hot
Hot
3
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
Full
Full potencia
1
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
Night Club
Night Club
1
Sexual Services
11/12/2009
3
Automobile
11/13/2009
Toyota
Full
Tercel
1995
mecanico,
full,
flamante.
Laptop
Laptop Toshiba
4
Products
11/13/2009
Sex
Sex Shop
1
Sexual Services
11/13/2009
1
Sexual Services
11/13/2009
Tabletas,
sprays,
Spray
cremas retardantes.
Gay
Videos gay
1
Sexual Services
11/13/2009
Sexy
Sexy tienda
2
Sexual Services
11/13/2009
Hot
Hot
3
Sexual Services
11/13/2009
Full
4 dormitorios full
1
Real State
11/14/2009
5
Automobile
11/14/2009
Chevrolet Optra 2007 y
Full
2006 full equipo.g
Laptop
Laptop Toshiba
4
Products
11/14/2009
Smoking
Cortes, smoking
1
Products
11/14/2009
Peeling
Peeling facial
1
Beauty Services
11/14/2009
Sex
Sex Shop
1
Sexual Services
11/14/2009
Spray
Tabletas, spray
1
Sexual Services
11/14/2009
Gay
Videos gay
1
Sexual Services
11/14/2009
Sexy
Sexy tienda
2
Sexual Services
11/14/2009
49
Hot
Hot
3
Sexual Services
11/14/2009
Full
4 dormitorios full
1
Real State
11/15/2009
4
Automobile
11/15/2009
Como
nuevo
full
Full
equipo.
Laptop
Laptop Toshiba
4
Products
11/15/2009
Sexy
Sexy chat
1
Sexual Services
11/15/2009
Chat
Sexy chat
1
Sexual Services
11/15/2009
Hot
Hot
3
Sexual Services
11/15/2009
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Thirteen
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Social Pages
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
-
-
-
-
-
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Fourteen
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Reports
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
El
show
de
Jose
Luis
1
Show
Perales
Author: Sandy Soto
50
Opinión
11/11/2009
Chart Fifteen
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Sports
Word
Title of the
Anglicisms
Examples
Repetition
Date
article
Number
Club
Club Don Café
1
Deportes
11/09/2009
6
Deportes
11/09/2009
2
Deportes
11/09/2009
2
Deportes
11/10/2009
1
Deportes
11/10/2009
2
Deportes
11/10/2009
2
Deportes
11/10/2009
5
Deportes
11/11/2009
2
Deportes
11/11/2009
1
Deportes
11/12/2009
1
Deportes
11/12/2009
3
Deportes
11/12/2009
Jasson Zambrano y Joao
Gol
Rojas anhelaban conseguir
un gol.
Espera llegar el futbol de
Futbol
primera.
Club
Un club argentino
Lo del blog tan solo fue
Blog
novelería del momento.
En
Futbol
el
grupo
Campeonato
B
nacional
del
de
futbol.
La
sombra
Espinoza
Gol
convirtió su primer gol.
. . . no lo hacia desde el 1 de
Gol
octubre, para convertir un
gol.
Aliviar la economía del club
Club
torero.
Club
Futbol club
. . . al no seguir en el futbol
Futbol
profesional.
Gol
El gol ecuatoriano lo alcanzo
51
a los 2 minutos.
Club
Club Sport Emelec
3
Deportes
11/13/2009
Gol
El segundo gol estuvo cerca.
4
Deportes
11/13/2009
Club
Sporting Club
2
Deportes
11/14/2009
1
Deportes
11/14/2009
3
Deportes
11/15/2009
4
Deportes
11/15/2009
El favorito de la catedra es
Stud
Secretario, del stud Curicó.
Club
Gestión del club
Con golpe de cabeza empujo
Gol
el esférico para marcar el
segundo gol.
Author: Sandy Soto
52
QUANTITATIVE TABULATION
Chart Sixteen
Variable: National Newspaper “El Universo”
Section
f
%
News
39
41%
Ads
22
23%
7
8%
26
27%
1
1%
96
100%
f
%
News
20
25%
Ads
38
47%
5
6%
17
21%
1
1%
81
100%
Anglicisms
Social Pages
Sports
Reports
Total
Author: Sandy Soto
Chart Seventeen
Variable: Local Newspaper “El Nacional”
Section
Anglicisms
Social Pages
Sports
Reports
Total
Author: Sandy Soto
53
Chart Eighteen
Variable: Tabloid “El Extra”
Section
Anglicisms
f
%
News
15
43%
Ads
14
40%
Social Pages
0
0%
Sports
5
14%
Reports
1
3%
35
100%
Total
Author: Sandy Soto
The Most Frequent Anglicisms
Chart Nineteen
Anglicisms
Word Repetition Number
Full
413
Club
122
Laptop
72
Gol
70
Miss
53
Bar
51
Futbol
50
E-mail
42
Chip
39
Jacuzzi
35
Show
25
CD
24
Discjokey
24
Challenger
22
Tennis
20
Airbag
18
54
Hot
17
Rock
17
Web
16
Stock
15
Master
14
Beisbol
14
Sexy
13
Gay
11
Ranking
11
Marketing
11
Hotdog
10
Closet
10
Game
10
Box
9
Versus
9
Ok
8
Swinger
8
Link
7
Express
7
Penthouse
7
Spray
7
Chat
7
Set
7
Charter
6
Sex
6
Mobile
5
Pop
4
Opening
4
Shopping
4
Body
4
Hatchback
4
Net
4
Crack
4
55
People
3
Staff
3
Clip
3
Record
3
Snack
3
Grand Slam
3
Karting
3
Nightclub
2
Look
2
Word
2
Hit
2
Made
2
Casting
2
Relax
2
Switch
2
Party
2
Flash
2
Router
2
Dance
2
Baby shower
2
Mountain-bike
2
Wild card
2
Open
2
Back
2
Power point
1
Spot
1
Offset
1
Stand
1
Medley
1
Speed
1
Punk
1
Trash
1
Performance
1
56
Fitness
1
Kickboxing
1
Clown
1
Shot
1
Baby doll
1
Light
1
Shock
1
Golf
1
Standby
1
Jeans
1
Family
1
Hardware
1
Software
1
Travel
1
Openhouse
1
Memory card
1
Power
1
Glitter
1
Smock eyes
1
High light
1
Fashion
1
Excel
1
Counter
1
High class
1
Smoking
1
Peeling
1
Playback
1
Billboard
1
Bye
1
Playoff
1
Turf
1
Básquet
1
Cross country
1
57
Winner
1
Squash
1
Feeling
1
Singles
1
Champions
1
Blog
1
Stud
1
TOTAL
122
Author: Sandy Soto
DISCUSSION
This section contains the Theoretical Background of this
research which provides the scientific data needed in order to
understand the information given in the second part of this section
which is the Description and Analysis of Results whose content
contains a Linguistic, Comparative and Sociological Analysis of the
data collected according to the variables and sub variables chosen for
the field investigation. Additionally, it contains the most relevant
conclusions gotten in this field research. Now, let’s review the first
part of this section.
Theoretical Background
Languages
change
as
our
communication
needs
grow,
responding to changes in a world which moves faster day by day. The
political, economic and technological developments seen in the past
few decades have been the origin for the enhancing influence of
English on the languages of the world, a clear example of the
58
influence of this language is the one seen in the use of Anglicisms in
Ecuadorian Newspapers which has been the motivation and the focus
for conducting this research as well as for identifying the factors that
influence the use of these anglicisms and become aware of the
unnecessary utilization of them.
In order to have a deep understanding of the issues studied
here it is important that you have a clear idea of the different
concepts and definitions for the terms that have been used
throughout this investigation, for that reason I invite you to firstly
read the information contained in this section, information that has
been obtained through a careful scientific study which makes it to be
of relevant importance to analyze before continuing reading the rest
of the present research.
Language
Language is actually the origin and what distinguishes and
helps to survive any culture, society or community in the world.
Burneo (2007), UniXL Education and Career Information Portal
(2010) as well as TheFreeDictionary (2010), define language as a
system of communication by which humans express feelings,
thoughts or ideas. However, Michael Dobrovlsky and William
O’Gready cited by Burneo (2007) go a little further in their
explanation; they define language as a “factor of nation building” and
all what concerns to cultures, for example: literature, customs, laws,
59
traditions, beliefs, and myths continue their chain generation by
generation thanks to language.
In brief, language is an abstract phenomenon and the most
important mean of communication that moves the world and its
peoples.
Linguistics
Linguistics is the study of the nature of human languages.
According to De Saussure cited by Burneo (2007), “linguistics is also
the study of the manifestations of language and the social and
cultural influences that shape its development”.
Burneo (2007) also states that linguistics encompasses a wide
field which focuses different subject matters such as: social context
and its relation with language as well as word’s formation, sounds,
structures and meanings. This discipline covers several areas of
study; all of which are interdependent, but at the same time, they can
be differentiated because each one concentrates on a specific aspect
of language. For directoryM (2010), these areas are: Evolotutionary
linguistics (area which deals with the explanation of language origin),
Historical linguistics (which studies the changes in language), and
Sociolinguistics (area concerned with the explanation of social
structures and variation in linguistics linking, that is, the function of
language in society according to the situation, purposes and places
being used).
60
An additional division of the fields of the study of linguistics is
the one given by WikipediA (2010) which also considers as fields of
linguistics study the following: Theoretical linguistics (area that
searches an explanation about the properties of languages and their
similarity) and Applied linguistics (which “identifies, investigates and
offers solutions to language related real-life problems”).
Moreover, directoryM (2010) identifies many modern fields like
psychology, informatics, acoustics, biology, neuroscience, human
anatomy, sociology, computer science, and anthropology, under the
study of linguistics.
In conclusion, linguistics is the discipline that studies the
language in all senses and therefore, it plays a very important role in
the understanding and evolution of everything that is related to the
existing cultures in the world.
Branches of Linguistics
As already stated above, linguistics encompases a broad field
of study. Among the areas, focus in the field of linguistics, are:
Morphology
As stated by WikipediA (2010), this branch of linguistics
studies the internal structure of words as well as the way they can be
changed. To add a more specific definition let’s see what Burneo
(2007) states about morphology; for her, the roll of morphology is to
identify, analyze, combine, and describe morphemes (elemental words
61
or parts of a word that have a meaning) by the use of a set of word
formation principles; these principles focus on the formation of words
phonological and morphologically.
The morphological structure, as Burneo (2007) states, is
related to the different combinations of morphemes that can be
possible to use in order to create or compose a word, for example:
suffixes, prefixes and roots. Additionally, it is important to know that
no all words can be combined with other morpheme (prefix, suffix or
root), for example words like “dog, red, rich” belong to a group of
words that consist of only one morpheme. On the other hand, some
complex words (called like this for the additional morphemes
contained) such as keeper, impossible, unable, weaken, are made by
adding prefixes or suffixes.
Summing up, morphology covers everything related to the
internal structure of words, that is, the analysis of words in order to
make a right combination of morphemes.
Semantics
WikipediA (2010) defines Semantics as “the intensive meaning
in words and sentences”. However, Burneo (2007, p. 9) goes further
in her explanation. For her, “it studies the signs, symbols and
structures of meaning” therefore, semantics studies the syntactic and
morphological meaning of units like “morphemes, words, phrases,
clauses, sentences, and any piece of discourse”.
62
Meaning of words, phrases, etc can be identified as two kinds:
connotation or speaker’s meaning (which is the meaning words
express through the speaker’s tone of voice for example) and
denotation or dictionary meaning (which is the meaning of words
semantically).
Syntax
To knowledgerush (2009) and Burneo (2007), Syntax deals a
set of rules and principles that make possible the joining of different
categories of words such as “nouns, adjectives, verbs” to make up
meaningful pieces of discourse such as phrases, clauses or
sentences. Consequently, every existing word form part of a
hierarchical structure, in other words, small units (words) interrelate
in order to make up a principal sentence with semantic meaning.
Syntactically, every small unit in a sentence must have a
correct order and agreement among them, so that the sentence itself
expresses meaning. For instance: for a sentence to have meaning and
to be considered so, it must have a subject and a predicate, in
addition, only a noun phrase can be in subject position and only a
verb heads a predicate. Another example would be the location of
adjectives before nouns and not after them as in Spanish.
Clearly, syntax is the branch of linguistics concerned with the
rules and principles that govern language.
63
Pragmatics
According
to
Burneo
(2007),
the
use
of
language
in
communication as well as the analysis of utterances and the context
(linguistic or social) in which they occur and how it affects the
speaker’s meaning or the interpretation of the utterance itself is
under the study of pragmatics.
Phonology
For Roach (2000), phonology is the study of the function of
the
phonemes
relationship.
However,
Espinoza
(2007)
defines
phonology as a science that “studies the speech sounds in general
according to their production, composition, distribution and function
within the language”, Burneo (2007) agrees with this definition thus,
she adds that phonemics (“study of the sound system”) and phonetics
(“study of particular speech sounds from their articulatory, acoustics
and auditory forms”) are the two approaches under which phonology
can be studied.
Morphological Procedures
The concepts of morphology studied above are of main
importance for the understanding of this section since it will deal
with the morphological procedures (derivation, composition and
parasynthesis) in order to create new lexical units (words) in a
language. Let’s take a look to the explanations of these procedures.
Derivation
64
According to Wisniewski (2007), derivation is a process in
which prefixes or suffixes are added to a word. For example:
Prefixes
Suffixes
Co+author
Like +able
De+frost
Flex+ible
Inter+national
Informa+tion
Post+date
Entertain+ment
Composition
Wisniewski (2007), states that this process is based on joining
two different words in order to denote one thing. For example:
After+noon
Life+time
Any+one
Over+active
Hair+cut
School+room
Hall+way
User+name
Pharasynthesis
In Wikipedia (2010) it is claimed that parasynthesis is a
complex process in which words are formed by adding two or more
morphemes (a compounding and an affix). For example:
Down+heart+ed
sight+see+ing
Down+load+ed
up+load+ing
Consequently, new words can be formed by adding an affix or
suffix (derivation), joining two words (composition) and by applying
the former processes (parasynthesis).
65
Historical linguistics
As it is known every language changes with the pass of the time
and there must be a field encharged of studying these changes in a
detailed form and this is the task of Historical Linguistics. So Bynon
(1979, p. 1) states that “Historical linguistics seeks to investigate and
describe the way in which languages change or maintain their
structure during the course of time; its domain therefore is language
in its diachronic aspect.” Additionally, WikipediA (2010) calls it
“diachronic linguistics” and states that historical linguistics is
concerned
with
describing
“observed
changes
in
particular
languages” as well as describing “the history of speech communities”,
studying the ethymology of words, “reconstructing the pre-history of
languages and determine their relatedness by grouping them into
families (Indo-European languages)” as well as “to develop general
theories about how and why languages change”.
In conclusion, the study of historical linguistics, science that
studies the evolution of language, can be traced back to the
beginning of language which was born in the Indo-European family.
This study can be given from a descriptive perspective which focuses
on the study of language in a particular time or from a historical
analysis through the pass of the time.
Language Change
The change of a language is a phenomenon that happens with
the pass of the time. A language can change in different ways such as
66
syntactically, morphologically, phonetically, semantically and many
others. The reasons for a language to change can be different; so, let’s
read what Janet Holmes (2008) reports about language change.
Language change lies in “regional and social variation”
commonly in vocabulary and pronunciation.
Reasons for Language Change
Many are the reasons for a language to change. From the point
of view of Holmes (2008), they are:
Social Status
Language change occurs since the members of a community
introduce speech borrowed from other communities (commonly
neighboring communities) whose status and prestige is higher for
them.
Gender
Gender is a factor that influences language change since
men’s and women’s speech differ from each other, thus, “women tend
to be associated with the changes towards both prestige and
vernacular forms, whereas men more often introduce vernacular
changes.”
Interaction
Interaction is a factor of great importance in the change of a
language since from the contact among people from different
communities depends the progress of the change of a language,
therefore if people from a community interact with members of other
67
they will learn words or expressions from each other and as a result
language starts changing in its vocabulary and pronunciation.
Language Vice
When studying about a language it is important to study not
only what enriches our linguistic heritage, but to make a deep study
about those pitfalls of the language that although impoverishing the
same, still allow us to communicate without making the interchange
of experiences impossible; so those pitfalls or factors that alter our
communication in any field (oral, visual, audiovisual or written) are
called language vice. Some of the most common language vice are
explained next.
Pragmatic Vice
These kinds of language vice are born for the use of an
ancient or invented word; these are:
Archaisms. – Old fashioned words that are no longer current and
which have been substituted by new words. For example:
 The word thou, singular form of you, is an archaism.
 The word prevent has an archaic meaning of "precede;" today
it means "hinder."
(Examples gotten from Englishplus.archaism)
Neologisms. – New words which are born to replace ancient words
and whose use is just starting to enter in the communication
mainstream.
 doork, a person who pushes on a door marked "pull"
68
 lotshock, the act of parking your car, walking away, and then
watching it roll past you
 antelope, to run off with your mother’s sister
 testicle, an exploratory tickle
 scandal, footwear you should be ashamed of
 boomerang, what you say to frighten a meringue
 pasteurize, too far to see
(Examples gotten from About.com.neologisms)
Syntactic Vice
These kinds of language vice affect the grammatical structure
of words; these are:
Catachresis. – Use of a word instead of other existing word whose
meaning is completely different.
 The word "parricide" literally means a killer of one's father, but
for lack of proper terms, is also used to refer to killing one's
mother
or
brother.
In his rage at Gertrude, Hamlet nearly became a parricide like
his uncle.
 In this example, no parallel idiom to "sight unseen" exists for
auditory things, so the idiom is wrenched from its proper
context
to
this
unusual
one.
He was foolish enough to order the new music CD sight
unseen.
69
 Similarly, there is no word comparable to "sightseeing" for a
similar sort of tour done with sound, and so a familiar (if
technically
inappropriate)
use
of
"seeing"
is
used:
The podcast included a soundseeing tour of London's theatre
district.
(Examples gotten from Rethoric.Catachresis)
Solecism. – Use of extra words within a phrase where they are not
needed or lack of words where they are needed.
 This is just between you and I" for "This is just between you
and me"
 He ain't going nowhere" for "He isn't [or "he's not"] going
anywhere"
 "He's the person whom I believe is the fastest" for "He's the
person who I believe is the fastest"
 "Irregardless" for "regardless"
 "The woman, she is here"
(Examples gotten from Wikipedia.Solecism)
Monotony.- Lack of enough vocabulary in order to communicate
about certain topic ending in overuse of certain words or expressions
to fill those empty spaces of our communication.
 Uprising, surprising
Knowledge, wisdom, understanding
Uprising, surprising
Knowledge, wisdom, understanding
70
(Example
gotten
from
lyrics
of
a
song
of
Answers.com.Monotony)
Pleonasm. – Out of sense repetition of a concept with similar phrases
or synonyms.
 I forgot my PIN number for the ATM machine.
 I’m going down south
 Receive a free gift with every purchase
(Examples gotten from Wikipedia.Pleonasm)
Cacophony. - The making up of phrases whose structure is
unpleasant for the listeners.
Example of Cacophony - Excerpt
Jabberwocky
by
Lewis Carroll
'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
(Example gotten from types-of-poetry.com.Cacophony )
Semantic Vice
Kind of language vice that don’t alter the syntactic or
pragmatic order of words, but which mistakes the meaning of a word
by including odd terms in our native language. These are:
71
Amphibology.- Wrong use of a word, phrase or expression which gives
origin to a double sense of the same confusing to the user.
-
Used cars for sale: Why go elsewhere to be cheated? Come here
first!
Implies either to go elsewhere is a risk, or that it is a certainty
anyplace even at the first.
-
Eat our curry, you won't get better!
Implies either any other curry is only equal or inferior, or that
ours will make you ill beyond recovery.
-
Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.
Implies two oddly juxtaposed themes, time is speedy and
certain flies enjoy bananas, or that two different flies enjoy two
different things, or compares flying time to flying fruit.
(Examples gotten from Wikipedia.Amphibology)
Barbarism. – The wrong pronunciation or spelling of words or the use
of wrong terms. Barbarisms are divided into two kinds:

Extranjerisms. – Words that belong to a language different
from our native one and that are used instead of the right
ones.
Examples:
All right, De acuerdo
Best-seller, Éxito de
Baby, Niño
venta
Barman, Camarero
Biscuit, Bizcocho
Beige, Crema
Block, Libreta
72
Boom, Explosión
Boy-scout, Chico
explorador
Broadcasting,
Radiodifusión
Bull-dog, Perro de
presa
Bye, Adios
Camping, Acampada
Christmas, Navidad
Clip, Pinza
Comfort, Comodidad
72
(Examples gotten from Americanismos.com)

Savagery. – Native words that adopt degenerative forms; being
these wrong in their spelling and stress as well as odd
expressions.
Examples:

"Aks" for "ask"

"Ain't" for "isn't"

"Liberry" for "library"

Nucular" for "nuclear"

"Yous" for "you" (as a plural)

"Probaly" for "probably"

"Comftable" for "comfortable"
(Examples gotten from WorldLingo.com.barbarism) `
The information about language vice was gotten from an article
written by Salvador Carreno (2009) in geocoties.com.
Neologisms
As suggested by Carreno (2009), neologisms are words that are
born to replace old words or to name new objects as science, technology
and literature advance and with their advance language progress too.
The Centro Especializado de Lenguaje y Aprendizaje (2010) states that
“the word neologism comes from the Greek words neo (new) and logo
(word)” a neologism is “a word of new creation or adapted from other
langauge” after certain time these words stop being neologisms and
turn into common words.
73
Barbarisms: Anglicism
According to Wikipedia (2010), anglicisms are English linguistic
borrowings to other languages. Anglicisms appear because of the
deficient translation of a word or because in a native language doesn’t
exist a right word for certain term.
The use of anglicisms becomes common among youths specially
since they get influenced by the means of communication that use the
same speaking features as them as well as for the introduction of new
technologies coming from English speaking countries.
Introduction of Anglicisms in Spanish
The
dominance
of
English
as
the
language
of
science,
technology, business, and communication is the cause for importing
many terms from that language in areas such as:
Means of Communication
We can realize that anglicisms are used in all sections of the
media.
Words like “shorts, jeans, gloss, lifting, celebrity, mall, blue jeans,
happy hour and shopping” are found in the press for girls.
However, the presence of anglicisms in sports sections is stronger;
there we can see words like “goal, corner, football, shoot, golf, volleyball,
club, etc.”
 Technology
Newspapers provide us with a big example of anglicisms use in
information related to science and technology; this is because
74
journalists claim that translating certain words will affect the semantic
structure of the same.
 Informatics
The same problem as with words used in newspapers happens with
the translation of informatics terms, reason that makes the use of
Anglicisms preferable.
 Economy
Globalization and the dominance of the English economy have made
the use of English terms used with more frequency in the written press.
 Entertainment
Words like “thriller, primetime, celebrity, reality show, singles, and
hobby” are found in pages dedicated to entertainment in newspapers.
Summing up, since our world is influenced by the English
dominance, every day we see in the media more and more words
borrowed from this language, especially in the written press reflecting
the influence of the American culture in our country.
Foreign Language Interference
According to Skiba (1997) foreign language interference is the
transference
of
linguistic
elements
(grammatical,
phonological,
orthographical, and lexical) from one language to another by borrowing
them from a language different to our native one; the reasons can be
many, as in the case of English interference in the native Spanish, it is
considered that the frequency of the stream of foreign words or terms in
the means of communication of a community or the status of a
75
language will facilitate the foreign language interference ending in the
borrowing of linguistic elements in order to fill our deficiency of
vocabulary in relation to certain topics and that in a near future might
disappear or be introduced and used as something normal in our daily
linguistic repertory.
Newspaper and Tabloid
As suggested by Wikipedia (2010) a newspaper is:
“A publication containing news, information, and advertising.
General-interest newspapers often feature articles on political events,
crime, business, art/entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional
papers also feature an editorial page containing columns that express
the personal opinions of writers. Supplementary sections may contain
advertising, comics, and coupons.”
On the other hand a tabloid is:
“A smaller newspaper format per spread; to a weekly or semiweekly alternative newspaper that focuses on local-interest stories and
entertainment, often distributed free of charge (often in a smaller,
tabloid-sized newspaper format); or to a newspaper that tends to
sensationalize and emphasize or exaggerate or sensational crime
stories, gossip columns repeating scandalous and innuendos about the
deeply personal lives of celebrities and sports stars, and other so-called
"junk food news" or junk mail (often in a smaller, tabloid-sized
newspaper format).”
Previous studies
76
Very few are the studies that have been conducted about
the use of anglicisms in newspapers specially. However, “Evidence of
the Spanish languages press of linguistic borrowings of computer and
Internet related terms”, a study conducted by Regina Morin (2006) in
which according to her evidence of data collected from eight Latin
America newspapers including “El Universo” of Ecuador shows that
there exist a considerable evidence of the use of anglicisms in the
Spanish languages written press even in Ecuadorian newspapers which
are now the focus of this study. According to Morin (2006) the most
common lexical borrowings are those related to technology articles,
articles related to computers, technology ads, job ads, ads for stores,
travel agencies, educational institutions, announcements for public
auctions as well as miscellaneous items which included information for
newspapers, letters to the editor, death notices and contest entry forms.
77
Table 1. Daily and Sunday editions. Number of articles, advertisements, and
miscellaneous items with at least one Computer Technology -/ Internet related
borrowing.
Job Ads
Tech
Other
Tech
Articles
Articles
Ads
12
1
27
2
4
2
7
0
1
2
El Pais (Uruguay, 11/24/03)
Newspaper/Country/DGate
Other
Misc
Total
18
6
66
32
42
7
94
11
3
14
6
35
10
30
21
33
4
99
0
0
9
7
21
2
39
Clarin (Argentina, 11/23/03)
0
3
0
0
5
4
12
El Mercurio (Chile, 11/23/03 )
0
12
10
111
54
2
189
1
10
112
67
89
10
289
18
39
206
243
276
41
823
El Tiempo (Colombia, 11/24/03)
Ads
La Nacion (Costa Rica,
11/27/03 )
El Universo (Ecuador,
11/27/03)
Prense Libre (Guatemale,
11/17/03)
Total
Source: Morin, R. (2006). Evidence of the Spanish languages press of
linguistic borrowings of computer and Internet related terms. Retrieved
November 20, 2009, from http://www.benjamins.com/jbp/series/SiC/32/art/01mor.pdf
78
In her conclusion, she states that “not only do many terms
appear repeatedly in the same newspaper but they as also used in the
same way in newspapers from different countries and that there is a
limited dialectal variation (lexical and morph syntactic) in the data
found in newspapers from the eight different countries.”
Other example not related to the use in the written press but to
their use in youth language is the study conducted in Norway by
Domanska & Lingvisttikk (2009) “On the Consciousness of Anglicisms
in Norwegian Youth Language”. In this study the participants were
Norwegian students in the age of 18-30, male and female, native
Norwegians and mostly speakers using Bokmal as their written norm.
The results obtained from this study showed that the majority of
the participants had rather relaxed attitudes towards anglicisms in the
Norwegian language. They do not think it is a serious procedure since
the entrance of English words into their language has a short existence.
The use of anglicisms occurs mostly on the informal level as
agreed by all the participants. Most of which only occurs among people
who know each other.
Almost all the participants were able to give Norwegian
equivalents for the anglicisms gathered from different forums and
internet websites giving as a result that speakers want to use
anglicisms instead of the vocabulary of their own language.
Domanska & Lingvisttikk (2009) concluded that attitudes towards
anglicisms in Norway depend on the social and geographical standards
79
of the speakers. While Norwegian students coming from bigger cities
have a much more relaxed attitude about the use of anglicisms in their
language, those who come from rural areas are stricter toward this
topic.
Description and Analysis of Results
This part of the research report contains a detailed analysis of the
results gathered about the use of anglicisms in Ecuadorian newspapers;
it includes a Linguistic Analysis in which the etymological, syntacticsemantic and morphological aspects of some of the anglicisms found in
the different sub variables (news, ads, social pages, reports and sports)
of the variables (National Newspaper “El Universo”, Local Newspaper “El
Nacional”, and the Tabloid “El Extra”) chosen for this research will be
analyzed, a Comparative Analyisis in which we will determine the
sections of the chosen variables in which anglicisms are used the most
as well as the least and finally a Sociological Analysis that contains the
analysis of the different opinions given by seven interviewee persons ( a
Literature teacher, a journalist, and five learned persons) about the
level of acceptance of the use of anglicisms in Ecuadorian newspapers.
Linguistic Analysis
This analysis is based on the etymology of the several anglicisms,
the acceptance given by the Royal Spanish Academy to them as well as
the
analysis
of
the
syntactic
function,
semantic
meaning
and
morphological changes of each term. Let’s start with the analysis of
anglicisms found in the variable National newspaper.
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Night Club
The compound word night club (as a whole) is an anglicism,
which until now, has not been accepted by La Real Academia de la
Lengua
Espanola
(RAE
-
Royal
Spanish
Academy)
and
whose
etymological origin as a noun dates back to 1894 and as an intransitive
verb to 1936, years when it was created.
The syntactic functions of the term night club are two; in English
this word can function as a noun meaning “a place of entertainment
open at night usually serving food and liquor and providing music and
space for dancing and often having a floor show” or as an intransitive
verb “to patronize nightclubs”.
However, in the Spanish context “Dólares o más tiene que dar
una trabajadora sexual para trabajar una semana en un night club de
la ciudad” found on the national newspaper “El Universo” of November
9th, 2009 in the article “Ciudad” (news section), it is functioning as a
noun and its meaning refers to “Lugar de esparcimiento donde se bebe
y se baila y en el que suelen ofrecerse espectáculos musicales,
habitualmente de noche”; furthermore, it is necessary to highlight that
there exist an equivalent for this term in Spanish which is: “club
nocturno”.
Morphologically, the anglicism night club is a compound word
which has been created by applying the composition process night +
club; in its Spanish function (as a noun) it can also be inflected by
using the parasynthesis process night+club+s just like in English;
81
therefore, it can be noted that this English term has not suffered any
morphological changes in Spanish.
As mentioned above, night club is a compound word, and for that
reason it’s been considered necessary to analyze each of the units that
compose it in a separated form; then, it has been found that:
The word night has not been accepted by The Royal Spanish
Academy and its etymological origin comes from the Middle English.
Syntactically, in English this word can function as a noun
meaning “the time from dusk to dawn when no sunlight is visible” and
as an adjective “of, relating to, or associated with the night”, while in
Spanish pattern given above, it is also functioning as an adjective
referring to its equivalent in Spanish “nocturno” which in this context
means “que se hace durante la noche”.
On the other hand, the word club has been accepted by The Royal
Spanish Academy. Etymologically, as a verb it comes from the Middle
English clubbe and as a verb it dates back to 1593, year of its creation.
The syntactic functions of this term are two: in English it
functions as a noun under the meaning “an association of persons for
some
common
object
usually
jointly
supported
and
meeting
periodically” and as a verb means “to unite or combine for a common
cause”; in Spanish, this term functions as a noun just like in the
example given above, whose meaning refers to “bar or discoteca”; terms
that are its Spanish equivalents.
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However, the dictionary meaning of this word says that it means
“Sociedad fundada por un grupo de personas con intereses comunes y
dedicada a actividades de distinta especie, principalmente recreativas,
deportivas o culturales” or “Lugar donde se reúnen los miembros de
estas sociedades.” which is to what the pattern “Incorporación en el
salón de ingles del club de la Union.” gotten from the article “Sociales”
(Social Pages) of the national newspaper “El Universo” of November 12th,
2009 refers to; in this context the Spanish equivalents of this word are:
circulo, sociedad, asociacion, etc.
Morphologically speaking, none of these single units have suffered
any changes in this context, but it has been found that in English as
well as in Spanish both morphemes may be inflected by the suffix “s” in
plural club+s. Additionally, it is seen that in Spanish there is another
suffix for the term club in plural which is “es” club+es.
Show
The term show is found in The Royal Spanish Academy
Dictionary as an accepted term. Its etymological origin as a verb can be
traced back to the Middle English shewen or showen and as a noun to
the 13th century; century when it was introduced so.
Syntactically, in English the anglicism show can function as a
noun and means “a demonstrative display” and like a verb “to present
as a public spectacle” while in the Spanish context in which it is being
analyzed “Un ambiente navideño se empieza a vivir en centros
comerciales y en areas verdes de la ciudad; con la decoración de
83
arboles, nacimientos y luces ademas de los shows que se ofrecen en
esta epoca” found on the national newspaper “El Universo” of November
9th, 2009 in the article “Ciudad” (news section) it is syntactically
functioning like a noun and semantically defined by The Royal Spanish
Academy as “espectaculo de variedades” and as it can be clearly
noticed, one of its equivalents in Spanish is “espactaculo” as well as
“representacion, fruncion, escena, etc”.
The word show is a single unit which has been borrowed from
English without suffering any modifications different from the ones
made in English when it functions as a noun; by adding the suffix “s”
show+s at the end of the same when it’s in plural.
Web
Web is a term that has been accepted by The Royal Spanish
Academy and which as a noun comes from The Middle English and as a
noun dates back to its year of creation 1604.
Web, whose definition given by The Royal Spanish Academy and
Spanish equivalent is “red informatica”, has tow functions in English;
as a noun meaning “a fabric on a loom or in process of being removed
from a loom” and as a verb “to construct or form a web” while in
Spanish, it has one function only which is as an adjective as it can be
seen in the following example “La convocatoria que consta en la página
web del Ministerio de Educacion.” gotten from the article Ciudad (news
section) on the national newspaper “El Universo” of November 9th, 2009,
which in this context accompanied by the word “pagina” refers to
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“documento siatuado en una red informatica, al que se accede mediante
anlaces de hipertexto” without losing its use as an informatics term.
No morphological changes have been suffered by this English
borrowing in Spanish.
Hotdog
Compound word that is not found as an accepted term in The
Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary; whose origin as an intransitive verb
dates back to 1963, as a noun to 1895 and as an interjection to 1906
years when this word appeared.
Syntactically in English it has three functions: like an intransitive
verb as which it means “to perform in a conspicuous or often
ostentatious manner”, like a noun “a frankfurter heated and served in a
long split roll” and finally as an interjection used to express approval or
gratification. In the context “Así que en vez de ello ideo algo que va más
allá de los carritos de hot-dogs rodantes, porque sin los permisos
necesarios ni la parrilla ni las salchichas podían tocar el piso” found on
the national newspaper “El Universo” in the article “Vida y Estilo” (news
section) of November 9th, 2009, this word has the function of a noun
and it is its only function in Spanish referring to a “tipo de comida
rapida hecha con un pan cortado por la mitad en el cual se le pone
salchicha cocida en refrito de tomate con cebolla ” and whose equivalent
in Spanish is “perro caliente”.
The morphology of this compound word (hot+dog) has not been
affected in Spanish since the only inflection found in this unit is the
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common suffix for plural ending “s” hotdog+s the same that is seen in
English.
Being this a compound word it is also necessary to analyze each
of the units that make up the same as it’s seen in the analysis below.
The word hot is not found as an accepted term in the Royal
Spanish Academy Dictionary. Etymologically as an adjective comes from
the Middle English, while as an adverb it appeared before the 12th
century, on the other hand, as a noun it dates back to the 13th century
and finally as a transitive verb it was born in 1561.
The English functions of the word hot are four: as an adjective
whose meaning is “having a relatively high temperature or sexually
excited or receptive”, like an adverb “in a hot manner”, as a noun “heat
or strong sexual desire” and finally as a transitive verb “to heat or
warm”. In the context analyzed above it can be seen that this term is
functioning as an adjective whose meaning is “caliente”, but it can be
also seen the use of the same word in a different context without
changing its function like the example “hot” found on the tabloid “El
Extra” of November 10th, 2009 in the advertisements section related to
“sexual services” which in this context has a sexual sense meaning
“ardiente o caliente” which at the same time are its Spanish
equivalents.
Just like the word hot, the word dog doesn’t belong to the
Spanish lexicon either; referring to its etymological origin it was found
that this word as a noun comes from the Middle English, as an
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adjective its origin dates back to the 14th century, like a transitive verb
appeared in 1519 and like an adverb in 1526.
In English dog can be used as a noun having as its meaning “a
highly variable domestic mammal (Canis familiaris) closely related to
the gray wolf”, as an adjective “canine”, as a transitive verb “to hunt,
track, or follow like a hound”, and like an adverb meaning “extremely or
utterly”; in the context given above dog is functioning as a noun which
refers to food and its meaning and equivalent in Spanish is “perro”.
Analyzing their morphology, it can be noted that the borrowing of
these two words into the Spanish language has not changed any
morphological features of these words.
Look
Look is a term accepted by The Royal Spanish Academy as part of
the Spanish lexicon. It is a verb that comes from the Middle English and
as a noun dates back to the 13th century.
The syntactic functions of this term in English can be two: as a
verb which means “to ascertain by the use of one’s eyes” and as a noun
“physical appearance; especially: attractive physical appearance” just
like in the Spanish context “Con temas de su autoria además de un
cambio de look y un nuevo genero musical.” gotten from the national
newspaper “El Universo” news section (protagonistas) of November 9th,
2009 in which the use of this word is also as a noun and its meaning,
which is given by The Royal Spanish Academy, is similar to the one
given in English “Imagen o aspecto de las personas o de las cosas,
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especialmente si responde a un propósito de distinción.” From which it
can be clearly realized that there exists some equivalents of this word in
the Spanish lexicon which are “imagen or aspecto”. Morphological
changes are not seen in this word in Spanish.
Pop
Pop is a term that has been introduced in the Spanish vocabulary
and accepted by The Royal Spanish Academy and which as a verb
comes from the Middle English poppen, continuing its etymological
origin as a noun it dates back to 1591, as an adverb to 1621 and as an
adjective to 1880.
Analyzing the syntactic functions and semantic meanings of this
word it was found out that pop can work as a verb in which it means
“to cause to explode or burst open”, continuing it can also function as a
noun “a sharp explosive sound”, like an adverb “like or with a pop”, like
an adjective “of or relating to popular music”, and it can function as the
abbreviation of “point of purchase or population”, too.
Continuing with its analysis, it can be seen that in the example
found on the national newspaper “El Universo” in the news section
(article “protagonistas”) of November 9th, 2009 “Joe Jackson padre de
conocido Rey del pop”, this word is functioning, in this context, as an
adjective whose meaning as given by The Royal Spanish Academy is “Se
dice de un cierto tipo de música ligera y popular derivado de estilos
musicales negros y de la música folclórica británica. Or Se dice de una
corriente artística de origen norteamericano que se inspira en los
88
aspectos más inmediatos de la sociedad de consumo.”; it is very
important to hightlight that there is not an exact Spanish equivalent for
this word, but the term that mostly resembles to it is “popular”, since
pop is its abbreviation.
Morphologically analyzing the term pop is a word that in Spanish
consists of only one morpheme just like in English and is written in the
same way in Spanish.
Cd
Cd is a unit accepted by The Royal Spanish Academy whose
origin as a noun comes from compact disc dating back to 1979.
Syntactically in English as well as in Spanish, this word functions
as a noun meaning “a small optical disk usually containing recorded
music or computer data” in English and “disco compacto” in Spanish
which at the same time is its equivalent in this language as it can be
seen in this example “Los comerciantes que se dedican a la venta de
CD.” which was gotten from the local newspaper “El Nacional” of
November 15th, 2009 in the article “cantonal” (news section); something
that is very important to take into account about this term is that in
English this word can also be abbreviation of certificate of deposit
dating back to 1965 as well as candela, candle, or cord, carried down
and civil defense and functions as the symbol cadmium, too.
The borrowing of this word from English to Spanish has not
brought any morphological changes different from the “s” of plural
inflection.
89
Gay
The word gay, which has been accepted by The Royal Spanish
Academy, comes from the Middle English when as an adjective;
additionally, it dates back to 1953 when it is a noun.
The syntactic functions of this term, in English as well as in
Spanish, are as an adjective in which this term means “relating to or
used by homosexual” “perteneciente o relativo a la homosexualidad”
which are the function and meaning of this term in the following
example “50.000 en las calles piden matrimonio gay.” gotten from the
local newspaper “El Nacional” of November 10th, 2009 in the article
“Social” (news section); on the other hand when it functions as a noun it
means “homosexual” in English and “hombre homosexual” which at
the same time is the equivalent of this term in Spanish.
Morphologically, in Spanish no changes have been made to this
single unit since the inflection seen on it is the same plural inflection of
English gay+s.
Sexy
The origin of the word sexy, which is found in The Royal Spanish
Academy Dictionary, dates back to 1925, year of its creation.
The syntactic function and semantic meaning of this term in
English as well as in Spanish is as an adjective whose meaning is
“sexually suggestive or stimulating or generally attractive or interesting”
and “que tiene atractivo fisico y sexual” which is exactly its function and
meaning in the sample “el segment de la chica sexy” found in the
90
tabloid “El Extra” in the article “Especial” (news section) of November
10th, 2009. Additionally, in “El Extra” this term has other function in
English being this as a noun in which it means “atractivo fisico y
sexual”; as it can be seen there is not an exact Spanish equivalent
which encloses the different senses for this term, but the one that
resembles to it the most is the word “atractiva”.
The morphological change seen in this term in Spanish is when it
functions as a noun, since it is pluralized just by adding the prefix “s”
sexy+s while in English it cannot be pluralized.
Full
The present term has not been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon; its etymological origin as an
adjective and as an adverb comes from the Middle English, while as a
verb it can be traced back to 1794 and as a noun to the 14th century
dates when it appeared so.
The English functions of this term are different; it can be an
adjective having as its meaning “containing as much or as many as is
possible / having all distinguishing characteristics / complete specially
in detail, number, or duration”, other functions of this term are as an
adverb “very or extremely”, as a noun “the highest or fullest state or
degree” and like a verb “to become full”. In Spanish, for the grammatical
order seen in the example found on the tabloid “El Extra” in the news
section (article “Especial”) of November 13th,2009 “Un comerciante
guayaquileno trabaja a full” it can be deduced that its function in this
91
language is as an adverb and whose meaning and equivalent in Spanish
is “mucho”, while in the context “Chevrolet Spark 2007 y 2009; full
equipo.” gotten from the same tabloid on November 10th, 2009 in the
advertisements section related to “automobiles” this term is functioning
as an adjective
and its meaning an Spanish equivalent would be
“completo”.
The morphology of this term has not been affected in Spanish
which means that no changes have been suffered by this anglicism.
Jacuzzi
Jacuzzi is a term that has been accepted by The Royal Spanish
Academy whose origin dates back to 1966, “U.S. proprietary name, from
Jacuzzi Bros., Inc., Little Rock, Arkansas.”.
This word functions as a trademark since a jacuzzi means “used
for a whirlpool bath and a recreational bathing tub or pool”; being this
the name assigned to an object, the use of this word both in English
and Spanish is as a noun and whose equivalent and meaning in
Spanish is “banera para hidromasaje” as it can be seenv in the next
context “3 dormitorios, terraza, jacuzzi, full acabados.” which was
gotten from the national newspaper “El Universo” in the advertisement
section related to “Real State” of November 9th, 2009.
The morphology of this term has not been affected in Spanish
since it can be pluralized just like in English by adding the common
plural inflection “s” (jacuzzi+s).
92
Penthouse
The term penthouse comes from the alteration of Middle English
pentis, and it has not been found in The Royal Spanish Academy
Dictionary as part of our lexicon.
The only syntactic use of this word in both English and Spanish
is as a noun; its meaning in English refers to “a shed or roof attached to
a sloping from a wall or building or a smaller structure joined to a
building”; while its translation and Spanish equivalent is “atico”, the
sense of this word in the example gotten from the national newspaper
“El Universo” of November 11th, 2009 in the advertisements section
related to “Real State” “Por viaje penthouse con piscina.” does not
exactly refer to an “attic”, but to a small apartment.
The morphology of this compound noun has not changed in
Spanish at all; it is the same (pent+house) in both English as well as in
Spanish.
As stated above, penthouse is a compound word for that
reason it is necessary to analyze both of the units that compose it. So it
can be stated that:
Neither pent nor house are part of the Spanish lexicon according
to The Royal Spanish Academy; while the origin of the term pent is
traced back to 1550, house as a noun comes from the Middle English
and as a verb from before the 12th century.
Pent whose English meaning is “shut up, repressed” functions as
an adjective; on the other hand, house has two functions: as a noun “a
93
building that serves as living quarters for one or a few families” and like
a verb “to provide with living quarters or shelter” and whose meanings
in Spanish correspond to “reprimido” and “casa” in the order given
above.
Since these units are not common words used in Spanish,
morphologically speaking any changes have been detected to these
words.
Charter
This term which has been accepted as part of the Spanish lexicon
by The Royal Spanish Academy and whose etymology as a noun comes
from the Middle English charter, as a verb dates back to the 15th
century and as a noun to 1922.
The syntactical functions of the word charter in English are as a
noun “a charter travel arrangement”, as a transitive verb “to hire, rent,
or lease for usually exclusive and temporary use” and finally as an
adjective “of, relating to, or being a travel arrangement in which
transportation (as a bus or plane) is hired by and for one specific group
of people”; in the Spanish context found on the national newspaper “El
Universo” of November 15th 2009 in the advertisements section related
to “turism” “chárter con zona libre”, this word is functioning as an
adjective whose meaning is “dicho de un vuelo: fletado ex profeso, al
margen de los vuelos regulares”; additionally to this information, it is
important to highlight that there is not an equivalent to this word in the
Spanish vocabulary.
94
The term charter has suffered one morphological change in
Spanish which is the written accent in the first syllable of the same
“chárter” while no written accent is seen in English.
Closet
Closet, term which has been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy, as a noun comes from the Middle English, as a transitive verb
it’s traced back to 1595 and like an adjective to 1615.
This word has different functions in English which are: as a noun
“a cabinet or recess for especially china, household utensils, or
clothing”, as an intransitive verb “to shut up in or as if in a closet” and
like an adjective “closely private”; in Spanish it also functions as a noun
just like in the sample found on the local newspaper “El Nacional” in
the advertisement section related to “Real State” of November 13th, 2009
“3 dormitorios con baño, clóset.” whose meaning which is also its
equivalent in Spanish is “armario empotrado”.
Besides the plural inflection as well as the word charter, in
Spanish this term has also suffered a morphological change related to
the written accent in its first syllable clóset.
Master
The word master has been accepted by The Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish vocabulary; its etymological origin as a
noun comes from the Middle English while as an adjective dates back to
the 12th century and as a verb to the 13th century, time when this term
was created with that function.
95
Syntactically in English, master has different functions; as a
noun it means “a male teacher; a person holding an academic degree
higher than a bachelor's but lower than a doctor's”. Master
also
functions as an adjective whose meaning is “being or relating to a
master” and also like a transitive verb “to become master of”; as well as
its function in English it functions as a noun in Spanish, too whose
meaning and Spanish equivalent is “maestro” refering to a person
specialized in certain field as seen in the context “Máster en cirugía
plástica.” gotten from the advertisement section related to “Medical
Services” of the local newspaper “El Nacional” of November 9th, 2009.
The Spanish written accent in its first syllable “Máster or Másters”,
being this in singular as well as in plural, is the morphological change
detected in this English borrowing.
Bar
The word bar is a term which according to the Royal Spanish
Academy is part of the Spanish lexicon whose origin as a noun comes
from the Middle English, while as a transitive verb can be traced back
to the 13th century and as a preposition to 1714.
The English functions of this term are different being these as a
noun “a counter at which food or especially alcoholic beverages are
served.” as a transitive verb “to fasten with a bar” and like a preposition
whose meaning in this function is “except”; in the Spanish context “Se
necesita srtas. bonitas para atender bar.” found on the local newspaper
“El Nacional” in the advertisement section related to “Job and Services”
96
of November 9th, 2009, this term is functioning as a noun which is its
only function in Spanish whose meaning is “local donde se despachan
bebidas que suelen tomarse de pie, ante el mostrador”
and whose
Spanish equivalent is “barra”.
Morphologically in Spanish, when this anglicism is pluralized it is
inflected by adding Spanish suffix “es” bar+es.
Chip
The word chip, whose origin comes from the Middle English, has
been accepted by the Royal Spanish Academy as part of the Spanish
vocabulary.
The functions of this term are two; in English it can function as a
verb whose meaning is “to cut or hew with an edged tool” and in both
English and Spanish it can also function as a noun meaning “integrated
circuit; a small wafer of semiconductor material that forms the base for
an integrated circuit” in English and “Pequeño circuito integrado que
realiza
numerosas
funciones
en
ordenadores
y
dispositivos
electrónicos.” in Spanish being this the function and meaning to which
the sample analyzed in the context “Celular con TV doble chip” which
was gotten from the tabloid “El Extra” of November 11th, 2009 from the
advertisements section related to “Products” refers; it is important to
highlight that no term in Spanish is equivalent to chip.
The Spanish morphology of this term has not suffered any
changes different from the inflections seen in English; chip (singular),
chip+s (plural).
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Spray
The word spray has been included to the Spanish lexicon under
the acceptance of The Royal Spanish Academy; etymologically, it comes
from the Middle English when as a noun and as a verb its origin dates
back to 1527.
Syntactically, this term has different functions; being these
in English as well as in Spanish as a noun whose meanings are “water
flying in small drops or particles blown from waves or thrown up by a
waterfall” in English and “Envase con un dispositivo especial para
pulverizar los líquidos que contiene or sustancia líquida contenida en
este envase.” in Spanish as it is seen in the context, “Tabletas, sprays,
cremas retardantes.”, found on the tabloid “El Extra” of November 10th,
2009 advertisement section related to “Sexual Services”. In addition to
the function as a noun, this term plays another function in English
which is as a verb “to disperse or apply as a spray”. Words like aerosol
and vaporizador are equivalent to the term spray in Spanish.
No written morphological changes have been made to this term in
Spanish; however, its original pronunciation has varied since in
Spanish the /a/ of spray (/sprei/) is pronounced just like the Spanish
/a/ (/esprai/).
Staff
The term staff, which as a noun comes from the Middle English
“staf” and as a transitive verb dates back to 1859, is not found in the
Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary as part of the Spanish lexicon.
98
Syntactically in English, this term has two functions: as a noun
meaning “the personnel who assist a director in carrying out an
assigned task” and as a transitive verb “to supply with a staff or with
workers or to serve as a staff member of”; however, in the Spanish
context “Requiere incorporar a su staff académico” which was found on
the local newspaper “El Nacional” of November 11th, 2009 advertisement
section related to “Job and Services”, the term staff is functioning as a
noun
referring
and
being
equivalent
to
“personal,
empleados,
trabajadores” in Spanish.
Morphological changes to this term have not been made in
Spanish.
Stock
The word stock, which has been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon, etymologically, as a noun
comes from the Middle English “stok”, as a verb dates back to the 15th
century and as an adjective to 1625.
Syntactically, this word has three functions in English as well as
in Spanish it can function as a noun meaning “a store or supply
accumulated or available; especially: the inventory of goods of a
merchant or manufacturer” in English and “Cantidad de mercancías
que se tienen en depósito” in Spanish as can be seen in the context,
“Nuevo stock de juguetes”, gotten from the local newspaper “El
Nacional” of November 15th, 2009 advertisement section related to
“Products”; in addition to its function as a noun, in English this term
99
can also function as a verb “to put in stock or supplies” and as an
adjective “kept regularly in stock”. Words like “provision, surtido,
existencias, and reservas” are the equivalents for this term in Spanish.
In Spanish, this term has not changed morphologically.
Fashion
Fashion is a term that has not been accepted by the Royal
Spanish Academy as part of the Spanish vocabulary; as a noun, this
term comes from the Middle English while as a verb, its origin can be
traced back to the 15th century when it started functioning so.
The functions of this term are three; in English it can function
like a noun having as its meaning “a prevailing custom, usage, or style”
and like a transitive verb “to mold into a particular character by
influencing or training”; however, in the Spanish context “Fashion hair
desgrafilados y otros” found on the local newspaper “El Nacional” of
November 9th, 2009 advertisement section related to “Courses”, this
term is functioning as an adjective in which it means “a la moda” which
at the same time is the equivalent of the term fashion in Spanish.
This term has not suffered any morphological changes in
Spanish.
Chat
The term chat is not found in the Royal Spanish Academy as part
of the Spanish lexicon. The etymology of this term can be traced back to
1530 when as a noun and to the Middle English as a verb.
100
Syntactically, this term has two functions; in English as well as in
Spanish it functions as a noun whose meaning in English is “idle small
talk” and “charla o conversacion” in Spanish just like in the following
example “Chat en vivo” which was gotten from the tabloid “El Extra” of
November 11th, 2009 advertisement section related to “Sexual Services”;
the other function of this term in both languages is as a verb meaning
“to talk in an informal or familiar manner or to take part in an online
discussion in a chat room” in English and “charlar, platicar o
conversar” in Spanish which at the same time are the equivalents for
this term in this language.
Morphologically, this term itself has not suffered any changes in
Spanish, but what can be actually seen is some derivations of the same
for
example
Chat+ear,
Chat+ea,
Chat+ie,
chat+eo,
chat+earon,
chat+eamos, Chat+eando depending on the tense of this word.
Marketing
Marketing is a term which according to The Royal Spanish
Academy Dictionary forms part of the Spanish lexicon; the origin of this
word can be dated back to 1561, year of its creation.
The only function of this term in English as well as in Spanish is as a
noun whose meaning in English is “the act or process of selling or
purchasing in a market or the process or technique of promoting,
selling, and distributing a product or service” and in Spanish
“mercadotecnia” as it can be seen in the example “Carreras: marketing,
economía, administracion.” which was found on the local newspaper “El
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Nacional” of November 13th, 2009 advertisement section related to “Job
and Services”; the term mercadotecnia, already mentioned above, is
the Spanish equivalent of marketing.
The term marketing, which derives from the word market, has
not suffered any morphological changes in Spanish.
Bye
The term bye has not been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish vocabulary; etymologically, this term
comes from the “baby talk reduplication of goodbye” whose origin dates
back to 1736.
In English as well as in Spanish, this word functions as an
interjection which is used to express farewell and whose meaning is
“goodbye” in English and “adios o chao” in Spanish; being “adios and
chao” equivalents of the same in Spanish as we can observe in the
context “Contactanos; bye” which was gotten from the local newspaper
“El Nacional” of November 12th, 2009 Social Pages section (article
“Cocktail”).
The only morphological change seen in this term in Spanish is the
shortened form “bye” of the whole expression “bye-bye” which for its
shortness is used in most of the time just like in the example shown
above.
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Versus
The term versus, which has not been accepted by the Royal
Spanish Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon, etymologically comes
from the Middle English.
As seen in the context “Revolucion versus Naturaleza” gotten from
the national newspaper “El Universo” of November 14th, 2009 on the
article “Opinion” (Social Pages section) this term has one function only
which is as a preposition being this in English as well as in Spanish
and whose meaning is “against” in English and “contra” in Spanish
which is the equivalent of the same in this language.
Morphologically, this term has not changed in Spanish.
Gol
The word gol has been introduced to the Spanish lexicon under
the acceptance of the Royal Spanish Academy; it comes from the
English word “goal” which comes from the Middle English “gol”.
This word has one function only being this, in English as well as
in Spanish, as a noun whose meaning is “the act or action of causing a
ball or puck to go through or into such a goal” in English and “En el
fútbol y otros deportes, entrada del balón en la portería” as it can be
observed in the context “Fred garantiza una victoria mas, marca su
noveno gol en nueve partidos.” found on the national newspaper “El
Universo” of November 13th, 2009 in the article “Deportes” (Sports
section); in addition to this, it is important to know that this term has
some Spanish equivalents which are: “punto or acierto” .
103
Relevant written morphological changes have been made to this
term in Spanish since one morpheme has been deleted from this
anglicism in Spanish gol while in English it is goal. Additionally, the
Spanish plural for this term is gol+es while in English the suffix “s” is
added only.
Tenis
The term tenis has been accepted by the Royal Spanish Academy
as part of the Spanish vocabulary; this word comes from the English
“lawn-tennis” whose origin comes from the Middle English “tenetz”.
Syntactically, this term has only one function; it functions as a
noun being so in English and in Spanish. The meaning of this term in
English is “an indoor or outdoor game that is played with rackets and a
light elastic ball by two players or pairs of players on a level court (as of
clay or grass) divided by a low net” and in Spanish it refers to “Calzado
de tipo deportivo” or “Juego practicado por dos personas o dos parejas,
que se lanzan alternativamente una pelota, utilizando raquetas, por
encima de una red, con el propósito de que la otra parte no acierte a
devolverla”.
The meaning of this word in both languages is exactly to what it
refers in the context “Solo cuando se retiro del tenis y gozo de mas
tiempo con su familia” gotten from the national newspaper “El
Universo” of November 10th, 2009 in the article “Polideportivo” (sports
section). Additionally, no word which could be the equivalent for this
term in found in the Spanish lexicon.
104
A very clear morphological change has been made to this term in
Spanish, which is the deletion of one “n” in the written form of this term
as it is noted next: tennis (English), tenis (Spanish).
Crack
Crack is a term that has been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon whose etymological origin as a
verb comes from the Middle English “crakken”, like a noun it can be
traced back to the 14th century and as an adjective to 1793.
The functions of this term are three; being these in English as a
verb meaning “to go or travel at good speed”, as an adjective “of
superior excellence or ability” and in English as well as in Spanish as a
noun meaning “a loud roll or peal” in English and in Spanish “droga
derivada de la cocaina”, “caballo que se destaca en las carreras” or
“deportista de extraordinaria calidad” which is the semantic meaning of
this term in the context gotten from the local newspaper “El Universo”
of November 9th, 2009 in the article “Deportivo” (sports section) “Que
fácil es ser pediodista! Dijera en alguna ocasión algún crack del futbol.”
There is not a word that can function as the equivalent of this term in
Spanish.
The morphology of this term has not changed in Spanish.
Net
This term has not been included as part of the Spanish lexicon by
the Royal Spanish Academy; its origin as a noun and as an adjective
105
comes from the Middle English while as a verb it dates back to 1593
year of its creation with that function.
The syntactic functions of this term are three; in English this
term can function as a verb having as its meaning “to hit (a ball) into
the net for the loss of a point in a racket game”, as an adjective “free
from all charges or deduction” and in English as well as in Spanish it
can function as a noun meaning “a fabric barricade which divides a
court in half (as in tennis or volleyball) and over which a ball or
shuttlecock must be hit to be in play” in English and “red” in Spanish
as in the example “Nico respondió a una bola corta y pese a la buena
posocion de Souza, este la dejo en la net” found on the national
newspaper “El Universo” of November 12th, 2009 in the article
“Contraataque” sports section; besides being the meaning of the term
net, the word red is also the equivalent of the same in Spanish.
Besides the addition of the “s” as a plural inflection net+s, this
term has not suffered any morphological changes in Spanish.
Box
According to the Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary, the word
box is part of the Spanish lexicon; its etymological origin comes from
the Middle English as a noun and to 1519 as a verb.
The functions of this term are two; in English as a verb whose
meaning is “to hit (as the ears) with the hand or to engage in boxing
with” and in English as well as in Spanish as a noun meaning “a rigid
typically rectangular container with or without a cover” in English and
106
“boxeo” in Spanish as can be observed in the context “Toro Salvaje se
queja del box” which was found on the national newspaper “El
Universo” of November 9th, 2009 in the article “Polideportivo” (Sports
section); besides being the meaning of the term box, the word “boxeo” is
the equivalent of the same in Spanish.
Morphologically, this Anglicism shows an important change which
is the derivational form when functioning like a verb box (English),
box+ear (Spanish).
Game
Game is a term that has not been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon; its origin, as a noun, comes
from the Middle English; on the other hand, as a verb it dates back to
1512 and as an adjective to 1610.
This term has three functions; in English it can function as a
verb having as its meaning “to play for a stake”, like an adjective
meaning “willing or ready to proceed” and finally in English as well as in
Spanish as a noun meaning “activity engaged in for diversion or
amusement” in English and “juego” in Spanish as seen in the example
gotten from the national newspaper “El Universo” from the article
“Contraataque” sports section; the word “juego” mentioned above, plays
the role of equivalent of “game” in Spanish.
No morphological changes are seen in this term in Spanish.
107
Futbol
According to the Royal Spanish Academy, the term futbol is part
of the Spanish lexicon; its etymological origin comes from the English
word “football” whose origin dates back to the 15th century.
The only syntactic function of this term is as a noun, being so in
English as well as in Spanish; the meaning of this term in English is
“any of several games played between two teams on a usually
rectangular field having goalposts or goals at each end and whose object
is to get the ball over a goal line, into a goal, or between goalposts by
running, passing, or kicking” and in Spanish is “Juego entre dos
equipos de once jugadores cada uno, cuya finalidad es hacer entrar un
balón por una portería conforme a reglas determinadas, de las que la
más característica es que no puede ser tocado con las manos ni con los
brazos” which is the semantic meaning of this term used in the
following example “En el grupo B del Campeonato nacional de futbol”;
example which was gotten from the tabloid “El Extra” of November 10th,
2009 form the article “Deportes” sports section. The Spanish equivalent
of this term is the word “balón pie”.
The written morphological change that this compound word has
suffered in Spanish is very evident; its writing has been adapted in
Spanish according to the way the word “football” is pronounced in
English, thus a written accent can also be seen on this term in Spanish
just like shown next fútbol or futbol.
108
Since football is a compound word, it is necessary to analyze
each of the parts that compose the same.
Neither foot nor ball are part of the Spanish lexicon according to
the Royal Spanish Academy.
The origin of the word foot as a noun can be traced back to the
Middle English while as a verb to the 15th century.
The functions of this term are as a noun in which it means “the
terminal part of the vertebrate leg upon which an individual stands”
and as a verb “dance or to go on foot”.
The term ball also comes from the Middle English “bal” when as a
noun and dates back to 1685 as a verb.
The functions of this term are two: as a noun “a spherical or ovoid
body used in a game or sport” and as a verb “to form or gather into a
ball”.
The morphology of these terms has not changed since they are
not of Spanish use.
Beisbol
The word beisbol has been included to the Spanish lexicon under
the acceptance of the Royal Spanish Academy; its etymological origin
comes from the English “baseball” whose origin dates back to circa
1815.
Syntactically, this term functions as a noun being its meaning in
English “a game played with a bat and ball between two teams of nine
players each on a large field having four bases that mark the course a
109
runner must take to score; also: the ball used in this game” and “Juego
entre dos equipos, en el que los jugadores han de recorrer ciertos
puestos o bases de un circuito, en combinación con el lanzamiento de
una pelota desde el centro de dicho circuito” in Spanish as seen in the
syntactic context “El artefacto fue traido como parte de una donación
para la escuela de beisbol de El Recreo” gotten from the national
newspaper “El Universo” of November 15th, 2009 from the article
“Deportes” news section. No equivalents for this term are found in
Spanish.
The written morphological change that this compound word
has suffered in Spanish is very evident; its writing in Spanish has been
adapted according to the way the word “baseball” is pronounced in
English, thus a written accent can be seen in the Spanish béisbol.
As baseball is a compound word, it is necessary to analyze each
of the units that compose it, but as the term ball was already analyzed
in the term before (football); in this section only the term base will be
analyzed.
The word base in Spanish comes from the latin “basis”, but in
English it comes from the Middle English and has three functions; these
are: as a noun “the lower part of a wall, pier, or column considered as a
separate architectural feature”, as a transitive verb “to make, form, or
serve as a base for” and as an adjective “of little height”.
110
Morphologically, changes are not seen in this single unit; this
might be for this term has not been borrowed into the Spanish lexicon
from English but from latin.
Básquet
The term básquet, whose etymology comes from the English word
“basketball” whose origin dates back to 1892, has been accepted by the
Royal Spanish Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon.
Syntactically, this term functions as a noun whose meaning in
English is “a usually indoor court game between two teams of usually
five players each who score by tossing an inflated ball through a raised
goal; also: the ball used in this game” and in Spanish, which is also the
equivalent of this term in this language, “baloncesto”; in the Spanish
context “Seleccionada nacional de básquet” found on the local
newspaper “El Universo” of November 10th, 2009 in the article
“Deportivo” sports section; it can be seen that the function of this term
is just as noted above; as a noun.
The written morphological change that this compound word
has suffered in Spanish is highly evident; it has changed its writing
according to the way the word “basketball” is pronounced in English,
thus it has another variant in Spanish “Básquet or Basquetbol”.
As basketball is a compound word, it is necessary to analyze each
of the units that compose it, but as the term ball was already analyzed
in the term above (football); in this section only the term basket will be
analyzed.
111
This word comes from the Middle English and functions as a
noun meaning “a net open at the bottom and suspended from a metal
ring that constitutes the goal in basketball or a field goal in basketball”.
Since this single term is not used in Spanish, the morphology of
this term does not denote any change.
Comparative Analysis
In order to make this analysis use the data from the charts
sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen of the Results section will be
used.
This analysis contains the comparision of the results gotten from
the
different
variables
“national
newspaper “El Universo”, local
newspaper “El Nacional” and the tabloid “El Extra”” as well as the
subvariables “news, ads, social pages, sports, and reports”.
To start this analysis, the sub variables will be compared first.
The results evidenced that while the section news of the national
newspaper “El Universo” has thirty nine anglicisms which is equivalent
to 41% of the total of anglicisms found in this variable making it the
variable with the mayor frequency of anglicisms regarding to this
section, the number of anglicisms obtained in the same section of the
local newspaper “El Nacional” was of twenty anglicisms being equivalent
to the 25% of the total number of Anglicism in this variable, on the
other hand, the tabloid “El Extra” resulted to have the least frequency of
use of anglicisms in this section being this a frequency of fifteen
112
anglicisms equivalent to the 43% of the total number of anglicisms
found in this variable.
Regarding the ads the results show that the frequency of
anglicisms in this subvariable was of twenty two angliscisms which are
equivalent to 23% of the total number of anglicism of the variable
national newspaper, on the other hand, the variable local newspaper
was the one with the most number of anglicisms being its frequency
thirty eight anglicisms equivalent to the 47% of the total percentage of
Anglicisms in this variable; finally, the variable tabloid one more time
resulted to be the one with the least frequency of anglicisms being these
fourteen which are equivalent to the 40% of the total percentage of
anglicisms in this variable.
The subvariable
social
pages
has the lowest
number of
anglicisms compared with in all the variables; while in the variable
national newspaper the frequency of anglicisms is of seven which are
equivalent to the 8% of the total percentage of the sames, eight are the
anglicisms found on the variable local newspaper which is represents
the 6% of all the anglicisms; on the other hand, the frequency of
Anglicism found on the variable tabloid is of 0 which represents the 0%
of anglicisms in this variable; this percentages show that the variable
with most frequency of anglicisms is the national newspaper and the
one with the least frequency is the tabloid while the variable local
newspaper keeps an intermediate level pf percentage among the other
variables.
113
The subvariable sports shows that the frequency of anglicisms
found in the variable national newspaper reaches twenty six anglicisms
equivalent to the 27% of the total percentage of anglicisms used in this
variable, while in the variable local newspaper the frequency of
anglicisms is lower being this seventeen anglicisms which represent the
21% of the total number of anglicisms found in this variable, and
finally, the variable tabloid showed a frequency of five anglicisms that
represents the 14% in this variable, being this the lowest frequency of
anglicisms of all variables regarding this subvariable.
Finally, the last subvariable to analyze now is the subvariable
reports which resulted to be the one with the least presence of
anglicisms of all subvariables as it is stated next.
This subvariable showed an equality of frequency in all variables
since the result of the frequency of the same is of 1% in the variable
national newspaper as well as local newspaper and tabloid.
The possible causes of the results shown above must be to the
kind of topics that every subvariable is related to; It is meant in the case
of the variable ads for example it can be seen that in that section many
cars on sale are advertised and the names for the parts of the cars
taken into account for the description of these come in English since
most of these cars are brought from the United States so the people get
used to listen those names and they use them because that is how they
know or recognize the parts of a car for example. An explanation in the
case of the subvariable sports could be that the topics considered in
114
this section refer to international sports which obviously use English
vocabulary since it is considered the co official language of forty five
countries which represent a good number of the countries in the world.
In order to continue with this analysis the variables chosen for
this research will be analyzed. Among the three variables analyzed “ the
national newspaper “El Universo”, the local newspaper “El Nacional”
and the tabloid “El Extra”” the results show that the variable with the
mayor frequency of anglicisms is the national newspaper “El Universo”
with a frequency of ninety six anglicisms “news 39, ads 22, social pages
7, sports 26, reports 1” as a total number of all the subvariables
analyzed in this variable as it can be seen in chart sixteen, on the other
hand, the variable local newspaper “El Nacional” keeps an intermediate
level of frequency between the other two variables with a frequency of
eighty one anglicisms found in
the different subvariables of this as
shown in chart seventeen. Finally, the tabloid “El Extra” with thirty
three anglicisms showed the least frequency of anglicisms use of all
variables as it is illustrated in chart eighteen.
The possible causes of the most and least frequency of anglicisms
in the different variables must be for the kind of readership to which
every variable is addressed to, thus, the coverage they have in the
country.
Finally, in this part of the analysis anglicisms with the most and
the least frequency will be analyzed.
115
Of a total of one hundred twenty two anglicisms found in the
different variables analyzed I found out that the anglicisms with the
highest repetition number in all the variables were: full 413 (four
hundred thirteen) times repeated, club 122 (one hundred twenty two)
times repeated, laptop 72 (seventy two) times repeated, gol 70 (seventy)
times repeated, miss 53 (fifty three) times repeated, bar 51 (fifty one)
times repeated. On the other hand, the anglicisms with the lowest
repetition number were: power point, spot, offset, stand, medley, speed,
punk, trash, performance, fitness, kickboxing, clown, shot, baby doll,
light, shock, golf, standby, jeans, family, software, hardware, travel,
openhouse, memory card, power, glitter, smock eyes, high light,
fashion, excel, counter, high class, smocking, peeling, playback,
billboard, bye, turf, basquet, cross country, winner, squash, feeling,
singles, champions, blog, and stud with the frequency of just 1 (one)
time of use, words like back, open, wild card, mountain-bike, baby
shower, router, flash, party, ticket, switch, relax, casting, hit, word,
look, and night club were repeated twice and finally, people, staff, clip,
record, snack, grand slam, and karting were repeated three times as a
total of their frequency in all the variables.
The possible causes for these results might be topics in
which these anglicisms are used or whether they have already become
accepted as part of the Spanish lexicon or not.
Sociological Analysis
116
This analysis is based on the opinion that Ecuadorian learned
readers, linguists and journalists have regarding the use of anglicisms
in Ecuadorian newspapers as well as the level of acceptance that
anglicisms have. In order to get this data, an interview to seven persons
(a Literature teacher, a journalist, and five learned persons) was
conducted. From which it has been analyzed that:
First of all, it is important to highlight that four of the seven
interviewed people didn’t know what an Anglicism is, but after a short
explanation of the term they could continue with the rest of the
interview. Then, the majority of these persons do not agree with the use
of anglicisms in Ecuadorian newspapers, the reasons given were that
Ecuadorians have their own language and they should not distort it and
what they should do first is to study their language, have a better
knowledge of it and improve it instead of trying to introduce a lexicon
from a different language when don’t even know theirs perfectly. On the
other hand, the other interviewees do agree with the use of these
anglicisms because they think that English is an international language
used in different fields and that in that way part of the lexicon used in
this language would be learnt.
From the point of view of the interviewed people, Ecuadorian’s
cultural identity could be affected since the newspapers are means of
communication of daily use and when anglicisms are used in
newspapers, a discrimination against the Spanish lexicon is detected as
well as the replacement of vocabulary that already exists in this
117
language for these anglicisms ending in an impoverishing of this LatinAmerican language.
Regarding to the comprehension of the texts given in the
newspapers, these people agreed that it would be a problem for those
persons who do not have any knowledge of this new vocabulary and can
bring confusion to the interpretation of the same while for those who at
least have some basic knowledge of this language it would not.
Personally, I think that as the world changes and new advances
come in all fields with the globalization for example; the use of
anglicisms would not really affect our language since Spanish people
are a big community; this will never happen. When using lexicon from a
different language this really gives us the opportunity to learn about
other cultures because we have to remember that this is a multicultural
world and we have to share the different aspects that are part of our
culture with others.
Something we should have to keep in mind is that if in our
lexicon there are equivalent terms for those anglicisms we are
introducing into our language, we should try not to let these anglicisms
replace our native lexicon. Adding new vocabulary to our lexicon is not
bad but replacing our native existing vocabulary for these anglicisms is.
118
Conclusions
 This research demonstrates that the variable national newspaper
is the variable with the highest frequency of anglicisms. It has 96
anglicisms compared to the variable local newspaper with 81
anglicisms and the tabloid with 35 anglicisms.
 The sub variables news with 39 anglicisms and sports with 29 in
the variable national newspaper have the highest frequency of
anglicisms compared to the same sub variables in the variables
local newspapers and tabloid.
 The sub variables social pages with 7 anglicisms in the national
newspaper, 5 in the local newspaper, and 0 in the tabloid and
reports with 1 anglicism in all the variables showed the lowest
frequency in relation to all the other sub variables.
 According to the results obtained from this research the most
frequent anglicisms found in the sample chosen for this
investigation are “full” found 413 times, “club” found 122 times,
“laptop” found 72 times and “gol” found 70 times.
 The influence of the English language in the Ecuadorian written
press as are newspapers, no matter the type of it, is considerably
noticeable especially in sections such as news, ads, and sports.
 About the forty percent 40% of the anglicisms found in this
research have already been accepted by the Royal Spanish
Academy as part of the Spanish lexicon.
119
 Of thirty six 36 anglicisms detailed analyzed, according to their
syntactic function in Spanish, the major part of them function as
a noun, followed by a lower number functioning as adjectives,
and very few as adverbs, prepositions and verbs.
 The semantic meaning of the majority of the anglicisms found in
the study is the same as their original meaning in English and
most of them are unnecessarily used since there are equivalent
terms in Spanish.
 Most of the interviewed Ecuadorians do not agree with the use of
anglicisms in Ecuadorian newspapers, since they think that they
impoverish the language.
120
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126
Appendix 1
Charts used for the collection of data in the section “Results”.
Cualitative tabulation charts
Chart One
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: News
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Title of the
article
Type of
Advertisement
Date
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Two
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Ads
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Three
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Social Pages
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
Chart Four
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Reports
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Five
Variable: National Newspaper "El Universo"
Subvariable: Sports
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Six
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: News
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Seven
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Ads
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
128
Title of the
article
Type of
Advertisement
Date
Chart Eight
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Social Pages
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Nine
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Reports
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Ten
Variable: Local Newspaper "El Nacional"
Subvariable: Sports
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Eleven
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: News
Anglicisms
Examples
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Twelve
129
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Ads
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Type of
Advertisement
Date
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Thirteen
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Social Pages
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Fourteen
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Reports
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Title of the
article
Date
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Fifteen
Variable: Tabloid "El Extra"
Subvariable: Sports
Anglicisms
Examples
Word
Repetition
Number
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Sixteen
Variable: National Newspaper “El Universo”
130
Title of the
article
Date
Anglicisms
Section
News
Ads
Social Pages
Sports
Reports
Total
F
%
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Seventeen
Variable: Local Newspaper “El Nacional”
Section
f
News
Ads
Anglicisms
Social Pages
Sports
Reports
Total
%
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chart Eighteen
Variable: Tabloid “El Extra”
Section
News
Ads
Anglicisms
Social Pages
Sports
Reports
Total
f
%
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Most Frequent Anglicisms
Chart Nineteen
Anglicisms
Word Repetition Number
Total
Author: . . . . . . . . . . . . .
131
Appendix 2
Interview Form
UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA
La Universidad Católica de Loja
ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACION
MENCION INGLES
MODALIDAD ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA
A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF ANGLICISMS USED IN ECUADORIAN
NEWSPAPERS
Interviewee: _________________________________
Occupation:
_________________________________
Date:
_________________________________
1. ¿Sabe usted que es un anglicismo?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. ¿Esta usted de acuerdo con la utilización de anglicismos en los
periódicos ecuatorianos?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
132
3. ¿El uso de anglicismos en medios de comunicación como son
periódicos ecuatorianos puede afectar o poner en riesgo nuestra
identidad cultural?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
4. ¿Desde su punto de vista como lector, el uso de anglicismos en
periódicos ecuatorianos enriquece o empobrece nuestro lenguaje?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. ¿Los anglicismos encontrados en un texto influyen o no en la
comprensión del mismo?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Author: Sandy Soto
133
Appendix 3
NATIONAL NEWSPAPER
“EL UNIVERSO”
LOCAL NEWSPAPER
“EL NACIONAL”
134
TABLOID “EL EXTRA”
135