This table shows a list of topics identified as relevant by different stakeholder groups. They can be considered as stakeholders’ suggestions or requests
for topics to be monitored or disclosed by organizations.
Additional information about the project can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/TopicsResearch/Pages/default.aspx
12 – Electrical Equipment and Machinery
20 Topics
Companies that produce electric cables and wires, electrical components or equipment. Manufacturers of power-generating equipment and
other heavy electrical equipment, including power turbines, heavy electrical machinery intended for fixed-use and large electrical systems.
Manufacturers of heavy duty trucks, rolling machinery, earth-moving and construction equipment, heavy farm machinery and manufacturers of
related parts. Includes non-military shipbuilding. Manufacturers of industrial machinery and industrial components. Includes companies that
manufacture presses, machine tools, compressors, pollution control equipment, elevators, escalators, insulators, pumps, roller bearings and
other metal fabrications.
Sustainability
Category
Environmental
Topic
Raw materials
use
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Production
phase
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
Environmental management in production
400
detailed guidelines including quantitative targets across
the entire product range to minimise the consumption of
energy, fuel and raw materials during the use phase
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
documentation of products’ environmental impact /
lifecycle assessments
information on upgradability, reusability and recyclability
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Toxic
substances Mercury
Energy
consumption
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Management
and disposal of
products
containing
mercury
Production
phase
Explanation
As is the case with all manufacturing industries,
environmental management in production is a priority
area when looking at sustainability in the machinery
sector because of environmental impacts related to
production (energy and raw material use, waste,
wastewater, emissions,...).
Mercury is a necessary element in compact fluorescent,
high-intensity discharge and mercury vapor lamps.
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), instead of disposing these light bulbs into the
trash, it is imperative to recycle these light bulbs so that
the mercury is properly contained and reused.
Disposing of products containing mercury should follow a
different procedure than containing. Mercury
compounds are highly toxic and accumulate in any food
chain, so mercury is not permitted in many new designs.
Glass envelopes and wire electrodes may be fragile and
require flexible leads to prevent damaging the envelope.
The mercury drop forms a common electrode, so circuits
are not reliably isolated from each other if a multipole
switch is used.
Environmental management in production
detailed guidelines including quantitative targets across
the entire product range to minimise the consumption of
energy, fuel and raw materials during the use phase
documentation of products’ environmental impact /
lifecycle assessments
information on upgradability, reusability and recyclability
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
Reference(s)1 Constituency
379
Business
400
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
May 2013
Page 2 of 20
Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Standby power
of appliances
and equipment
Water
consumption
Production
phase
Explanation
As is the case with all manufacturing industries,
environmental management in production is a priority
area when looking at sustainability in the machinery
sector because of environmental impacts related to
production (energy and raw material use, waste,
wastewater, emissions,...).
Most experts agree that standby power is electricity used
by appliances and equipment while they are switched off
or not performing their primary function. That power is
consumed by power supplies (the black cubes—
sometimes called "vampires"—converting AC into DC),
the circuits and sensors needed to receive a remote
signal, soft keypads and displays including miscellaneous
LED status lights. Standby power use is also caused by
circuits that continue to be energized even when the
device is "off".
A surprisingly large number of electrical products—TVs
to microwave ovens to air conditioners—cannot be
switched off completely without being unplugged. These
products draw power 24 hours a day, often without the
knowledge of the consumer. This power consumption
can be called "standby power" and can represent up to
10% of electric consumption in a US household.
KPI 14 Water Abstraction
Reference(s)1 Constituency
374
Mediating
Institution
109
Mediating
Institution
Definition
Water is an essential resource that is required for a
healthy environment and is used in the production and
provision of numerous goods and services, such as
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
May 2013
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
electricity. In the UK approximately a third of drinking
water is abstracted from groundwater, whilst the
remainder comes from surface water.
Abstraction of water can have significant local, or more
widespread, impacts on the environment. The threat of
climate change, resulting in severe droughts, floods and
storms, also constitutes a challenge for water resources
management. Countries around the world are aware of
the need to use water resources more efficiently and
reduce waste in order to ensure availability of the
resource in the long term. To achieve this goal various
market and financial instruments have been put in place,
such as abstraction charges, effluent consents and
pricing mechanisms.
Processes
Water can be abstracted for public water supply to
produce drinking water following treatment. It can also
be abstracted directly for use by businesses for a wide
variety of uses including irrigation and for industrial
processes (e.g. coolant, carrier or solvent purposes).
Sectors
Water is abstracted by various companies including
water and sewerage companies, industrial and chemical
companies, and power companies. Many sectors rely
heavily on supplied water, although this impact should
be reported as a supply chain impact and not a direct
KPI. For more information please refer to Figure 4 and to
the section on supply chains (Section 4.5).
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
Calculation or measurement procedures
For abstracted water, the majority of charges are levied
according to the licensed volume, but actual volumes
abstracted are reported to the Environment Agency. It is
the actual volumes abstracted that should be measured.
Reporting guidance
The table overleaf illustrates the scope of measures that
should be reported. In most cases reporting will be much
simpler, as most companies focus on a specific type of
abstraction.
The most appropriate way of reporting abstracted water
should be in cubic metres. If an estimation method has
been used this should also be reported. Compliance with
any abstraction consents, such as those provided by the
Environment Agency in the UK, should also be reported.
Companies should also discuss whether water has been
re-used or returned to source (e.g. cooling water). Direct
abstraction should be reported as the volume taken, not
the licensed volume.
Water use
It is important to distinguish water abstraction from the
use of supplied water.
The environmental impacts associated with supplied
water use are indirect and more guidance on how these
can be reported can be found in section 4.5 – Supply
Chains.
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Wastewater
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Production
phase
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
Water consumption in m3
153
Environmental management in production
400
detailed guidelines including quantitative targets across
the entire product range to minimise the consumption of
energy, fuel and raw materials during the use phase
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
documentation of products’ environmental impact /
lifecycle assessments
information on upgradability, reusability and recyclability
Emissions to air
Production
phase
As is the case with all manufacturing industries,
environmental management in production is a priority
area when looking at sustainability in the machinery
sector because of environmental impacts related to
production (energy and raw material use, waste,
wastewater, emissions,...).
Emissions to air
1. Greenhouse Gases
2. Acid Rain, Eutrophication and Smog Precursors
3. Dust and Particles
4. Ozone Depleting Substances
5. Volatile Organic Compounds
6. Metal emissions to air
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
109
Mediating
Institution
May 2013
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
Total CO2, NOx, SOx, VOC emissions in million tonnes
153
Environmental management in production
400
detailed guidelines including quantitative targets across
the entire product range to minimise the consumption of
energy, fuel and raw materials during the use phase
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
documentation of products’ environmental impact /
lifecycle assessments
information on upgradability, reusability and recyclability
Social
Labor conditions
Temporary
workers
As is the case with all manufacturing industries,
environmental management in production is a priority
area when looking at sustainability in the machinery
sector because of environmental impacts related to
production (energy and raw material use, waste,
wastewater, emissions,...).
Temporary workers are often employed during peak
times in order to cover high production demands. They
are easy prey to discriminatory recruitment and
employment practices
429, 481
Civil Society
Organization
Temporary workers are confronted with a number of
disadvantages ranging from high job insecurity, lower
wages, fewer social security benefits, fewer training
opportunities and less information regarding health and
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
May 2013
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Wage levels
Freedom of
association and
collective
bargaining
rights
Explanation
safety and weaker protection of their rights, including
the right to unionise and collective bargaining
In many major electronics production countries,
minimum wage levels are too low to allow workers to
cover their basic needs. As commonly understood, a
living wage should cover the basic needs of a worker and
a small family and also include some discretionary
income. In order to achieve fundamental improvements
in regard to wage levels, awareness among companies
needs to be raised. In particular, awareness is necessary
regarding the fact that payment of minimum wages is
often insufficient and instead living wages need to be
introduced.
Reference(s)1 Constituency
429
Many workers therefore need to work excessive
overtime in order to earn enough money to support
themselves and their families.
Workers in electronics companies are usually not allowed 429, 480
to elect their own representatives; nor are they able to
communicate, let alone negotiate, with management.
The absence of these rights makes it almost impossible
for workers to improve their working conditions. These
findings are in sharp contrast with reports from
electronics brand companies, which claim that
compliance of their suppliers with freedom of association
and, in some cases collective bargaining, is high
Civil Society
Organization
Civil Society
Organization
Somo’s research shows that workers in the electronics
industry are categorically denied the right to associate
freely and bargain collectively.
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
May 2013
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Occupational
health and
safety
Occupational
health and
safety risks
Electronic waste
(e-waste)
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Operations and
supply chain
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
‘Freedom of association in the electronics industry’ by
SOMO is based on extensive and on-going research
carried out since 2004
Health and safety in the company and in the supply chain
400
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
529
Mediating
Institution
529
Mediating
Institution
193
Civil Society
Organization
Health and safety standards. Health and safety standards
for suppliers. Monitoring and training of suppliers
Exposure to
toxic chemicals
Occupational
health risks
from electronic
waste (e-waste)
Whether assembling machine components, carrying out
welding work on ships or installing an entire production
plant, the health and safety of employees is vital. This is
true for own employees as well as suppliers.
Workers in industries using chemicals are especially
vulnerable through exposure to toxic chemicals and
related health effects. These include an increased cancer
rate in workers in electronics facilities;
Workers in industries using chemicals are especially
vulnerable through exposure to toxic chemicals and
related health effects. high blood lead levels among
workers at lead-acid battery manufacturing and recycling
plants and flame retardant exposures among workers in
electronic waste recycling
The fastest growing type of waste stream is the
electronics waste stream in the industrialized countries,
growing almost three times faster than the overall
municipal waste stream. This is a result of the fast pace
of technological innovation and, consequently, the
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
May 2013
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
shortened lifetimes of electronic products
Migrant workers
Recruitment
and
employment
Health-damaging exposure to e-waste can result in long
term, often irreversible effects, such as infertility,
miscarriage, tumors, endocrine diseases and birth
defects. The workers often suffer from cuts, coughs,
headaches, upper respiratory problems, rashes and
burns. Thousands of people are working in the informal
waste industry in Ghana. Children constitute around 40
percent of the scrap workers at Agbogbloshie dumpsite.
Recruitment and employment of migrant workers
253
Mediating
Institution
Number of migrant workers employed
Countries of origin
Gender of workers
Positions within company
Length of contracts
Recruitment channels
Any fees for recruitment
Passport retention
Migrant workers both internal and external are a
significant and growing feature of all company activities.
There are over 200 million migrants in the world. They
are found within nearly all business sectors and across all
regions. Many migrant workers, particularly those
working in unskilled jobs are subject to discrimination
and are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.
For many migrants exploitation begins during
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Product safety
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Customer safe
handling of
product
Explanation
recruitment. Exorbitant fees and other charges, often at
usurous rates of interest can leave many migrant
workers effectively bonded labour whatever the
subsequent conditions of employment.
Company due dilligence and reporting should therefore
extend into the supply chain for labour.
Customer-focused product responsibility refers to
measures aiming at enabling the company's customers to
handle the products safely.
Reference(s)1 Constituency
400
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
153
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
Business
Design guidelines on product safety. Information and
training on the safe handling of products for customer
employees. Measures for reducing noise
Possible safety risks in the machinery sector refer to the
use phase by the customer.
Percentage of products sold or shipped corporate subject
to product recalls for safety or health reasons
Spending on product safety per unit produced corporate
Eco-design of
products
Life Cycle
Assessment
(LCA) of
products
Environmentally conscious design helps manufacturers
lower the environmental impact of products throughout
their entire life cycle—from purchasing raw materials to
recycling or reusing the resources found in old
equipment. It means reducing consumption of the
earth’s limited resources, cutting back on the energy
used to produce and operate these devices, and proper
disposal once the appliances are no longer being used.
Environmentally conscious design is examined during
product development, and prior to an appliance being
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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May 2013
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
manufactured and sold,product assessment is conducted
to evaluate how successfully it will reduce environmental
impact. The key is making sure that improvements are
being made in an ongoing manner.
Environmentally conscious design (ECD) of electrical
products is fundamentally appropriate. For decades,
NEMA companies have been at the forefront of efforts to
integrate ECD considerations into electrical and
electronic products. They have steadily reduced or
eliminated the use of hazardous materials while not
compromising safety and performance standards.
Improvement rate of product energy efficiency
compared to previous year
Eco-efficiency of products: Optimising the consumption
of energy, fuel and raw materials during the product's
use phase.
153
400
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
detailed guidelines including quantitative targets across
the entire product range to minimise the consumption of
energy, fuel and raw materials during the use phase
documentation of products’ environmental impact /
lifecycle assessments
information on upgradability, reusability and recyclability
The machinery industry produces durable capital goods,
whose loading on the environment occurs principally
during the use phase. Besides manufacturing products
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Electromagnetic
radiation (EMR)
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Health risks
from exposure
to EMR from
use of products
Explanation
with a long product lifespan, the key to a sustainable
machinery industry thus lies in improving their ecoefficiency.
The main challenges and opportunities in the industrial
equipment sector are associated with the use of
products. Key issues include energy efficiency, safety,
clean internal combustion and lean disposal options.
Leading companies are increasingly focusing on product
innovations and use life cycle analysis during product
development
An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a
physical field produced by moving electrically charged
objects. It affects the behavior of charged objects in the
vicinity of the field. The electromagnetic field extends
indefinitely throughout space and describes the
electromagnetic interaction.
Reference(s)1 Constituency
460
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
380
Business
It is generally recognized that extra-low frequency (50-60
Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) are present in the
environment as a result of the generation, transmission,
distribution and use of electricity in modern society.
The available scientific evidence indicates that public
exposure to ELF-EMF is not a cause of long-term chronic
adverse health effects, based on the multi-million
dollar,6-year National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences (NIEHS) RAPID research program. The RAPID
program’s findings, reported to the U.S. Congress in
1999, are supported by several highly respected and
independent organizations including the National
Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Quality
management of
products
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Recalls and
claims
Explanation
(1996), the American Physical Society (1995), the World
Health Organization (ongoing) and the British National
Radiological Protection Board (2001).
To understand the company's quality management of
products
Reference(s)1 Constituency
597
Business
389
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
Number of recalls due to the cause of troubles and
failures
Other
Corporate
governance
Gender
participation on
governance
bodies
Number of claims due to the cause of troubles and
failures
GOVERNANCE / EUROPE: boardroom lady boom: is it
possible without quotas?
On 22 June, the CapitalCom agency published its 2011
survey into the boardroom gender mix of CAC 40
companies, with fairly encouraging results: the
proportion of women on the board has doubled in recent
years, from 10.5% in 2009 to 20.8% in 2011.
In January, the French parliament adopted legislation
imposing quotas for the proportion of women on the
board of major companies. Under the measures, the
development of female board membership is mandatory
and gradual: 20% for listed groups, public companies of
an administrative, industrial and commercial nature by
January 2014, rising to 40% by January 2017. The law
also stipulates that companies with no women present
on their board must appoint at least one within six
months of it being on the statute books (voted on 13
January 2011). In France, some 2,000 companies are
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
affected (the 650 largest listed firms and companies with
more than 500 employees and those generating sales in
excess of €50bn). In terms of sanctions for
noncompliance, appointments that run counter to the
parity principles are to be declared null and void and
attendance fees are to be temporarily suspended.
At the European level and at the instigation of the Vicepresident of the European Commission, Viviane Reding,
the European parliament will decide in March 2012 on
whether to adopt common legislation on this matter (a
mandatory proportion of women in decision-making
positions of 30% in 2015 and 40% in 2020). This will
depend on the level of improvement seen based on the
self-regulation of European companies, in accordance
with the equality initiative adopted by the European
Commission in December 2010 and the European
parliament resolution of 17 January 2008 calling for the
Commission and member states to promote a balance
between women and men on company boards,
particularly where member states are shareholders.
Europe as a whole illustrates the degree of hesitation
between a soft-law approach and conventional
legislation (quotas in this instance), but it is clear from
the experience at national level that the second method
tends to get much better results.
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND MACHINERY
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Supplier
screening
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Human rights
and
occupational
health and
safety
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
Lengthening supply chains in emerging markets increase
companies’ potential exposure to human rights abuses
and occupational health & safety issues. Sector leaders
manage these risks as an integral component of their
supply chain management.
Supplier agreements and supply chain partners screened
for risk of ESG infringement
Share of supplier that are signatories to the EICC
(Electronic Industry Code of Conduct)
On 9 and 10 May 2012, GoodElectronics and makeITfair
organised a Round Table on workers’ rights in the global
electronics sector with representatives from the
electronics industry and civil society organisations (CSOs)
from around the globe. About 80 participants came
together to exchange information and discuss the key
topics of temporary labour and wage issues in the global
electronics industry. There were exchanges on migrant
labour, the position of employment agencies, living
wages, engagement between electronics companies and
CSOs, and much more. Discussions took place in the
context of the overarching themes of freedom of
association and the right to collective bargaining.
460
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
153
Financial
Markets &
Information
Users
Civil Society
Organization
429
The May 2012 meeting followed a first Round Table that
makeITfair and GoodElectronics organised in
May 2009. The May 2009 meeting enabled a diverse
group of participants to bring their own often diverging
analyses to the table. The meeting’s report presented
proposals concerning a range of topics, including the
need to work towards formal social dialogue, as well as
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
structural stakeholder consultation and collaboration
between the industry and CSOs, in particular also on
training projects.
The 2009 meeting called upon the electronics industry to
upgrade existing codes of conduct, by following
International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions on
freedom of association and collective bargaining, and by
including clauses on living wages, labour agencies and
migrant labour. One proposal was for companies to gear
up their purchasing practices, for instance, by including
penalties and financial incentives for their suppliers and
by developing an in-depth cost-benefit analysis of
electronics production. It was suggested that this would
pave the way for defining the business case for a living
wage. Another set of proposals concerned the problem
of temporary labour. It was suggested that companies
should provide quantitative data at the factory level on
the percentage of workers recruited and hired by labour
agencies and think of an acceptable ratio of regular to
temporary workers.
In the opinion of makeITfair and GoodElectronics and the
participating CSOs, too little progress has been made on
these important dossiers since 2009. Major labour rights
problems still persist on the work floor, and the ways
forward that were identified in 2009 have not yet been
put into practice. While individual companies and
industry initiatives have made efforts to address labour
rights violations, these steps have been inadequate and
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
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Sustainability
Category
Topic
Topic
Specification
(if available)
Explanation
Reference(s)1 Constituency
insufficient. Worse still, the main focus remains on code
compliance. Codes of conduct often use weak language,
do not cover all relevant issues, monitoring is limited in
scope, and enforcement of corrective action plans is
poor. Code compliance does not answer to the real
needs regarding workers’ rights in the global electronics
supply chain.
1
All references can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-Research/Pages/default.aspx
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References
All references can be found at https://www.globalreporting.org/reporting/sector-guidance/Topics-Research/Pages/default.aspx
109
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA), Environmental Key Performance Indicators: Reporting Guidelines for UK Businesses,
2006.
153
European Federation of Financial Analysts Societies (EFFAS) and Society of Investment Professionals in Germany (DVFA), 2010. KPIs for ESG - A
Guideline for the Integration of ESG into Financial Analysis and Corporate Valuation, Frankfurt am Main: EFFAS.
193
Frandsen, D. M., Rasmussen, J. & Swart, M. U., 2010. MakeITFair: What a waste - how your computer causes health problems in Ghana,
Copenhagen: DanWatch.
253
Institute for Human Rights and Business (IHRB), 'The Dhaka Principles for Migration with Dignity', Dhaka, 2011.
374
Meier, A., Nordman, B., Busch, J., Payne, C., Brown, R., Homan, G., Sanchez, M., Webber, C., 2008. Low-power mode energy consumption in
California homes, Berkeley: California Energy Commission, PIER Buildings End–Use Energy Efficiency.
379
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), ' The labeling of mercury containing lamps', 2004
380
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 'NEMA Statement on Extra-Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMF)', 2002.
381
National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 'Statement of principles, end-of-life management of electrical products', 2009.
389° Natixis, 2011. Strategy Note Equity Research - Strategy/SRI: Monthly review June 2011, Paris: Natixis.
400° OEKOM, 2010. Industry Focus, Machinery, Munich: OEKOM.
429
Overeem, P., 2012. Workers’ rights in the global electronics sector, Report of the May 2012 makeITfair and GoodElectronics Round Table,
Amsterdam: SOMO.
460
Robeco SAM, 2012. The Sustainability Yearbook 2012, Zurich: Robeco SAM.
480
Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO), 2012. Freedom of association in the electronics industry, Amsterdam: SOMO.
Sustainability Topics for Sectors: What do stakeholders want to know?
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481
Stichting Onderzoek Multinationale Ondernemingen (SOMO), 2012. Temporary agency work in the electronics sector, Amsterdam: SOMO.
529
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2012. Global Chemicals Outlook (GCO): Towards Sound Management of Chemicals, Nairobi:
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
597
World Intellectual Capital Initiative (WICI), 2010. Electric Components KPIs, Tokio: World Intellectual Capital Initiative (WICI).
° Resource available on request and/or for a fee.
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