This annual report
was made possible by
donors to the Annual
Giving Campaign.
2009
Annual Report of The Society of the Cincinnati
for the Year Ending June 30, 2009
Contents
THE IMMUTABLE PRINCIPLES . . . . . 4
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT GENERAL . . . . . 5
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS . . . . . 8
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR . . . . . 10
MISSION STATEMENT . . . . . 13
STRATEGIC VISION . . . . . 13
EDUCATION AND SCHOLARSHIP . . . . . 14
Defining Revolutionary War Literacy . . . . . 14
Educational Programs . . . . . 22
Internships and Fellowships . . . . . 23
EXHIBITIONS . . . . . 25
The Enlightened Soldier: James Wolfe’s Reading List
on the Art of War Commemorating the 20th Anniversary
of The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection . . . . . 25
Maryland in the American Revolution . . . . . 30
George Washington & His Generals . . . . . 32
Traveling Exhibitions and Loans . . . . . 39
ACQUISITIONS . . . . . 40
Witness to Victory: The Yorktown Campaign Journal
and Letters of Captain François-Ignace Ervoil d'Oyré . . . . . 40
A Treasure from George Washington’s Library: Benjamin West’s
Discourse, Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy. . . . . 44
The Society’s Growing Portrait Collection . . . . . 48
Selected Acquisitions . . . . . 51
COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION . . . . . 62
A Library Catalog for the 21st Century . . . . . 62
Inventorying Our Museum Collections . . . . . 63
Examining the Diamond Eagle . . . . . 64
Conservation Projects . . . . . 66
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SUPPORT . . . . . 68
The Annual Giving Campaign . . . . . 69
Restricted Gifts . . . . . 78
Gifts in Kind . . . . . 79
Matching Gifts . . . . . 79
The George and Martha Washington Circle . . . . . 80
Volunteers . . . . . 80
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS . . . . . 81
Report of the Independent Auditor . . . . . 82
Statement of Financial Position . . . . . 82
Statement of Activities . . . . . 83
Statement of Cash Flows . . . . . 84
Notes to Financial Statements . . . . . 85
COMMITTEES OF THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI (a corporation) . . . . . 94
COMMITTEES OF THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI (unincorporated) . . . . . 96
THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI STAFF . . . . . Inside Back Cover
ON THE COVER: Otho Holland Williams by Charles Willson Peale. Oil on canvas, ca. 1782-1784. Society of the
Cincinnati of Maryland. Otho Holland Williams (1749-1794) of Maryland rose from the rank of lieutenant to
become one of the youngest generals in the Continental Army. He was wounded and captured at Fort Washington,
fought at Monmouth, and distinguished himself in Nathanael Greene’s Southern campaign. Williams was one of
George Washington’s most accomplished young generals and one of Maryland’s greatest heroes. This portrait is
featured in the George Washington & His Generals exhibition.
ENDPAPERS: Daniel Lerpinière & James Fittler, after Richard Paton. The Memorable Engagement of Captn. Pearson
of the Serapis, with Paul Jones of the Bon Homme Richard & His Squadron, Sep. 23, 1779. London: Published …
by John Boydell …, Decr 12th 1780. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The battle off England’s
Flamborough Head between HMS Serapis and Bonhomme Richard, commanded by John Paul Jones, was the most
dramatic sea battle between a ship of the Continental navy and a ship of the British Royal Navy during the War
of the American Revolution. This fine contemporary English engraving of the battle was recently acquired for The
Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection, which was twenty years old this year.
3
The Immutable Principles
Message from the President General
The following principles shall be immutable and form the basis
The Society of the Cincinnati passed three memorable anniversaries during the last year. Our Society was
225 years old in 2008, and we celebrated that milestone with a three-day convocation held Washington,
D.C., in September. We were received by the French Ambassador, His Excellency Pierre Vimont, at his
residence, enjoyed a remarkable symposium on the early history of our Society at the new auditorium at the
Phillips Collection, and took a cruise on the Potomac to Mount Vernon, where we were welcomed for an
evening reception on General Washington’s lawn. On the third day of the convocation, members of the
Society rededicated themselves to our mission by signing a replica of the original Institution, and that
evening enjoyed a wonderful banquet and ball. Every member was invited to participate in this unique event
in the history of our Society, which was the longest, largest and best-attended event our Society has ever held
between triennials. Secretary General Henry Fishburne and his committee did a marvelous job planning
every detail of what turned out to be one of the
most memorable events in the modern history of
the Society of the Cincinnati.
of the Society of the Cincinnati:
An incessant attention to preserve inviolate those exalted rights
and liberties of human nature, for which they have fought and
bled, and without which the high rank of a rational being is a
curse instead of a blessing.
An unalterable determination to promote and cherish,
between the respective States, that union and national honor so
essentially necessary to their happiness, and the future dignity
of the American empire.
To render permanent the cordial affection subsisting among the
officers. This spirit will dictate brotherly kindness in all things,
and particularly extend to the most substantial acts of
beneficence, according to the ability of the Society, towards
those officers and their families, who unfortunately may be
under the necessity of receiving it.
The Society of the Cincinnati
4
Instituted May 13, 1783
The Washington statue is
a perfect symbol of the simple
citizen-soldier and the ideal
of self-effacing public service
our Society has celebrated for
more than 225 years.
I will forever cherish the memory of two of the
convocation’s most moving moments. The first was
the dedication of a bronze replica of Jean-Antoine
Houdon’s great statue of George Washington on
the lawn of Anderson House. The statue is the gift
of Past President General Frederick Lorimer
Graham, who first proposed we place a statue of
our first president general on the lawn of Anderson
House some fifteen years ago, and who patiently
brought us back to the idea after many years. It
took many months of work, spanning the previous
triennium and this one, to realize Fred’s vision. We
unveiled the statue with all of the wonderful patriotic pomp such an occasion deserves—flags flying, a brass
band playing, beautiful patriotic speeches, and a wreath-laying honoring General Washington by Raynald,
duc de Choiseul, and Comte Hughes Claret de Fleurieu, representing La Société des Cincinnati de France.
Sitting in the front row on that marvelous fall morning was Fred’s wife, Anita, a gentle woman well loved
in our Cincinnati family, who shared in Fred’s accomplishment with the kind of pride that warmed so many
of us that day. Fred lost—and we all lost—Anita less than six months later. But it gives me pleasure to
remember that she was with us to share in a moment of triumph for Fred, our Society, and our nation’s
capital. A triumph it was, and remains. In the months since the dedication, thousands of visitors and
countless passersby have seen the statue. Hundreds have stopped to photograph it, or better still, to have
themselves photographed standing beside it. We placed the statue at ground level so visitors can see our hero
face-to-face, just as Houdon intended, making it a perfect symbol of the simple citizen-soldier and the ideal
of self-effacing public service our Society has celebrated for more than 225 years.
The second unforgettable moment of the convocation came at the end of the Saturday banquet, when it was
my privilege to present the first Washington-Lafayette Eagle for Service of High Distinction to one of our
most dedicated members. Unlike many organizations, the Society of the Cincinnati does not bestow awards
liberally or lightly. The Washington-Lafayette Eagle—based on the design of the special Eagle made for
George Washington and later worn by the marquis de Lafayette—is our Society’s highest honor, presented to
men who have served the Society in truly remarkable ways. Past President Catesby Jones was surprised (and
rendered speechless, perhaps for the first time) when I announced that he had been chosen as the first
5
honoree, but he should not have been. His service to the Society over more than four decades is richly
deserving of our highest honor. Since that evening it has been my privilege to present the second
Washington-Lafayette Eagle to Past President William McGowan “Mac” Matthew, at a meeting of the
South Carolina Society in February of this year. Mac’s record of leadership in the South Carolina Society,
twelve years as a general officer, and the management of the Society’s capital campaign during his tenure
as president general is a model for service of high distinction.
The second anniversary we marked this year—and just as significant—was the twentieth anniversary of
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Twenty years ago a member of our Society who
prefers to remain anonymous began making financial contributions to create a collection that he asked
the Society to name in honor of Lt. Robert Fergusson, a young member of the Virginia Society who was
mortally wounded in action in Vietnam in 1967. Lt. Fergusson, who came from a distinguished family
of citizen-soldiers, was a modern Cincinnatus—a young man whose sacrifice for our country deserves to
be honored and remembered. The collection that bears his name focuses on the art of war in the age of
Washington and Rochambeau. Our aim is to create a definitive collection of printed materials—books,
pamphlets, broadsides, maps and so forth—illustrating the practice of war in the early modern era.
After more than twenty years of steady acquisition, the Fergusson Collection now includes more than
8,000 early printed works as well as a large number of rare manuscripts and a selection of museum
artifacts, in addition to thousands more books printed after 1820. The Fergusson Collection is one of the
most important collections of its kind in the world—carefully selected over a generation, cataloged with
authority and precision and conserved with extraordinary expertise.
We marked the twentieth anniversary of this collection with a special exhibition titled The Enlightened
Soldier, which was on view at Anderson House during the second half of 2008. We also commemorated
the occasion with a special acquisition for the collection, paid for with contributions from a variety of
members who wished to honor the anonymous donor who has made the creation of the Fergusson
Collection possible. This acquisition is the original manuscript journal of François-Ignace Ervoil d'Oyré,
a young officer with the Comte de Rochambeau’s army who was intimately involved in planning
and executing the siege of Yorktown. Captain d'Oyré’s journal—and the accompanying letters,
which we acquired afterwards—have been described as the most important unpublished sources on
the allied victory at Yorktown. Captain—later General— d'Oyré was a member of La Société des
Cincinnati de France.
The final anniversary of the year passed without fanfare. Five years ago our Society undertook a major
reorganization of our management. After thoughtful deliberations by our Strategic Planning Committee
and the careful consideration of our Board of Directors, we placed the daily management of the Society’s
operations into the hands of an executive director, Jack D. Warren Jr., whom we empowered to manage
the Society’s staff and all of our Society’s public, non-profit work, as well as some of our fraternal
activities. The benefits of that transition were immediately apparent in a re-invigoration of almost
everything we do, but those benefits are all the more apparent after five years. This report, which
documents an extraordinary range of programs and projects carried out to the highest standards, testifies
to the wisdom of the choice we made five years ago.
6
The accomplishments of this anniversary year will
benefit our Society for many years to come.
Our executive director would be the first to say that the
accomplishments documented in this report are a testament to
the dedication and commitment of members of the Society to
our mission, and so they are. Each year for the last five years,
our members have contributed consistently more to Annual
Giving and made increasingly generous restricted gifts in
support of our operations. The generosity of our members even
increased during the period covered by this report, during which
the United States slid into the worst recession of modern times.
Most non-profits experienced a decline in support of twenty
percent or more during the last twelve months. Our Society
actually saw an increase. The generosity of our members,
coupled with prudent management, helped us make it through
an extraordinarily difficult year without losing the momentum
we built in the previous four years.
The most powerful evidence that we did not let the recession derail our progress as an institution was the
exhibition George Washington & His Generals, which our Society mounted in partnership with the Mount
Vernon Ladies’ Association. Conceived by the executive directors of our two institutions, George Washington
& His Generals was developed by the combined staffs of the Society and Mount Vernon and opened in the
new F.M. Kirby Foundation Gallery at Mount Vernon in February 2009. Half of the costs of the exhibition
were underwritten through a very generous gift to the Society from Mr. David Rubenstein, founder
and managing partner of The Carlyle Group, one of the nation’s most important private equity firms.
The companion book, also titled George Washington & His Generals, was written by our deputy director
and curator, Emily Schulz, and Mount Vernon’s assistant curator, Laura Simo, with an introduction by our
executive director. This publication was underwritten by a gift from the Massachusetts Society of the
Cincinnati and by the support of members contributing to our Annual Giving Campaign.
Over one million people are expected to see George Washington & His Generals. As many people have already
seen our new statue of George Washington, and recognize it as a symbol of the unwavering patriotic values
that motivate the Society of the Cincinnati. In the years ahead, many thousands more will be touched by
research taking place in our library’s grand Fergusson Collection and will learn about the exciting story of
our War for Independence from our museum exhibitions, our public programs and our educational outreach
efforts. This is an extremely exciting time to be associated with the Society of the Cincinnati. This year
of anniversaries is already a year to remember in its own right—a year of solid accomplishments in pursuit
of our strategic vision, a watershed in our continuing effort to preserve and promote the memory of our
War for Independence and the heroes who established our place among the nations of the world. The
accomplishments of this anniversary year will benefit our Society for many years to come.
It has been an extraordinary privilege to serve as president general during this time in the life of the Society
of the Cincinnati. To all of those who have contributed their time, talent and treasure to making this a great
year for our Society, I offer my praise and my thanks.
G. Forrest Pragoff
President General
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The Society of the Cincinnati
(a Corporation) 2009
Officers
Directors
Former Officers
George Forrest Pragoff
President
Richard Saltonstall Auchincloss Jr.
George Boyd V
Brian Wesley Brooke
Marion Tyus Butler Jr.
Robert Girard Carroon, Ph.D.
Raynald, duc de Choiseul Praslin
Loÿs, comte de Colbert Cannet
Harry Lowell Davis
Tylor Field II
Nicholas Gilman
Lane Woodworth Goss
Henry Ellerbe Grimball
William Clay Howe
Paul Douglas Huling
St. Julien Ravenal Marshall Jr.
John Cooper Masterson
Anthony Westwood Maupin
Hollis Warren Merrick III
Charles Francis Middleton III
Philippus Miller V
James Keith Peoples
William Francis Price Jr.
John McKay Sheftall
John Jermain Slocum Jr.
Robert Mosby Turnbull
Frank Keech Turner Jr.
Jere Malcolm Harris Willis Jr.
Edward Franklin Woods, D.M.D.
Frank Anderson Chisholm
President 1968-1971 (deceased 2008)
Philippus Miller V
Secretary 1992-1995
Catesby Brooke Jones
President 1983-1986
Andrew Pickens Miller
Secretary 1995-1998
Reuben Grove Clark Jr.
President 1986-1989
Edward James Smith Jr.
Secretary 1998-2001
Frank Mauran
President 1989-1992
Philippe, marquis de Bausset
Secretary 2001-2007
Frederick Lorimer Graham
President 1992-1995
Thomas Willis Haywood Alexander
Treasurer 1989-1995
William McGowan Matthew
President 1995-1998
Warren Masters Little
Assistant Secretary 1998-2001
William Russell Raiford
President 1998-2001
Ross Warne Maghan Jr.
Assistant Treasurer 1995-1998
Jay Wayne Jackson
President 2001-2004
Brian Wesley Brooke
Assistant Treasurer 2004-2007
R. Adm. Kleber Sanlin Masterson Jr.
Vice President
Henry Burnett Fishburne Jr.
Secretary
Jonathan Tufts Woods
Treasurer
Ross Gamble Perry
Assistant Secretary
Charles Lilly Coltman III
Assistant Treasurer
Other Officials
George Miller Chester Jr.
Solicitor
James Thomas Martin
Counselor
Edwin Tillman Stirling
Counselor
George Yandes Wheeler III
Counselor
Robert Fillmore Norfleet Jr.
President 2004-2007
Gérard, comte de la Villesbrunne
Vice President 1978-1980 (deceased 2009)
John Absalom Baird Jr.
Secretary 1977-1983
Michael Miller
Secretary 1983-1986
Philip Burwell Roulette
Chaplain General
Edward Frankin Woods
Marshal
Past presidents general of the Society of the Cincinnati and other past general officers are accorded seat and voice, but no vote, in the meetings of the
Board of Directors of The Society of the Cincinnati (a corporation) and
the Standing Committee of the Society of the Cincinnati.
Corporate officers and members of the Board of Directors of The Society of the Cincinnati
(a corporation) also serve as general officers, delegates and alternates on the Standing Committee
of the unincorporated Society of the Cincinnati, the historic body established in 1783. The president
general of the unincorporated Society serves as president of the corporation, and the other general
officers of the unincorporated Society hold parallel positions in the corporation.
8
9
Report of the Executive Director
Despite the most severe recession of modern times, the year ending June 30, 2009, was one of the most
successful years in the modern history of the Society of the Cincinnati. That success was fueled by a
record level of financial support received from members and non-members alike. Thanks to the
unremitting efforts of our president general and the chairman of our development committee, Frank
Price, as well as dozens of members who made calls to encourage our members to stand with us in this
time of financial crisis, our Society received contributions to the Annual Giving Campaign from more
members than ever before. And in a year in which one day’s bad economic news was a relief from the
previous day’s terrible economic news, our Society collected slightly more through Annual Giving than
the previous record year. Add to that an unprecedented total of restricted gifts, and our development
program set a record that exceeded all reasonable expectations. Most satisfying of all is the fact that
participation by members in the Annual Giving Campaign increased this year. In past years about
a third of our members participated. This year, for the first time, nearly half of the Society’s members
contributed to the campaign.
The value of our endowment, like that of nearly every non-profit institution, fell significantly during the
last fiscal year, though it has been rallying with the market in recent months. We will follow a path of
great care in our expenditures during the new fiscal year now underway, but the record level of financial
support we received in the year under review gives us confidence that our members and other supporters
approve of the course we have taken. Prudence will be our watchword, but we will not forget to be
daring when the right opportunity presents itself. If we forget that policy, we have the example of George
Washington—whose statue now graces our lawn, thanks to the persistent vision of Past President General
Fred Graham—to remind us that prudence and daring, in just measures, is how our revolutionary
ancestors achieved their remarkable victory.
I am pleased to report that record financial support was matched by records in many other areas, as it
should be. More scholars used our library than in any year in our history, due largely to the launch of our
online library catalog in the summer of 2008. Now historians don’t have to search our catalog after they
arrive. They can now learn about the riches of our collection from anywhere in the world, and arrive at
our door armed with lists of materials they want to see. This year we welcomed historians from as far
away as New Zealand, which is about as far away as you can get.
Those scholars encountered a library that has become a model for private special collections. The Society
of the Cincinnati’s library is an astonishingly valuable repository for the history of warfare in the age of
Washington and Rochambeau. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection, which passed its
twentieth anniversary this year, is the best collection on the art of war in the early modern era in the
country, and among the finest in the world. It is brilliantly cataloged and wonderfully cared for.
New acquisitions are made with remarkable skill. It is misleading to call any collection definitive—the
unattainable aim of any great collection—but as it grows and matures the Fergusson Collection moves
ever closer to that stature. It is also amazingly accessible. Anyone who has ever used one of the great
modern mega-libraries—the Library of Congress, the British Library, the Bibliothèque Nationale—knows
how frustratingly slow they can be, and how often the long, wasteful wait for a book to be delivered from
the stacks ends with a terse “book not found” note. That never happens at the Society of the Cincinnati’s
library, where our librarians know the collection and are among the best in the business at serving
researchers. We have every reason to be proud of our library and to support its work.
10
We had a record-setting year in our museum as well. More people viewed our museum exhibitions in the
year just ended than at any time in our history. This is the second year in a row when we could make this
statement. Last year the crowds saw North Carolina in the American Revolution at the North Carolina
Museum of History, and enjoyed that exhibition and The Secret History of The Society of the Cincinnati at
Anderson House. This year we had two extraordinary exhibitions at Anderson House—The Enlightened
Soldier: James Wolfe’s Reading List on the Art of War, an erudite exhibition commemorating the twentieth
anniversary of the Fergusson Collection, and Maryland in the American Revolution, the eleventh in our series
of fourteen exhibitions focusing on individuals states and France in our War for Independence.
The Enlightened Soldier is the sort of exhibition only the Society could do and is based on the strength of the
Fergusson Collection. In 1756, James Wolfe, thereafter the British (and American) hero of the French and
Indian War, recommended twenty-six specific works and several additional themes on the military arts to a
young officer. Reading these works, Wolfe wrote, would provide the foundation for a military education.
The Society acquired the original letter in 2008. We immediately found that the Society owns a
contemporary edition of every work recommended by Wolfe. Ours may be the only special collections library
in the world of which that is true. The Enlightened Soldier is a tribute to the Fergusson Collection and to the
generous anonymous donor who has guided its development for two decades.
What we are doing matters to more than simply
the members of the Society. Our work can—and
will—influence the way millions of people think about
the American Revolution, which was truly the
greatest event in modern history.
Maryland in the American Revolution was special in another way. Like the ten state exhibitions that preceded
it, Maryland in the American Revolution enjoyed the support of the state society, but in a way that deserves
special recognition. Not only did the Maryland Society of the Cincinnati underwrite the exhibition, it shared
the cost of a completely new lighting system for the Billiard Room, where our exhibitions are mounted—a
professionally designed system that will enhance our exhibition work for many years to come. This support is
all the more remarkable for coming in the same year in which the Maryland Society carried out an expensive
renovation of the Maryland Suite, and in which members of the Maryland Society contributed in record
numbers to the General Society’s Annual Giving Campaign while supporting the Maryland Society’s own
capital campaign. Just as General Washington relied heavily on the heroes of the Maryland Line, we relied
heavily on their descendants this year. And just as they did in the Revolutionary War, the Marylanders
exceeded the highest expectations.
A third museum exhibition during the year just ended reached more people than any outreach effort we have
ever conducted—and those numbers continue to grow. George Washington & His Generals, which opened at
the F.M. Kirby Foundation Gallery at Mount Vernon in February, is the result of a close partnership between
the Society and the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. The exhibition, which illuminates the relationship
11
between General Washington and the generals who served under his command, features artifacts from
the collections of both institutions and dozens of others. It was the result of many months of combined
effort by both Mount Vernon and the Society. Emily Schulz, our deputy director and curator, and Laura
Simo, assistant curator of Mount Vernon, served as curators for the exhibition and together wrote the
fine catalog for the exhibition. Publication of that catalog was sponsored chiefly by the Massachusetts
Society of the Cincinnati, which has supported and nurtured our museum program for many years.
Members of nearly every one of our constituent societies contributed in a significant way to the exhibition, by lending objects from their own collections—like Mark Kington of the New Hampshire Society
and his wife, Ann, who lent their handsome portrait of Henry Knox—by using their influence to help
us secure loans from various institutions—and by helping us raise the money needed to pay the
considerable expenses involved in this effort, in which we have shared equally with our partners at
Mount Vernon. Most important in this last regard was George Rich of the Maryland Society, whose wise
counsel was instrumental. The largest share of the Society’s costs in this joint venture were paid by a
remarkable gift from a gentleman who is not a member of the Society. David Rubenstein, senior partner
of The Carlyle Group, made a leadership gift substantial enough to require no followers. We cannot
thank him enough (though we will try). His generosity testifies to the fact that what we are doing
matters to more than simply the members of the Society. Our work can—and will—influence the way
millions of people think about the American Revolution, which was truly the greatest event in
modern history.
Preserving the memory and ideals of the
revolutionary generation can bring out our best
efforts, even in uncertain and difficult times.
“There is nothing,” wrote an Italian philosopher, “more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to
conduct, or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of
things.” Yet this was the mission that drew out the best efforts of George Washington and his generals,
and of all our Revolutionary ancestors. Preserving the memory and ideals of that generation can bring
out our best efforts as well, even in uncertain and difficult times, as they did this year.
Jack Duane Warren Jr.
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Mission Statement
The Society of the Cincinnati is organized for patriotic, historical and educational purposes, and especially
to perpetuate the memory of the patriots who by their service and sacrifice during the War of the
American Revolution secured the independence of the American people. The members of the Society are
representatives of revolutionary officers from the thirteen original states and France who meet the Society's
membership requirements.
The Society seeks:
— to inspire the Society's members and the public at large with a profound reverence for the principles
embraced by the patriots,
— to collect, preserve and display books, manuscripts, art and memorabilia pertaining to the Revolution
and to the patriots,
— and to promote unity and fellowship among the descendants of the patriots.
Strategic Vision Statement
The Society of the Cincinnati is the leading patriotic historical society promoting the memory of the heroes
of the Revolutionary War and the enduring principles for which they fought.
To fulfill this role:
1. The Society maintains a leading, extensive, and accessible library of printed materials used by scholars
from around the world as the basis for publications on the Revolutionary War. These scholarly works
stimulates public interest in and appreciation of the revolutionary achievement.
2. The Society produces and promotes outreach educational programs and products to improve teaching
on the American Revolution and particularly the Revolutionary War.
3. The Society cultivates the memory of the heroes of the Revolutionary War and brotherly affection among
its members through programs and events at Anderson House and throughout the United States and
France.
4. The Society maintains a select collection of Revolutionary War and Society artifacts and makes them
accessible to the public through special exhibitions at Anderson House and at traveling venues. The
Society uses this collection and exhibition program to advance its broader goal of promoting public
appreciation of the American Revolution and particularly the heroes of the Revolutionary War.
5. The Society sponsors major lectures on the American Revolution each year. These lectures highlight the
work of the Society and attract support for Society programs from foundations and other non-member
donors.
6. The Society advocates the preservation of major historic places and artifacts associated with the American
Revolution and the public recognition of the heroes of the Revolutionary War. Our advocacy is directly
related to our overall mission and pertinent to our broad membership but is not likely to involve
ephemeral issues or financial support for plaques, statues, or buildings.
7. The Society maintains its headquarters at Anderson House, a Gilded Age mansion in Washington, D.C.,
and one of the premier attractions of the city, with an annual visitation of over 25,000 people.
Anderson House is a visible symbol of the Society and the center of the historic fellowship of the
descendents of the heroic officers of the American Revolution.
13
Education and Scholarship
The Battle at Bunker’s Hill the June 17th 1775,
engraved by Johann Gotthard von Müller,
after John Trumbull (London: Antonio C. de
Poggi, 1798). The Walter P. Swain Memorial Collection.
Every American high school
graduate should be able to identify these
twenty-five people, places and events of
the Revolutionary War.
the United States, unlike those of most other countries, are not bound together by shared
ethnicity, religion or a common tradition reaching into the remote past. American national
identity is based on commitment to the shared principles of the leaders of the American
Revolution—principles of individual liberty and civic responsibility that are the
foundation of the American experience and our common culture. That culture seems to be
dissolving, and we are erecting a Tower of Babel in its place, characterized by a multiplicity
of cultures with not one, but a hundred different standards of cultural literacy. As a
consequence, the idea of American nationhood, which is predicated on the existence of a
shared national cultural, is increasingly at risk.
Education and Scholarship
Defining Revolutionary War Literacy
What do educated Americans know about the Revolutionary War? What should they know?
These questions are fundamental to the Society’s mission to preserve and promote popular appreciation
of the Revolutionary War and its heroes. For many years, popular appreciation of the Revolutionary War
and of its central place in our national history has been in decline. This is just part of a larger pattern of
neglect that threatens to produce a generation of adults without the most
basic understanding of American and world history. Recent studies indicate
that more than half of American high school graduates country cannot
identify Stalin or Churchill, and three-fourths don’t know that the Civil
War was fought between 1850 and 1900. As David McCullough (an
honorary member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati) has
warned us, “We are raising a generation of historically illiterate Americans.”
Historical literacy—familiarity with the people and events central to our
shared national past—is fundamental to our national identity. Citizens of
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“Baron de Steuben,” engraved by Benôit Louis Prevost, after Pierre Eugène Du Simitière; plate from Portraits
des Genéraux, Ministres et Magistrats qui se Sont Rendu Célèbres dans la Révolution des Treize États-Unis de
l’Amérique Septentrionale (Paris, 1781). The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
What constitutes literacy
about the
Revolutionary
War? The
education committee of the
Society of the Cincinnati took
up this question in 2008. Its
members include teachers,
physicians, retired military
officers, lawyers, investment
professionals, bankers and
businessmen, each one
descended from an officer of
the Revolutionary War. All were
born between the 1930s and the
early 1960s and were educated at
a time when the Revolutionary
War still held a prominent place
in American history classes.
At its first meeting the
committee compiled a list of
ninety-one people, places,
Le General Washington, engraved
by Noël Le Mire, after Jean-Baptiste
Le Paon (Paris: Chez Le Mire, 1780).
Gift of Traford Partridge Klotz.
15
Education and Scholarship
Education and Scholarship
Major General Henry Knox, engraved by
Thomas Phillibrown, after Alonzo Chappel
(New York: Johnson, Fry & Co., 1857).
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
events, documents and ideas associated
with the Revolutionary War the
members felt educated Americans should
be able to identify. The list was
subsequently edited down to twenty-five
entries the committee and its staff
believe most can identify. In the view of
the Society of the Cincinnati, every
American high school graduate should
be able to identify, in a general way,
each of these twenty-five people, places
and events. Missing one, two or three
might be acceptable. Missing more
suggests a lack of basic information
about the war that secured our national
independence—information every adult
in America should possess.
A list of this kind is as notable for what
it excludes as what it includes. Important figures of the Revolutionary War are missing from the list,
including Horatio Gates, Israel Putnam, “Light-Horse Harry” Lee, Anthony Wayne, and many others.
Lord Cornwallis is the only British officer on the list; William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton
are conspicuously absent. So are some of the most important foreign volunteer officers, including Johann
de Kalb, Thaddeus Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski. The list does not include the siege of Charleston nor
the battles of Camden, Cowpens, or King’s Mountain, all in the South. Nor does it include the battles of
Long Island, Brandywine or Germantown. We believe properly educated Americans should be familiar
with all of these people and events.
David McCullough warns that“We are raising
a generation of historically illiterate Americans.”
16
The twenty-five entries that made the list are people, places and events we believe most culturally literate
Americans can identify. They certainly should be able to identify them. We do not contend that the
people on the list contributed more to the American victory than those not on it. With respect to the
final outcome of the war, Anthony Wayne, for example, was infinitely more important than Nathan Hale
or Paul Revere. But Hale and Revere are icons of American patriotism, celebrated in literature. The list,
admittedly imperfect, represents an attempt to test the limits of what Americans know, as well as to
suggest what they should know. Of course we believe they should know a great deal more about the
Revolutionary War than is suggested by this simple list.
Trying this list out on people exposes unexpected weaknesses in their knowledge. The number of people
unable to identify Washington’s most effective subordinates—Nathanael Greene, Henry Knox and Baron von
Steuben—has come as a surprise. Less surprising, but equally disheartening, is the common inability to
understand the role of France in the war. Lafayette is still familiar to educated Americans. But the senior
officers of the French forces sent to America’s aid—General Rochambeau and Admiral de Grasse—draw
blank stares more often than any other names on the list. King Louis XVI is identified as “the king of
France” but not as the leader of America’s most important ally. Clearly Americans are unaware, to a greater
degree than we expected, that France fought at America’s side in the Revolutionary War and provided
assistance that was critical to victory.
We invite you to test yourself. Identify, in one or two sentences, the following people, places and events and
their importance in the American Revolutionary War. Keep your answers simple. If this was a test of World
War II Cultural Literacy, an acceptable answer for “Pearl Harbor” would be: “Pearl Harbor was the scene of a
surprise Japanese air attack on the U.S. Navy that led to America’s entry into World War II.” Entire books
are dedicated to the attack on Pearl Harbor, but this sentence demonstrates that the writer knows essentially
what happened at Pearl Harbor and why that event is important.
1. Battles of Lexington & Concord
2. Battle of Bunker Hill
3. Crossing of the Delaware
4. Battle of Trenton
5. Battle of Saratoga
6. Valley Forge
7. Battle of Monmouth
8. Battle of Guilford Court House
9. Siege of Yorktown
10. Benedict Arnold
11. Lord Cornwallis
12. King George III
13. Admiral de Grasse
14. Nathanael Greene
15. Nathan Hale
16. John Paul Jones
17. Henry Knox
18. Francis Marion
19. Marquis de Lafayette
20. George Rogers Clark
21. King Louis XVI
22. Paul Revere
23. General Rochambeau
24. Baron von Steuben
25. George Washington
Give yourself four points for each correct answer.
Members of the Society of the Cincinnati presumably
know more about the Revolutionary War than most
Americans and should get a perfect 100, or at worst a 92.
Otherwise historically literate Americans may stumble
over Hale, de Grasse and Rochambeau, and score an 88.
Those who cannot identify Greene, Knox, Clark and
Steuben as well will score a 72, and ought to read a basic
general history of the war that secured our national
independence. Anyone who has read the Society’s fifthgrade textbook, Why America Is Free, should score 100.
Acceptable answers are suggested on the following pages.
John Paul Jones, engraved by Carl Gottlieb
Guttenberg, after Claude Jacques Notte
(Paris: Chez Guttenberg ... [1779]).
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
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Education and Scholarship
Education and Scholarship
Charles Earl Cornwallis, Lieutenant Général des Armées et Forces
de Sa Majesté Britannique dans l'Amérique, a Été Fait Prisonnier
à York et Gloucester, avec son Armée par les Américains et les
Français, aux Ordres des Généraux Vashington et Rochambeau &ca,
le 19. 8bre. 1781, engraved by Jean Victor Dupin, after Hugh
Douglas Hamilton (Paris: Chés Esnauts et Rapilly, [1778?]).
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
1. Battles of Lexington & Concord
Small towns outside of Boston, Massachusetts, Lexington and
Concord were the scenes for the first battles of the
Revolutionary War. Give yourself a pat on the shoulder if you
know that Minutemen were among the American militiamen
who fought at Lexington & Concord.
2. Battle of Bunker Hill
Bunker Hill is the name given to the first major battle of Revolutionary War,fought just outside Boston.
The British won the battle, but suffered heavy losses driving the Americans from the field. The battle
demonstrated that the British could not take the American forces lightly. You know more than the
minimum if you are aware that the battle was actually fought on Breed’s Hill, not nearby Bunker Hill.
3. Crossing of the Delaware
In the dead of winter, George Washington led a ragged, cold and hungry army across the icy Delaware
River to attack and defeat the enemy at Trenton, New Jersey, and give hope to the American cause. The
event was immortalized in the painting, Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Leutze. Although
Leutze took liberties with the scene, the painting is the most famous of all American historical paintings.
A culturally literate American may not be able to name the artist, but recognizes the painting instantly.
4. Battle of Trenton
An acceptable answer to “Crossing of the Delaware” will suffice here as well. In the dead of winter,
George Washington led a ragged, cold and hungry army across the icy Delaware River to attack and
defeat the enemy at Trenton, New Jersey, and give hope to the American cause. You know more than the
minimum if you
are aware that the
enemy Washington
defeated was the
Hessian garrison
of Trenton.
18
5. Battle of
Saratoga
The American
victory at Saratoga,
New York, led to
the surrender of a
British army and to
an alliance between
the United States
and France. You
know more than
the minimum if
you know that the
victorious general was Horatio Gates
and the defeated British
general was John Burgoyne, and that
Benedict Arnold and Daniel Morgan
were among the American heroes.
Louis Seize, Roi des Français, Restaurateur de la Liberté,
engraved by Jean-Guillaume Bervic, after Antoine
François Callet (Paris: Felix Hermet, Imprimeur Editeur,
[later printing from original plate]). Gift of Paul A. Rockwell.
6. Valley Forge
George Washington’s army camped at
Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, through
one of the most difficult winters of
the Revolution. Training there made
the army a more effective force. The
Valley Forge encampment is an
event that has slipped
dramatically in popular memory.
Many Americans who can identify
other people, places and events on
the list with ease think that Valley
Forge was the scene of a battle,
rather than a hard winter
encampment during which General
von Steuben drilled the Continental
army into a much more
effective force.
7. Battle of Monmouth
The battle of Monmouth was the
largest pitched battle of the
Revolutionary War, proving that
American troops, when effectively
led, could face British regular in the open field and fight them to a standstill. Americans once recognized
Monmouth as the name of the battle in which an artilleryman’s wife, Molly Pitcher—so called because she
usually carried water to American soldiers—took her husband’s place on a gun crew when he was wounded.
8. Battle of Guilford Court House
The battle of Guilford Court House was a major battle of the war in the South. Guilford Court House is the
least-known battle on the list, even though it was one of the most significant battles of the war in the South.
As a consequence of the battle, Cornwallis ultimately led his army north to Virginia and surrender at Yorktown,
while Greene redeemed the Carolinas and Georgia from British occupation.
9. Siege of Yorktown
Yorktown, Virginia, was the scene of the climactic victory of the Revolutionary War, in which a combined
American and French army under the command of George Washington forced the surrender of a British army
commanded by Lord Cornwallis. You know more than the minimum if you are aware that the French fleet
under Admiral de Grasse sealed the fate of Cornwallis by defeating the British in the naval Battle of the
Chesapeake, driving off the British vessels sent to rescue Cornwallis and his army.
Sarratoga: le 17 Octobre 1777, engraved by François Godefroy, after
Louis-François-Sebastien Fauvel (A Paris: Chés Mr. Godefroy ... [1784?]).
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
10. Benedict Arnold
The greatest traitor in American history, Benedict Arnold was an American general who changed sides,
defecting to the British and serving as a British general during the last years of the war. His name is
synonymous with treason. You are better informed if you know that he was a brave and skillful soldier
and a hero of the American victory at Saratoga, and that in connection with his treason he plotted
(unsuccessfully) to surrender West Point to the British.
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Education and Scholarship
Education and Scholarship
11. Lord Cornwallis
Lord Cornwallis was the commander of the British
army forced to surrender at Yorktown, the last
major engagement of the Revolutionary War.
You know more than the minimum if you know
that Cornwallis was a skillful general who had
distinguished himself earlier in the war, and that
after the war he was a success as colonial governorgeneral of India.
18. Francis Marion
Francis Marion led resistance to the British in the Carolina backcountry. Give yourself a pat on your back if
you identify Marion as the “Swamp Fox,” as schoolchildren all over the United States did in the nineteenth
century. Marion of South Carolina and Israel Putnam of Connecticut were once widely recognized as
folk heroes.
19. Marquis de Lafayette
The marquis de Lafayette was a young French aristocrat who volunteered for service in the American army
and became one of the most successful and celebrated generals of the war. Like many others, Lafayette’s place
in popular memory has declined, though young people would probably identify with him. A major general
at nineteen (still the youngest in our history) Lafayette was intensely idealistic.
12. King George III
George III was king of England throughout
the American Revolution.
13. Admiral de Grasse
Admiral de Grasse was the most important French
naval commander of the Revolutionary War.
Admiral François, comte de Grasse is perhaps the
least known figure on this list, but the committee
felt strongly that it was impossible to understand
the war without some sense of the importance
of French naval power in securing American
independence. His victory at the Battle of the
Chesapeake was one of the most important events
of the war.
20. George Rogers Clark
George Rogers Clark conquered the Old Northwest from the British. Like Francis Marion, Clark was once
widely known, especially in the Midwest. While a colonel in his twenties, Clark captured the posts of
Kaskaskia and Vincennes from the British, helping to ensure that what became the states of Ohio, Indiana
and Illinois would be controlled by the United States.
Liberte: Conclusion de la Campagne de 1781 en Virginie:
Le Marquis de la Fayette, engraved by Noël Le Mire,
after Jean-Baptiste Le Paon (Paris: Chez Le Mire, n.d.).
14. Nathanael Greene
Nathanael Greene was one of Washington’s most trusted generals and the victor of the Revolutionary War
in the Carolinas and Georgia. Greene was once much better known than he is today—note the number
of Greene counties and Greenevilles on a map of the United States. His victory in the Carolinas was one
of the greatest feats in American military history. The war in the South has mostly slipped from national
memory, eclipsed by the later events of the Civil War. The names of Carolina revolutionaries William
Moultrie, Andrew Pickens and above all, the “Swamp Fox,” Francis Marion, were once deservedly
well known.
15. Nathan Hale
Before being hanged by the British as a spy, Nathan Hale uttered the immortal words, “I regret that I
have but one life to give for my country.” The fading reputation of Nathan Hale is emblematic of the
eroding popular awareness of the Revolutionary War. Hale was once regarded as the embodiment of
American patriotism.
16. John Paul Jones
Captain John Paul Jones was the chief American naval hero of the Revolutionary War. An earlier
generation of Americans remembered his words, shouted at the height of a naval battle with a British
warship. When asked to surrender his sinking ship, Jones replied, “I have not yet begun to fight!”
Jones and his crew then boarded the British warship and made it their own.
20
17. Henry Knox
Henry Knox was one of George Washington’s most trusted generals. You are better informed if you know
that Knox was Washington’s chief of artillery, a position he earned by dragging more than fifty artillery
pieces from Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York through the snows of a New England winter to the
American army outside Boston, one of the epic feats in American military history. The name of Fort
Knox, Kentucky, and Knoxville, Tennessee, testify to his reputation in an earlier time.
21. King Louis XVI
Louis XVI was the king of France throughout the American Revolution, and made the critical decision to ally
his nation with the Americans. King Louis XVI is now better known in the United States for having been
overthrown and executed by revolutionaries in his own country. Americans do not generally appreciate the
role he played in securing their national independence.
22. Paul Revere
Paul Revere was a leader of the revolutionary movement in Boston and rode to warn the farmers of
Massachusetts that “the British are coming” on their march to Lexington and Concord. Longfellow’s poem
“The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere’ is no longer recited in elementary school classrooms as it once was, but
Revere’s name is still readily associated with the Revolutionary War.
23. General Rochambeau
General Rochambeau was the commander of the French army sent to the aid of Washington and the
American revolutionaries. He cooperated effectively with Washington and was instrumental in the victory at
Yorktown. Rochambeau’s name is more often recognized than that of Admiral de Grasse, but disappointingly
few Americans associate General Rochambeau with the climactic battle of the Revolutionary War.
24. Baron von Steuben
Baron von Steuben was a Prussian officer who volunteered for service in the American army and was made a
general. As a tough disciplinarian and drillmaster, he brought discipline and order to Washington’s army.
25. George Washington
George Washington, a Virginia planter, was the commander-in-chief of the American army and the
Revolutionary War’s greatest hero. After the war he returned to his home, Mount Vernon, but reluctantly
agreed to come out of retirement to serve as first
president of the United States. He is one of history’s
greatest leaders, justly famed for his honesty,
unwavering determination, courage and deep
commitment to his country.
Washington et Rochambeau Donnant les Derniers
Ordres pour l’Attaque d’Yorck-Town engraved by
Felix Massard, after Louis Charles-Auguste Couder
(Paris, ca. 1840). Gift of Benjamin Lincoln.
21
Education and Scholarship
Educational Programs
Internships and Fellowships
During the year ending June 30, 2009, the Society of the Cincinnati conducted a range of special
education programs. For the sixth consecutive year the Society and Gunston Hall Plantation jointly
presented a three-day seminar for secondary teachers (and some museum educators) on the American
Revolution. With sessions at Gunston Hall and Anderson House, the program, which was held in early
August, featured presentations on the Revolution aimed at giving teachers fresh insights to bring back to
their classrooms. Executive Director Jack Warren led an opening session on the transformation of
American political life and popular culture in the revolutionary generation. Subsequent sessions on the
military aspects of the Revolution, as well as economic, cultural and social trends of the period explored
particular aspects of this transformation in greater detail. Scott Johnson, president of the Delaware State
Society of the Cincinnati and a veteran teacher, enriched the program with an overview of the early
history of the Society of the Cincinnati.
Museum Internships
Public lectures continued to fill an important role in the Society’s educational mission during the last
year. In conjunction with the exhibition The Enlightened Soldier, the Society hosted a lecture on British
imperial perspectives on the Seven Years’ War by Paul Mapp, assistant professor of history at the College
of William and Mary. In addition, lectures and book signings featured John Fea, the author of The Way of
Improvement Leads Home: Philip Vickers Fithian and the Rural Enlightenment in Early America, and Stacy
Cordery, author of Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from
White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Fea’s book
focuses attention on the remarkably rich diaries and letters
of Philip Fithian, a graduate of Princeton University who
spent the last years before the Revolutionary War as a
plantation tutor in Virginia. Fithian’s diary offers invaluable
insights into tidewater society on the eve of the Revolution.
Fithian volunteered for service with the Continental Army as
a chaplain in 1776. He died of dysentery shortly after the
battle of White Plains, New York.
Other public programs blended education and
entertainment in equal measures. The Society’s monthly
series of Lunch Bite object talks, begun in the summer of 2007, has became an audience favorite,
drawing a wide variety of visitors to informal lectures by Society staff and volunteers and other experts
highlighting objects from the Society’s vaults. Memorable Lunch Bites included presentations on early
engravings of John Trumbull’s monumental paintings of The Battle at Bunkers Hill and The Death of
General Montgomery, eighteenth-century Society of the Cincinnati Eagles and china, and an Anderson
House servant’s uniform. In addition, our long-running fall and spring concert series, co-sponsored in
part by the Washington International Piano Arts Council, continued to attract visitors to Anderson
House with performances ranging from Chopin and Bach piano compositions to medieval and
Renaissance choral works.
22
Education and Scholarship
Another popular recurring program, an eighteenth-century musical concert performed by costumed
musicians with period instruments, took place for the second year on July 2, to honor the day on which
the Continental Congress approved Richard Henry Lee’s resolution declaring the independence of the
thirteen American states (the adoption of the Declaration of Independence two days later was regarded
by many contemporaries as of far less importance). In December, the Society once again decorated
Anderson House for Christmas and hosted its third annual holiday open house, while in June, the house
opened for extended hours for the 26th Annual Dupont-Kalorama Museum Walk Weekend and received
its highest weekend attendance ever recorded.
The Society awards two paid museum internships to graduate students annually and hosts other students at
various levels who are interested in history and pursing museum careers. These opportunities offer their
recipients professional experience while contributing to the Society’s ability to preserve and interpret its
museum collections. In addition to the following paid internships, the Society selected Bridget Callahan, a
graduate student in the museum studies program at The George Washington University, for an internship in
the summer of 2009. Ms. Callahan assisted museum staff with collections management activities including
post-inventory research, cataloging and numbering collections objects.
Clement Ellis Conger Internship The recipient of the Fall 2008 Clement Ellis Conger Internship was Amanda
Morrison, a graduate student in the Corcoran College of Art + Design and The Smithsonian Associates
master’s program in the history of the decorative arts. Ms. Morrison assisted museum staff with the
collections inventory and rehousing collections objects. The internship carries a $1,600 stipend, which is
generously funded by the John Jay Hopkins Foundation.
Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Internship The
FINANCIAL SUPPORT The 2008 Clement Ellis
Conger Internship was generously funded by
the John Jay Hopkins Foundation. The 2009
Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati
Internship was generously funded by the
Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.
Summer 2009 Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati
Internship was awarded to Whitney A. J. Robertson,
a recent graduate of the Fashion Institute of Technology
with an M.A. in fashion and textile studies and an interest
in early American clothing. She conducted in-depth
research and made recommendations on themes and
objects to be included in the Society’s upcoming
exhibition New Hampshire in the American Revolution, scheduled to open in the fall of 2010. The internship
carries a $2,000 stipend through the generosity of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.
Library Fellowships and Research Grants
The Tyree-Lamb Fellowship The 2009 Tyree-Lamb Fellowship was awarded to Julia Osman, a doctoral
candidate in French history at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Ms. Osman spent eight full
days in the library, delving deeply into the Society’s archives (especially the materials concerning the French
constituency), as well as the collections of military manuals, engravings and posters. She conducted her
research in support of a dissertation that chronicles the changes in the French Army from 1662 to 1790 and
explores the development of the French construction of the notion of the citoyen armée.
On the second to last day of her fellowship, Ms. Osman delivered a captivating lunch-time talk about her
findings and brought several documents from the library to illustrate her thesis, including a particularly
emotional letter from a French soldier desiring admittance to the Society, as well as two key engravings on
the death of General Montcalm, commander of the French forces at Quebec in 1759. Ms. Osman’s talk was
open to the public, with members of the Society and of the scholarly community in attendance.
The Tyree-Lamb Fellowship is offered annually to provide support to a scholar using the Society’s library
collections for a period of at least five days. Application for the fellowship is open on a competitive basis
to graduate-level students and other scholars who are conducting research that may benefit from the
library’s holdings.
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Education and Scholarship
The Society of the Cincinnati Scholars’ Grant Through the generosity of an anonymous donor, additional
research grants were awarded to scholars who had met the requirements of the Tyree-Lamb Fellowship
application. The recipients of the Society of the Cincinnati Scholars’ Grant during the year ended
June 30, 2009 were:
■
David J. Gary, a doctoral candidate in U.S. history at CUNY-Graduate Center, studying the
Enlightenment roots of the Society of the Cincinnati as its source of cohesion and potential political
influence.
■
David Keenan, a doctoral candidate in history at Northwestern University, researching the Society of
the Cincinnati with the idea that it may have been one of the early political pressure groups in its
efforts to secure compensation for Revolutionary War veterans.
■
Douglas G. S. Simes, Ph.D., senior lecturer in history, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand, examining the work of the eighteenth-century military author, Thomas Simes, in the context
of the literature of the period.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT Generous leadership gifts from
Mr. and Mrs. John K. Lamont Lamb, Mrs. Lewis Tyree Jr.,
and The Taylor-Tyree Family Trust established an
endowment fund that supports the Tyree-Lamb
Fellowship. Funding for the Society of the Cincinnati
Scholars’ Grants was provided by a member of the Society
of the Cincinnati who wishes to remain anonymous.
Exhibitions
The Enlightened Soldier: James Wolfe’s Reading List on the Art of War
An Exhibition Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection
July 18, 2008 – February 7, 2009
British General James Wolfe (1727-1759) is remembered as the hero of Quebec who died on the Plains of
Abraham in the decisive battle that won Canada for Great Britain in September 1759. He was in many ways
the ideal soldier of the age of Enlightenment who combined great skill and bravery on the battlefield with a
scholar’s understanding of the military arts. His example inspired not only the men under his command, but
also the next generation of British and American officers who would find themselves on opposite sides during the Revolutionary War.
On July 18, 1756, Wolfe, then a lieutenant colonel, took time from his regimental duties to write a letter to
his friend Thomas Townshend. Earlier, Townshend had asked the erudite colonel to advise his younger
brother, Henry Townshend, on what books to read to prepare for a career in the army. In his three-page
reply, Wolfe laid out a comprehensive course of reading that included twenty-six specific works as well as
24
25
Above: Plate showing arrangement for sleeping nine soldiers in one tent, from Puységur’s
Art de la Guerre par Principes et par Règles (A Paris: Chez Charles-Antione Jombert, 1748).
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
century. The acquisition of the Wolfe letter coincided with the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of
the Fergusson Collection, which this exhibition celebrates.
Wolfe’s letter of advice on reading became a lasting part of his legacy. The letter was first published in the
Gentleman’s Magazine in March 1791, submitted by a correspondent (identified only as “C.T.”) who wrote
that he hoped its instructions would be useful to young officers and “a matter of curiosity to those whom it
may not so intimately concern.” The Historical Society of Pennsylvania holds a copy of Adam Williamson,
Military Memoirs and Maxims of Marshal Turenne (Dublin, 1783), in which its original owner, George Fox, a
member of the First Philadelphia City Troop, copied out the full text of Wolfe’s letter on the back endpapers.
The letter has continued to be cited and quoted from in most biographies of Wolfe published since the
nineteenth century as evidence of his in-depth
knowledge of military art and science and his role as a
mentor to younger officers.
James Wolfe to Thomas Townshend,
July 18, 1756
James Wolfe was stationed with the 20th Regiment in
Devizes, near Bath, when he wrote this letter to
Thomas Townshend, a clerk in the household of the
Prince of Wales (who later became the first Viscount
Sydney—Sydney, Australia, is named for him).
Townshend’s younger brother, Henry, for whom the
reading list was compiled, was an ensign in the 2nd
Foot Guards. He rose through the ranks to lieutenant
colonel before he was killed in action at Willemstad in
1762. Ensign Charles Cornwallis, who is mentioned in
the first paragraph, went on to command British forces
in America during the War for Independence, and
signed the articles of capitulation at Yorktown in 1781.
The Commentaries of Cæsar, translated by William Duncan
(London: Printed for J. and R. Tonson and S. Draper ...
and R. Dodsley ..., 1753).
Devises
Sunday 18th July 1756.
Dear Sir
Richard Purcell, after F. Turin, Major General Wolfe: Who, at the Expence of his Life,
Purchas’d Immortal Honour for His Country and Planted, with His Own Hand, the British
Laurel in the Inhospitable Wilds of North America, by the Reduction of Quebec, Septr.
13th 1759 (London: Printed by Eliz. Bakewell & Hen. Parker ..., [ca. 1776]).
several general themes, knowledge of which would make the young officer “a very considerable Person in
his Profession.” The titles he listed range from classics such as Caesar’s Commentaries to the latest pocketsized field manual and, notably, more than half of the works are by French authors – the opponents
whose ideas he admired.
26
Along with Wolfe’s letter, which the Society acquired at auction in 2008, this exhibition featured a
contemporary edition of every work he recommended to his young protégé, as well as other books,
manuscripts, engravings and objects relating to Wolfe’s life and the British army. Every item displayed is
part of the Society’s Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection of the art of war in the eighteenth
You cannot find me more agreeable Employment than to serve or oblige you, & I wish with all
my heart that my inclination & abilities were of equal force. I do not recollect what it was I
recommended to Mr. Cornwallis’s nephew, it might be Comte de Turpin’s Book, which is certainly worth
looking into, as it contains a good deal of Plain Practice.
Your Brother, no doubt, is a Master of the Latin & French Languages & has some knowledge of the
Mathematicks; without this last he can never become acquainted with one considerable Branch of our
Business, the construction of Fortifications & the attack & defense of places; and I would advise him by all
means to give up a year or two of his time now while [he] is young (if has not already done it) to the study
of Mathematicks, because it will greatly facilitate his progress in military matters.
As to the Books that are fittest for this purpose, he may begin with the K. of Prussia’s Regulations for
his horse & foot; where the oeconomy & good order of an army in the lower Branches is extremely
well established.
27
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
days, Davila, Guiciardini, Strada & the Memoires of the Duc de Sully.
There is abundance of military knowledge to be picked out in the lives of
Gustavus Adolphus & Charles the 12th of Sweden; & of Zisca the
Bohemian; & if a tolerable account could be got of the exploits of
Scanderbeg it would be inestimable; for he excels all the officers ancient &
modern in the conduct of a small defensive Army; I met with him in the
Turkish history but no where else.
The life of Seutonius too contains many fine things in this way. There is
a book lately published that I have heard commended, Art de Guerre
Practique; I suppose it is collected from all the best authors that treat of
war; & there is a little volume entitled Traité de la Petite Guerre that your
Brother should take in his Pocket when he goes on Outduties and
Detachments.
The Marechal de Puysegur’s Book too is in Esteem. I believe Mr.
Townshend will think this Catalogue long enough, & if he has patience
to read & desire to apply (as I am persuaded he has) the Knowledge
contained in them; there is wherewithal to make him a very considerable
Person in his Profession & of course very useful and serviceable to
his Country.
In general the Lives of all great Commanders & all good Histories
of Warlike nations will be very instructive & lead him naturally to
endeavour to imitate what he must necessarily approve of.
In these days of scarcity & in these unlucky Times it were much to be
wished that all our young soldiers of Birth & Education would follow your
Brother’s steps & [as] they will have their turn to command, that they
would try to make themselves fit for that important Trust: without it we
must sink under the superior ability & indefatigable Industry of our restless
neighbour. You have drawn a longer letter upon yourself than perhaps you
expected: but I could hardly make it shorter without doing wrong to a
good author.
In what a strange manner have we conducted our affairs in the
Mediterranean? Quelle belle occasion manquée.
I am, with perfect esteem, Dear Sir,
Your most obedient &
most Humble Servant,
Jam : Wolfe
William Woollett, after Benjamin West. To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty, This Plate, The Death
of General Wolfe, Is with His Gracious Permission Humbly Dedicated by His Majesty’s Most Dutiful
Subject & Servant (London: By Messrs. Woollett, Boydell & Ryland, c.January 1st 1776).
28
Then there are the Memoires of the Marquis de Santa Cruz, Feuquiere & Montecuculi, Folard’s
Commentaries on Polybius, the Projêt de Tactique, ou la Phalange coupée & doublée,
l’attaque & la defense des Places par le Maréchal de Vauban, les Memoires de Goulon, L’Engineer de
Campagne. St Remi for all that concerns artillery: —
Of the ancients, Vegetius, Caesar, Thucydides, Xenophon’s life of Cyrus & the retreat of the 10,000
Greeks. I do not mention Polybius because the Commentaries & History naturally go together. Of later
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
The Enlightened Soldier was made possible
by the support for museum programs
received from the Massachusetts Society
of the Cincinnati.
29
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
Maryland
in the American
Revolution
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
Maryland in the American Revolution was supported by the
Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland and members supporting
the 2008-2009 Annual Giving Campaign
February 27 –
September 5, 2009
For a state that did
not see a single
battle of the
Revolutionary War
fought on its soil,
Maryland and its
people still played a
significant role in
the conflict that
resulted in American
independence. The
state’s characteristic
“middle temperature”—
its moderate approach to
colonial politics—and its
farmers’ and merchants’
reliance on trade with Great
Britain dampened Maryland’s
enthusiasm for war, even after the
Battles of Lexington and Concord.
But once the Declaration of
Independence was signed, Maryland
wholeheartedly committed its soldiers and
resources to the American cause. The Maryland
Continental Line, which included seven regiments
and three thousand men at its height, was widely
regarded as one of the best trained, best disciplined units of the
American army. It also served in some of the most significant engagements of the war, seeing action in the
New York and Philadelphia campaigns of 1776-1777 and the southern campaigns led primarily by Gen.
Nathanael Greene. At the war’s end, Maryland’s Continental
officers founded the Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland
on November 21, 1783, in Annapolis—the twelfth branch of
the Society to be formed.
Maryland in the American Revolution, the eleventh exhibition
in a series focusing on the participation of each of the
LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITION
Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland
Michael J. Sullivan
thirteen colonies and France in the Revolution, featured a rare public display of the Society
of the Cincinnati of Maryland’s parchment Institution and its 108 signatures, among them
William Smallwood, William Paca, Otho Holland Williams and the artist James Peale. Other
highlights among the more than forty objects in the exhibition include a 1755 map of the
Maryland colony, pocket balance scales owned by Otho Holland Williams, a miniature
portrait of 1st Lt. William Truman Stoddert painted by Maryland native Charles Willson Peale,
Tench Tilghman’s journal of the Siege
of Yorktown, French-made gold-andsilver presentation swords awarded to
Tilghman and Samuel Smith, and a pair of
letters from George Washington to Maryland
major Thomas Lansdale in which the general
admonishes Lansdale for the poor state of his
unit in January 1783 and later acknowledges
him for its improvement. The exhibition was
also the first to benefit from a modern track
lighting system installed in the Billiard Room
in February 2009. The new system, which
replaced two dim and immovable lights
dating from the early 1950s, provides greater
flexibility and coverage while enhancing the
staff ’s ability to control the amount of light
on sensitive objects.
Tench Tilghman’s Society of the Cincinnati
Eagle, complete with its original ribbon and
clasp, 1784.
Above: William Truman Stoddert wearing a Maryland Continental
Line infantry uniform in a miniature portrait painted by
Charles Willson Peale, ca. 1778.
30
31
Left: The parchment Institution of the Society of
the Cincinnati of Maryland, ca. 1783-1784.
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
George Washington & His Generals
February 21, 2009 – January 10, 2010
When the Continental Congress appointed George Washington commander in chief “of the army of
the United colonies” on June 15, 1775, he knew that winning the Revolutionary War would require an
officer corps capable of managing and motivating ill-equipped and untrained troops and leading them
against the most formidable military force of their time. Over the course of the eight-year war, Congress
commissioned eighty-one men as major and brigadier generals to serve under Washington in the
By the last years of the war, the general officer
corps of the Continental Army was capable of
managing combined operations with the French
army, an achievement few imagined in 1775.
Continental Army. They came from all thirteen colonies and nine foreign lands. Only a few had any
professional military experience. Leading this diverse group of men to victory over the British would prove
one of Washington’s greatest challenges—and triumphs.
The exhibition George Washington & His Generals explores the evolution of the general officer corps of the
Continental Army from the first days of the war through the dissolution of the army in 1783. The
exhibition was conceived and developed as a partnership between the Society of the Cincinnati and the
Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association. Our two institutions shared equally in the work of planning and
mounting the exhibition, which includes objects drawn in about equal measure from the collections of each,
in addition to an array of remarkable objects borrowed for the exhibition from generous individuals and
from institutions, large and small, from across the United States. Ms. Emily Schulz, deputy director and
curator of the Society of the Cincinnati, and Ms. Laura Simo, assistant curator of Mount Vernon, serve as
curators of the exhibition.
George Washington by Charles Peale Polk,
ca. 1788-1790. Courtesy of Ginger H. and
H. Richard Dietrich III. Photograph by Will Brown.
32
The Society and Mount Vernon are sharing equally in the costs of the exhibition. Most of the Society’s share
came from a remarkably generous gift to the Society from Mr. David Rubenstein, founder and managing
partner of The Carlyle Group. Mr. Rubenstein distinguished himself in 2007 by acquiring an original copy
of the Magna Carta, which he loaned to the National Archives for long-term display beside other great
documents illustrating the development of the liberties championed by the heroes of the American
Revolution. His generosity made the Society’s role in George Washington & His Generals possible.
The exhibition conveys the remarkable story of how George Washington—and the challenging circumstances of a long and difficult war—gradually shaped a general officer corps capable of defeating the British.
Most of the first generals appointed by Congress were unknown to Washington, and leading them posed
substantial challenges for him. When he took command of the army outside Boston in July 1775,
Washington encountered New England generals growing accustomed to leading an army composed chiefly
of New England soldiers. Most of them were veterans of the French and Indian War and were used to
commanding New England men. Artemas Ward, who had been appointed by Massachusetts to command
the hastily organized army, regarded Washington with suspicion and resentment. Ward’s scarlet cloak, loaned
33
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
Pair of pistols owned by
John Pitcairn and Israel
Putnam, made by John
Murdoch, Doune, Scotland
(ca. 1750-1770).
his military career in victory at Saratoga in 1777, is represented in the exhibition by the manuscript Articles of
Convention governing the British surrender, on loan from the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History,
and the gold medal presented to Gates by the Continental Congress to commemorate his victory, on loan
from the New-York Historical Society. Gates became Washington’s most serious rival for command of the
Continental Army, but his disgraceful defeat at Camden, South Carolina, in 1780 shattered his reputation.
Courtesy of Lexington (Massachusetts)
Historical Society. Photograph by
Doug Mindell.
for the exhibition by the
Artemas Ward House
Museum, is a striking
reminder that Washington was
not the first general to lead
the army. A pair of
silver-mounted pistols lost by
British major John Pitcairn on
the fateful day of the battles at
Lexington and Concord, and
subsequently carried by Gen.
Israel Putnam, is another
reminder that Washington
took command of an army led
by proud New Englanders
who had been commanding
men for months before the
untried general from
Virginia arrived.
Washington—always a superb judge of character and ability—soon learned which officers he could
trust with important assignments. Nathanael Greene and Henry Knox were too young to have
participated in the French and Indian War, and neither had much military experience. What they knew
of war they had mostly learned from books. A display of titles from Knox’s Boston bookshop, drawn
from the collections of the Society and Mount Vernon, and a military manual owned by Greene, on
loan from the William L. Clements Library, illustrate the importance of military literature for successful
generals of the American Revolution. A cannon barrel—one of the fifty-five artillery pieces Knox
hauled through the New England snow from Fort Ticonderoga to Cambridge in the winter of 1775
(one of the war’s epic accomplishments)—offers evidence that Washington’s two most trusted lieutenants
were as intrepid as they were scholarly. Both made mistakes—Greene’s miscalculation at Fort Washington
in the fall of 1776 cost the army thousands of men—but Washington’s confidence in Knox and Greene
was well placed. Knox became the army’s greatest artillery commander, and Greene’s brilliant campaign
in the South led directly to the victory at Yorktown and secured his reputation as one of the greatest
strategists in American military history.
34
Washington had his critics as well. Charles Lee and Horatio Gates—though they were initially supportive
of their commander in chief—grew critical of Washington’s leadership. Gates, who reached the height of
Other generals, prompted by real or imagined slights, grew restive and resentful of their place in the army’s
command structure. Most simply grumbled. Others resigned. Only one betrayed his country. Benedict Arnold,
whose bold leadership secured the victory at Saratoga for which Gates was acclaimed, was one of the army’s
most effective battlefield commanders. His 1777 commission as major general, on display in the exhibition,
recalls his significant contributions to the American cause—before his treason blackened his reputation forever.
European volunteers, including the Prussian drillmaster, baron von Steuben, and the young Polish idealist,
Tadeusz Kosciuszko, brought the Continental Army invaluable expertise in engineering, artillery, and the
handling of troops on the battlefield, in camp and on the
march. Ralph Earl’s handsome portrait of Steuben,
on loan from the Fenimore Art Museum,
features the general’s Continental Army
uniform and Society of the
Cincinnati Eagle. Kosciuszko
proudly wears his Cincinnati
Eagle in a portrait after the
original by Josef Grassi,
on loan from the
Embassy of the
Republic
of Poland.
The evolution
of Washington’s
command
culminated in
the success of
the Southern
campaign
led by
Nathanael
Greene.
Greene’s
victories
rested on his
skill as a
Henry Knox,
attributed to
Charles Willson
Peale, late 18th
century. Courtesy of
Ann and Mark Kington.
35
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
strategist and on the talents of a
group of officers sent south by
Washington. An elegant portrait of
Otho Holland Williams, on loan
from the Society of the Cincinnati of
Maryland, together with Williams’
personal account of the Battle of
Guilford Courthouse, illustrate the
rise of a young general who made
his reputation in Greene’s
Southern campaign.
The exhibition conveys
the remarkable story of how
George Washington gradually
shaped a general officer corps
capable of defeating the British.
By the last years of the war, the general officer corps of the Continental Army was capable of managing
combined operations with the French army under General Rochambeau, an achievement few might have
imagined possible when Washington took command of the army in 1775. The long march from New
England to Yorktown, executed with speed and skill in the late summer of 1781, demonstrated that the
American generals had earned a place beside the professional soldiers who commanded the French army
in America. This proud moment in the evolution of Washington’s command is illustrated in the
exhibition by a selection of French regimental flags—reproductions of standards destroyed during the
dark days of the French Revolution, commissioned by La Société des Cincinnati de France and presented
to the General Society of the Cincinnati in 2001 as a grand token of the enduring esteem of the
descendants of Rochambeau’s officer corps for Washington, his officers and their descendants who make
up the modern Society of the Cincinnati.
Battle of Princeton by James Peale,
ca. 1782. Courtesy of Princeton University, Gift
of Dean Mathey, Class of 1912, in 1951. Photograph
courtesy of Princeton University Art Museum.
Comitia
Americana
medal, Horatio
Gates at Saratoga,
1777, engraved by
Nicolas-Marie Gatteaux;
Royal Mint, Paris, 1787.
Courtesy of
the New-York Historical Society, Gift of Frederick Gallatin.
36
The Society of the Cincinnati was established as the war drew to a close, joining the officers who had risked
their lives to win American independence in a permanent brotherhood. The Eagle insignia of the Society was
worn proudly by George Washington and
his generals, as well as the brave officers
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
they had the privilege to command.
George
Washington & His Generals was made possible by
The exhibition ends, fittingly, with an
a leadership gift to the Society of the Cincinnati from
unprecedented display of these
Mr. David Rubenstein, and by gifts to the Mount Vernon
remarkable emblems—including the
Ladies’ Association by The Life Guard Society of Mount Vernon,
Cincinnati Eagles owned and worn by
The F.M. Kirby Foundation, Booz Allen Hamilton, and Mr. and
Henry Knox, on loan from the General
Mrs. James C. Meade. The companion book, George Washington
Henry Knox Museum in Thomaston,
& His Generals, was published with the generous support of
Maine, and Tadeusz Kosciuszko, on loan
the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.
from C. A. Philippe von Hemert, whose
Exhibitions
Exhibitions
ancestor, Col. Anthony Walton White, exchanged Eagles with General Kosciuszko as a sign of their
unbreakable friendship. Most exciting of all is the exhibition of the Washington-Lafayette Eagle,
originally owned by Washington and later presented to the marquis de Lafayette, on loan from the Josée
et René Fondation de Chambrun, together with George Washington’s Diamond Eagle, a gift to
Washington from the officers of the French Navy and the most enduring symbol of the Society of the
Cincinnati. These two Eagles were at Mount Vernon when George Washington died in 1799. Shortly
thereafter Martha Washington separated them, sending the Diamond Eagle to her late husband’s
successor as president general, Alexander Hamilton. This exhibition marks the first time they have been
together—fittingly at Mount Vernon—in over two hundred years.
George Washington & His Generals will be on display in the F.M. Kirby Foundation Gallery at George
Washington’s Mount Vernon Estate & Gardens until January 10, 2010.
LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITION
The Society of the Cincinnati is grateful to the following lenders for sharing
objects from their collections for George Washington & His Generals:
The American Revolution Center
Artemas Ward House Museum
Chicago History Museum
City of Charleston
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
Ginger H. and H. Richard Dietrich III
Embassy of the Republic of Poland
Fenimore Art Museum
Fort Ticonderoga Museum
Fraunces Tavern Museum
Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Historic Deerfield, Inc.
Philip E. Downs
Independence National Historical Park
Josée et René Fondation de Chambrun
Ann and Mark Kington
Lexington (Massachusetts) Historical Society
Library of Congress
Maryland Historical Society
Massachusetts Historical Society
The Monmouth County Historical Association
Montclair Art Museum
Montpelier—The General Henry Knox Museum
Morristown National Historic Park
National Portrait Gallery
The New-York Historical Society
Oneida County Historical Society
The Pennsylvania Society
of the Sons of the Revolution
Princeton University
Seth Kaller, Inc.
Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland
Steuben Cabin State Historic Site
Nicholas Taubman
Virginia Historical Society
C.A. Philippe von Hemert
William L. Clements Library
Winterthur Museum
Traveling Exhibitions and Loans
One way that the Society is able to reach broader audiences with its stories and collections is by lending
objects in its collections to other institutions. The first traveling exhibition organized by the Society, North
Carolina in the American Revolution (June 5, 2007, through January 11, 2009), closed at the North Carolina
Museum of History after more than eighteen months at the Raleigh venue. With significant support from
the North Carolina Society of the Cincinnati, this exhibition brought the history of North Carolina’s role in
the Revolution and the founding of its branch of the Society, as well as eleven items from the Society’s
library collections, to more than two hundred thousand people.
Two exhibitions at other museums to which the Society lent multiple items from its collections closed
during the year ended June 30, 2009. At the New-York Historical Society, French Founding Father: Lafayette’s
Return to Washington’s America (November 16, 2007, through August 10, 2008), which was the last of three
venues for an exhibition originally created by the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, included five objects
from the Society’s museum collections, among them Lafayette’s Masonic apron. At Morven Museum &
Garden in Princeton, New Jersey, Picturing Princeton, 1783: The Nation’s Capital (June 1, 2008, through
June 30, 2009) featured fourteen items from the Society’s museum and library collections in the year-long
exhibition and accompanying catalog.
One of several individual objects on loan to other institutions is a mahogany side chair made in 1797 for
George Washington by Philadelphia cabinetmaker John Aitken as part of the original furnishings of Mount
Vernon’s large dining room. The chair, which was among Larz and Isabel Anderson’s property donated to the
Society in 1938, features an urn-shaped splat and upholstered green damask silk seat with brass tacks. Since
1981, it has been on loan to the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association and displayed alongside others from the
twenty-four-piece set. This loan was recently renewed for an additional three years. Having been purchased
with several others from the same set
at Martha Washington’s estate sale in
1802 by Dr. John Weems, the chair
passed through the family to his son
French Weems, who gave it to
Nicholas Longworth (1783-1863) in
the 1850s. Longworth’s daughter
Eliza Longworth Flagg then gave the
chair to her great-nephew and
godson Larz Anderson. The Society
is delighted to share this wonderful
piece from its museum collections
with the more than one million
annual visitors to Mount Vernon.
North Carolina five-dollar counterfeit
note, late 1775, from the exhibition
North Carolina in the American
Revolution. Lent by William Polk Cheshire.
38
39
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
Witness to Victory: The Yorktown Campaign Journal
and Letters of Captain François-Ignace Ervoil d’Oyré
The Society has acquired for the Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection a highly significant
archive relating to the experiences of a French army engineer serving with General Rochambeau’s forces
in America during the final years of Revolutionary War. The collection consists of a journal, presented in
five ribbon-tied gatherings, and thirty-nine letters or fragments of letters, a total of 314 manuscript
pages. All of the documents were written by François-Ignace Ervoil d’Oyré (1739-1798), who was then a
captain in the French Royal Army Corps of Engineers.
The journal, which was probably transcribed from notes in the mid-1780s after d’Oyré’s return to
France, bears the title “Notes Relatives Aux Movemens de l’Armée Françoise en Amèrique.” It begins
with the French army’s arrival in Newport, Rhode Island, on July 11, 1780, and includes detailed
descriptions of the captain’s experiences and his impressions of New England during the eleven months
the army was encamped there. In June 1781, anticipating an operation against British-held New York
City, the French forces marched to Philipsburg, just north of Manhattan, where the engineer made
particular note of the defenses of the region, including West Point.
Joining with Washington’s army in New York, the French forces then headed south as the focus of the
war shifted to Virginia. Stopping at Princeton along the way, d’Oyré observed that the college library had
been ransacked by the British and recalled Washington’s remarkable turn-around at the battles of Trenton
and Princeton during the winter of 1776-1777. At Head of Elk, Maryland, an advance corps of French
troops embarked to sail down the Chesapeake Bay to Williamsburg while the rest of the army continued
overland. D’Oyré was part of a select group that accompanied Washington and Rochambeau, making an
overnight stop at Mount Vernon on September 11, 1781. Washington, who had ridden ahead, had
arrived there two days earlier; it was the first time, d’Oyré noted, that the American commander had
been home since the start of the war.
More than fifteen pages of the journal are devoted to days leading up to the siege at Yorktown, with a
detailed account of the siege and the British surrender on October 19, 1781. D’Oyré was one of eight
engineers in Rochambeau’s army who joined forces with their counterparts in the American army
to play a key role in the planning and conduct of the siege. Captain d’Oyré received special
commendation for pushing the second parallel of entrenchments forward to allow the capture of
Redoubt No. 9, a crucial step toward the allied victory.
The remainder of the journal covers the captain’s travels around Virginia in late 1781 and early 1782,
including a trip with the Marquis de Chastellux to visit Thomas Jefferson at Monticello, and the army’s
march from Williamsburg back to Boston from June to December 1782. A final section recounts a
military expedition to Venezuela in 1783.
40
Captain d’Oyré’s letters, which were written to various family members back home, run parallel to the
journal in chronology and content and provide an even more candid and immediate view of the events
as they unfolded. The earliest letters were written from the French port of Brest, just as the army was
preparing for its departure. The correspondence picks up again upon his arrival in Newport, and the
datelines chronicle his movements, to Philipsburg and then on to Yorktown, and, after the decisive battle
and many months stationed in Williamsburg, back to New England, and finally to Porto Cabello in
South America.
Captain d’Oyré’s journal, which spans the period July 1780 to early 1783,
is presented in five separate ribbon-tied gatherings of a heavy blue paper stock.
Returning to France after the war, d’Oyré remained in military service, rising to the rank of general and
maréchal de camp. Although his rank during his service in America did not make him eligible for regular
membership in la Société des Cincinnati de France, he was among several officers named honorary members
of the French Society by approval of Louis XVI in 1792.
Together, Captain d’Oyré’s journal and letters, which were previously unknown to scholars, present a
detailed account of the day-to-day experiences and observations of a French officer who had a keen
appreciation for the achievement of American independence. A project is underway to transcribe and
translate into English the full contents of the collection for eventual publication in a bilingual edition.
41
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
In a letter written in the summer of 1781, Captain d’Oyré described the American commander in chief
in the following words, published here for the first time:
Le général Whashington commande le tout en chef. Ç’est un homme de la
grande taille, bien fait, d’une figure plus tôt noble que basse, portant Sur Sa
phisionomie l’impriente de la douceur, de la bonté et, de la modération.
Il paroit de [la] à 50 ans, mais bien conservé, malgré les fatigues de corps et
les peines d’esprit inséparables de rôle qu’il joue depuis tant d’années.
On [partend] qu’il n’est jamais Sorti de Son Sang froid, et son judiciaire
excellente ne le pas abandonné Sans aucune des circonstances.
(General Washington commander in chief is a man of great height, well made,
with a face rather noble than mean, bearing in his features the imprint of
gentleness, of kindness, and of moderation. He appears to be around 50, but
well preserved, in spite
of the fatigue and
emotional distress that are
inseparable from the role
he has played for so many
years. Still his sang froid
has never left him, nor
has his excellent
judgment abandoned him
regardless of
circumstances.)
Transcription from the
original manuscript and
English translation by
Marlena C. DeLong.
42
Detail from John Hills’ map, A Plan of Yorktown and Gloucester, in the Province of Virginia,
Shewing the Works constructed for the Defense of those Posts by the British Army, under the
Command of Lt. Genl. Earl Cornwallis . . . (London: William Faden, 1785), The Robert
Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Hills’ map indicates the location of the second
parallel of entrenchments built by the team of French engineers and the “British Redoubt
carried by Assault Oct. 14th [1781].”
General François-Ignace Ervoil d'Oyré by Jean-Baptiste
Greuze (1725-1805). This portrait was painted late
in life, after d’Oyré rose to the rank of maréchal de
camp. Private collection; photograph courtesy of the Sterling and
Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts.
43
A Treasure from George Washington’s Library: Benjamin West’s
Discourse, Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy
44
A highlight among the year’s acquisitions is George Washington’s personal copy of a book by Benjamin
West titled A Discourse, Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy (London, 1793). The volume,
which is inscribed by the author to Washington and bears Washington’s signature on the title page, is the
gift of Rosamond Whitney Carr and her family. Mrs. Carr’s husband, Samuel Baldwin Carr, is warmly
remembered as a longtime and devoted member of the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati, and her
son, Samuel Baldwin Carr Jr., is the current member representing Capt. Samuel Carr of the
Massachusetts Continental line, and served the Society with great effectiveness as chairman of the
investment committee.
Although Benjamin West’s Discourse is included in the inventory of the contents of Mount Vernon taken at
the time of Washington’s death in 1799 (listed only as “Wests Discourse”), this particular title had not been
accounted for in previous studies of Washington’s library. But the fact that West gave Washington a copy of
his published lecture is not surprising. Benjamin West (1738-1820) was born in Pennsylvania, but
immigrated to England in 1763 to pursue his career as an artist. He became a favorite of George III, who
appointed him historical painter to the court in 1772. He was also a great admirer of Washington and many
of Washington’s best portraitists – including Charles Willson Peale, Edward Savage, Gilbert Stuart, John
Trumbull and Thomas Sully—studied under West in London. West is credited with telling the story of a
conversation he had with George III during the Revolutionary War. When the king asked him what
Washington would do if the Americans won, West told him that he understood the general planned to return
to his farm. “If he does that,” the king is said to have replied, “he will be the greatest man in the world.”
45
Acquisitions
West’s aesthetic ideas had a significant impact on the image of Washington as a modern hero, and
shaped the way Jean-Antoine Houdon, the great portrait sculptor, portrayed Washington in his
famous statue of the general. In 1785, after being engaged by Thomas Jefferson on behalf of the
legislature of Virginia to create a statue of George Washington, Houdon traveled to America and
spent two weeks at Mount Vernon studying, sketching, and measuring Washington. Determined to
create the most perfect likeness possible, the sculptor even made a life mask of his subject. But he
remained uncertain about how to dress the figure he had measured and studied with an eye to
meticulous realism.
On his way back to France, Houdon stopped in London to consult with Benjamin West about the
project. West had revolutionized contemporary art with his realistic portrayal of historical subjects.
He had caused a sensation in the art world in 1770 with his painting The Death of General Wolfe,
which depicts the wounded hero of the siege of Quebec and those gathered around him in
contemporary military uniforms instead of the ancient costumes. Contemporary artists typically
dressed their modern subjects in ancient garb in order to associate them with the celebrated virtues
of ancient Greece and Rome. Houdon often clothed his marble figures in Roman togas, but his visit
to West signaled his intention to create a portrait of Washington in stone that would revolutionize
portrait sculpture as certainly as West’s historical paintings had changed historical painting.
Acquisitions
I should wish to leave this impression on the minds of all who hear me, that the great alphabet of
our art is the human figure. By a competent knowledge of that figure the painter will be enabled to
give a most just character and motion to that which he is about to delineate. When that motion is
actuated by passion, and combined with other figures, groups are formed. Those groups make
words; and those works make sentences, by which the painter’s tablet speaks an universal language.
That “universal language” was based on the traditional symbolic vocabulary of Western art, harnessed to
the principles—and clothed in the garb—of the modern world. Benjamin West was one the his
generation’s most important advocates for aesthetic principles that mirrored the intellectual insights and
political ideas that were transforming the Atlantic world in the age of the American Revolution—ideas
that constituted modern republicanism, accommodating ancient republican ideas of service and sacrifice
with the modern world of self-interest, commerce and industry. West paid tribute to Washington, the
modern Cincinnatus, by sending him an inscribed copy of his Discourse, and it is altogether proper that
this treasure from Washington’s private library—thanks to the remarkable generosity of Mrs. Carr and
her family—should find a home in the library of the modern Society of the Cincinnati.
Ellen McCallister Clark
Library Director
When he reached Paris, Houdon asked Jefferson how Washington should be clothed in the statue.
Jefferson in turn wrote to Washington for his view. Washington was well aware of the aesthetic
issues involved in the choice. He owned portrait busts of great military heroes and a 1776 engraving
of West’s Death of Wolfe. In his reply, dated August 1, 1786, Washington referred to Houdon’s
meeting with West and suggested that “perhaps a servile adherence to the garb of antiquity might
not be altogether so expedient as some little deviation in favor of the modern custom…. This taste,
which has been introduced in painting by West, I understand is received with applause &
prevails extensively.”
Washington’s approval of Benjamin West’s aesthetics assured that Houdon would depict him, not in a
toga, but in his Continental army uniform, in a statue that is a perfect blend of Houdon’s precise
anatomical realism and West’s brilliant placement of figures in modern dress in scenes inspired by the
Classical virtues celebrated throughout the Atlantic world at the end of the eighteenth century. Houdon’s
Washington is a modern Cincinnatus, portrayed with extraordinary realism (Lafayette, upon seeing the
statue, half expected it to speak), clothed in the attire of a war-weary hero, returning home from his final
battle. A touch of abstract Classical symbolism—the fasces upon which Washington has draped his
overcoat—signals to the reader that the scene is both real and metaphorical, merging ancient symbolism
and modern realism in a way that mirrored the aesthetics West championed. In his great Death of General
Wolfe, West had portrayed his figures in modern dress but arrayed them like a Renaissance depiction of
Christ’s descent from the cross, a visual allusion to Wolfe’s heroic sacrifice readily perceived by
eighteenth-century viewers. In his statue of George Washington, Houdon merged the real and symbolic
in the same way.
West and Sir Joshua Reynolds co-founded the Royal Academy of Arts in 1768, and West succeeded
Reynolds to become the Academy’s second president in 1792. In this Discourse, the first of his annual
addresses to the students, West shared his philosophy of figure painting and composition, which had won
him international acclaim and influenced a new generation of artists:
46
47
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
The Society’s Growing Portrait Collection
Recent acquisitions have added to the strength of the Society’s remarkable portrait collection, which
now includes more than two hundred standard and miniature portraits done in oil, watercolor and pastel.
The portrait collection constitutes one of the greatest strengths of the Society’s museum collections,
preserving likenesses of Revolutionary War soldiers and their families; original and hereditary members
of the Society, including most of its thirty-four past presidents general; and Larz and Isabel Anderson and
their immediate family. The collection includes works by some of the most renowned portrait painters of
our history—among them Charles Willson Peale, Gilbert Stuart, John Trumbull, Ralph Earl and George
Catlin—as well as lesser-known or regional artists, some of whom have yet to be identified. These portraits, some the only known depictions of a particular Revolutionary War soldier or Society member,
bring modern audiences face to face with men and women from our storied past.
The majority of the Society’s painted portraits depict figures from the American Revolution, primarily
Revolutionary War soldiers from the American forces and their French allies, but also politicians and
family members. From George Washington and the war’s highest-ranking officers to junior officers whose
likenesses might otherwise have been lost to history, these portraits help to document the variety of men
who fought the Revolutionary War. Several French soldiers are represented in these portraits, including
the marquis de Lafayette and Admiral d’Estaing. Other portraits represent politicians, including a 1778
miniature of Burwell Bassett of Virginia, and families of Revolutionary War soldiers, among them a
charming likeness of Sylvie de Grasse, daughter of the famed French admiral François Joseph Paul,
comte de Grasse.
Among the most striking and significant of these Revolutionary War paintings are more than thirty
miniature portraits painted during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Often painted
quickly and away from an artist’s studio, miniature portraits were intimate keepsakes intended primarily
for the sitters’ loved ones. Almost all of the early miniatures in the Society’s collections depict soldiers of
the Revolution. Several, including those of Col. George Baylor of Virginia and Maj. James Hamilton of
Pennsylvania, were painted by Charles Willson Peale at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778.
The fine detail and muted, yet realistic, color palette often seen in these miniatures create remarkably
lifelike images. They also convey valuable information about military uniforms and other clothing that
larger portraits often do not.
Most of these Revolutionary War officers went on to become original members of the Society, and some
had their portraits painted wearing a Society Eagle. The Society’s collections include dozens of painted
likenesses of members of the Society, from the founding generation to the present, which contribute to
the rich history of the institution. In the nineteenth century, hereditary members fought in the War of
1812 and the Civil War, memorialized in paintings such as Gilbert Stuart’s portrait of Adm. William
Branford Shubrick of South Carolina wearing a Society Eagle and Robert Gordon Hardie’s later portrait
of Civil War general Henry Larcom Abbot of Massachusetts. Nearly all of the thirty-four past presidents
general of the Society also hold a place in the collections, with portraits of men ranging from George
Washington, the first president general, to Robert Fillmore Norfleet Jr., the most recent past president
general. In between, canvases depict Alexander Hamilton, who succeeded Washington; William Popham,
who served from 1844 to 1847 as the last Revolutionary War veteran to hold the office; and John Collins
Daves, who presided over the acquisition of Anderson House as the Society’s headquarters in the 1930s.
The varying representations of Society Eagles in these portraits are an important source for studying of
the insignia.
48
The portraits from Larz and Isabel Anderson’s collection, most of which continue to be on display at
Anderson House, feature several likenesses of their ancestors, whose portraits trace a history of one
Portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Richard Varick by James Sharples (1751-1811), early 19th century.
Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase.
family’s witness to American history and membership in the Society. The collection includes depictions of
Revolutionary War veteran Lt. Col. Richard Clough Anderson, an original Society member; Maj. Gen.
Robert Anderson, the commanding Union officer of Fort Sumter in 1861 and an honorary Society member;
and Civil War general Nicholas Longworth Anderson, a hereditary Society member. Of the four painted
portraits of Larz Anderson in the collections, two show him proudly wearing his Society Eagle. The
Andersons also acquired British portraits for the English drawing room at Anderson House, including a
painting of the duke of Wellington, who commanded the army that defeated Napoleon at the Battle of
Waterloo, and works by Peter Lely and Joshua Reynolds.
The development of the portrait collection began with Isabel Anderson’s gift of Anderson House and much
of her and her late husband’s art and artifact collection in 1938. Since the establishment of the Society’s
museum in 1939, this portrait collection has grown mostly through generous gifts and bequests made by
members and friends of the Society. The largest came in 1958, when the Society received a bequest from
Henry Coleman de Courcy May of the Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland that included twenty-six
portraits of Maryland’s de Courcy-May families, including several original and hereditary Society members.
Gifts of family portraits of Revolutionary War soldiers are always welcomed. Among the most wonderful
recent ones is an early-nineteenth-century oil portrait of Capt. Theodosius Fowler, presented to the Society
by Ms. Frances Kellogg Stevenson, a descendant of the captain.
49
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
Nathaniel Coit Allen by John Brewster Jr.
(1766-1854), ca. 1810. Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase.
Selected Acquisitions
Fine arts
A growing number of portraits have been
acquired by purchase with funds donated
by constituent societies and individual
donors. The Massachusetts Society
shared the cost of acquiring an
important portrait of Col. Thomas Hunt
of the Massachusetts line; Colonel Hunt
fought in the running battle with the
British on the afternoon of the battles of
Lexington and Concord and was with
Washington’s army at Yorktown, having
served continuously for six years through
some of the fiercest fighting of the war.
The Society now has the beginning of a
permanent endowment to support such
purchases. A recent bequest of more than
$120,000 from Dr. Richard Hubbard Howland,
an honorary member of the Delaware State Society
of the Cincinnati, was used to create the Museum
Acquisitions Endowment Fund, which (with future
contributions and capital appreciation) should provide a
source of funds for building the collection.
This year the Society added to its collections a pair of pastel portraits of
Col. Richard Varick and his wife Maria by the English artist James Sharples, as well as a watercolor
miniature portrait of Capt. Nathaniel Coit Allen attributed to John Brewster Jr. Colonel Varick served as
an aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold just prior to Arnold’s treason. After the war he embarked on a legal
and political career in New York and served as president of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati
from 1806 until his death in 1831. His wife, a daughter of the Roosevelt family, outlived him by ten
years. Captain Allen settled in Maine following the Revolution, where he became a representative and
justice of the peace, and died at the age of sixty in “the Asylum for the Insane” outside Boston. Their
portraits constitute memorials to their service and sacrifice to the American cause.
Emily L. Schulz
Deputy Director and Curator
Col. Richard Varick and Mrs. Maria (née Roosevelt) Varick. Portraits by James Sharples (1751-1811),
early 19th century. Pastel on paper. Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase. During the Revolutionary War,
Col. Richard Varick (1753-1831) was an aide-de-camp to Philip Schuyler and, in 1780, to Benedict Arnold
and later served as one of George Washington’s secretaries. Varick, an original member of the New York
Society, married Maria Roosevelt (1763-1841) in 1786. He later became mayor of New York City (17891801)
and president of the New York Society (1806-1831). This pair of portraits of Varick and his wife joins
Varick’s small sword, several manuscripts written by or to him, and pamphlets from his library in the
Society’s collections. See page 49.
Nathaniel Coit Allen. Portrait attributed to John Brewster Jr. (1766-1854), ca. 1810. Watercolor on ivory.
Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase. Capt. Nathaniel Coit Allen (1759-1819) served with the
Massachusetts Continental Line from November 1776 through the end of the war. Allen was an original
member of the Massachusetts Society.
Historic artifacts
Society of the Cincinnati sugar bowl owned by Capt. Samuel Shaw. Jingdezhen, China, ca.1790.
Porcelain, enamel and gold. Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase. Capt. Samuel Shaw (1754-1794), an
original member of the Massachusetts Society, oversaw the manufacture of Society porcelain in China in the
1780s and early 1790s. After his first trip to Canton in 1784-1785 that produced the standard Society
dinnerware with a blue Fitzhugh border, Shaw later returned and personally commissioned Society tea sets of
a different design for several friends and fellow members. This sugar bowl from Shaw’s own set bears his
initials and rather faithful renderings of both sides of the Eagle.
Society of the Cincinnati Eagle owned by Capt. Benjamin Heywood. French or American, late 18th-early
19th century. Gold, enamel, metal and silk. Museum
Acquisitions Fund Purchase. Capt. Benjamin Heywood
(1746-1816) was an original member of the Massachusetts
Society and its first assistant treasurer. This Eagle is the first
of its type, which is yet to be fully identified, in the Society’s
collections.
Pocket scales and decanter owned by Col. Moses
Rawlings. Unknown maker, 18th century. Iron, brass, silk,
metal and fabric (scales); Glass (decanter). Museum
Acquisitions Fund Purchase.
50
Tobacco card with the Society of the Cincinnati Eagle.
Made by Emblem Cigarettes, New York, early 20th century.
51
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
Ink on paper. Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase.
Medal commemorating the 1926 Triennial meeting of the Society of the
Cincinnati in Princeton, New Jersey. Made by Bailey, Banks and Biddle,
Philadelphia, 1926. Gilt bronze. Gift of Catesby Brooke Jones.
Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
Duhamel de Monceau. Élémens de l’Architecture Navale, ou, Traité Pratique de la Construction des
Vaisseaux. A Paris: Chez Charles-Antoine Jombert, Libraire du roi pour l’artillerie & le genie ..., 1752.
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This appears to be the author’s working copy for the
second edition that was published in 1758, with several printed corrections pasted into the text, numerous
manuscript annotations and four original ink-and-wash drawings that are inserted as plates.
Books and pamphlets
Robert Aitken. The Pennsylvania Magazine: or, American Monthly Museum
for June 1775. Philadelphia: Printed by R. Aitken, 1775. The Robert Charles
Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This issue includes the announcement of the
appointment of “George Washington, Esq. of Virginia, General and Commander in
Chief of all the American Forces;” an “Elegy to the Memory of the American Volunteers
who Fell in the Engagement between the Massachusetts-Bay Militia and the British Troops,
April 19, 1775;” and an announcement of the publisher’s forthcoming book Military Instructions
for Officers Detached in the Field…By an Officer. Although Aitken excerpted long passages from the text
of the book, he did not mention that the work was to be dedicated to George Washington (it would be
the first book to be so), suggesting that that decision was made late in the book’s publication process.
Claude-François Renart, comte d’Amblimont. Tactique Navale, ou Traité sur les Évolutions, sur les
Signaux, et sur les Mouvemens de Guerre. A Paris: Chez P.Fr. Didot le jeune, Imprimeur de Monsieur,
1788. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The author was an original member of the
Société des Cincinnati de France. In 2006 the Society acquired d’Amblimont’s original manuscript of the
text of this treatise on naval tactics, as the gift of his great-great-great-great-great grandson, Thomas
Sumter Tisdale Jr.
The Antient and Present State of Military Law in Great Britain Consider’d with a Review of the
Debates of the Army and Navy Bills: in Four Letters to a Friend in the Country. London: Printed for
W. Owen ... and G. Woodfall ..., 1750. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The author,
who is not identified, writes that the “necessity of the Existence of regular Troops enforces the Necessity
of regular Discipline. At the Door through which Discipline goes out, Danger enters.”
Hugh Henry Brackenridge. Modern Chivalry: Containing the Adventures of a Captain and Teague
O’Regan, His Servant. 2 vols. Pittsburgh: Published by R. Patterson & Lambdin, 1819. The Robert
Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. In this satirical novel, the protagonist meets a clergyman who is
wearing the Eagle of the Society of the Cincinnati, and he
questions the meaning of the Society’s
insignia and mottoes.
Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of Chesterfield.
Miscellaneous Works of the Late Philip Dormer Stanhope,
Earl of Chesterfield …. 2 vols. London: Printed for Edward
and Charles Dilly, 1777. Gift of Denis Buchanan Woodfield.
52
The Complete Militia Man, or a Compendium of Military
Knowledge… by an Officer of the British Forces. London:
Printed for R. Griffiths …, 1760. The Robert Charles
Timothy Dwight. A Sermon, Preached at Northampton, on the Twenty-Eighth of November 1781:
Occasioned by the Capture of the British Army, under the Command of Earl Cornwallis .... Hartford:
Printed by Nathaniel Patten …, [1781]. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The author
became an honorary member of the Connecticut Society.
Clement Edmondes. Observations vpon Cæsars Comentaries. [London: Matthew Lownes?], 1609. The
Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Edmondes begins with this advice: “Reading and discourse
are requisite, to make a Souldier perfect in the Arte Militarie….”
John Entick. The General History of the Late War: Containing It’s Rise, Progress, and Event, in
Europe, Asia, Africa, and America ... 5 vols. London: Printed for Edward Dilly,… and John Millan…,
1763-1764. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Tipped into volume five is an original manuscript map titled “A Correct Plan of the City and Harbour of Havana.” The set is believed to have
belonged to James Murray (1725-1792) who served in the Cuban campaign during the Seven Years’ War and
later in Canada, becoming governor general.
France. Sovereign (1774-1792: Louis XVI). Loi Relative au Militaire, Donnée à Paris, le 20 Mars 1791.
A Clermont-Ferrand: De l’Imprimerie d’Antoine Delcros …, 1791. Gift of William Lewis Principe Jr. The
French Assemblée Nationale rules that Frenchmen who were not noblemen but who had served in the
American war and had obtained the Eagle of the Society of the Cincinnati are eligible for commissions from
the King as officers of the army.
France. Sovereign (1774-1792: Louis XVI). Ordonnance du Roi, pour la Publication de la Paix
du 3 Novembre 1783. A Paris: De l’imprimerie Royale, 1783. The Robert Charles Lawrence
Fergusson Collection.
Thomas Haselden. The Seaman’s Daily Assistant, Being a Short, Easy, and Plain Method of Keeping a
Journal at Sea ... London: Printed for J. Mount and T. Page …, 1767. The Robert Charles Lawrence
Fergusson Collection. Inscriptions in this volume document the travels and travails of a succession
of owners. The earliest signature indicates that the book was purchased by Abram Outten in
Baltimore in 1769; the next owner was John Sturgis, who bought the book in Baltimore in 1776
and recorded in it his experiences as a privateer sailing in the West Indies. Another owner, Edward
Yard, acquired the book in 1777 and in it recorded a report of his capture and transport to Forton
Prison in England. While at Forton, Edward Yard sold the book to another American prisoner,
Jonathan Carpenter.
Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray. Love and Patriotism! Or, The Extraordinary Adventures of
M. Duportail, Late Major-General in the Armies of the United States. Interspersed with Many
53
Acquisitions
Surprising Incidents in the Life of the Late Count Pulauski. Philadelphia: Printed by Carey &
Markland, 1797. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
John Marshall. Vie de George Washington, Général en Chef des Armées Américaines, Durant la
Guerre d l’Indépendence, et Président des États-Unis d’Amérique. 5 vols, plus atlas. Paris: Dentu,
Imprimeur-Libraire, 1807. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This is the first French
edition of Marshall’s famous biography of Washington, translated by Pierre François Henry, with plates
and maps engraved by Jean Nicolas Bauche.
The Military Register; or New and Complete Lists of All His Majesty’s Land Forces and Marines for
the Year 1771: with Accurate and Useful Tables of Their Full Pay, Allowances, and Deductions. By
Permission of His Majesty. (Corrected to the 1st of March, 1771.) London: Printed for J. Almon …
[and 9 others], 1771. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This is a semi-official version
of the Army List issued in a pocket-sized (12mo) format.
John Hamilton Moore. The Seaman’s Complete Daily Assistant: Being an Easy and Correct Method
of Keeping a Journal at Sea ... London: Printed for B. Law…, and G. Robinson …, 1779. The Robert
Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
François Valentin Mulot. Oraison Funèbre de J. B. Gouvion, Maréchal de Camp ... le juedi 21 juin
1792. A Paris: De l’imprimerie de Cl.-F. Cagnion …, [1792]. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson
Collection. Gouvion was a French volunteer in the Continental Army Corps of Engineers and became an
original member of the Society.
Jane Porter. Thaddeus of Warsaw ... The second edition. 4 vols. London: Printed by A. Strahan for T.
N. Longman and O. Rees, 1804. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Based on this life
of Tadeusz Kosciuszko, this work is considered to be one of the first historical novels.
Richard Price. Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the
Justice and Policy of the War with America ... Boston: Re-printed and sold by T. and J. Fleet, [1776].
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Along with Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, this was
one of the most influential pamphlets promoting the cause of American independence, and it was
reprinted in numerous editions in Great Britain and America.
Probleme Résolu, ou Vérités auxquelles tout le Monde ne Croit pas… où par le Développement des
Principes de la Tactique Prussienne ... A Lausanne: Chez François Grasset & Comp., 1774. The
Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This essay an unknown French general criticizes the current French military establishment and extolls the reforms and advances of Frederick the Great.
Johann David Schöpf. Von der Wirkung des Mohnsafts in der Lustseuche ... Erlangen: Bey Johann
Jacob Palm, 1781. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The author was a Hessian
military surgeon in the employ of the British army during the Revolutionary War. This account of his
experiences in North America includes observations about the weather (more extreme conditions than
typical in Europe) and illnesses among the troops associated with local conditions.
54
The Seasonable Address of a Militia-Man, to Those of His Fraternity, on the Prospect of a Peace,
and that of Their Dissolution, or rather Dispersion, in Consequence thereof. London: Printed for J.
Wilkie…, 1761. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The unidentified author begins:
Acquisitions
“Gentlemen! It is now…three or four years…since many of you have been, I dare say, not disagreeably diverted, from the quiet and peaceable duties of your respective callings – from the counter, the plough and other the
ordinary instruments of industry – to the more immediate service of your country, in a very
different employment – as handlers of musket, sword and bayonet. Some of your have not been harnessed
more than a year or two; long enough however I am persuaded, to understand what you were about – to have
perfected yourselves in the art-military, and other genteel accomplishments of the profession…..”
Sentothsed. La Médecine et l’Art Militiare, mis en Paralléle par Leur Importance et par Leur Dignité ...
A Strasbourg: [s.n.], 1775. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Presented as a dialogue
between a physician and a recuperating regimental captain, this work compares the “importance and dignity”
of the medical profession with that of the military.
Thomas Smith. The Art of Gunnery ... London: [[Printed [by Humphrey Lownes] for William Ponsonby
[i.e. R. Dawlman], Printed in the yeare, 1643 [bound together with six other pamphlets]: William Bourne,
The Arte of Shooting in Great Ordnance (1643); Robert Norton, The Gunner’s Dialogue (1628); Robert
Norton, Of the Art of Great Artillery (1624); Peter Whithorne, Certaine Wayes for the Ordering of
Souldiours in Battelray (1573); Girolamo Cataneo, Most Briefe Tables to Knowe Redily Howe Manye
Rankes of Footemen Armed with Corslettes as Unarmed Go to the Making of a Just Battayle (1574);
Adrien Romain, Pyrotechnia (1611). The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Gen. George
Lane Parker, a British officer in service at the time of the American Revolution, had this group of works
bound together in a volume labeled “Gunnery.” The front fly-leaf contains his written index of the
volume’s contents.
United States. Congress (2nd, 1st session: 1791-1792). House. Proceedings in the House of
Representatives of the United States of America, Respecting the Contested Election for the Eastern
District of Georgia. Philadelphia: Printed by Parry Hall …, 1792. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson
Collection. This report concerns the contest for Georgia’s seat in the U.S.
House of Representatives between Gen. Anthony Wayne and Gen. James
Jackson, who had served under Wayne during the Revolutionary War. Wayne
was originally declared the winner but the totals in several district far exceeded
“the whole number of male inhabitants entitled to vote.” The House upheld
Jackson’s challenge, refused to seat Wayne and declared the seat vacant. Jackson
went on to
become a governor of Georgia and a U.S. Senator.
George Washington. A Circular Letter, from His Excellency George
Washington, Commander in Chief of the Armies of the United States of
America; Addressed to the Governors of the Several States, on His Resigning
His Command of the Army, and Retiring from Public Business.
Philadelphia: Printed by Robert Smith, jun. …, [1783]. Purchased for The
Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection through the generosity of Charles Lilly Coltman III, the
great-great-great-great-great grandson of Robert Coltman, the original owner of the book. As he prepared to
resign from public service at the end of the Revolutionary War, Washington issued a “circular letter” to the
governors of the states, in which he reflected on the great achievement of independence and laid out his
opinions on how the national must proceed to keep this independence secure. This copy of one of the earliest publications of the text bears the signature of Capt. Robert Coltman of the Continental Artillery, who
was an original member of the Pennsylvania Society.
Benjamin West. A Discourse, Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy, on the Distribution
55
Acquisitions
of the Prizes, December 20, 1792 ... London: Printed by Thomas Cadell …, 1793. Gift of
Rosamond Whitney Carr and family. George Washington’s copy, bearing his autograph on the title
page; also an inscription by the author to George Washington on the half-title. See pages 44-47.
Broadside
The Old Soldier – A Fact. Americans! Read and Reflect ... [S.l.]: Printed by order of a few surviving
soldiers of the Revolution, [1828]. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This broadside
recounts the story of Richard Nagle (1744-1837), a Revolutionary War veteran from Cambria County,
Pa., who walked to Washington D.C. to seek his pension. He was rebuffed by Congress, and met with
President John Quincy Adams at the White House, who is supposed to have said “Begone you impostor,
and dirty old rascal, or I’ll have you horse-whipped.” The story was also reported in several newspapers at
the time and Nagel eventually received a “gratuity” of $40 for his Revolutionary service from the
state of Pennsylvania.
Graphic arts
William Faden. A N.b.E. View of the Fort on the Western End of Sulivans Island ... London: Engav’d
& Publish’d according to Act of Parliament ... by Wm. Faden, Aug. 10th, 1776. The Robert Charles
Acquisitions
Thomas S. Sinclair. Murder of Miss McCrea. [Philadelphia: s.n., ca. 1840s]. The Robert Charles Lawrence
Fergusson Collection. Jane McCrea was a young American woman who was captured and killed by a group
of Indians as she went to meet her fiancé, a British army officer. Her story was repeated widely in America
and France as an example of the brutality of the Indian allies of the British.
W. Walker, after O’Neil. A Perspective View of Coxheath Camp Representing a Grand Review of the
Army. London: Published … by Fielding & Walker, Septr. 7, 1778. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson
Collection. This engraving shows many of the details of Coxheath Camp outlined in the manuscript orderly
book described below. The camp, heralded as a model of British Army practice, became a popular place for
citizens to visit. See pages 76-77.
Manuscripts
Headquarters Orderly Book from Coxheath Camp, 1778. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson
Collection. Among the orders recorded are the “manouvres to be practised in the Camps” of the British
Army under Lord Jeffery Amherst, commander-in-chief of Great Britain, as well as “dutys and regulations to
be observed in the camp.” Coxheath Camp, located in Kent County, became the site of the largest training
camp of the British Army during the Revolutionary War, at which the British implemented new practices
and procedures based on their experience in America.
Cornet William Lee. Standing Orders of the 16th (or Queen’s) Regiment Light Dragoons, 1785.
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This bound manuscript includes “Evolutions and
Manoeuvres” extracted from the “usual practice of the Regmt. Which appear to have fallen into Disuse…”
and other detailed drill directions. It also contains three aides memoires – separate cards on which the words
of command of the manual exercise are laid out.
56
Wilhelmina Nisbet, countess of Leven. Manuscript diary, 28 May 1776 to 6 December 1777.
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This diary was kept by the mother of Capt. William
Leslie, a British officer who was killed in the Battle of Princeton in 1777. She expresses her great concern
over his leaving for America and constant worry, as she coped with delayed and even false reports from the
front, until the devastating news of his death is received. Through the influence of Dr. Benjamin Rush,
a family friend, Captain Leslie was buried with full military honors in Pluckemin cemetery in New Jersey.
Lawrence Fergusson Collection. On June, 28, 1776, Americans under the command of Gen. William
Moultrie successfully repelled the attack of the British fleet at Sullivan’s Island off Charleston, South
Carolina. The American fort on the island looks substantial in this engraving, but it was actually hastily
built with local palmetto logs.
François Robert Ingouf Jr., after Sigmund Freudeberg. Le Soldat en Semestre. A Paris: Chés Buldet
…, 1770. Gift of Glenn Mitchell, Peter Harrington Antiquarian Books. A soldier on leave recounts his
military exploits to family group gathered around a table in a richly detailed domestic scene.
François-Ignace Ervoil d’ Oyré. Journals and letters recounting his experiences as an engineer in
General Rochambeau’s army in America, 1780-1783. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
See pages 40-43.
Daniel Lerpinière & James Fittler, after Richard Paton. The Memorable Engagement of Captn.
Pearson of the Serapis, with Paul Jones of the Bon Homme Richard & His Squadron, Sep. 23, 1779.
London: Published … by John Boydell …, Decr 12th 1780. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson
Collection. See endpapers of this report.
Plans des Ordres de Batailles depuis l’Annee 1658 jusqu’en 1745, avec les Noms des Generaux,
Off[ici]ers Supérieurs et les Noms des Corps Composans les Armées. ca. 1750. The Robert Charles
Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This bound volume contains fifty-five manuscript plates covering military
engagements in Europe through the first half of the eighteenth century.
John Norman. Major Genl. Joseph Warren Slain at the Battle of Bunker’s Hill June 17th 1775.
Gift of Jeffrey Schlosberg. This is a plate taken from An Impartial History of the War in America, between
Great Britain and the United States (Boston: Printed by Nathaniel Coverly and Robert Hodge, 1781).
Moses Rawlings. Account Book for Rawling’s Independent Maryland Corps, 1779. The Robert Charles
57
Acquisitions
Acquisitions
Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This account book records the clothing, arms and military equipment
issued to each member of regiment while stationed at Fort Frederick, Maryland, in April 1779, with
notes about supplemental issues to replace worn supplies when the unit transferred to Fort Pitt in June
1779.
institution.” Also reported was the unanimous resolution by the Rhode Island members to “discontinue the
use of all Military titles; sincerely rejoicing in a perfect equality with their fellow citizens who preserve an
inviolable attachment to the laws of honor, justice and equality.”
The Pennsylvania Packet, and Daily Advertiser. Friday, July 7, 1786. Gift of James Keith Peoples. This
issue includes a report on the July 4th meetings of the Delaware and New Jersey branches of the Society with
lists of the newly elected officers for each. The report of the Delaware Society meeting also includes a list of
thirteen toasts given at their meeting.
Maps
Carington Bowles. Bowles’s New Pocket Map of the United States of America; the British Possessions
of Canada, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland with
the French and Spanish Territories of Louisiana
and Florida as Settled by the Preliminary Article
of Peace, Signed at Versailles the 20th Jany 1783.
London: Printed and sold by the proprietor,
Carington Bowles, 12 April 1784. The Robert
Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This handcolored folding map is housed within its original
published marbled paper slipcase.
Louis Brion de la Tour. Carte des Etats-Unis
d’Amerique et du Cours du Mississipi ... A Paris:
Chez Esnauts et Rapilly …, 1784. The Robert
Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This map
was published just after the signing of the Treaty of
Paris and it shows the newly established borders of
the United States. The cartouche celebrates the
American-French alliance with an image of a cannon
draped by the flags of the two nations.
Louis Brion de la Tour. Carte des Isles Antilles dans l’Amérique Septentrionale … faisant partie du
Théâtre de la Guerre entre les Anglais et le Américains. Paris: Chés Esnauts et Rapilly …, 1782. The
Robert Charles Lawrence
Fergusson Collection.
Caleb Lownes. A New Plan of Boston Harbour from an Actual Survey. Engraving for the
Pennsylvania Magazine. [Philadelphia: R. Aitken, 1775]. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson
Collection. This is the earliest known map showing events of the American Revolution, including a tiny
profile view of “Bunk’s Hill” and a depiction houses in flames in Charles Town.
Photographs
Carte-de-visite photograph of Peter Harmanus Taulman (1797-1874). Gift of William Lewis Principe Jr.
Peter Harmanus Taulman was the son of Peter Taulman, an original member of the New York State Society,
and succeeded his father in Society membership in 1843.
Early photograph, enhanced with painted details, of the U.S. Gunboat Mound City, the iron-clad
gunboat commanded by Commander Augustus H. Kilty, 1862. Gift of the Macsherry family, through
Clinton Kilty Macsherry III. Commander (later Admiral) Kilty was a successor member of the Society of the
Cincinnati of Maryland.
Photograph of Lt. Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson in
uniform, with his parents, Gen. and
Mrs. Robert G. Fergusson. Gift of John Jermain Slocum Jr.
See page 60.
Society of the Cincinnati diplomas
Society of the Cincinnati diploma of Capt. Samuel Cooper,
dated Mount Vernon, December 10, 1785, and signed by
George Washington and Henry Knox. Gift of Mr. and Mrs.
Charles R. Cooper Jr. Captain Cooper was a participant in the
Boston Tea Party and then served in the Continental Army
through the war. He originally joined the Massachusetts Society,
and later transferred his membership to the New York Society
when he moved to that state. He eventually settled in Virginia
and is buried in Alexandria. His son, Gen. Samuel Cooper, was
a graduate of West Point who became a general in the
Confederate Army during the Civil War, while his grandson
and successor in the Society, Adm. Henry Cooper, served on the
Union side.
Newspapers
58
The New-York Daily Gazette, Wednesday, July 15, 1789. Purchase. This issue includes an article
about a recent meeting of the Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Rhode Island in Newport. In addition to listing the election of officers and delegates, the article reports the expulsion of a member, Joseph
Arnold, who had “forfeited all claim to those principles of honor and justice which are the basis of the
Society of the Cincinnati diploma of Capt. Henry Sewall, dated Philadelphia, May 4, 1784, and signed by
George Washington and Henry Knox. Gift of Henry Wigglesworth Mellen, a member of the Connecticut
Society. Captain Sewall was born and died in Maine. He served in the Massachusetts Continental line from
1775 to 1783, completing his service as an aide-de-camp to Maj. Gen. William Heath.
59
Acquisitions
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection was established in 1988 to honor the memory of a
young member of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia. Robert Charles Lawrence
Fergusson (1943-1967) was the son of a general in the United States Army, and the fourth-great-grandson of a captain in the Continental army. He attended West Point and was a Distinguished Military
Graduate of University of Richmond in Virginia. In 1966, upon completing basic artillery training he
received a regular Army commission and volunteered to serve in Vietnam. That same year he was
admitted to membership in the Virginia Society.
Acquisitions
On July 27, 1967, Lieutenant Fergusson was assigned as an Artillery Forward Observer with Company A,
Second Battalion, 237 Infantry, First Brigade, 101st Airborne Division. He was stationed near Tam Ky.
Lieutenant Fergusson was first wounded in action in August 1967 and received the Purple Heart and was
awarded the Bronze Star for “exceptionally valorous action.” At noon on October 8, 1967, a platoon from
Company A was sent on a reconnaissance mission. About two hours later, as they were returning to join the
company, they were ambushed and suffered heavy casualties—including seventeen killed. The company
commander, assisted by Lieutenant Fergusson, led a small force forward to assist the platoon but they were
also ambushed. The commander was wounded and left for dead by the enemy. Lieutenant Fergusson was also
wounded, but refused medical assistance and continued to fight. As he moved to adjust the artillery fire, he
was shot in the forehead. His leadership inspired his men to fight gallantly until a relief force arrived and
rescued the wounded, including Lieutenant Fergusson. For this action Lieutenant Fergusson was awarded the
Oak Leaf Cluster and the Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism.
The Intelligence Officer for the battalion, Sava Stepanovitch (now an honorary member of the French
Society) was instructed by Brigade Commander Brig. Gen. Mathenson and Battalion Commander Lt. Col.
Yerks to go to the Second Surgeon Hospital at Chu Lai to interview the wounded men and report on all
details of the fighting. “I tried to talk with both the company commander,” he recalls, “who gave only a few
unintelligible words, and with Lieutenant Fergusson who was unable to speak at all. Lieutenant Fergusson
was later evacuated to Japan, where he died. He gave his life in service to his country.” Robert Charles
Lawrence Fergusson was buried with full military honors at the U. S. Military Academy at West Point.
The growing collection that bears Lieutenant Fergusson’s name includes rare books, broadsides, manuscripts,
maps, works of art, and artifacts that pertain to the military and naval history of the era of the American
Revolution and to the art of war in the
eighteenth century. During the year
ending June 30, 2009, 218 items were
FINANCIAL SUPPORT Funds to support acquisitions
added to the Fergusson Collection. In
to the Fergusson Collection have been provided
addition, the Society purchased 217
through the generosity of a member of the Society
items using other funds and received
of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia who wishes
109 items as gifts, bringing the total of
to remain anonymous. The ongoing commitment of
the year’s library and museum
funds over more than two decades has enabled the
acquisitions to 544 items.
Society of build a collection distinguished by its
breadth and depth, especially in the field of military
and naval art and science.
Lt. Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson, with his parents, Gen. and
Mrs. Robert G. Fergusson. Gift of John Jermain Slocum Jr. Mr.
Slocum’s parents met and became close friends of the Fergussons
when General Fergusson was teaching at the Naval War College in
Newport, Rhode Island in the 1960s. This striking photograph
comes from Mr. Slocum’s family collection.
60
61
Collections Management & Conservation
Collections Management and Conservation
A Library Catalog for the 21st Century
The effective management of the Society’s collections, both in our library and our museum, are of
critical importance to the Society. Cataloging is the essential underpinning of any research collection,
bringing order and organization to the material and providing context and points of access to lead
researchers to what is relevant to their work. In the library field, good cataloging is often described as
being as much an art as a science, and this is especially true for the effective description of special
collections that bring together a range of formats— rare books, manuscripts, maps, graphic arts, and
modern works. The Society has been fortunate to have had on its staff a gifted library cataloger, E.K.
Hong, for more than sixteen years. Ms. Hong arrived in the library in 1993, when the computerization
of the catalog was in its earliest stages, and she has overseen several upgrades of the system over the years.
Her cataloging work is highly detailed and scholarly, going well beyond the basics of bibliographic
description to include copy-specific information such as provenance, inscriptions, and bindings, as well
as extended subject headings to place each work within the larger themes of the collection. Her work has
won praise from many scholars, including Professor Ira Gruber, an expert on warfare in the age of the
American Revolution, who wrote, “You have the best catalogue that I have seen anywhere.”
The library catalog of the Society of the Cincinnati, like the catalog of the John Carter Brown Library
and a small number of other institutions, is a model of scholarship and a significant bibliographic
resource in its own right. The Society’s collecting focus on the art of war in the early modern era has
resulted in the cataloging of a large number of exceedingly rare works. The Society contributes its
cataloging data to the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), a consortium of libraries that
maintains an online catalog documenting millions of titles held in collections worldwide. Despite the
enormous size of the OCLC catalog (called WorldCat), the Society has been the first institution to
contribute catalog entries on many titles, particularly on the art of war. Our library also contributes
records of its relevant holding to the English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC), a database of works printed
in the British Isles or North America, or written in English and published elsewhere, before 1800.
We are a leader in library cataloging in our special field.
In June 2008 we took a major step forward in cataloging and providing scholarly access to our
collections by mounting the Society’s library catalog on the World Wide Web. Researchers can now
study our catalog before coming to Anderson House, and they can arrive here ready to request materials
without hours or days of wasted time studying our catalog on site. Providing online access has
dramatically increased the efficiency of our researchers and is steadily increasing their number and
quality. The online catalog makes us much more effective at our mission, which is to provide scholars
with a unique research resource upon which to base publications on our War for Independence and
closely related themes. The launch of the online catalog has also prompted an intensified effort to
convert to electronic form all remaining records from the old card catalog (primarily historical
manuscripts), in which Ms. Hong has been ably assisted by former library director, Sandra Powers,
and library assistant, Valerie Sallis.
62
Collections Management & Conservation
The online catalog is only one way in which the library has embraced the technological revolution in
information science. We are also digitizing some of our most commonly requested rare materials and making
them available on compact disk and eventually, online. At the same time, we remain committed to the oldfashioned but never out-dated idea that a great historical library’s primary task is to collect, preserve and
protect the printed and manuscript material documenting our shared past and to share those collections with
unfailing courtesy, kindness and professionalism.
Inventorying our Museum Collections
With the addition of Lindsay Borst to our museum staff as museum collections manager in the early
summer of 2008, we now have sufficient skilled personnel to raise our museum collections management
practices to the same high professional level. Between September 2008 and April 2009, the Society’s staff
conducted the first phase of a comprehensive museum collections inventory—the first of its kind in eight
years. A collections inventory process allows a museum to verify the contents of its collections and improves
its ability to properly preserve and provide access to the objects in its care. The goals of the inventory were to
confirm the current location and condition of all objects in the museum collections and accurately document
that information in the museum’s electronic database and other records.
During the first phase of the inventory, more than four thousand objects were located and recorded. A team
of staff members and interns conducted a meticulous room-by-room inventory, comparing reports of known
locations of objects printed from the electronic collections database to the actual contents of each space.
The inventory was primarily conducted by Lindsay Borst, museum collections manager, and Amanda
Morrison, 2008 Clement Ellis Conger Intern, with assistance from Emily Schulz, Jenna Chaojareon and
Colleen Morith. This team explored all rooms of Anderson House, including the public museum rooms,
museum collections storage areas, staff offices, constituent society suites and the Society’s research library.
In the process, staff recovered several previously missing items and discovered a number of uncataloged
objects. Staff also rehoused many collections objects in archival materials during the inventory, improving
storage conditions and access to these objects. The inventory also provided the museum staff with an
opportunity to evaluate the condition of individual objects and the collection as a whole. This aspect of the
inventory will help identify conservation priorities and serves as the first step in developing a plan for the
reorganization of the fourth-floor museum collections storage rooms.
The second and final phase of the collections inventory involves updating the electronic database with
objects’ correct locations and condition, as well as research to solve any discrepancies and accurately identify
unknown and uncataloged objects. Work to update the collections database is expected to be complete by
December 2009. The updated and expanded database will improve access to both the museum collections
and the records that document them.
63
Collections Management & Conservation
Examining the
Diamond Eagle
The Diamond Eagle,
presented to George
Washington at the Society’s
first general meeting in 1784,
is the most treasured object
in the Society’s museum
collections. Made in Paris by
the firm Duval and Francastel
from designs by Pierre
L’Enfant, the Diamond Eagle
is a visual tour de force.
The historical significance of
the Diamond Eagle is readily
grasped, but only now do we
understand as much about
how it was made. In the fall
of 2008, the Society asked
Lynne Loube, a master
gemologist specializing in
eighteenth-century American
jewelry, to examine the
Diamond Eagle in an effort
to determine more about the
materials and methods used
in its manufacture. Her
technical examination of the
Diamond Eagle’s 198
precious stones, gold, silver
and enamel, took almost six
full days, and culminated
with a written report
detailing the cut, clarity and
carat weight of each stone;
discussing their possible origins; and assessing the craftsmanship of the Diamond Eagle within its
historical context. Ms. Loube’s findings are remarkable, and the previously unknown details will improve
the Society’s ability to care for and document this important object.
64
At the end of the eighteenth century, diamonds and other precious gems were in relatively short supply
and available only to the very wealthy. Diamonds were especially desirable, and pioneering works like
David Jefferies’ A Treatise on Diamonds and Pearls, first published in 1750, served to ensure the proper
and consistent valuation and manufacture of diamond jewelry. The stones used in the Diamond Eagle
may have been supplied directly from the stores of Louis XVI, who approved the establishment of the
Society in France in December 1783. Several of the smaller stones have abrasions and fractures consistent
with those worn in rings, which may suggest that some of the stones in the Diamond Eagle were
removed from other pieces of jewelry and recut into the needed shapes. The Diamond Eagle is made in
two parts—the round trophy portion at the top and the eagle portion, consisting of eighty-two and
seventy-eight diamonds, respectively. The diamonds are mounted in silver cups backed with gold.
The reverse side of the Diamond Eagle consists of a gold back, exquisitely cast and carved, which is fused
and screwed to the silver obverse. The dark substance seen between and through many of the diamonds is
probably “jewelers wax,” which a contemporary work describes as “three parts rosin, one part bees-wax, and
four parts fine brick-dust” (Lewis Feuchtwanger, A Treatise on Gems, New York, 1838: 48). Most of the
small diamonds in the wings are channel set—placed edge-to-edge in rows between metal rims that hold
the stones in place. At the time, channel setting was a more common method for mounting paste, or glass,
jewelry, but the peculiar design of the Diamond Eagle called for the use of this method to create the wings’
distinctive pattern.
The wreath around the eagle’s head and the branches held in its talons contain emeralds and rubies, likely in
18kt gold settings. These gold settings are thick, have a somewhat irregular shape, and are looser fitting than
the silver settings. This may be the work of a less experienced jeweler or apprentice, fearful of damaging or
cracking the relatively soft emeralds. These characteristics may suggest the hand of more than one craftsman
at work on the Diamond Eagle.
Ms. Loube’s examination revealed a wealth of new information about the gems in the Diamond Eagle:
■
The Diamond Eagle has a total of 198 precious gems—160 diamonds of various sizes and cuts,
28 marquis-shaped emeralds and 10 round rubies.
■
The Diamond Eagle has an
approximate total weight in
diamonds of 9 carats—with 6.25
carats in the trophy portion and
2.75 carats in the eagle body and
wings. The largest diamond is at
the center of the trophy and is
almost two-thirds of a carat
in weight.
■
The diamonds probably came from
India and Brazil. The whiter and
larger diamonds, seen primarily in
the trophy portion, probably came
from the Golconda diamond mines
in India, while the more yellow and
smaller diamonds which make up
the eagle’s head, wings and body
appear to be Brazilian in origin.
■
The Diamond Eagle contains a total
of thirty-five fluorescent
diamonds, which range in color
from bright yellow to faint green
and blue when exposed to longwave ultraviolet light. A diamond
that has a more yellow color and
exhibits blue fluorescence will
appear whiter than it actually is,
thus improving the visual quality
of the piece.
65
Collections Management & Conservation
Collections Management & Conservation
■
The majority of the diamonds are
small square French-cut stones,
cushion-cut brilliants, and
baroque brilliants, an early brilliant cut introduced when more
facets became fashionable. Most
of the diamonds are near colorless or faint yellow and of medium clarity.
The ongoing conservation project of treating the Diana tapestry series reached another milestone in the
year ending June 30, 2009, when the sixth panel to receive treatment, Two Men Slaying a Dragon, was
reinstalled in the Anderson House Dining Room in June 2009. For two years, conservators at the Cathedral
of St. John the Divine’s Textile Conservation Laboratory in New York City had cleaned the surface of the
tapestry of dirt and grime, consolidated and strengthened the deteriorating silk and wool fibers, secured
detached borders, and attached new lining and hanging systems. A Man and a Woman Walking in a Garden,
the last large tapestry in the set to be treated, was removed from the dining room and transported to the
conservation lab in June for work that is estimated
to take more than a year.
■
The twenty-eight marquisshaped, medium blue-green
emeralds found in the wreath
and branches are probably from
Colombia and measure
approximately one-third carat
total weight. The ten round
cabochon (meaning polished but
not faceted) rubies are probably
from Burma and measure just
under one-eighth carat
total weight.
Other objects in the collections that received
conservation treatment during the year include the
French small sword and scabbard presented to Lt.
Col. Tench Tilghman and Archibald McCalester’s
parchment Society membership certificate before
their display in the exhibition Maryland in the
American Revolution. Also receiving attention were
seventeen artifacts, books and manuscripts displayed
in the exhibition George Washington & His Generals,
including a pair of pistols owned by Nathanael
Greene, a wood canteen carried at Bunker Hill, and
seven other objects treated by Mount Vernon
conservator Katherine Ridgway. The watercolor-onivory miniature portrait of Samuel Ashe Jr. (17631835) that was donated to the Society in 2007 also
received conservation treatment to repair an old
crack in the ivory and clean the portrait and gilt
copper case of accumulated dirt and mold.
Lindsay E. Borst
Museum Collections Manager
Conservation Projects
66
The Society’s project to restore and conserve its collection of eighteenth-century manuscript orderly
books, which was begun in 2006, is nearing completion. Twenty-eight of the thirty-five volumes in need
of conservation have now been treated at the Center for the Conservation of Art and Historic Artifacts in
Philadelphia. Each volume has been structurally repaired and cleaned, and each is now housed in a
custom-made archival box to ensure its long-term preservation. The project is being funded through the
Save America’s Treasures grant program, a partnership of the President’s Committee on the Arts and
Humanities, the National Park Service, the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment
for the Humanities and the Institute of Museum and Library Services to fund the preservation and
conservation of irreplaceable and endangered historic properties, sites, documents,
artistic works and artifacts.
Riggers install the recently conserved tapestry
panel with conservator Ligia Fernandez looking on.
FINANCIAL SUPPORT
Conservation work during the year ending June 30, 2009,
was supported by the Museum Acquisitions and Conservation
Fund, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and
members supporting the Annual Giving Campaign.
67
Support
The Annual Giving Campaign
for the year ending June 30, 2009
Generals
The programs of the Society of the Cincinnati are sustained
Gifts of $5,000 or more
by gifts to the Annual Giving Campaign, which totaled
Dr. John Roberts Bockstoce
Mr. John Bratton Jr.
Mr. Richard Hoag Breithaupt Jr.
Mr. John Henry Bridger
Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman III
Hon. Raymond Lawrence Drake
Mr. Beverly Means DuBose III
Mr. Frederick Lorimer Graham
Mr. William Hershey Greer Jr.
Mr. John Christopher Harvey
Mr. Thomas Stephen Kenan III
The Society of the Cincinnati
of Maryland
$598,207.20 in the year ending June 30, 2009. These
contributions pay the costs of the Society’s library, museum
and education programs and other programs carried out by
the Society.
Forty-eight percent of the members of the Society
The Massachusetts Society
of the Cincinnati
Rear Admiral Kleber Sanlin
Masterson Jr., USN (Ret.)
The George & Carol
Olmsted Foundation
Mr. Ross Gamble Perry
Mr. William Francis Price Jr.
John S. Rankin Charitable Trust
Mr. George Sunderland Rich
Mr. Michael David Sherrill
The Society of the Cincinnati
in the State of Virginia
contributed to Annual Giving during the year ending June 30,
Benefactors
2009, more than in any previous year. One hundred percent
Gifts of $2,500 to $4,999
of the members of La Société des Cincinnati de France
Mr. George Miller Chester Jr.
Mr. Edmund Tompkins DeJarnette Jr.
Mr. Henry Burnett Fishburne Jr.
Mr. Catesby Brooke Jones
Mr. Chiswell Dabney Langhorne Jr.
Mr. David Arthur McCormick
Mr. Capers Walter McDonald
Mr. Spencer Wood Morten Jr.
contributed to the campaign.
Among American members, the most active participants were
Mr. Edward Peyton Offley
Maj. Gen. Douglas Vincent O'Dell Jr.,
USMC (Ret.)
Mr. Francis Avery Packer Jr.
Mr. George Forrest Pragoff
Mr. Thomas Alonza Saunders IV
Mr. Laurence Gray Sprunt
members of the Georgia, New Hampshire, Virginia and
Maryland societies. Fifty-one percent of the members of the
Georgia Society, fifty percent of the members of the New
Hampshire Society, forty-five percent of the members of the
Virginia Society, and forty-four percent of the members of the
68
Maryland Society contributed to the campaign.
69
70
Leaders
Patrons
Gifts of $1,000 to $2,499
Gifts of $500 to $999
Lt. Col. William Joseph Allen III
Mr. James Kerr Anderson
Mr. William Wallace Anderson V
Anonymous
Comte Marc-Amédée Anselme
Mr. Thomas St. John Arnold Jr.
Mr. Richard Saltonstall
Auchincloss Jr.
John E. & Caron G. Avery
Foundation, Inc.
Mr. John Absalom Baird Jr.
Mr. Arnold Broyles Barrett Sr.
Mr. George William Beale
Mr. Samuel Merrifield Bemiss III
Mr. William North Blanchard
Mr. Robert Bruce Brier
Mr. Francis Gorham Brigham III
Mr. Brian Wesley Brooke
Mr. Lawrence Lea Brooke
Mr. Armistead Burwell Jr.
Dr. Robert Girard Carroon
Mr. Wayne Chatfield-Taylor II
Raynald, duc de Choiseul Praslin
Mr. Shawn Christopher Clements
Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman IV
The Society of the Cincinnati
in the State of Connecticut
Mr. Charles Allerton Coolidge III
Mr. Howard Ellis Cox Jr.
Mr. Gregory Byrd Crampton
Mr. Maxwell Granger Dale
Mrs. Mary Jane Dalgleish
Mr. Joel Thomas Daves IV
The Delaware State Society
of the Cincinnati
Mr. Ross Bayley Diffenderffer Jr.
The Dillon Fund
Mr. Sherburne Wentworth Dunn
Mr. Thomas Clifton Etter Jr.
Mr. Alexander Gaston
Mr. Thomas Bartley Gorin
Mr. William Bradley Hale
Dr. David Harold Harpole Sr.
Rt. Rev. Robert Condit Harvey
Dr. William Mudd Martin Haskell
Mr. Nathan Van Meter
Hendricks III
Mr. Thomas Johns Hill
Mr. Barry Christopher Howard
Mr. William Clay Howe
Mr. Samuel Draper Hummel
Mr. Jay Wayne Jackson
Mr. Jonathan Jensen
Mr. Bryan Scott Johnson
Mr. Earl Johnson Jr.
Mr. Charles Hill Jones Jr.
Lt. Col. John Kellogg Jouett,
USA (Ret.)
Mr. Jackson Kemper IV
Mr. James Graham Kenan III
Mr. Francis Parker King Jr.
Mr. Marshall Dean Kinsey
Mr. David Peter Kollock
Mr. Frederick Brewer
de Hamel Krom III
Mr. Robert William Lawson III
Mr. Allen Ledyard
Mr. Richard Wolters Ledyard
Mr. William Barclay Lex Jr.
Brig. Gen. Benjamin F. Lucas II
Mr. Ross Warne Maghan Jr.
Mr. St. Julien Ravenel Marshall Jr.
Mr. James Thomas Martin
Mr. Robert Withers Massie III
Mr. William McGowan Matthew
Mr. Frank Mauran IV
Mr. Charles Alexander McGrath
Dr. Hollis Warren Merrick III
Mr. J. William Middendorf II
Mr. Michael Miller
Mr. Michael McClary Morison
Mr. Ray Donavon Munford Jr.
Mr. Charles Watson Newhall III
The Society of the Cincinnati
in the State of New Jersey
The New York State Society
of the Cincinnati
Mr. Robert Fillmore Norfleet Jr.
Mr. Frederick Pope Parker III
The State Society of the Cincinnati
of Pennsylvania
Mr. John Michael Phelps
Mr. Philip Winston Pillsbury Jr.
Mr. Theodore Winston Price III
Dr. William Ivan Procter
Mr. Douglas Tyler Putnam
Mr. William Russell Raiford
Mr. Timothy Brian Robertson
Mr. Wayne Jerome Rogers
Mr. William Henry Savage
Mr. Hugh Scott III
Mr. Nicholas Sellers
Mr. Samuel Prewitt Semmes Jr.
Mr. William Polk Skinner
Mr. John Jermain Slocum Jr.
The late Ellis Fowke Smith
Mr. James Morris Smith
Mr. Robert Bland Smith Jr.
Mr. David Geise Snyder
Mr. Lewis Castleman Strudwick
Mr. John Stephen Sullivan III
Mr. Robert Calvin Sutliff Jr.
Mr. Richard Stephen Taylor
Mr. Larry Dean Terhufen
Mr. Thomas Sumter Tisdale Jr.
Mr. Thomas Howard Townsend
Mr. Scott Edwin Tracy
Mr. William Cattell Trimble Jr.
Mr. John Cole Tuten Jr.
Mr. Jehangir Fuller Varzi
Mr. William Angell Viall II
Mr. Lee Dudley Walker
Mr. Marston Watson
Mr. George Creighton Webb
Mr. Christopher Rowland
Webster Jr.
The late Arthur Delano Weekes III
The late Thomas William
White IV
Mr. Scott Edward Wilbur
Mr. Mark Calhoun Williams
Mr. Alexander Penn Hill Wyrough
Hon. Richard Bender Abell
Mr. Willard Curtis Agee Jr.
Mr. Lewis Stetson Allen
Mr. William Joseph Allen Jr.
Mr. John Carlile Babcock
Mr. Richard Paxton Badham Jr.
Rev. Joseph Pershing Bishop
Mr. George Boyd V
Mr. George Caleb Bradham
Dr. Cordell Lee Bragg III
Mr. John Randolph Bratton
Dr. James Bernard Breckinridge
Col. George Mercer Brooke III,
USMC (Ret.)
Mr. Edmund Freeman Brown IV
Mr. John Stewart Bryan III
Mr. Stuart Maryman Bumpas
Mr. James Bradley Burke
Mr. Malcolm Lee Butler
Mr. Marion Tyus Butler Jr.
Dr. Charles Colcock Jones Carpenter Jr.
Mr. Samuel Baldwin Carr Jr.
Mr. Stuart MacDonald Christhilf III
Mr. William Perry Clements Jr.
Mr. Edwin Bryan Connerat Jr.
Mr. Francis Allyn Cooch III
Mr. Nicholas Trout Cooke III
Mr. William Shaw Corbitt III
Mr. William Marshall Crozier Jr.
Mr. Charles Kenneth Dalgleish
Mr. Henry Darlington Jr.
Mr. Henry Bedfinger Davenport IV
Mr. Robert Gage Davidson
Mr. Stuart Patterson Davidson
Mr. Harry Lowell Davis
Mr. Vincent Claud De Baun
Dr. Lee Armistead Denson Jr.
Mr. Anthony Randolph Dike
Mr. David Warner Dumas
Mr. Jack Jones Early
Mr. Douglas Trowbridge Elliman III
Mr. Thomas Trowbridge Elliman
Mr. John Gray Blount Ellison Jr.
Mr. Thomas Trail Fenton
Rev. Dr. Donald Allston Fishburne
Mr. William Henry Fishburne
Mr. William Alexander Fisher III
Mr. William Alexander Fisher IV
Mr. Thomas Henry Fitzgerald Jr.
Mr. William Floyd-Jones Jr.
Mr. Morton Gerald Forbes
Dr. William Innes Forbes III
Carol and Carter Fox Family Fund of
The Community Foundation Serving
Richmond and Central Virginia
Mr. John Frazer Jr.
Mr. George Clemon Freeman III
Mr. Donald Geoffrey Bidmead Gamble
Mr. David Henry Gambrell
Mr. Thomas Heyward Gignilliat Jr.
Mr. Leslie Eaton Goldsborough Jr.
Mr. Lane Woodworth Goss
Mr. William Dunbar Gould IV
Mr. John Clarke Griffin Jr.
Mr. Francis Ellerbe Grimball
Mr. Henry Ellerbe Grimball Jr.
Mr. Stephen Baylor Hall
Mr. David Philip Halle Jr.
Mr. Whittington Hancock Hanks
Mr. Chester Alfred Hardy
Mr. Preston Hampton Haskell III
Mr. John Drayton Hastie Jr.
Dr. Hubert Benbury Haywood III
Mr. George Stephenson Hazard Jr.
Mr. John Roderick Heller III
Mr. James Allen Hill Jr.
Mr. John Webb Hogg III
Mr. Joseph Berrien Houseman
Dr. David McClure Humphrey
Mr. Walter Weinhagen John
Mr. Barry Blount Kempson
Mr. Stephen Barclay Kirby
Mr. Joseph Branch Craige Kluttz
Lt. Col. Bruce Jeffrey Koedding,
USA (Ret.)
Mr. Albert Richard Lamb III
Mr. George Varick Lauder
Mr. David Weeks Lee
Dr. Thomas Mikell Leland
Mr. Charles Edward Leonard
Mr. Clifford Butler Lewis
Mr. Leroy Moody Lewis Jr.
Dr. William Goddard Light
Col. John Allen Lighthall, USA (Ret.)
Mr. Donald Vause Lincoln
Mr. Henry Hopkins Livingston III
Mr. William Joseph Longan Jr.
Mr. William Caleb Loring
Mr. Keith Prescott Low
Mr. Jeffrey Duane Ludwig
Mr. William Pless Lunger
Dr. Isaac Hayden Lutterloh Jr.
Mr. George Gambrill Lynn
Mr. Edwin Robeson MacKethan III
Mr. Michael Mason Maney
Mr. John Harvey Martin
Mr. John Marshall Martin Jr.
Mr. Williams Swift Martin IV
Mr. Frank Mauran
Mr. Anthony Stewart Maurice
Mr. James Wilson McCall
Mr. Stephen Mather McPherson
Mr. Charles Francis Middleton III
Mr. Wade Hampton Morris
Mr. William Howell Morrison
Mr. John Stewart Morton Jr.
Brig. Gen. John Hawkins Napier III
Mr. Charles Ashton Newhall
Mr. Charles Edwards Noell III
Mr. Richard Francis Ober Jr.
Mr. William Hoyt Olinger
Judge George Carter Paine II
Dr. Leland Madison Park
Mr. Edwin Brownrigg Borden Parker
Mr. Robert Andrew Parker
Mr. James Keith Peoples
Mr. John Mosby Perry
Mr. Charles Edward Phebus
Mr. Horace Pease Phillips Jr.
Ambassador Thomas Reeve Pickering
Dr. James O. Pringle
Mr. William McKenzie Ragland Jr.
Dr. William Postell Raiford
Mr. Cabell Brooke Robinson
Rev. Philip Burwell Roulette
Dr. Alexander Preston Russell
Col. Francis Xavier Ryan,
USMCR (Ret.)
Dr. Edward Allen Seidel
Mr. Robert Gould Shaw
Mr. Roger Bruce Shaw
Mr. Philip Edward Shute
Mr. William Hill Sigmon
Col. Sava Stepanovitch
Mr. Wilmer Curtis Stith
Mr. Charles William Swinford Jr.
Mr. Jacob Thomas Tanner Jr.
Mr. Hugh McMaster Tarbutton
Mr. David Higginbotham Taylor
Mr. George William Bagby Taylor
Mr. Hugh Harrison Tompkins
Mr. Henry Hotchkiss Townshend Jr.
Mr. Robert Mosby Turnbull
Mr. Frank Keech Turner Jr.
Dr. Jon Van Winkle
Mr. Robert Manning Wadsworth
Mr. Stephen Hart Wadsworth
Mr. Gordon Willcox Wallace
Mr. John Hardin Ward IV
Mr. John Whitehead
Mr. Charles Seymour Whitman III
Mr. Edward George Wickes Jr.
Mr. Stephen Mills Wilkins
Mr. Alfred Williams IV
Mr. Mason Long Williams
Mr. Rhys Hoyle Williams
Hon. Jere Malcolm Harris Willis Jr.
Mr. Jonathan Tufts Woods
Mr. Peter Meldrim Wright
Mr. Edward Avery Wyatt V
Mr. Gary Edward Young
The late Herbert Keyser Zearfoss
71
Sustainers
Gifts of $250 to $499
72
Mr. Thomas Willis Haywood Alexander
Mr. Thomas Nelson Allen
Mr. Evan Randolf Ancker
Mr. Richard Maxwell Armstrong Jr.
Mr. Robert Carter Arnold
Mr. John Bruce Ashcraft
Mr. John Eager Howard Bacon Jr.
Mr. Henry Furlong Baldwin
Mr. Robert Frederick Baldwin Jr.
Mr. William Frazier Baldwin Jr.
Mr. Arnold Broyles Barrett Jr.
Mr. George Robert Bason Jr.
Mr. Dudley Bowman Batchelor
Mr. James Payne Beckwith Jr.
Mr. John Lawrence Beglan Jr.
Mr. Lloyd Noland Bell
Mr. Paul Gervais Bell Jr.
Mr. William Crosswell Bowen III
Dr. Ker Boyce IV
Mr. Francis Bradley Jr.
Mr. Theodore D. Bratton
Mr. Francis Gorham Brigham Jr.
Mr. Philip Briscoe VI
Mr. Robert Lawrence Brooke
Mr. Gordon Berwick Brooks Sr.
Mr. Brian Sperry Brown Jr.
Mr. Kent Masterson Brown
Mr. Nicholas Brown
Mr. William Beckett Brown III
Mr. Jeffry Christian Burden
Mr. Archer Christian Burke
Mr. John Kirkland Burke Jr.
Mr. Philip John Burne
Mr. Swinton McIntosh Burroughs
Mr. Nathan Bushnell III
Mr. Cass Canfield Jr.
Mr. Austin Heaton Carr Jr.
Mr. Julian Shakespeare Carr IV
Mr. James Theodore Cheatham III
Mr. William Polk Cheshire
Mr. Humphrey Hardison Childers
Dr. Gaylord Lee Clark Jr.
Mr. John Lewis Clark
Mr. Reuben Grove Clark Jr.
Mr. Stephen Elliott Clark
Dr. Howard Weston Clarke Jr.
Mr. Rutledge Carter Clement Jr.
Mr. Paul Clemente Jr.
Mr. DeWitt Clinton Jr.
Mr. Donnell Borden Cobb Jr.
Mr. Edward Lull Cochrane Jr.
Mr. Charles Horace Conner Jr.
Dr. Henry Fairfax Conquest
Mr. Richmond James Cooper
Mr. Thomas Bledsoe Cormack
Mr. Thomas Chatterton Coxe III
Mr. Robert Masters Crichton Jr.
Maj. Gen. Willis Dale Crittenberger Jr.,
USA (Ret.)
Mr. Jeffrey David Crocker
Mr. Michael Jenkins Cromwell Jr.
Mr. Thomas Pelham Curtis II
Mr. Arch Dalrymple III
Mr. Robert Williams Daniel Jr.
Mr. Donald Weston Darby Jr.
Dr. Henry Jackson Darst Jr.
Mr. Henry Bedinger Davenport III
Mr. Huntley Gibson Davenport
Mr. John Washington Davidge III
Mr. Bradley Craig Davis
Mr. Lewis Marion Davis
Mr. Edward Mandell de Windt
Col. Guy Keller Dean III, New York Guard
Mr. John Dennis Delafield
Mr. John Bullock Demere
Dr. Alfred James Dickinson IV
Mr. Charles William Dickinson IV
Mr. James Morten Dodge
Mr. Peter Mapes Dodge
Mr. Walter Cullars Dorsey
Mr. William Rinaldo Dorsey III
Mr. James Horton Doughton
Mr. Charles Halliwell Pringle Duell
Mr. Ward Westbrook Dunning
Mr. Antony Taylor Edgar
Dr. James Burrows Edwards
Mr. Lamar Hamilton Ellis Jr.
Mr. David Gaillard Ellison Jr.
Mr. Jeffrey Allen Engler
Mr. John Davis Evans Jr.
Dr. Nathaniel McGregor Ewell III
Mr. Robert Campbell Farmer
Mr. Charles Cuthbert Fenwick Jr.
Dr. James Penman Finney
Mr. Newell Flather
Mr. Thomas J. Fleming
Mr. John Paul Chadwick Floyd
Mr. John Richard Haynsworth Forbes
Rear Admiral Paul Lowe Foster,
USN (Ret.)
Mr. Alexander Lanson Franklin II
Mr. George Lovett Kingsland
Frelinghuysen
Mr. George Ross French Jr.
Mr. Benjamin Charles Frick
Mr. Herbert Laurence Fritz Jr.
Mr. Frederick DeBow Fulkerson IV
Mr. Hull Platt Fulweiler
Dr. John William Gareis
Mr. Peter Parker McNair Gates
Mr. John Mullette Gaultney
Mr. Edward Paul Gibson
Mr. Nicholas Gilman
Mr. Harry Smith Glaze Jr.
Mr. Thomas Poynton Ives Goddard
Mr. Richard James Gookin
Mr. Frederick Gordon Graham
Mr. Henry Ellerbe Grimball
Mr. Francis Whiting Hatch
The Rt. Rev. George Edward Haynsworth
Mr. Edmund Burke Haywood
Mr. Maurice Kingsley Heartfield Jr.
Mr. Wallace Colby Henderson
Mr. William Herbert Henry Jr.
Mr. Albert Rhett Heyward III
Dr. George James Hill
Mr. Ernest Ogg Houseman Jr.
Mr. Joshua Ladd Howell
Mr. Frederick Talley Drum Hunt Jr.
Dr. James Gordon Hunter Jr.
Mr. John Arthur Hurley III
Mr. Henry Hamilton Hutchinson III
Mr. David Rayner Idell
Mr. Charles Jared Ingersoll II
Mr. Arthur Joye Jenkins Jr.
Mr. Francis Plummer Jenkins Jr.
Mr. Samuel Clark Jenkins
Mr. William Potter Johns
Mr. Charles Hill Jones III
Mr. William Hart Judd Jr.
Mr. Joseph Swan Junkin
Mr. David Alexander Kean
Mr. John Vaughan Kean
Mr. Stephen John Kelleher Jr.
Mr. Jordan Kimball
Mr. Mark John Kington
Mr. Christopher Rogers Kloman
Mr. Fredric Dayton Knight
Mr. Coleman Yorke Lawson
Maj. Gen. Richard Eldon
Leithiser, USAR
Mr. George Wright Lennon
Mr. Gerald Law Leonard
Mr. Richard Kimball Lincoln
Mr. John Walley Littlefield Jr.
Dr. James Robert Logan
Dr. Walker Anderson Long
Capt. William Lowndes III, USAR
Mr. Jeffrey Duane Kahuhipa Ludwig II
Dr. John Franklin Lynch Jr.
Mr. Henry Sharpe Lynn Jr.
Mr. Richard Rollin Macsherry
Mr. Edward Harris Mariner
Mr. John Stewart Marr
Mr. John Marshall Jr.
Mr. Robert Russell Marshall Jr.
Mr. Charles Marion Marsteller III
Mr. Roderick Bell Mathews
Mr. Benjamin Brandreth McAlpin III
Mr. Thomas Rufus McClellan
Mr. John Warwick McCullough Jr.
Mr. James Charles McHargue
Mr. George Hite McLean Jr.
Mr. Edwin Baylies Meade Jr.
Mr. John Herbert Mears III
Mr. John Gilmer Mebane Jr.
Mr. Charles Edwin Menefee Jr.
Mr. John Frederick Menefee
Mr. Willis Carleton Merrill Jr.
Mr. Timothy Taylor Merwin IV
Mr. Thatcher Lillie Pierce Milholland
Mr. Henry Roberts Miller IV
Dr. Horace William Miller IV
Mr. Philippus Miller V
Mr. Christopher Stuart Moffitt
Dr. James Sayle Moose III
Dr. Cecil Morgan Jr.
Mr. John David Stoddart Muhlenberg
Dr. David Franklin Musto
Mr. Brent Drane Nash
Mr. Charles Batcheller Neely Jr.
Brig. Gen. John William Francis
Nicholson, USA (Ret.)
Lt. Col. John Edward Norvell, USAF
Mr. John Kay Patterson Odell Jr.
Mr. Andrew Oliver II
Mr. Ferdinand Henry Onnen Jr.
Mr. Frederick Ira Ordway III
Mr. Hugh O'Neill
Mr. Ralph Maxwell Payne
Mr. John Alexander Mosby Perry
Mr. Samuel Dexter Perry
Mr. Alfred Gaillard Pinckney
Mr. James Hilliard Polk III
Mr. Richard Warren Poole
Mr. John Ridgely Porter III
Mr. Roy Francis Price
Mr. Robert Means Prioleau
Baron François de Quiqueran Beaujeu
Dr. David Shepherd Raiford
Mr. Richard Renz Raiford
Mr. Rudolph Stewart Rauch III
Mr. Edward Rawson
Mr. Morgan Cadwalader Reese
Mr. Brooke Reeve III
Lt. Col. Max James Riekse, USAR (Ret.)
Mr. Francis Hill Roberts Sr.
Mr. William Randolph Robins
Mr. Powell Robinson Jr.
Mr. Hartley Raymond Rogers
Lt. Gen. John W. Rosa, USAF (Ret.)
Mr. Joseph Young Rowe
Mr. Douglas Pendleton Rucker Jr.
Dr. John Van Dyke Saunders
Mr. John Cole Scott
Mr. Alfred Lee Shapleigh III
Mr. Robert Arthur Sherman
Dr. James Asa Shield Jr.
Dr. Hugh Vernon Simon Jr.
Mr. John Anthony Sisca
Mr. Michael Kirby Smeltzer
Mr. Andrew Augustus Smith Jr.
Dr. Mark Alexander Herbert Smith Jr.
Mr. Sherwood Hubbard Smith Jr.
Mr. William Carr Smith
Dr. Robert McCarrel Souda
Dr. Wendall Keats Sparrow
Mr. Kelly Loyd Stewart
Mr. John Leo Patrick Sullivan Jr.
Mr. Paul Francis Summers Jr.
Dr. Paul Kent Switzer III
Mr. Francis Jacques Sypher Jr.
Mr. William H. Taft IV
Mr. Frank Talbott IV
Mr. Hugh Parmenas Taylor
Mr. James Hopkins Taylor
Mr. Walker Taylor III
Mr. Neyle Colquitt Theriault
Mr. Stephen Livingston Thomas
Mr. William George Thomas IV
Mr. William Taliaferro Thompson IV
Mr. William Bannard Thomson
Mr. William Albert Thorndike
Dr. Samuel Phillip Tillman
Dr. Waring Trible Jr.
Mr. Theodore Ridgeway Trimble
Mr. William Blakely Tyler
Mr. Lewis Tyree III
Mr. Peter Van Slyck
Mr. Richmond Viall III
Capt. Francis Laughlin Wadsworth
Mr. John Witherspoon Wallace Jr.
The Rev. Dr. Albert Clinton Walling II
Mr. John Parrott Walters III
Mr. Mark C. Ward
Mr. Scott MacAlpin Watson
Mr. Walter Commons Wattles
Mr. Richard Beverly Raney Webb
Dr. John Ranier Weis
Mr. Minor Tompkins Weisiger
Mr. George Yandes Wheeler III
Mr. Henry Chalfant Wheelwright
Mr. Joseph William Albert Whitehorne IV
Mr. John Russell Whitman
Mr. Kennon Caithness Whittle Jr.
Mr. Everett Crosby Willet
Dr. Armistead Marshall Williams
Mr. Edgar Pomeroy Williams
Mr. Erskine Archer Williams
Mr. George Bruce Williams
Mr. Robert Marshall Williams Jr.
Mr. Thomas Spencer Williamson III
Mr. Caldwell Russell Willig
Dr. Francis Edward Winslow V
Mr. William Fletcher Womble
Mr. Frederick Philips Wood Jr.
Dr. Denis Buchanan Woodfield
Mr. Stuart Dudley Woodring
Mr. Walter Nelson Woodson
Lt. Gen. John MacNair Wright Jr.,
USA (Ret.)
Mr. John Wylde
Mr. Richard Randall Page Wyrough
Mr. William Hugh Young
Mr. Jerry William Zillion
Mr. Richard Galt Zimermann
Contributors
Gifts of $1 to $249
Mr. Charles Grant Abbott Jr.
Mr. Gordon Abbott Jr.
Mr. David Adams IV
Mr. William Eugenius Adams Jr.
Mr. Haywood Griffin Alexander
Mr. Montgomery Meigs Alger
Mr. Thomas Lide Alison Jr.
Mr. Clarence Jones Allen II
Maj. Gen. Ronald Converse Allen
Jr., USAF (Ret.)
Mr. Robert Buehn Anderson
Mr. Zollie Neil Anderson Jr.
Mr. George Patterson Apperson III
Mr. Paul Arbon
Mr. John Martin Perry Archer
Mr. Rodney Armstrong
Mr. William Stevenson
MacLaren Arnold
Mr. John William Ashworth III
Mr. Edgar Miller Baber
Mr. William Bradley Bacon
Mr. Edward Rouzie Baird Jr.
Mr. Charles Joseph Baker III
Mr. Gordon Charles Baker
Mr. Robert Flowers Baker
Dr. James Gilbert Baldwin Jr.
Mr. Edward Henry Balfour
Mr. Albert Parker Barnes Jr.
Rev. Dr. Dixon A. Barr
Mr. Anderson Dupre Barrett
Mr. George Barnes Barrett II
Mr. William Hale Barrett
Mr. Victor Clay Barringer II
Mr. Alban Kingsley Barrus Jr.
Mr. Thomas Martin Bartlett
Mr. George Foust Bason Jr.
Mr. Edwin Warner Bass
Mr. Robert Russell Baxter
Mr. Robert Lincoln Baylies
Mr. Timothy Field Beard
Michel Cauvel de Beauvillé
Mr. Stuart Morgan Beck
Dr. Robert Wright Bedinger
Mr. Richard R. Beeman
Mr. Jarrett Bellington Bell
Mr. Craig Miller Bennett Jr.
Mr. Edward Guerrant Read Bennett
Mr. Perry Benson Jr.
Dr. Andrew Edward Bentley
Lt. Col. Christopher Farrar
Bentley, USA
The Rev. Henry Farrar Bentley
Lt. Col. Stephen John Bentley, USA
Dr. Frederic Aroyce Berry Jr.
Mr. William Irwin Berryhill Jr.
Mr. Richard Thaddeus
Doughtie Bethea
Mr. Albert J. Beveridge III
Mr. Nicholas Biddle Jr.
Mr. Robert Allan Biggs
Mr. Leo Price Blackford
Mr. Carl Fleming Blackwell
Mr. James Dulany Blackwell Jr.
Mr. John Davenport Blackwell Jr.
Mr. William Merlin Bliss Jr.
Mr. George Blow
Mr. Peter Whitney Boardman
Mr. Edwin Lee Boehringer
Mr. Stephen Munroe Bolster
Mr. Thomas Parran Bond
Mr. John Holbrook Boomer
Mr. Charles Daniel Boone Sr.
Mr. Richard Bradley Boutilier
Mr. Aubrey Russell Bowles IV
Mr. Peter Eliot Bowles
Mr. Lawrence Gregory Boyd
Dr. Robert T. Boyd III
Mr. Jonathan Barrett Brady
Dr. Lucien Edward Brailsford II
Mr. Thomas Russell Branch
Mr. Thomas Colton Braniff
Mr. William Milton Breeze
Mr. Bartow Hughes Bridges Jr.
Hon. Peter Scott Bridges
Mr. Richard Fairlie Brinkley
Mr. Charles Edward Brinley II
Mr. Louis Elliott Bristol III
Mr. Albert Sidney Britt IV
73
74
Mr. Dandridge Brooke
Mr. Robert Taliaferro Brooke
Mr. Henry Phelps Brooks III
Mr. Henry Phelps Brooks IV
Mr. Benjamin Moseley Brown
Mr. Brian Sperry Brown III
Mr. James Dorsey Brown III
Mr. John Madison Brown
Mr. Mason Barnard Brown
Mr. Frank King Bruce III
The Rev. Dr. Jonathan
Randolph Bryan
Mr. John Creighton Buchanan III
Mr. James Metcalf Bugbee
Mr. Pierce Kendall Bullen
Maj. Gen. Josiah Bunting III
Mr. Douglas Norwood Burdett
Mr. Franklin Leigh Burke
Mr. Henry Davis Burke
Mr. Marshall Armistead Burke
Mr. Richard Marshall Burr
Mr. Carter Hamilton Burwell
Mr. Robert Lewis Bushnell
Mr. Ronald Alva Cain Jr.
Col. Douglas Brougher Cairns,
USAF (Ret.)
Mr. James Duryea Cameron
Mr. Gregory Camp
Mr. Leslie Dunlop Campbell Jr.
Mr. Potter Brooks Campbell
Mr. Robert Burbage Campbell
Dr. Thomas Corwith Campbell Jr.
Mr. John Pearce Cann III
The Rev'd Alberry Charles
Cannon Jr.
Mr. Robert Lyttleton Capell III
Mr. Charles Rising Carey
Mr. Walter Bliss Carnochan
Mr. Charles Albert Carr Jr.
Mr. William Pfingst Carrell II
Mr. Henry George Carrison III
Dr. Barry Joseph Carroll
Brother Ambrose Carroll-Moorman
Dr. Robert Hill Carter II
Mr. David Winn Hord Cartmell
Mr. Francis LeBaron Caruthers
Mr. Thomas Crosby Chadwick
Mr. Douglas Campbell
Chamberlain
Mr. Martin Nichols Chamberlain
Mr. Robert Vernon Chandler
Mr. Richard Morse Chapin
Mr. David Ashby Chase
Mr. Kenneth Huntington Chase
Mr. William Thomas Cheatham IV
Dr. John Davidson Cheesborough
Mr. Godfrey Cheshire Jr.
Mr. Lucius McGehee Cheshire Jr.
Dr. Charles Haile Chesnut III
Mr. Francis Gracey Childers II
Mr. Stuart MacDonald
Christhilf IV
Mr. Frank Patteson Christian III
Mr. Michael Steele
Bright Churchman
Dr. James Nohl Churchyard
Dr. Jonathan Hubbard Cilley Jr.
Mr. Thomas Stewart Claghorn
Mr. Reuben Grove Clark III
Mr. Donald Sumner Clarke
Mr. Andrew Crawford Clarkson Jr.
Mr. John Pinckney Clement III
Mr. Gregory Scott Clemmer
Mr. George Moffett Cochran
Lt. Col. Lewis Cole Cochran,
USA (Ret.)
Dr. Barton Merrick Cockey
Mr. John Bonnell Codington Jr.
Mr. Richard Edward Coen
Mr. Francis Palmer Coggswell
Mr. David Taylor Compton
Mr. Edwin Bryan Connerat III
Mr. Reed Helms Connerat
Mr. James Gilliam Conrad
Mr. John Carpenter Converse
Mr. Morton Remick Cook Jr.
Dr. Leslie Trumbull Cooper Jr.
Mr. James Sitgreaves Cox
Mr. Michael Jackson Cox
Mr. Morgan Justus Craft
Mr. John Deming Crane
Mr. Rodrick Patten Craven
Dr. Wales Craven
Mr. Peter Jenkins Creedon
Mr. Hudnall Robertson
Croasdale Jr.
Mr. Edward Holland Culver Jr.
Mr. Thomas James Curtis II
Brig. Gen. Harry Jirou Dalton Jr.,
USAF (Ret.)
Mr. George Samuel Darby
Mr. William Harley Dartt Sr.
Dr. Charles Davant III
Mr. Byrd Warwick Davenport Jr.
Mr. Harry Augustus Davenport III
Mr. Chester Logan Davidson Jr.
Mr. Robert Gage Davidson Jr.
Mr. William Douglas Davidson
Mr. Joshua Winbourne Davis
Dr. Andrew Imbrie Dayton
Mr. Delano de Windt II
Mr. Ralph Lynn DeGroff Jr.
Mr. Edmund Tompkins
DeJarnette III
Mr. Rene Edward deRussy III
Mr. Charlton deSaussure Jr.
Dr. Robert James Devine
Mr. Paul Mattingly Dickinson
Mr. Claude Augustus
Diffenderffer IV
Col. George Huntington Dimon Jr.,
USAF (Ret.)
Mr. Wright Tracy Dixon Jr.
Mr. Ernest Stanley Dodge Jr.
Mr. Robert Gaylord Donnelley
Dr. James William Dow Jr.
Mr. Charles Henry Drayton
Mr. Clark McAdams Driemeyer
Mr. Andrew Simonds Drury Jr.
Mr. Henry Dryfoos IV
Mr. Theodore Matthew Duay III
Mr. Charles Franklin DuBose
Mr. Andrew Adgate Duer
Mr. Andrew Adgate Duer IV
Mr. Kirk Mallory Duffy
The late James Jefferson Duncan
Mr. Neal Holland Duncan
Mr. Seth Ronald Duncan
Mr. Townsend Helme Dunn
Dr. Daniel Delzell Dunwody III
Mr. James Douglas Dunwody
Mr. John Leveret Dwight
Mr. John Leveret Dwight Jr.
Mr. David Warren Eaton
Dr. Walter Bellingrath Edgar
Mr. Beverley Purnell Eggleston III
Mr. Dyson Price Ehrhardt
Mr. Fitzhugh Elder Jr.
Mr. Douglas Trowbridge Elliman
Dr. Richard Schindler Elliott
Mr. Thomas Beverley Evans Jr.
Mr. Robinson Oscar Everett
Mr. Charles Edward Farr
Mr. Douglas Bruce Feicht
Mr. William Wallace Fenn
Mr. Charles Cuthbert Fenwick III
Mr. Tylor Field II
Mr. Carter Townshend Fields
Mr. Edward Smoot Finley Sr.
Dr. Francis Joseph Fishburne Jr.
Mr. Edward Thornton Floyd
Dr. Waldo Emerson Floyd Jr.
Mr. Morehead Foard
Mr. Francis Coxe Forbes
Mr. Tench Coxe Forbes
Mr. William Harper Forman Jr.
Mr. James Granbery Foster Jr.
Mr. Paul Richard Foster
Capt. Charles Worthington
Fowler III, USN
Mr. William Morgan Fowler Jr.
Dr. Judson Bolling Franklin
Mr. William Curtis Fredericks
Mr. Robert Kenneth Frost
Mr. John H. Frye III
Mr. Roland Mushat Frye Jr.
Mr. Robert Sanford Fuller
Mr. Thomas Jefferson Gage
Mr. Gordon Elbridge Gale
Mr. Frank Hutchinson Galloney III
Mr. William Richard Galt III
Mr. Thomas Hall Bidmead Gamull
Mr. Muscoe Russell Hunter
Garnett Jr.
Mr. Stewart Phinizy Garrett III
Mr. Arthur Lee Gaston II
Lt. Arthur Lee Gaston III, USN
Mr. Bennett Bury Gaston
Dr. David Aiken Gaston II
Mr. George Gordon Gatchell Jr.
Mr. Walter Winn Gayle III
Mr. Milton Carlyle Gee Jr.
Mr. Harrison Moncure Geho
Mr. John Marshall Gephart Jr.
Dr. Leonard Forbes Getchell
Mr. Henry Clay Gibson Jr.
Mr. John William Stuart
Gilchrist Jr.
Mr. Charles Lamb Gilliam
Mr. Frederick Lamb Gilman
Mr. John Phillip Girardeau
The Rev. Malcolm Douglas
Girardeau Jr.
Mr. Thomas Shircliff Glover
Mr. Edward Fitzsimons Good
Mr. Lewis Bouldin Goode Jr.
Mr. Nicholas Bright Goodhue
Mr. John Frank Goodwin III
Mr. George Barnett Gordon
Dr. Spencer Gordon Jr.
Mr. Charles Lane Goss II
Mr. Lewis Ludlow Gould
Mr. Dana Loomis Gowen
Mr. Lewis Sidney Graham Jr.
Mr. William Alexander Graham III
Mr. Schuyler Varick Grant
Mr. Downey Milliken Gray III
Mr. Halcott Pride Green
Mr. Philip Hilliard Greene
Rear Admiral Philip Hilliard
Greene Jr., USN
Mr. George Holeman Greer
Dr. John Greever
Mr. John Tillery Gregory Jr.
Mrs. Julian Arthur Gregory Sr.
Dr. Lloyd Tayloe Griffith
Dr. Arthur Grimball
Mr. William Heyward Grimball III
Maj. Gen. James Alexander
Grimsley Jr., USA (Ret.)
Mr. Joseph Halsey Groff III
Mr. Edward Burd Grubb V
Mr. Philip Wiley Haigh III
The Rev. Dr. Thomas Hartley
Hall IV
Lt. Col. Budd Jaye Hallberg,
USAR (Ret.)
Mr. Jeffrey D. Hallock
Mr. Thomas Heyward
Motte Hamilton
Mr. Randall Alan Hammond
Mr. James Reid Hancock
Mr. William Howard Hanks
Mr. Victor Henry Hanson II
Mr. Holmes Plexico Harden
Mr. Albert Harkness III
Mr. Robert Bernard Harmon
Dr. William Edney Harris III
Col. George Bowman Hartness,
USMC (Ret.)
Mr. Walter Charlton Hartridge II
Mr. Murray David Harwich Jr.
Mr. Caryl Corlies Baily Hastings
Mr. John B. Hattendorf
Mr. Gregg Wieland Hawes
Mr. Stephen Taylor Hay
Mr. Samuel Jackson Hays III
Mr. Charles Waverly Hazelwood Jr.
Mr. John Maxwell Heard
Mr. Maurice Kingsley Heartfield III
Mr. Moses Lee Heath Jr.
Mr. Gerald Van Syckel Henderson
Mr. Ronald Holstein Henderson Sr.
Mr. Nathan VanMeter
Hendricks IV
Mr. Richard Hall Henry
Mr. John Hood Heywood
Mr. Edgar Hicks
Mr. Charles Higginson
Mr. William Maury Hill
Mr. Shepherd Monson
Holcombe Jr.
Mr. William David Holliday
Mr. Buell Hollister III
Mr. Henry Winston Holt III
Mr. Peter Chardon Brooks Homans
Mr. James Terry Honan
Mr. Philip Wilmer Hoon
Mr. Brien Purcell Horan
Mr. Edward Charles Horton
Mr. John Hundley Hoskins III
Mr. Robert Byrd Hoskins
Mr. David Gerald Houck
Mr. Gerald Wilfred Houck Jr.
Ms. Alice W. Houston
Mr. Peter Betts Hubbell
Mr. Frank Howard Hudgins
Mr. Thomas Jerome Hudner Jr.
Mr. George Blaine Huff Jr.
Mr. Daniel Elliott Huger Jr.
Mr. Paul Douglas Huling
Mr. Christopher Hussey
Mr. Henry Critchfield Hutson
Mr. Earl McSherry Hyde Jr.
Mr. Gerald Wayne Irion
Mr. Frederick French Irving Jr.
Mr. Stephen Whitney Isaacson
Mr. Daniel Dana Jackson III
Mr. Herrick Jackson
Mr. William Gerard Jackson
Mr. Robert Campbell James
Mr. Jerome Vincent Byron Jefferds
Mr. Joseph Crosby Jefferds III
Mr. Albert Louis Jenkins
Mr. Charles Owen Johnson
Mr. Frederick DeVeau Johnson Jr.
Mr. Andrew Berrien Jones
Mr. Basil Magruder Jones Jr.
Mr. Catesby Baytop Jones
Mr. Edward Harral Jones Jr.
Dr. George Fenwick Jones
Mr. Homer Daniel Jones IV
Mr. William Cox Jones
Mr. Peter Haring Judd
Mr. William Hart Judd III
Mr. Curtis Peter Junker
Mr. Raburn Blanc Monroe Kelly
Mr. Robert Kelly VI
Mr. Peter Creighton Kendal
Mr. John Hosea Kerr III
Mr. George Gordon King
Mr. John Merriam Kingsbury
Mr. Richard Darrow Kirkpatrick
Mr. Christopher D. Kline
Mr. Vincent Edward Knapp Jr.
Mr. Frederick Henry Knight III
Mr. Mark Wickwire Knight
Mr. Richard Holmes Knight Jr.
Mr. Thomas Stuart Knight
Mr. John Somerville Knox IV
Mr. John Christian Kolbe
Mr. Junius Anderson Kolbe
Mr. Nicholas Willson Kouwenhoven
Mr. David Watson Kruger
Mr. John Harold Kuhnle
Mr. Robert Johnston Kyle Jr.
Mr. Alfred Kendall Laighton
Mr. David Allen Lambert
Mr. Garrison Fairfield Lane
Mr. Bruce Olney Lankford
Mr. William Winlock Lannon
Mr. Robert Harris Large
Dr. John Laurens II
Mr. Croom McDonald Lawrence
Mr. Lewis Peyton Lawson
Mr. Charles Slingluff Leake
Mr. Edward Archer Leake Jr.
Mr. Edward Archer Leake III
Mr. Francis Carter Leake
Mr. Frank Beveridge Leake
Mr. Hunter Hall Leake
Dr. Charles Edward Lee
Mr. Randolph Marshall Lee
Mr. Robert Edward Lee
Mr. Peter Kingsley LeHardy
Mr. Ward Morehouse LeHardy Jr.
Mr. Warner William LeMenager
Mr. Robert Henry Lewis
Mr. Robert Kendall Lewis Jr.
Mr. Henry Colwell
Beadleston Lindh
Dr. John Bertram Little
Mr. Warren Masters Little
Mr. William Bennett Little Jr.
Mr. William Bennett
Ledbetter Little
Dr. John Walley Littlefield
Mr. Melvin Phillip Livingston
Mr. Philip Robert Livingston Jr.
Mr. Philip Robert Livingston III
Mr. Mark Frazier Lloyd
Mr. Eugene De Valcourt Lockwood
Mr. John Calvin Long
Mr. Tarlton Heath Long
Mr. Alfred Worthington Loomis
Mr. James Stephen Lord Jr.
Dr. Samuel Smith Lord Jr.
Mr. Joseph Tompkins Low
Mr. William Lowndes IV
Mr. Karl Geoffrey Lutterloh
Mr. Donald Charles Lynde
MacDonald & Hazel Douglass Trust
Mr. Douglass Sorrel Mackall III
Mr. Robert Walker MacMillan
Mr. Clinton Kilty Macsherry III
Mr. Richard Hammond Macsherry
Mr. Charles King Mallory III
Dr. William Muir Manger
Mr. William Thayer Manierre
Mr. Edward Middleton Manigault
Mr. Stephen Van Rensselaer Manley
Mr. Forrest Allen Mann Jr.
Mr. Malcolm Shelton Mann
Dr. Malcolm Lafayette Marion III
Dr. Francis Swaby Markland Jr.
Mr. Samuel Shepard Dennis Marsh
Mr. John Randolph Marshall
Mr. Robert Russell Marshall
Mr. Samuel Wilson Marshall III
Mr. Charles Robert Martin
Mr. Lansing Ten Eyck Martin
Mr. Robert Vincent Martin III
Mr. Robert Vincent Martin IV
Mr. Hatley Norton Mason III
Dr. Lockert Bemiss Mason
Mr. Henry Murray Massie Jr.
Mr. John Cooper Masterson
Mr. Anthony Westwood Maupin
Mrs. Armistead J. Maupin
Mr. Peter Flagg Maxson
Mr. Alexander Galt McAlister
Mr. John Worth McAlister III
Mr. Kirk Martin McAlpin
Mr. Guyton Bobo McCall
Col. Willard McCall Jr., USA (Ret.)
Mr. Willard McCall III
Mr. Brown McCallum Jr.
Mr. Kevin Neill McCauley
Mr. James Selby McClinton III
Mr. William Popham McDougal
Mr. John Lee McElroy Jr.
Mr. John Octavius McElvey Jr.
Mr. William Sutherland
McIntosh Jr.
Mr. Douglas McDonald McKeige
Mr. Robert Milligan McLane
Dr. Baxter Franklin McLendon
Mr. Charles Grice McMullan Jr.
Mr. David Everard Meade
Mr. William de Berniere Mebane
Mr. Jonathan Cavanagh Meigs
Mr. Henry Wigglesworth Mellen
Mr. James Gill Mersereau
Mr. Geoffrey Stockton Michel
Mr. Andrew Pickens Miller
Mr. Clifton Meredith Miller III
Mr. Frederick Coleman Miller
Mr. Joseph Payne English Miller
Mr. Michael Miller Jr.
Mr. Stephen Robeson Miller
Mr. Watts Leverich Miller
Mr. George Braxton Mitchell
Mr. Joseph Bradford Mitchell
Mr. Charles Barrett Monday II
Mr. Robert Latane Montague III
Mr. Archibald Roger
Montgomery III
Mr. John Lewis Montgomery II
Mr. Benjamin Allston Moore Jr.
Mr. James Tolman Caldwell Moore
Mr. John Gregory Moore
Mr. Roger Crawford Moore Jr.
Mr. Walter William Moore II
Mr. William Worsham Moore Jr.
Mr. Livingfield More
Mr. Gustave Philip Morgan III
Mr. Brame Perry Morrison Jr.
Mr. William McGillivray Morrison
Mr. William Bassett Morten
Mr. Franklin Lyon Morton
Mr. Herbert Jaques Motley Jr.
Mr. Robert Spencer Mullin
Col. James Stanley Munday,
USAF (Ret.)
Mr. Lawrence Corlies Murdoch Jr.
Mr. James Bryson Murphy Jr.
Mr. Dennis Eugene Myers Jr.
Mrs. Ellen Myers
Mr. Minor Myers III
Mr. Henry Nanninga II
Mr. Robert Thornton Nash
Dr. Robert Armstead Naud
Mr. William Henry Neal Jr.
Dr. William Kirk Neal II
Mr. John Grosvenor Neely Sr.
Mr. Warwick Fay Neville
Mr. William Verplanck Newlin
Mr. William Lytle Nichol IV
Mr. Douglas Reed Niermeyer
Mr. Nicholas Niles Jr.
Mr. Nicholas Niles III
Mr. Joseph Arnold Norcross
Mr. John Van R. Norfleet
Mr. Peter Wilmot North
Capt. Allyn Sumner
Norton Jr., USCG
Capt. Kenneth Westcott Norwood
Jr., M.D., USN
Mr. John Thomas O'Connell III
Mr. Arthur Thomas O'Malley
Mr. John Arthur O'Malley
Mr. James Archer O'Reilly III
Mr. Richard Francis Ober
Mr. William Richard Ohler
Mr. Arthur Doniphan Old
Dr. William Levi Old Jr.
Mr. Arthur Chalmers Omberg Jr.
Mr. Ferdinand Henry Onnen III
Mr. Edgar Bayly Orem Jr.
Mr. Brian Ross Owens
Mr. Duncan Packer
Mr. Cecil Wray Page Jr.
Mr. John Roger Page
Mr. George Carter Paine III
Mr. William Francklyn Mercer
Paris II
Mr. William Wynnewood Park
Mr. Thornton Jenkins Parker III
Mr. Walter Herbert Parsons III
Dr. Hudnall Weaver Paschal
Mr. William Ford Peck
Mr. Hill Dawson Penniman
Mr. John Franklin Perkins
Mr. William Beckwith Perkins II
Mr. George Williamson Perry
Mr. Samuel Lloyd Perry
Mr. Samuel Lloyd Perry Jr.
Mr. Dennis Lee Peters
Mr. Peter John Pettibone
Mr. Edward William Phifer III
Dr. Oliver Lewis Picher
Mr. Thomas Pinckney II
Mr. St. George Bryan Pinckney
Mr. Jeremy Bruff Platt
Mr. Richard Booth Platt
Mr. Richard Booth Platt Jr.
Mr. Charles Nelson Plowden Jr.
Mr. Rutherford Mell Poats
Mr. Latham Wood Polk
The Rev. Rollin Saxe Polk Jr.
The Rev. Robert Pollard III
Mr. David Carter Pope
Mr. Andrew Hobart Porter
Mr. Christopher John Porter
Mr. Robert Gibson Dick Pottage III
Mr. Emile Pragoff III
Mr. Allen Douglas Pratt
Mr. James Timothy Pratt III
Mr. Stephen Davis Pratt
Mr. Joseph Rich Proctor Jr.
Mr. Lucius Wilson Pullen II
Mr. Terry Lansdale Purvis
Mr. Alfred Magill Randolph
Mr. Angus Macdonald
Crawford Randolph
Mr. Leonard Beale Randolph
Mr. Andrew Meserve Rankin II
Mr. Edwin Forrest Rau
Mr. John Ferrell Reed III
Ambassador Joseph Verner Reed Jr.
Mr. Isaac Stockton Keith Reeves V
Mr. Morgan Fraser Reichner
Dr. David Hopkins Rembert Jr.
Dr. Laurie Earl Rennie
Mr. Ern Reynolds
Mr. Louis Sanford Rice III
Mr. Grahame Preson Richards Jr.
Mr. John Ritchie IV
Mr. John Douglas Roberts
Dr. John Connell Robertson
Mr. Thomas Heard Robertson Jr.
Mr. Robert Wayne Robins
Eric de Rochambeau
Mr. William Spencer Rockwell Jr.
Dr. Edward Burrows Rogers
Brig. Gen. Francis Drake Rogers Jr.
Mr. William Stewart Roberts Rogers
Mr. William Bradford Ross III
Mr. William Bradford Ross IV
Mr. David Harris Rowe
Mr. Henry Middleton Rutledge
Mr. William Fitts Ryan Jr.
Mr. Charles Hill Ryland
Mr. Seymour Sanford Saltus
Mr. John Waltz Salvage Jr.
Mr. William Barlow Sanders III
Mr. Alexander Graham
Sanderson III
Mr. Jon Fredric Sanford
Mr. Benjamin Cullifer Pickens Sapp
Mr. Newell Winfield Sapp III
Mr. Lansdale Ghiselin Sasscer Jr.
Dr. Thomas Lee V. Saunders
Mr. William Hall Sawyer
Dr. Forrest Rickenbach Schaeffer
Mr. Edward Markley Schellenger Jr.
Mr. Jeffrey Stuart Schellenger
Mr. Thomas Pearson Schellenger
Dr. John William Schiffeler
Mr. Roger Michael
Laurence Schmitt
Mr. Karl Christian Schoeller
Mr. Thomas Andrew Schroeder
Mr. William Harrison Schroeder
Mr. James Owen Schuyler
Mr. George Cole Scott III
Mr. Hugh Scott Jr.
Mr. Douglas Seaman
Mr. Robert Francis Seedlock Jr.
Mr. Lawrence Butler Shallcross Jr.
Mr. Stark McCullough Shapleigh
Mr. Stephen Payson Shaw
Mr. Richard Burdick Sheffield
Mr. John McKay Sheftall
Mr. William Lowe Sheftall III
Mr. Henry Fletcher Sherrill
Mr. John Burke Shethar II
Mr. James Asa Shield III
Mr. Scott DeForest Shiland
Rear Admiral David Keith Shimp
Mr. Albert Simons III
Mr. Joseph Patterson Sims III
Mr. Daniel French Slaughter III
Mr. Robert Carroll Slaughter Jr.
Mr. James Matthew Slay Jr.
75
committees
A Perspective View of Coxheath Camp Representing a Grand
Review of the Army (London: Published by Fielding & Walker, 1778).
The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.
76
Dr. Bruce Alexander Smith
Mr. Earl Thomas Smith
Mr. Edward Samuel Smith Jr.
Mr. Elliott Stowers Smith
Mr. Joseph Judson Smith III
Mr. Raiford Laurence Smith
Mr. Randolph Philip Smith
Mr. Richard Bennett Darnall Smith
Mr. Richard Bennett Darnall
Smith II
Mr. William Oliver Smith Jr.
Mr. William Ware Smith III
Mr. Willis Smith II
Mr. John Brawner Smoot Jr.
Mr. George Runyon Snider Jr.
Mr. James Alexander Somervell
Mr. William Joseph deThrom
Somerville III
Dr. Lewis Stone Sorley III
The late Henry deLeon
Southerland Jr.
Mr. John Dalton Sparrow Jr.
Mr. Henry Benning Spencer II
Cdr. Michael Henry Spencer,
USN (Ret.)
Mr. William Doerter Spiegel Jr.
Mr. Robert Bruce Spofford
Mr. Gregory John Sproat
Mr. Robert Harris Sproat
Mr. Henry Newman Staats IV
Mr. Edward Frost Stacy
Mr. Thomas Arrington
Stallworth Jr.
Mr. Charles Edward Stebbins
Dr. Charles Francis Stein IV
Mr. Charles Albert Stephens
Mr. John Mark Stephenson
Mr. Robert Lee Sterling Jr.
Mr. Byam Kerby Stevens Jr.
Mr. Henry Dana Stevens IV
Mr. Robert Warren Stevens
Mr. William Smith Stevens
Lt. Charles Walter Stewart,
USNR (Ret.)
Dr. Kyle Leslie Stewart
Mr. Robert Garey Stewart
Mr. Edwin Tillman Stirling
Mr. Ayres Holmes Stockly
Capt. Robert William Bowie
Stoddert, USN (Ret.)
Dr. George Beattie Stoneman
Mr. Lansing Stout IV
Mr. David Anthony Strong
Mr. Frederick Treat Strong
Mr. Neil Albert Struby
Mr. Alexis Gannet Studley
Mr. Michael Hunt Studley
Mr. Conrad Boyd Sturges III
Mr. James Russell Owen Sullivan
Dr. Richard Neel Sutton
Mr. Richard George Swartwout Jr.
Mr. Kenneth Wayne Sweet Sr.
Mr. Rodman Keenon Swinford
Mr. Gardner Alexander Taft
Mr. William Richmond Talbot Jr.
Lt. Gen. Orwin Clark Talbott,
USA (Ret.)
Mr. Robert Kerr Taliaferro Sr.
Mr. Charles Arnold Tarbell
Mr. Benjamin Walter Taylor Jr.
Mr. Henry Taylor Jr.
Mr. Randall Lenox Taylor
Mr. Walker Taylor IV
Mr. James Browder Tennant
Mr. Dwight Tetrick
Mr. Thomas Warren Thaler
Mr. Abram McComas Thomas
Mr. James Richard Thomas
Mr. Randolph Woodson Thomas
Mr. Richard Peter Thomas
Mr. Richard Russell Thomas Jr.
Mr. Addison Baker Thompson
Mr. Joseph Thompson Jr.
Mr. John Lowell Thorndike
Mr. Peter Cabell Thorp
Mr. Robert Jaquette Thorpe
Mr. Wallace Newton Tiffany Jr.
Mr. Richard Carmichael
Tilghman Jr.
Mr. Albert Tilt III
Mr. William Evan Timmons
Mr. Frederick Reese Tisdale
Mr. Thomas Sumter Tisdale III
Dr. Llewellyn Morgan Toulmin
Mr. Frank Stone Trautman
Mr. Heber Venable Traywick Jr.
Hon. William Wardwell Treat
Mr. William Robertson Trigg
Dr. Isaac Ridgeway Trimble Jr.
Mr. Guy Temple Tripp III
Mr. Richard Buffington Tucker Jr.
Mr. Thomas Strong
McCready Tudor
Dr. Toni Richard Turk
Mr. Benjamin Harrison Turnbull
Mr. Benjamin Walton Turnbull
Mr. Halcott Mebane Turner
Mr. William Bullard Tutt
Mr. Roger Browne Tyler II
Mr. H. Kirk Unruh Jr.
Dr. Thomas Teackle Upshur IV
Mr. Kenneth Trist Urquhart
Mr. Henry Lee Valentine II
Mr. Chandler Lee van Orman
Mr. Stephen Cortlandt Van Wyck
Mr. Rufus Putnam Van Zandt
Mr. John Vander Horst Jr.
Mrs. Suzanne Vander Veer
Mr. Emilio Vazquez
Mr. Robert Pond Vivian Sr.
Mr. David von Hemert
Mr. James Brinckerhoff
Vredenburgh IV
Mr. Jonathan Wright Wadsworth
Mr. Earle Craig Waites Jr.
Dr. Edward Waring Walbridge
Mr. George Calder Walker Jr.
Mr. Harry Gambol Walker Jr.
Mr. Harry Gambol Walker III
Mr. Norman Stewart Walker
Lt. Gen. John Furman Wall,
USA (Ret.)
Mr. Andrew Henshaw Ward Jr.
Mr. Nicholas Donnell Ward
Mr. John Faulconer Ware III
Mr. Jack Duane Warren Jr.
Mr. Larry Larson Warren
Mr. Kenneth Wood Washburn
Mr. John Knight Waters Jr.
Mr. Jennings Edward Watkins
Mr. John David Dorsey Watkins
Mr. Lowry Rush Watkins Jr.
Mr. Andrew Harriss Weathersbee
Mr. Van Wyck Hoke Webb Jr.
Mr. Harry Otto Weber Jr.
Mr. John Wingate Weeks Jr.
Mr. Sinclair Weeks Jr.
Hon. William Dowse Weeks
Mr. Douglas Reid Weimer
Mr. Francis Xavier Wells
Mr. Peter Rollins Wells
Mr. William Mills Wheeler II
Mr. Fred Henry White IV
Mr. John Maxwell White Jr.
Mr. Edward Bostwick Whitman III
Dr. Eric Leighton Whittall
Mr. Frank Harvey Whitten
Mr. Jared Kent Wick
Mr. James Ward Wickes
Mr. Theodore S. Wilkinson
Mr. Bernard Franklin Williams Jr.
Mr. Charles Seyburn Williams
Mr. David Lee Williams
Mr. Emil Otto Nolting Williams Jr.
Mr. George Emerson Williams III
Mr. George Morgan Williams
Mr. George Thomas Williams
Mr. John Stanton Williams III
Dr. Mortimer Lee Williams
Mr. Phillip Lee Williams
Mr. Richard Dudley Williams
Lt. Cdr. David Charles Williamson
Mr. John Bolling Williamson
Mr. James Julius Winn Jr.
Mr. Anthony Winston
Mr. Richard Hungerford Wise
Mr. Joseph vanBeuren Wittmann Jr.
Mr. Joseph vanBeuren Wittmann III
Hon. Gerard William Wittstadt Sr.
Mr. George Shaffer Wood III
Mr. John Frederick Wood
Mr. Thomas Benbury Wood
Mr. Henry Sewall Woodbridge Jr.
Dr. Edward Franklin Woods
Dr. Thomas Cooper Woods
Dr. William Hedge Woods
Mr. Bartlett Alexander
McLennan Woodward
Mr. Christopher Early Woodward
Mr. Hugh McLennan Woodward
Mr. Henry Newbold Woolman III
Mr. Madison Pendleton Wootton
Mr. Benjamin Taliaferro Wright
Mr. Richard Morgan Wright Jr.
Capt. Richard Taliaferro Wright,
USN (Ret.)
Mr. John Mitchell Wyatt IV
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Wylly II,
The Pam and Tom Wylly Advised
Fund of The Community
Foundation of Middle Tennessee
Mr. Carter Fitzhugh Yeatman
Mr. William Frederick Yonkers
Mr. Armistead Churchill Young IV
Mr. William Hugh Young III
Mr. Richard Chew Zantzinger III
77
Restricted Gifts
Gifts in Kind
Members of the Society of the Cincinnati and the public contribute to the work of the Society through
restricted gifts dedicated to a special purpose. Restricted gifts received during the year ended June 30,
2009, included donations to support library fellowships and museum internships, and to prepare and
mount the exhibition Maryland in the American Revolution and install a modern museum lighting system
in the billiard room exhibition gallery at Anderson House. Particularly notable among these gifts is a
donation from Mr. David Rubenstein to help support the development and installation of George
Washington & His Generals, the Society’s joint exhibition with the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association.
In addition, more than $3,000 was received in voluntary contributions from individual museum visitors.
The following individuals and organizations made gifts in kind to the Society of the Cincinnati between July 1,
2008, and June 30, 2009. The range of gifts includes a book from George Washington’s library, two original
Society diplomas and a member’s World War II memoir, as well as photography and appraisal services and archival
materials to house museum objects. Several colleagues from the Mid-Atlantic Association of Museum’s “White
Gloves Gang” donated time to assist with the museum collections inventory, and other individuals volunteered
during the Dupont-Kalorama Museum Walk Weekend.
Gifts of $100,000 or more
Anonymous
Mr. David Rubenstein
Gifts of $25,000 or more
Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland
The Family of Mr. Frederick Talley Drum Hunt Jr.
Gifts of $5,000 to$25,000
Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman III
Mr. Catesby Brooke Jones
The National Endowment for the Humanities
Gifts of $1,000 to $4,999
John Jay Hopkins Foundation
Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati
Gifts of $100 to $999
Aurora Hills Women’s Club
Mrs. Frances B. Brooke, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Mr. and Mrs. Francis S. Currie, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Mr. Vincent Claud DeBaun
Mr. Jonathan Jensen
Mr. and Mrs. Catesby Brooke Jones, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Mr. and Mrs. E. W. MacCorkle, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Delaware
Dr. Leland Madison Park
Ms. Lin Phelps
The Saper Family Philanthropic Fund, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Mr. and Mrs. Steven Schatz, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Gifts to $99
78
Mr. and Mrs. Nate Adams II, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Ms. Joan M. Cooper
Ms. Linda Marie Erickson
Ms. Jane E. Heller
Mr. Ada Kulyk
Mrs. Marguerite G. Old, in memory of Dorothy Tyree
Duffryn Mawr Questors
Mr. Brandon S. Ulrich
Alexandria-Washington Lodge
No. 22, A.F. & A.M.
Mr. William Wallace Anderson V
Anonymous
Pierre-Édouard, comte de Boigne
Dr. Kenneth R. Bowling
Mr. Kent Masterson Brown
Mr. Jeffry Christian Burden
Mrs. Hannah Carlson
Mrs. Rosamond Whitney Carr
and family
Mr. James Theodore Cheatham III
CityPride, Ltd.
Ms. Mary H. Claycomb
Dr. Bruce Cole, National Endowment
for the Humanities
Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman III
Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Cooper Jr.
Mr. Dean McNeil-Colonsay Corse
Mrs. Hannah Caffery Cox
Mr. Vincent Claud DeBaun
Mr. William Doyle
Mr. Andrew Adgate Duer
Mr. David Warner Dumas
Mr. William Alexander Fisher III
Gaylord Bros., Inc.
Mr. R. Paul Goodman
Mr. James Henry II
Mr. James H. Holmberg,
The Filson Historical Society
John Bigelow Taylor Photography
Mr. Catesby Brooke Jones
Mr. Gordon Jones
Mr. John Dwight Kilbourne
Mr. Christopher Rogers Kloman
Mr. Clinton Kilty Macsherry III
and family
Mr. John Herbert Mears III
Mr. Henry Wigglesworth Mellen
Mr. Glenn Mitchell
Mr. William B. B. Moody
New York State Society
of the Cincinnati
North Carolina Society
of the Cincinnati
Mr. Edward Peyton Offley
Mr. Ferdinand Henry Onnen III
Mr. James Keith Peoples
Mr. Horace Pease Phillips Jr.
Mr. William Lewis Principe Jr.
Ms. Stephanie Randall
Mr. Jeffrey Schlosberg
Ms. Emily Schulz
Mr. and Mrs. Terry L. Schulz
Dr. Robert A. Selig
Mr. John Jermain Slocum Jr.
Mr. David Geise Snyder
Society of the Cincinnati
in the State of New Jersey
Ms. Debbie Somers
Dr. Lewis Stone Sorley III
Sotheby’s
Mr. Lyle St. Denis
State of North Carolina Department
of Cultural Resources
State Society of the Cincinnati
of Pennsylvania
Mr. Kelly Loyd Stewart
Mr. Lewis Castleman Strudwick
Mr. Michael Joseph Sullivan
Mr. Francis Jacques Sypher Jr.
Mr. Thomas Sumter Tisdale Jr.
Jacques, comte de Trentinian
Mr. and Mrs. Jack Warner
Mr. Jack Duane Warren Jr.
Mrs. Rhys Williams
Dr. Denis Buchanan Woodfield
Ms. Rhonda Gray Young
Mr. Marko Zlatich
Global Impact
The Harry Frank
Guggenheim Foundation
IBM International Foundation
SunTrust Mid-Atlantic Foundation
Teleflex Foundation
The UPS Foundation
The Vanguard Group Foundation
Archie D. & Bertha H.
Walker Foundation
XL America
Matching Gifts
Amica Companies Foundation
Bank of America
Connecticut Society
Deutche Bank
FannieMae Foundation
Glenmede
79
Financials
The George and Martha Washington Circle
Financial Statements
Donors who have made provisions for an unrestricted planned gift to the Society of the Cincinnati are gratefully recognized as members of the George and Martha Washington Circle, named for both George and Martha Washington in
recognition of the vital contribution that husbands and wives make together to secure the future of institutions they cherish. The life of the Society of the Cincinnati is deeply enriched by the support of the wives of its members. The following
members and their wives have made a commitment to leave the Society of the Cincinnati an unrestricted planned gift.
Mr. and Mrs. William Wallace
Anderson V
Mr. and Mrs. George Patterson
Apperson III
Mr. William North Blanchard
Mr. and Mrs. George Boyd V
Mr. and Mrs. Brian Wesley Brooke
Fr. Alberry Charles Cannon Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. James Theodore
Cheatham III
*Mr. and Mrs. Frank Anderson Chisholm
Mr. Shawn Christopher Clements
Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman III
Mr. and Mrs. William Shaw
Corbitt III
Mr. William Shaw Corbitt IV
Mr. Thomas Pelham Curtis II
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Gage Davidson
Dr. Robert James Devine
Hon. Raymond Lawrence Drake
Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Clifton Etter Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Burnett
Fishburne Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. John Baxton Flowers III
Mr. and Mrs. Milton Carlyle Gee Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. John Marshall
Gephart Jr.
Mr. Lane Woodworth Goss
Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ellerbe Grimball
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Thomas Hall
Mr. and Mrs. David Philip Halle Jr.
Mr. John Christopher Harvey
Rt. Rev. Robert Condit Harvey
Mr. Maurice Kingsley Heartfield Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Van Meter
Hendricks III
*Mrs. Samuel Smith Hill
Mr. and Mrs. Barry Christopher Howard
Mr. and Mrs. Jay Wayne Jackson
Mr. Bryan Scott Johnson
Mr. and Mrs. George Varick Lauder
Mr. Allen Ledyard
Mr. and Mrs. George Wright Lennon
Mr. and Mrs. Clifford Butler Lewis
Mr. and Mrs. Capers Walter McDonald
Mr. and Mrs. William Flagg Magee
Mr. and Mrs. St. Julien Ravenel
Marshall Jr.
Rear Admiral and Mrs. Kleber
Sanlin Masterson Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. Hollis Warren Merrick III
Mr. and Mrs. Charles Francis
Middleton III
Mr. and Mrs. Philippus Miller V
Mr. John Gregory Moore
Mr. John Stewart Morton Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Ray Donavon Munford Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. David Franklin Musto
Dr. and Mrs. Robert Armstead Naud
Mr. and Mrs. Robert Fillmore Jr.
Cdr. Francis Avery Packer Jr.
Dr. Leland Madison Park
Mr. Frederick Pope Parker III
Mr. and Mrs. Ross Gamble Perry
Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Gaillard Pinckney
Mr. and Mrs. Christopher John Porter
Mr. John Michael Powers Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. George Forrest Pragoff
Mr. and Mrs. William Francis Price Jr.
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Harold Raab
Mr. and Mrs. William Russell Raiford
Mr. and Mrs. Edward Rawson
Rev. and Mrs. Philip Burwell Roulette
Mr. Walker Fry Rucker
Dr. and Mrs. Edward Allen Seidel
Mr. Sherwood Hubbard Smith Jr.
Dr. and Mrs. Wendall Keats Sparrow
Mr. David Geise Snyder and
Ms. Sandra Ann Thomas
Mr. and Mrs. William
Richmond Talbot Jr.
Mr. Hugh Parmenas Taylor
Mr. and Mrs. Richard Stephen Taylor
Mr. and Mrs. Larry Dean Terhufen
Mr. and Mrs. Frank Keech Turner Jr.
Mr. Chandler Lee van Orman
Mr. Jehangir Fuller Varzi
Mr. Charles August Philippe
von Hemert
Mr. and Mrs. John Hardin Ward IV
Countess Anne Marie de Warren
Mr. Douglas Reid Weimer
Mr. John Marc Wheat
Mr. and Mrs. Emil Otto
Nolting Williams Jr.
Mr. Frederick Moery Winship
Mr. John Leiper Winslow
Dr. and Mrs. Denis
Buchanan Woodfield
Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Tufts Woods
Mr. Gary Edward Young
* indicates those pledges that matured
during the 2009 fiscal year.
Independent Auditors’ Report
The Society of the Cincinnati
Washington, D.C.
We have audited the accompanying statement of financial position of the Society of the
Cincinnati as of June 30, 2009, and the related statements of activities and cash flows for the
year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Society’s management.
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the
United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.
An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures
in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement
presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects,
the financial position of the Society of the Cincinnati as of June 30, 2009, and the changes in
its net assets and its cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles
generally accepted in the United States of America.
Bethesda, Maryland
October 2, 2009
Certified Public Accountants
Volunteers
The Society could not accomplish the wide range of projects that it completes in a year without the help of a dedicated
group of volunteers. The majority of these volunteers serve as museum guides, leading groups of visitors through
Anderson House and enabling the museum to open to the public. Other volunteers have contributed to projects such
as revising the museum tour manual and various library cataloging, research and collection management projects.
80
Dr. María Barrera
Mrs. Marilyn Barth
Mr. Eddie Becker
Mrs. Diana Clagett
Mr. Lyle St. Denis
Ms. Bridget English
Mrs. Barbara Fichman
Mrs. Marcelle Gillette
Mr. James D. Golden
Mr. Thomas F. Hairston
Dr. Frances J. Johnston
Mrs. Joanne Jones
Ms. Mary-Elizabeth A. Keefe
Dr. Galina Kelner
Mr. Franz W. Krebs
Ms. Drew Lepp
Mrs. Jean LaForce
Ms. Beth Lamoreaux
Ms. Adrian Moore
Mrs. Jessica Ordemann
Mr. Frank J. Piason
Mrs. Sandra L. Powers
Mr. L. Edgar Prina
Ms. Mary Louise Raynor
Ms. Clementine Scharf
Mr. Rick Schreiber
Mrs. Sandra Shapiro
Ms. Betsy Tunis
Mr. Adam Turek
Mrs. Irena J. Vallario
Capt. Julian M. Wright Jr.,
USN, (Ret.)
Mr. Marko Zlatich
81
Financials
Financials
The Society of the Cincinnati
The Society of the Cincinnati
Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2009
Statement of Activities for the Year Ended June 30, 2009
Unrestricted
Temporarily
Restricted
Permanently
Restricted
Total
Assets
Current Assets
Cash and Cash Equivalents $
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
Prepaid Expenses
Total Current Assets
313,055
21,730
42,005
12,660
438,558
—
—
—
$
100,745
—
—
—
$
852,358
21,730
42,005
12,660
389,450
438,558
100,745
928,753
10,971,548
5,239,384
3,216,708
19,427,640
3,740,631
—
—
3,740,631
—
—
—
—
$ 15,101,629
$ 5,677,942
$ 3,317,453
$ 24,097,024
Investments, at Market
Property and Equipment
Collections (Notes 2 and 7)
Total Assets
$
Liabilities and Net Assets
Current Liabilities
Accounts Payable
$
Accrued Expenses
Deferred Revenue
Annuities Payable, Current
Retiree Obligations, Current
$
—
—
—
—
—
$
—
—
—
—
—
$
43,576
39,061
11,975
8,278
66,853
Total Expenses
Temporarily
Restricted
$
$
773,319
661,263
Permanently
Restricted
$
Total
—
$ 1,434,582
206,635
120,917
19,904
14,375
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
206,635
120,917
19,904
14,375
1,158,245
(1,158,245)
—
—
2,293,395
(496,982)
—
1,796,413
741,499
524,134
397,127
155,312
22,038
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
741,499
524,134
397,127
155,312
22,038
617,832
249,824
—
—
—
—
617,832
249,824
2,707,766
—
—
2,707,766
(496,982)
(1,555,380)
—
—
—
—
(911,353)
(3,523,343)
(489,015)
(2,052,362)
—
(4,923,711)
Total Current Liabilities
169,743
—
—
169,743
Other Liabilities
Annuities Payable,
Noncurrent
Retiree Obligations
Increase (Decrease) in Net Assets
Before Net Investment Loss
and Collection Acquisitions
(414,371)
Net Investment Loss
(1,967,963)
Collection Acquisitions
(489,015)
44,330
697,984
—
—
—
—
44,330
697,984
Increase (Decrease)
in Net Assets
742,314
—
—
742,314
19,459,597
(2,398,676)
5,431,628
2,298,676
3,217,453
100,000
28,108,678
—
17,060,921
7,730,304
3,317,453
28,108,678
$ 14,189,572
$ 5,677,942
$ 3,317,453
$ 23,184,967
Total Other Liabilities
Total Liabilities
Net Assets
82
43,576
39,061
11,975
8,278
66,853
Support and Revenues
Contributions
Registration and
Other Meeting Fees
Revenue Generating Events
Boutique
Development Events
Net Assets Released
from Restrictions
Total Support
and Revenues
Expenses
Program Services
Historic Preservation
Museum
Library
Education
Committees
Supporting Services
Management and
General Fund Raising
Unrestricted
Total Liabilities
and Net Assets
912,057
—
—
912,057
Net Assets, Beginning of Year,
As Previously Reported
Prior Period Adjustment
14,189,572
5,677,942
3,317,453
23,184,967
Net Assets Beginning of Year,
As Restated
Net Assets, End of Year
$ 15,101,629
See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
$ 5,677,942
$ $3,317,453
(2,871,349)
$ 24,097,024
See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
83
Financials
Financials
The Society of the Cincinnati
Notes to the Financial Statements
Statement of Cash Flows for the Year Ended June 30, 2009
for the Year Ended June 30, 2009
1. O RGANIZATIONAL H ISTORY
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Change in Net Assets
Adjustments to Reconcile Change in Net Assets to
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Depreciation
Collection Acquisitions
Net Loss on Investments
(Increase) Decrease in Assets
Accounts Receivable
Inventory
Prepaid Expenses
Increase (Decrease) in Liabilities
Accounts Payable
Accrued Expenses
Deferred Revenue
Annuities Payable
Retiree Obligations
$ (4,923,711)
194,214
489,015
4,197,219
(9,193)
(14,935)
(258)
Net Cash Used in Operating Activities
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Acquisition of Property and Equipment
Collection Acquisitions
Sales of Investments
Purchases of Investments
OF
S IGNIFICANT A CCOUNTING P OLICIES
Basis of Accounting
The financial statements of the Society are prepared under the accrual method of accounting.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the
reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of
the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.
Actual results could differ from those estimates.
(151,568)
Cash Equivalents
For purposes of the statement of cash flows, the Society considers all highly liquid investments with an
initial maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents totaling $355,488 are
included in cash and cash equivalents in the accompanying statement of financial position.
(72,358)
(489,015)
4,082,633
(3,468,843)
52,417
Net Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year
(99,151)
951,509
$
2. S UMMARY
22,952
(6,841)
(114,075)
(13,763)
27,808
Net Cash Provided by Investing Activities
Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year
The Society of the Cincinnati (the “Society”) was organized in 1783 to preserve and promote the ideals
of the American Revolution. It was incorporated in 1938 under the laws of the District of Columbia.
The Society is a nonprofit educational organization devoted to the principles and ideals of its founders.
In addition to a museum and library at Anderson House, the Society supports scholarship on the
Revolutionary War, publications, historic preservation efforts, and other programs to promote increased
knowledge and appreciation of the achievements of American independence.
852,358
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are reported at their outstanding balances, reduced by an allowance for doubtful
accounts, if any.
Management periodically evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts by considering
the Society’s past receivables loss experience, known and inherent risks in the accounts receivable
population, adverse situations that may affect a debtor’s ability to pay, and current economic conditions.
Based on its experience with no losses from uncollectible accounts in the current and recent years, the
Society has no formal policies for determining that accounts receivable are past due or for charging off
accounts receivable. The current allowance for doubtful accounts is $-0-.
Inventory
Inventory consists of merchandise held for sale to members. The inventory is stated at the lower of cost
or market using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.
Investments
Securities are held by SunTrust Banks, Inc., as agent and custodian. Investments in equity securities with
readily determinable fair values and all investments in debt securities are carried at their fair values in the
statement of financial position. Unrealized gains and losses are included in the changes in net assets in
the accompanying statement of activities.
84
See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.
In 1998, the Society consolidated the investments of endowments, certain temporarily restricted funds,
and the board-designated fund into a master trust account. The Society makes distributions from the
master trust for current operations under the total-return method. Under the total-return method, fund
distributions consist of net investment income and may include a portion of the cumulative realized and
unrealized gains. The Society’s board of directors establishes a spending rate at the start of each fiscal year
based on the 20-quarter rolling average fair value of the master trust. To the extent that distributions
exceed net investment income, they are made from realized gains and then unrealized gains.
85
Financials
Financials
A spending rate of approximately 4.7% for the year ended June 30, 2009, resulted in distributions from the
master trust of $1,127,184 plus an additional $130,004 of supplemental draws to fund current operations.
The Book Publishing Fund was established for items worthy of publishing. To date, this fund has
published two books, The Insignia of The Society of the Cincinnati and Liberty without Anarchy.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over the
estimated useful lives of the assets, ranging between three and forty years. The Society capitalizes all
expenditures for property and equipment in excess of $1,000.
The Education Fund was established to be used for educational programs. This fund published the book
Why America is Free in partnership with Mount Vernon.
The Society made extensive renovations during 1997 in order to ensure that its collections can be preserved
in their current condition or better if restoration work is performed in the future. Expenses related to the
renovation are included in property and equipment in the statement of financial position.
The Mason Library Fund was established for the acquisition of modern books and serials for the
library collection.
Historic Building
The historic building owned by the Society, Anderson House, was acquired by gift and has been the
headquarters of the Society since 1939. Although the building has a unique history and designation as a
National Historic Landmark by the U.S. National Park Service, the Society deems the building to have a
finite life and that the building has been fully depreciated since its acquisition in 1939. Therefore, Anderson
House is reflected at no net value in the statement of financial position.
The Triennial Fund was established to collect from the fourteen constituent societies Triennial
assessments that are used for the Triennial celebrations held every three years in a location chosen by the
Triennial Committee.
Collections
The collections, which were acquired through purchases and contributions since the organization’s inception,
are not recognized as assets on the statement of financial position. Purchases of collection items are recorded
as decreases in unrestricted net assets in the year in which the items are acquired, or as decreases in
temporarily restricted net assets if the assets used to purchase the items were restricted by donors.
Contributed collection items are not reflected on the financial statements. Proceeds from deaccessions or
insurance recoveries are reflected as increases in the appropriate net asset classes.
In addition to the funds described above, the Society also has funds that have been accumulated from
the earnings of permanently restricted investments. These funds are temporarily restricted for specific
purposes and consisted of:
Deferred Revenue
Deferred revenue consists primarily of deposits received from members for attendance at meetings to
be held in the next year.
Unrestricted Net Assets
Unrestricted net assets represent the expendable net assets that are available for support of the Society
and are included in the following funds:
The Operating Fund includes the general activities of the Society.
The Building, Furnishings, and Equipment Fund was established to account for renovations and
improvements to the headquarters building and for the acquisition, depreciation, and disposition of
furniture and equipment.
The Special Projects Fund was established to maintain all temporarily restricted contributions that do
not already have a fund in place.
The Anderson Fund was established by Isabel Anderson when she gave Anderson House to the Society
to use as its headquarters. Its purpose is to provide income for maintenance and upkeep of the house.
■ The Clark Lecture Fund was established by an anonymous donor to support the Clark Lecture and
associated expenses. The Clark Lecture and dinner are held each year on the Friday evening before the
executive committee and board meetings and subsequent dinner and ball. The lecturer is chosen by
the History Committee.
■ The Hoyt Garden Fund was established by Harry Ramsay Hoyt for the purpose of maintenance of and
improvements to the gardens, which include the front lawn.
■ The Hoyt Insignia Fund was established by Harry Ramsay Hoyt for the purpose of creating a replica
of the diamond eagle and the paste imitation on display in the front hall, as well as the diamond
rosette given to each departing President General. This fund is for anything insignia-related and will
be used in this next year to acquire a special insignia for members who have given exceptional service
to the Society.
■ The Stuart Gallery Fund was established in 1971 to support acquisitions and operations of the Society’s
library and museum collections and the Stuart Gallery of the American Revolution
within the building. The Society currently construes the modern library as the Stuart Gallery of the
American Revolution.
■
The Capital Replacement Fund accounts for board-designated transfers of funds from the Operating Fund
and other funds and their expenditure for capital outlays for property and renovations.
In addition to the funds described above, the Society has additional funds that have been accumulated
from the earnings of permanently restricted investments. These funds may be used for unrestricted
purposes but are reported as temporarily restricted until appropriated for expenditure and consisted of:
The Library Acquisitions Fund was established to provide a source of funding for acquisitions of library
collection items that cannot be funded from other sources, including the Society’s annual operating budget.
■
■
The Museum Acquisitions Fund was established to provide a source of funding for the acquisition of new
collection items and/or to preserve and restore the current collection.
Permanently Restricted Net Assets
Permanently restricted net assets are subject to the restrictions of gift instruments requiring in
perpetuity that the principal be invested and the income only be used. Investment income on
these funds is recorded into temporarily restricted net assets to be used for the purposes stated by the
donors.
The Board-Designated Endowment Fund consists of funds set aside by the board to be invested, and
a portion of the income from this fund is used to provide a base of funding for the Society’s operations.
86
The Fergusson Fund was established by an anonymous donor to acquire for the library rare books and
manuscripts about the art of war.
Temporarily Restricted Net Assets
Temporarily restricted net assets consist of gifts and the accumulated earnings on permanently restricted
funds that are restricted for a particular activity, which will be expended in future periods, and are included
in the following funds:
The Knight Fund
The Olmsted Fund
■
■
The Phillips Fund
The Westport Fund
Restricted and Unrestricted Support and Revenues
The Society reports gifts of cash and other assets as restricted support if they are received with donor
stipulations that limit the use of the donated assets. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when a
stipulated time restriction ends or purpose restriction is accomplished, temporarily restricted net assets
are reclassified to unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released
from restrictions.
87
Financials
Financials
Allocated Expenses
Expenses are charged to programs and supporting services on the basis of periodic time and expenses studies.
Management and general expenses include those expenses that are not directly identifiable with any other
specific function, but provide for the overall support and direction of the Society.
Investment revenue in the form of dividends and interest totaled $673,876 for the year ended June 30,
2009. The Society had net realized gains of $897,578 and net unrealized losses of $5,094,797 for the
year ended June 30, 2009.
Income Taxes
The Society is a not-for-profit, tax-exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue
Code. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has determined that the Society is not a private foundation.
The Society is exempt from income taxes except for unrelated business income tax.
5. S PLIT-I NTEREST A GREEMENTS
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
The Society has elected to defer application of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation
No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, (FIN 48) until its fiscal year beginning after December
15, 2008, in accordance with the provisions of an FASB Staff Position. The Society’s current policy for
evaluating uncertain tax positions for presentation in its annual financial statements under the provisions of
FASB Statement No. 5, Accounting for Contingencies, prior to adoption of FIN 48, is to determine whether
the likelihood that a tax position will not be sustained upon examination by the appropriate taxing authority
is probable (likely to occur), reasonably possible (more than slight but less than likely), or remote (slight).
The Society would accrue as tax expense any uncertain tax position that is probable of not being sustained, at
the amount that can be reasonably estimated. The Society would disclose any uncertain tax position that is
reasonably possible of not being sustained.
3. C ONCENTRATION
OF
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Society to concentrations of credit risk consist of cash and
temporary cash investments held at various financial institutions. Cash and temporary cash investments that
were not covered by Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance totaled approximately
$177,000 at June 30, 2009.
4. I NVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE M EASUREMENTS
Investments were the Society’s only assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30,
2009, and were as follows:
Fair Value
88
$
A summary of the activity affecting the fair market value of the assets as of June 30, 2009, is as follows:
Fair Market Value at June 30, 2008
Interest and Dividend Earnings
Net Loss
Required Distributions
Fair Market Value at June 30, 2009
$
72,859
3,506
(14,910)
(13,847)
$ 47,608
Using a discount rate of 3.8% and estimated life expectancies ranging from 3.6 to 22.7 years, the
present value of the liabilities associated with these agreements is $52,608, of which $8,278 is included
in current liabilities and $44,330 is included in noncurrent liabilities.
C REDIT R ISK
June 30, 2009
Money Market Funds
U.S. Government Securities
Fixed Income Funds
Equity Funds
The Society is the beneficiary of split-interest agreements in the form of charitable gift annuities.
A charitable gift annuity is an arrangement between a donor and the Society in which the donor
contributes assets to the Society in exchange for a promise by the Society to pay a fixed amount over the
life of the donor. Assets of split-interest agreements in the amount of $47,608 are presented at fair
market value and are included in investments on the statement of financial position at June 30, 2009.
131,527
65,129
7,703,493
11,527,491
$ 19,427,640
Fair Value
Measurements at
Reporting Date Using
Quoted Prices
In Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
$
131,527
65,129
7,703,493
11,527,491
$ 19,427,640
Financial assets valued using Level 1 inputs are based on unadjusted quoted market prices within active
markets. Financial assets valued using Level 2 inputs, if any, are based primarily on quoted prices for
similar assets in active or inactive markets. Financial assets valued using Level 3 inputs, if any, are valued
using unobservable inputs to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available,
thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the
measurement date. The fair value measurement objective is to determine an exit price from the perspective
of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the liability. Therefore, unobservable inputs shall reflect
the Society’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset
or liability (including assumptions about risk). Unobservable inputs shall be developed based on the best
information available in the circumstances, which might include the Society’s own data. The Society held
no investments valued using Level 2 or Level 3 inputs at June 30, 2009.
6. P ROPERTY
AND
E QUIPMENT
Property and equipment consisted of the following as of June 30, 2009:
Building Improvements
Furniture and Equipment
Total
Cost or
Other Basis
Accumulated
Depreciation
Net Book
Value
$ 5,386,549
365,278
$ 5,751,827
$ (1,787,174)
(224,022)
$ (2,011,196)
$ 3,599,375
141,256
$ 3,740,631
Depreciation expense for the year ended June 30, 2009, totaled $194,214.
7. C OLLECTIONS
The Society’s collections include artifacts of historical significance and art objects that are held for
educational, research, scientific, and curatorial purposes. Each of the items is cataloged, preserved, and
cared for, and activities verifying their existence and assessing their condition are performed continuously.
The collections are subject to a policy that requires proceeds from their sales to be used to acquire other
items for collections.
8. L INE
OF
C REDIT
The Society has a line of credit agreement with SunTrust Bank. This agreement would allow the Society
to borrow up to $100,000 at an adjustable interest rate. Draws on the line of credit would be secured by
the Society’s investment accounts at SunTrust. The line of credit expired June 30, 2009, and was then
renewed on September 18, 2009, for an additional year. No draws were made against the line of credit
during the period July 1, 2008, through June 30, 2009.
89
Financials
Financials
9. E NDOWMENT
The Society’s endowment consists of contributions established as donor-restricted endowment funds and
unrestricted net assets designated by the board of directors for endowment purposes. Net assets associated
with this endowment fund are classified and reported based on the existence of donor-imposed restrictions.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
The long- and short-term needs of the Society in carrying out its purposes.
The Society’s present and anticipated financial requirements.
Expected total return on investments.
Price level trends.
General economic conditions.
Investment Policy
The Society maintains a Statement of Investment Objectives, Policies and Guidelines (Policy).
Endowment Net Assets
Endowment net asset composition by type of fund as of June 30, 2009:
The Policy’s investment objectives are to:
Preserve the portfolio’s purchasing power through asset growth in excess of the spending distribution plus
the rate of inflation.
Invest assets in order to maximize the long-term return while assuming a reasonable level of risk.
In order to achieve the objectives stated in the Introduction to the Policy, the Society’s total portfolio must
earn a rate of return that maintains the purchasing power of the portfolio’s principal value and spending
distributions. Thus, the long-term objective for the portfolio is to earn a return of at least the Consumer
Price Index plus 5%. Given that this benchmark is not directly related to market performance, success or
failure in achieving this goal should be evaluated over the long-term.
Donor-Restricted
Endowment Fund
$
Board-Designated
Endowment Fund
Total Funds
$
The Society has adopted the following strategic asset allocation. All figures listed here refer to an asset class’s
percentage of the total portfolio. The minimum and maximum weights listed here represent the acceptable
allocation ranges for each asset class. Actual asset allocation will be compared to these ranges at least on a
quarterly basis. In the event that the allocation to a particular asset class falls outside of the acceptable range,
the portfolio will be re-balanced at the discretion of the Committee Chair so that all asset classes are within
their permitted allocations.
The overall target allocation for the Society is 70% equity and 30% fixed income.
Asset Class
U.S. Large Cap Equity
U.S. Small Cap Equity
International Equity
Fixed Income
90
Target Percentage
37%
8%
25%
30%
Minimum
32%
6%
21%
25%
Maximum
42%
12%
29%
35%
Interpretation of Relevant Law
The Board of Directors of the Society has interpreted the District of Columbia’s Uniform Prudent
Management of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA) as requiring the preservation of the fair value of the
original gift as of the gift date of the donor-restricted endowment fund absent explicit donor stipulations to
the contrary. As a result of this interpretation, the Society classifies as permanently restricted net assets (a) the
original value of gifts donated to the permanent endowment, (b) the original value of subsequent gifts to the
permanent endowment, and (c) accumulations to the permanent endowment made in accordance with the
direction of the applicable donor gift instrument at the time the accumulation is added to the fund. The
remaining portion of the donor-restricted endowment fund that is not classified in permanently restricted net
assets is classified as temporarily restricted net assets until those amounts are appropriated for expenditure by
the Society in a manner consistent with the standard of prudence prescribed by UPMIFA. In accordance
with UPMIFA, the Society considers the following factors in making a determination to appropriate or
accumulate donor-restricted endowment funds:
Temporarily
Restricted
Permanently
Restricted
—
$ 4,845,979
$ 3,317,453
12,278,040
—
—
12,278,040
12,278,040
$ 4,845,979
$ 3,317,453
$ 20,441,472
Total
$
8,163,432
Changes in endowment net assets for the year ended June 30, 2009:
In order to evaluate the performance of its managers over the shorter period of a market cycle or five years,
the Society has also adopted a market driven benchmark for each manager.
For the portfolio as a whole, the Total Portfolio Benchmark (“Benchmark”) will consist of a
suitable index for each asset class used. These indices will be weighted on a monthly basis according to the
Society’s strategic asset allocation targets listed in Appendix A of the Policy. Appendix C defines the current
Benchmark. The Society’s goal is to earn a rate of return on its total portfolio that meets or exceeds the
Benchmark return on a rolling five-year basis.
Unrestricted
Unrestricted
Temporarily
Restricted
Permanently
Restricted
Total
14,147,414
$ 6,896,796
$ 3,217,453
$ 24,261,663
658,164
—
—
658,164
(2,535,038)
(1,489,221)
—
(4,024,259)
7,500
250
—
7,750
Prior Period Adjustment
—
—
100,000
100,000
Appropriation of
Endowment Assets
for Expenditure
—
(561,846)
—
(561,846)
12,278,040
$ 4,845,979
$ 3,317,453
$ 20,441,472
Endowment Net Assets,
Beginning of Year
$
Interest and Dividends
Net Depreciation
of Investments
Contributions
Endowment Net
Assets, End of Year
$
10. R ELATED PARTIES
There are fourteen constituent societies representing the thirteen original states and France. Members of
the Society are elected to membership through one of the fourteen constituent societies. The constituent
societies and the Society are related through common officers. Contributions from the constituent
societies received during the year ended June 30, 2009, were as follows:
Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Connecticut
New York State Society of the Cincinnati
Society of the Cincinnati in the State of New Jersey
Delaware State Society of the Cincinnati
The State Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania
Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland
Society of the Cincinnati of the State of Virginia
Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati
Total
$
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,500
2,000
5,000
10,000
34,000
$ 55,500
91
Financials
Financials
11. P ERSONNEL E XPENSE
Compensation and insurance benefits expected to be paid in future fiscal years are as follows:
Personnel expense consisted of the following:
12. P ENSION P LAN
For the Years Ending June 30,
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Thereafter
Total Amounts Owed
Less Amount Representing Interest
Net
On September 1, 1984, the Society adopted a defined contribution pension plan covering full-time
employees of the Society. The Plan is a qualified plan under the Internal Revenue Code.
14. P RIOR P ERIOD A DJUSTMENTS
Salaries
Payroll Taxes
Pension
Group Health, Life, and Disability Insurance
$
860,855
67,636
73,287
90,868
$ 1,092,646
$
66,853
66,853
50,184
50,184
50,184
728,126
1,012,384
(247,547)
$ 764,837
On January 1, 2006, the Society amended the Plan to include a 401(k) provision. Under the plan’s safe
harbor provision, a non-elective contribution equal to 3% of eligible compensation will be made by the
Society each year. The Society may elect to make additional profit sharing contributions to the Plan as well.
The total retirement plan expense for this Plan was $73,287 for the year ended June 30, 2009.
It was determined in the current year that a previous contribution was incorrectly classified as
unrestricted rather than as permanently restricted. Accordingly, an adjustment to reduce unrestricted net
assets was made in the amount of $100,000. A corresponding entry was made to increase previously
reported permanently restricted net assets by $100,000. This adjustment had no effect on current or
prior year changes in net assets. The net effect of all adjustments is $-0- for total net assets.
13. C OMPENSATION PAYMENTS
In August 2008, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued FASB Staff Position No.
FAS 117-1, “Endowments of Not-for-Profit Organizations: Net Asset Classification of Funds Subject to
an Enacted Version of the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act, and Enhanced
Disclosures for All Endowment Funds” (FSP FAS 117-1). FSP FAS 117-1 provides guidance on the net
asset classification of donor-restricted endowment funds for a nonprofit organization that is subject to
an enacted version of the UPMIFA. FSP FAS 117-1 also requires additional disclosures about an
organization’s endowment funds (both donor-restricted endowment funds and board-designated
endowment funds) whether or not the organization is subject to UPMIFA.
AND
G ROUP H EALTH I NSURANCE
FOR
R ETIREES
In addition to the above qualified plan, the Society maintains a second, non-qualified, non-funded plan that
provides monthly payments to retired employees who have completed ten years of service. The monthly
benefit is determined by a formula that includes salary history, length of service, and benefits under the
qualified plan. The Society also continues to provide health insurance to its retired employees. This benefit
for retirees is unfunded and the benefits are fixed at the time of retirement. As of June 30, 2009, all but one
of the eligible participants in this plan are retired and receiving payments.
The assets of the Society are used to pay the benefits of eligible retirees. As of the measurement date, June
30, 2009, the retirement plan had an unfunded liability of $764,837.
Amounts recognized in the statement of activities consisted of:
Retirement Benefits
Health Benefits
Service Cost
Total Retirees’ Expenses
$ 47,251
20,585
27,808
$ 95,644
The District of Columbia enacted UPMIFA effective January 23, 2008, the provisions of which apply to
endowment funds existing on or established after that date. The Society has adopted FSP FAS 117-1 for
the year ended June 30, 2009. Based on the Society’s interpretation of UPMIFA, the Society has reviewed
all of its endowment funds and has reclassified $2,298,676 from unrestricted net assets to temporarily
restricted net assets as of July 1, 2008, under the provisions of FSP FAS 117-1, which represents funds
that have been accumulated from the earnings of permanently restricted investments that are reported as
temporarily restricted until appropriated for expenditure.
15. S UBSEQUENT E VENTS
The following weighted-average assumptions are used in accounting for the retirement plan:
Discount Rate
Rate of Compensation Change (Active Participants)
2.8%
3.0%
The Society has evaluated subsequent events through October 2, 2009, the date on which the financial
statements were available to be issued.
The same assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations and net periodic pension cost.
In addition, the assumptions for life expectancy and discount rates were determined based on the IRS tables.
92
93
Committees
Committees
Committees of The Society of the Cincinnati
(a Corporation)
Executive Committee
George Forrest Pragoff, President
R. Adm. Kleber Sanlin Masterson Jr., Vice President
Henry Burnett Fishburne Jr., Secretary
Jonathan Tufts Woods, Treasurer
Ross Gamble Perry, Assistant Secretary
Charles Lilly Coltman III, Assistant Treasurer
Chairmen of the committees of the corporation and past corporate officers
are entitled to seat and voice in the deliberations of the Executive Committee.
Audit Committee
Leslie Eaton Goldsborough Jr., Co-Chairman
Catesby Brooke Jones, Co-Chairman
Ross Warne Maghan Jr.
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Property and Hoyt Garden Committee
James Bradley Burke, Chairman
Michael Joseph Sullivan, Vice Chairman
Wayne Chatfield-Taylor II
Geoffrey Gamble
Maurice Kingsley Heartfield Jr.
Jonathan Jensen
Francis Parker King Jr.
James Thomas Martin
Charles Francis Middleton III
William Hoyt Olinger
Frederick Pope Parker III
Philip Winston Pillsbury Jr.
Lee Sparks IV
Kelly Loyd Stewart
Thomas Sumter Tisdale Jr.
Thomas Howard Townsend
John Augustine Washington
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Museum Committee
94
James Keith Peoples, Chairman
Robert Carter Arnold
Geoffrey Gamble
Lane Woodworth Goss
William Maury Hill
St. Julien Ravenel Marshall Jr.
Frank Mauran
John Gregory Moore
Dr. Robert Armstead Naud
Duncan Packer
Rev. Philip Burwell Roulette
Dr. Nicholas Sellers
Joseph Patterson Sims III
Thomas Howard Townsend
Gary Edward Young
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Library Committee
Thomas Sumter Tisdale Jr., Chairman
Leland Madison Park, Ph.D., Vice Chairman
Richard Bender Abell
John Absalom Baird Jr.
John Roberts Bockstoce, D.Phil.
James Theodore Cheatham III
DeWitt Clinton Jr.
Thomas Bledsoe Cormack
Robert Holbrook Crane
Thomas Clifton Etter Jr.
David Hackett Fischer
David Harold Harpole Sr., M.D.
George Varick Lauder
Ross Warne Maghan Jr.
Frank Mauran
Capers Walter McDonald
Hollis Warren Merrick III, M.D.
David Franklin Musto, M.D.
Douglas Tyler Putnam
Richard Renz Raiford
Walker Fry Rucker
John Jermain Slocum Jr.
Lewis Castleman Strudwick
Charles Philippe comte de Vergennes
Nicholas Donnell Ward
Douglas Reid Weimer
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Investment Committee
Alexander Penn Hill Wyrough, Chairman
John Augustine Washington, Vice Chairman
Malcolm Lee Butler
Andrew Crawford Clarkson Jr.
Charles Lilly Coltman III
Jay Wayne Jackson
Catesby Brooke Jones
Garrison Fairfield Lane
George Wright Lennon
Ray Donavon Munford Jr.
Douglas Tyler Putnam
Robert Bland Smith Jr.
Robert Mosby Turnbull
Frank Keech Turner Jr.
Jonathan Tufts Woods
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Development Committee
William Francis Price Jr., Chairman
Shawn Christopher Clements,
Vice Chairman, Annual Giving
Robert Gage Davidson,
Vice Chairman, Planned Giving
George Sunderland Rich,
Vice Chairman, Restricted Gifts
George Boyd V
Charles Allerton Coolidge III
Henry Ellerbe Grimball
John Christopher Harvey
William Maury Hill
Jonathan Jensen
Hollis Warren Merrick III, M.D.
Ray Donavon Munford Jr.
Robert Fillmore Norfleet Jr.
William Hoyt Olinger
William Evan Timmons
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Salary and Pension Committee
Charles Lilly Coltman III, Chairman
James Bradley Burke
James Keith Peoples
William Francis Price Jr.
Thomas Sumter Tisdale Jr.
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
History Committee
David Franklin Musto, M.D., Chairman
Alexander Preston Russell, M.D.,
Vice Chairman
David Hackett Fischer
Nicholas Gilman
Lane Woodworth Goss
John Christopher Harvey
Bryan Scott Johnson
Clifford Butler Lewis
Frank Mauran IV
Douglas Vincent O’Dell Jr.
William Francis Price Jr.
Robert Arthur Sherman
Michael Joseph Sullivan
Charles Philippe, comte de Vergennes
Edward Franklin Woods, D.M.D.
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
French and American
Exchanges Committee
William Postell Raiford, Ph.D., Co-Chairman
François, comte de la Loge d'Ausson,
Co-Chairman
Lloyd Noland Bell
Warwick Montgomery Carter Jr.
Edmund Tompkins DeJarnette Jr.
George Carter Paine II
Emile Pragoff III
Alexander Preston Russell, M.D.
Edward James Smith Jr.
Robert Livingston Sterling
Michael Hunt Studley
Pierre Girard de Vasson
Christopher Rowland Webster Jr.
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Education Committee
Christopher Rogers Kloman, Chairman
Bryan Scott Johnson, Vice Chairman
William Wallace Anderson V
Francis Gorham Brigham III
John Morgan Douglass Jr., Ph.D.
Barry Christopher Howard
Francis Parker King Jr.
Clifford Butler Lewis
John Cooper Masterson
Severn Eyre Savage Miller
Christopher Stuart Moffitt
George Sunderland Rich
Alexander Preston Russell, M.D.
Francis Laughlin Wadsworth
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
95
Committees
Committees of The Society of the Cincinnati
96
(Unincorporated)
State Associations Liaison Committee
Committee on Nominations
Edmund Tompkins DeJarnette Jr., Chairman
William Wallace Anderson V, Vice Chairman
Andrew Adgate Duer IV
R Adm. Kleber Sanlin Masterson Jr.
Emile Pragoff III
David Geise Snyder
Charles William Swinford Jr.
George Forrest Pragoff, ex officio
Robert Fillmore Norfleet Jr., Chairman
Hollis Warren Merrick III, M.D.,
New Hampshire
Lane Woodworth Goss, Massachusetts
Frank Mauran, Rhode Island
Jay Wayne Jackson, Connecticut
William Francis Price Jr., New York
Nicholas Gilman, New Jersey
Philippus Miller V, Pennsylvania
Richard Saltonstall Auchincloss Jr., Delaware
Brian Wesley Brooke, Maryland
Catesby Brooke Jones, Virginia
William Pless Lunger, North Carolina
William McGowan Matthew, South Carolina
Peter Meldrim Wright, Georgia
Raynald de Choiseul Praslin, France