ACRONYMS
Abbreviated Form
C
Full Form
Degree Celsius
ACP
Acid Phosphatase
ALP
Alkaline Phosphatase
ALT
Alanine Aminotransaminase
AS
Arrested Spermatogenesis
AST
Asparate Aminotransaminase
ATP
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
BM
Basement Membrane
Ca
Calcium
cAMP
cyclic Adenosine Mono Phosphate
CD
Cytoplasmic Droplet
Cu
Copper
DB
Damaged Basement Membrane
DB
Dilated Blood Vessel
DHEA
dehydroepiandosterone
DNA
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
DTNB
5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
EMW
Electro Magnetic Waves
iii
Abbreviated Form
ES
Full Form
Sloughing of Epithelium
FSH
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
GHz
Giga Hertz
GnRH
GSH-PX
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
Glutathione Peroxidase
GSSG
Glutathione disulfide
HCAs
Hetrocyclic Amines
HPG Axis
Hypothaimic-Pitutary-Gonadal Axis
Hz
Hertz
IC
Interstitial Cell Degeneration
IRA
Infra Red A
IRB
Infra Red B
IS
JNU
L
LH
LHRH
Increased Interstitial Space
Jawahar Lal Nehru University
Leydig Cell
Luteinizing Hormone
Lueteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone
LS
Lumen Seminiferous Tubule
Mg
Magnesium
iv
Abbreviated Form
Full Form
MHz
Mega Hertz
mm
Milli meter
MN
Multinucleated Cell
N
NADPH
Necrotic Cells
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate
NAP
N-Acetylproline Amide
NIR
Non Ionizing Radiations
nm
Nanometer
PAHs
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
p-NPP
p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate
PS
Primary Spermatocyte
r RNA
Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid
RBCs
Red Blood Cells
RF
Radio Frequency
RIA
Radio Immuno Assay
RNA
Ribose Nucleic acid
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
S
Sertoli Cells
S1
Spermatogonia
v
Abbreviated Form
SD
SOD
Full Form
Seminiferous Tubule Distortion
Superoxide Dismutase
SP
Sperm
SS
Secondary Spermatocyte
ST
Spermatid
ST
Spermatid destruction
STAR
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory
TCA
Tri Carboxylic Acid
UVA
Ultra Violent A
UVB
Ultra Violent B
UVC
Ultra Violent C
V
Vacuolization
Vit
Vitamin
WBCs
Zn
White Blood Cells
Zinc
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Number
Title of Table
Page No.
1.
Nutritional values of normal and microwaved food.
42
2.
Effect on Sperm Count of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed on
43
Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
3.
Effect on Gonadotropic Ratio of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed
44
on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
4.
Effect on Sperm Morphology of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed
45
on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
5.
Effect on peripheral blood FSH profiles in Swiss Albino mice
47
fed continuously with food exposed to microwave radiations
6.
Effect on peripheral blood LH profiles in Swiss Albino mice
48
fed continuously with food exposed to microwave radiations
7.
Effect on peripheral blood Testosterone profiles in Swiss
49
Albino mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
8.
Effect on Fructose Concentration in Seminal Vesicle of Swiss
50
Albino Male Mice fed on Food Exposed to Microwave
Radiations.
9.
Effect on GSH Concentration in Liver of Male Swiss Albino
51
Mice Fed on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations
10.
Effect on testicular Cholesterol concentrations in Swiss Albino
52
mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
11.
Effect on testicular Glycogen Concentration in Testis of Swiss
Albino Male Mice fed on Food Exposed to Microwave
Radiations.
vii
53
Table
Number
12.
Title of Table
Effect on pH of Seminal Vesicle of Swiss Albino Male Mice
Page No.
54
fed on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
13.
Effect on prostate pH of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed on Food
55
Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
14.
Effect on Sialic Acid concentration in prostate of Swiss Albino
56
Male Mice fed on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations
15.
Effect on serum Alkaline Phosphatase concentrations in Swiss
57
Albino mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
16.
Effect on serum Acid Phosphatase concentrations in Swiss
58
Albino mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations.
17.
Effect on histology of testis Swiss Albino mice fed
continuously with food exposed to microwave radiations
viii
59
LIST OF GRAPHS
Graph
Title of Graph
Page No.
Effect on Sperm Count of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed on Food
43
Number
1.
Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
2.
Effect on Gonadotropic Ratio of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed on
44
Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
3.
Effect on peripheral blood FSH profiles in Swiss Albino mice
47
fed continuously with food exposed to microwave radiations
4.
Effect on peripheral blood LH profiles in Swiss Albino mice fed
48
continuously with food exposed to microwave radiations
5.
Effect on peripheral blood Testosterone profiles in Swiss Albino
49
mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
6.
Effect on Fructose Concentration in Seminal Vesicle of Swiss
50
Albino Male Mice fed on Food Exposed to Microwave
Radiations.
7.
Effect on GSH Concentration in Liver of Male Swiss Albino
51
Mice Fed on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations
8.
Effect on testicular Cholesterol concentrations in Swiss Albino
52
mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
9.
Effect on testicular Glycogen Concentration in Testis of Swiss
53
Albino Male Mice fed on Food Exposed to Microwave
Radiations.
10.
Effect on pH of Seminal Vesicle of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed
54
on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
11.
Effect on Prostate pH of Swiss Albino Male Mice fed on Food
Exposed to Microwave Radiations.
ix
55
Graph
Title of Graph
Number
12.
Effect on Sialic Acid concentration in prostate of Swiss Albino
Page No.
56
Male Mice fed on Food Exposed to Microwave Radiations
13.
Effect on serum Alkaline Phosphatase concentrations in Swiss
57
Albino mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
14.
Effect on serum Acid Phosphatase concentrations in Swiss
58
Albino mice fed continuously with food exposed to microwave
radiations
15.
Effect on histology of testis Swiss Albino mice fed continuously
with food exposed to microwave radiations.
x
59
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number
Title of Figure
Page No.
1a
Normal Sperm
46
1b
Abnormal sperm
46
1c
Oval Head
46
Cytoplasmic Droplet
46
1f
Bifurcated tail
46
1g
Bifurcated Head
46
1h
Oval head
46
A photomicrograph of sections in the testis of Swiss Albino
Male mice fed for 2 weeks with food exposed to microwave
radiation
60
1d & 1e
2 (A-F)
A: 10X Control B: 40X Control C: 10X Sham D: 40X Sham
E: 10X Experimental
3 (A-F)
F: 40X Experimental
A photomicrograph of sections in the testis of Swiss Albino
Male mice fed for 3 weeks with food exposed to microwave
radiation
61
A: 10X Control B: 40X Control C: 10X Sham D: 40X Sham
E: 10X Experimental
4 (A-F)
F: 40X Experimental
A photomicrograph of sections in the testis of Swiss Albino
Male mice fed for 4 weeks with food exposed to microwave
radiation.
62
A: 10X Control B: 40X Control C: 10x Sham D: 40x Sham
E: 10x Experimental
5 (A-F)
F: 40x Experimental
A photomicrograph of sections in the testis of Swiss Albino
Male mice fed for 4 weeks and given 4 week for recovery
with food exposed to microwave radiation
63
A: 10X Control B: 40X Control C: 10X Sham D: 40X Sham
E: 10X Experimental
F: 40X Experimental
6(A,B)
A photomicrograph of sections in the testis of normal Swiss
Albino Male mice
64
7(A,B)
A photomicrograph of sections in the testis of Swiss Albino
Male mice fed with food exposed to microwave radiation.
Showing seminiferous tubule with various abnormalities.
65
xi