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R O B ERT Q O LT M A N
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AN D
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# R
EF
A
CE
.
import an ce of t h e M etric Sys te m
c annot be d is put e d
T h is ve r y v a lu able
s ys t e m is be ing a d o pt e d by al l count r i es
At t h e l as t C o nfe renc e of B riti s h Colo
ni es t h a t took pl ace in Lon d on in
Octobe r t h e following res olution w as
ad op t e d
Th a t it is ad vis able to ad opt t h e
M et ri c Syst e m o f We igh ts an d M e as ures
for us e wit h in t h e Empire an d t h e
# r ime M inis t e rs urge t h e G ove r nm e nts
represe nted at t h is Confe renc e t o give
cons i d e r ati on to t h e q ues ti o n of it s e a rly
”
a d option
Th e foll o wing a ppe a red in t h e d a ily
n ews p ape rs l as t Nove mbe r
Th e H on M E B e rni e r M inis t e r
of Inl a n d Re ve nu e O tt a w a since t aking
h as gi ve n c o ns i d e r able a t te nti o n
o ffic e
to t he spre ad o f info rm ati o n r e g a rd ing
th e M etric Sys t e m of we ight s an d m e a
I am s a t i s fi e d t h a t t h e
H e s ai d
s ures
TH E
.
.
,
,
“
,
.
“
.
.
.
,
,
,
,
.
1 60 7 33
iv
M e t ri c Sys t em is in fi nite ly s upe r ior to
t h at at pres e nt in v ogue h e re a n d as
long as I occupy t h is portfo lio I will d o
wh at I can to ed uc at e publi c sentim ent
I h ave
in re g a rd t o it s adv ant a ges
be e n d is t r ibuting t o h igh s c h o ols c h a rt s
a n d m a t er i a l t o illus tr a t e t h e pl a n on
wh ich t he M etric Sys t e m is b ase d an d
at pres e nt I a m in corres p o n d e nc e wit h
t he Q ue be c a ut h oriti es to h ave t he
d istribut i o n e x ten d e d to t he common
s c h ools
L at e r I wil l a ls o bring t h e
m atte r be fore t h e a tt e nti o n o f t he O n
t ar io G ove rnme nt Th e Impe ri a l Con
fe rence in Lo n d on r ec e ntly a d opted as
you kn o w a r es o lution in f avor o f t he
me t r ic s ys te m
It is pe rmiss ibl e in
C an ad a t he U nit e d # ingd om an d t he
U nited St ates to m ak e c o ntra cts in v olv
ing it s us e an d I h ave re as on to beli eve
t h a t at t h e n e xt C o ngress in W as h ington
a B ill will b e pres s e d by pro min e nt me n
to wip e out t h e old ord e r o f m e as ure
me nt an d b r ing t h e me tric pl a n t o be
t h e l a w of t h e l a nd In C an a d a we will
be cont e nt to move s lowly as t h e public
is e d uc at e d to t h e conve ni e nc e t h a t
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
.
,
would res ult from t h e e mploym ent of
t his s upe rior mod e o f c a lcul ating we igh t
”
bulk an d dis t ance
F ro m t h e a bo ve it will be o bs e rve d
t h at it is unn e cess a ry to comme nt on t h e
v a lue o f t h e m etric s ys t e m an d t h at it s
uni ve rs al ad option in all p a rts of t h e
world is a lr e ad y as s ure d
O ur a im in pres e nting t h is book to
t h e public is to give a complet e an d
pra ctic a l kn o wled ge o f it s u se includ ing
t h e d i ffe re nt prim a ry units wi t h al l t h e ir
h igh e r an d l o we r d enomin at i o ns
Th e
num e rous e x e rcis es cont a in ed in t h is
bo o k will e n able t h e s t ude nt t o promot e
efli cie n cy in a ctu a l tr a n s a cti o n s
We ar e n o t a w a re of t h e e xi s te nc e o f
a s imil a r boo k
S o me a rit h m etic b oo ks
gi ve on e or two p a ges o n t h e s ub#e ct but
not h ing furt h e r
Th e d iffe re nt t a bles pla ce d at th e e n d of
t h is work will be appreci at ed by bus i ness
m en a s we ll as s tud e nts a tte n d ing uni
v e rs it ies a n d gra d u a t es t h e inform a tion
cont aine d in t h e m be ing for d a ily u se
An o t he r fe ature an d not th e l e as t is t h e
ve ry low pric e of t h is book Eve rybo d y
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
v
i
oblige d or will be oblige d to u n
d e rs t an d t h e m e tri c s ys te m
Up t o
t he pres ent tim e al l w h o s tud i e d t his
h a d to buy a rit h m e ti c books
s ys t e m
wh i c h as a rule ar e e xp e ns ive an d
c ont a in only t he ol d m e t h od of w e i ght s
a n d m e as ures
wit h as s t at ed m e re ly an
o utlin e of t he s t an d a rd s ys te m to be
e mploye d in future as given in t h e
following p a ges
F o r t he s e a n d m a ny o t h e r re as ons we
cons i de r t h at t h is w o rk is a muc h ne e ded
on e an d a r e con fi de nt t h a t it will meet
wit h t h e h e a rty app r ov a l of t he pu blic
is
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
v
ii
CO N T E N T S ,
# A CE
High er Den om in at ion s
»
C
:
Lower
Meas ures of Le n gt h
Surface
an d
Ex a m pl es
Lan d
Cubic
12
Cap acit y
l4
Wood
Weigh t
Table of Recap it ul at ion
Misce llan eous # r oble m s
l5
18
21
26
Tabl e
of
Sp ecifi c G ra v it ies
27
Tem pe rat ur e Meas ur e
Tabl e
of
Eq ui valen t s
Mon ey Measure
Tabl e of Curren cy
36
38
.
39
M ET RIC SY ST EM
.
M etri c Sys t e m is a d e cim a l s ys te m
o f weigh ts a n d m e as ures wh ic h h as for
it s b as is a ce rt a in unit o f le n gt h c alle d
th e M e te r
TH E
,
.
Th e m e t e r
I
is
I
O
of t he d i s t anc e
from t h e e q u ator to e it h e r pol e
.
3
D EN O M I N A TI O NS
H I G HER
High e r d e n o mi n a ti o n s t h an t h e
a
.
b ove
prim a ry uni t s a r e d en ot e d by p r efi x in g
t h e fo ll o wi n g G reek nu m e r a ls : D ek a
1 0 0
prim a r y
1 0 p r im a ry u n i t s ; h e kt o
units kil o
p r im a r y u n i t s my r i a
p r im a r y u n its
,
,
,
,
.
L O WER D EN O M I N A TI O NS
.
d e n o mi n a t io n s t h a n t h e p r im a ry
a r e d e n o t e d by p r efi x i n g t h e fo l
L o we r
units
l o wm g L at i n
pri m a r y
un i
unit milli
n
ume r a ls
I
:
I
t
;
I
1 0 0 0
ce n t l
of
a
,
1 00
D e CI ,
of
p rim a r y
a
F6
of
a
p rim a r y
u mit
R EM A R # 1
The a bove n um e r a l pre
fi x e s i n d ic a t e t h e d e cim a l v a lue o f t h e
d e ri v ati ve u n it s a s c o mp a re d wi t h t h e
prim a r y units
T h us 3 ce n tim ete rs d en ot e
of a
m et e r
1 5 c e ntili t e r s d e n o t e
o f a li t e r
etc e tc
R EM A R # 2
M et ric q u anti t ies ot h e r
t h an s u r f aces or s o li ds a r e w r itte n a n d
—
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
—
.
4
re a d like o t h e r d e cim als o n a s c ale of 1 0
e a c h de n o min a ti o n be ing a ll ot t ed on e
pl a ce In s q u a r e m e as u r e h o weve r d e
n o min ations a r e e x press ed o n a s c a l e of
e ac h d e n o min ati o n be ing a ll o tt e d
1 0 0
two pl ac es In cubic me as u r e d e n om i
n ations a r e e x press ed o n a s c a le o f 1 0 0 0
e ac h denomin ati o n be ing a ll o tt ed t h ree
pl a c es
Th e w h o le s yst e m is b as e d o n t h es e
tw o rem a rks
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
.
5
O F L EN G TH
M E AS U RES
M yri a met e r M m
# il o m e t e r # m
H e ct o met e r Hm
D e c a m et e r D m
,
,
1 0 0
,
1 0
,
M ET ER
UN IT
# R I M A RY
OR
D e cim e t e r , d m
IO
Ce n t im et e r cm
,
1 00
M illimete r mm
,
1 00 0
Wr ite
s
m
e
t
e
r
3
millim
e
t
e
rs
57
m
An s
s
m
e
t
e
r
s
1
millim
e
t
e
r
2
57
3
m
An s
r
2
1
d
e
c
a
m
e
e
s
c
e
ntim
e
t
e
r
s
2
t
57
3
1
.
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
An s
4
.
.
Dm
r
h
e
c
t
o
m
e
e
s
2
m
e
t
e
r
t
s
37
7
Hm
An s
2 5 7 kil o m e t e rs 2 5 7 m e t e rs
.
.
.
5
.
An s
6
.
.
.
#m
8
37
kil o m ete rs
An s
.
2
.
s
m
e
t
e
r
7
#m
.
.
.
.
.
.
6
E X A M # L ES
H o w m a n y me t e rs in 1 2
.
1
.
An s
2
.
.
1 20
.
1
0
0
7
in
n
H
o
w
m
a
y
d
e
cim
e
t
e
r
in
s
3
4
.
1
5
.
Ans
.
7
.
9
$
0
9
4
Hm
1 2
Dm
m et e r ?
o f cl ot h cost
.
m c os t
.
,
.
1 2
0
5
at
sse
m?
in 675
mm ?
.
.
1 2
0
5
.
.
How m any d eca m et e rs
An s
?
.
H o w m a n y d e cim ete rs
An s
.
.
a
.
D
m
7
How m any millim e te r s in
An s
8
0
0
0
0
4
c
75
M
m
?
7
.
H o w muc h d oes
a m ete r ?
An s
.
0
0
7
H o w muc h d oes
at
6
1
H o w m an y ce ntime te rs in
An s
.
.
1
.
.
An s
?
.
H o w m an y h ect o me te rs
An s
Dm
.
in
.
1 2
.
m
#
5
?
S QUA RE M E AS U RE
.
3
e
a
0
3
v
o
.
.
»
n
w
a
0.
m
8
O
O
O
H
H
n
0
O
O
l H
I
l
O
O
O
O
H
8
H
H
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
5
H
.
8
q
H
.
.
3
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
2
.
3
H
0
0
3
3
3
2
w
c
m
o
a
.
6
s
0
3
3
3
5
5
o
.
o
33
0
3
3
3
3
0
2
3
3
2
0
M3
3
3
.
v
2
m
m
3
a
d
b
a
w
3
w
.
3
3
3
3
3
0
3
0
.
2
3
3
0
3
3
0
0
3
3
3
3
%
%
m
3
3
30
3
3
6
0
0
3
0
0
3
0
.
m
m
0
a
m
.
W r it e
sq
m
e
t
e
rs
2
sq
d
ecimeter
s
57
7
Ans
sq m
2
6
sq
m
e
t
e
rs
s
q
c
e
ntim
e
ter
s
37
375
Ans
sq m
2
2
sq
d
ecam
e
t
e
rs
sq
de
cim
e
t
e
r
s
3
7
37
Ans
sq D m
2
sq
d
ecim
e
t
e
rs
sq
millimet
e
rs
4 37
Ans
sq d m
2
8
sq
millimet
e
rs
s
q
met
e
r
s
5 4
5
Ans
sq m
6 4 8 sq h e ctomet e rs 37 s q m e t e rs
Ans
sq Hm
r
.
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E X A M PLE S
I
How many square centime t e rs in 2 37
sq d m ?
Ans 2 37
How many square de came t e rs in
2
sq Km ?
Ans 2 375 0
How
many
squar
e
millimeters
in
5
3
?
sq cm
Ans 1 2 2 5
2
2
W
h
at
is
t
he
surface
of
a
room
I
m
4
5
?
by
m
An s
sq m
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
IO
L A N D M E AS U RE
.
For t he L an d Me as ure a sp e cial unit i s
gen e rally us ed
T his unit is call ed Ar
The Ar is equal to 1 0 0 sq m
H e ctar H a
1 0 0 ar
.
.
.
.
,
.
AR
d ec1 a r
.
I
da
,
ca n t i a r ,
The
P RI MA R Y U N I T
1 0
I
ca
d ecia r
ar
1 0 0
is n ever us ed
.
W r it e
I
.
H
e
c
t
r
a
s
3
Ans
2 2 ce n t i a r s
.
Ha
1 5 H ect a r s 1 9 ars 2 ce n t i a r s
2
Ans
Ha
n
i
ars
t
c
e
ars
1
8
H
c
a
rs
e
t
4
4
3
Ha
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E X A M PLE S
Haw
2
.
many
ce n t
.
i a rs in 3ars
'
.
How many ars in 2 35 He ct a rs ?
Ans 2 35 0 0
.
.
.
I I
W
h
at
is
t
h
e
s
urfac
e
of
a
county
h
avin
g
3
1 5 0 kilom e t e rs by 1 3
kilome ters ?
0
Give t he answe r in Square Hec
.
t o m e t e rs
.
Ans
How many ce n t iars in 1 2 square
?
decame te rs
Ans
A country h as a surface :o f 31 4 75
square kilom eters Giv e answe r in
.
4
.
.
.
h ect a rs
Ans 31 4 75 0 0
Wh at is t he surfac e in ars of a pro
perty h aving 1 0 5 0 me te rs by 35 2
?
m ete rs
A 369 6
.
6
.
.
.
.
.
1 2
w mC
M m SUR E
.
.
8
8
.
0
.
0
0
8
0
0
5
0
8
H
2
0
0
0
0
0
Q
H
0
£
H
5
0
H
0
5
.
E
H
H
50
H
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
5
0
H
o
H
Sm
M
.
5
0
0
H
8
S
E
8
m
o
t
8
m
g
0
H
3
0
0
H
0
.
5
E
.
0
.
5
.
5
0
0
.
H
8
0
0
5
0
8
8
5
5
0
.
5
0
5
5
0
5
5
0
0
0
5
5
5
3
£
5
5
5
5
n
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
0
:
Q
0
0
2
m
0
5
0
M
:
0
0
.
H
3
0
0
5
5
5
5
m
8
0
0
u
0
0
.
0
5
H
5
0
3
0
3
0
8 5
0
5
0
.
H
.
0
.
.
5
5
2
9
0
H
0
.
5
5
5
>
H
H
o
5
m
H
5
0
@
.
m
5
5
5
8
.
3
.
H
9
5
0
5
H
.
H
0
0
5
0
3
5
0
0
5
8
1
Write
3
:
i
2
cub
c
m
e
ters
cubic
c
e
nti
7
37
meters
A ns
Cu m
28
cubic decimeters 3 cubic milli
2
m e t e rs
Ans
Cu d m
2
cubic
de
cim
e
t
e
s
cubic
c
e
nti
r
3 7
3
m eters
Ans
Cu d m
i
2
cub
c
de
cam
e
t
e
rs
cubic
centi
7
4 3
m ete rs
A ns
Cu D 11 1
cubic
met
e
rs
2 7 cubic millim e ters
5 3
Ans
Cu m
6 2 7 cubic c e n t imete rs 2 2 cubic milli
meters
Ans
Cu cm
1
0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E X AM PLE S
1
.
.
How m any cubic centimeters in
cubic meters
A ns
H o w m a ny cubi c d ecimet e rs in
cubic meters ?
Ans
1 2
.
2
.
.
1
3
I
4
How
many
cubic
millim
e
t
e
r
s
in
1
3
7
cubic decim et e rs ?
Ans
1
A
room
is
met
e
rs
by
6
m
t
e
rs
an
d
e
3
4
m
e
t
e
rs
w
h
at
is
its
capacity
in
;
3
?
cubic d ecimet e rs
A ns
A
room
is
m
e
ters
by
5
m e t e rs an d
met e rs ; wh at is its
capacity in cubi c meters ?
Ans
6 H o w many c ubic millim e t e rs in 1 37
?
cubic c e ntim e t e rs
Ans
How
many
cubic
centimet
e
rs
in
1
8
7
7 37
cubic millim e t e rs
Ans
.
.
°
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
For liqui ds a spe ci al m e as ure is us ed
t he Lite r
The Li t e r is equal to t he cubic de ci
met e r
,
.
.
M yrialit e r M 1
Kilolit e r Kl
H ecto lit e r H 1
D e ca l it e r Dl
liters
,
,
,
,
1 00
10
I
S
L I T E R P RI M A RY U NI T
d eciliter
lite r
d1
,
Io
c e nt i l i ter
m i ll i l i ter
.
,
1
c1
1 00
1
m1
,
1 000
Th e M yri aliter an d Kiloli t e r are ne v e r
u s ed
Th e Kiloliter being t he same as t h e
cubic meter t he latt e r is us ed wh e n it
b ecomes nec essary to me as ure large
quantities
The lower units are us ed d ail y
.
,
.
.
A s pecial unit is used for Woo d
meas ure
Thi s measure is called Ster o n e s t e r
bein g equal to on e cubic mete r
.
.
.
D ecus t e r , D s t
1 0
D e cis t er , d st
'
IO
Cen t ist er cst
,
1
.
W rite
I Hectolite r
Ans
.
ste r
s te r
I OO
2
liters
3
H1
.
1
8
milliliters
.
1
6
De
c
alite
s
2
c
entilit
e
rs
r
3
4
Ans
D1
2
L
it
e
rs
milliliters
1
3
3 7
Ans
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
E X AM PLE S
.
How many centilit e rs in 1 2 lit e rs ?
Ans
How many decilit e rs in 1 37 c enti
2
?
liters
Ans
?
How
many
lit
e
rs
in
de
calit
e
rs
1
2
1
3
Ans
1 3
How
many
cubic
d
ecimeters
in
4
?
decalite rs
Ans 1 30
2 70
many
cubic
de
cim
e
t
e
rs
in
o
H
w
5
?
de ciliters
Ans 2 7
6 How many cubic m e t e rs in 1 1 d e
?
cas te rs
A ns 1 1 0
How
many
cubic
d
ecimet
e
rs
in
1
2
0
7
7
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
s t e rs
Ans
.
1
2
0
0
0
0
7
.
1
8
M EAS U RE O F W EI GHT
T h e unit of weig h t is t he gram
T he gram is t he we ig h t of one cubic
centim e te r of pure wat e r at a t e mpera
ture o f 4 c e ntigrade
M y riagram M gr
grams
Kilogram Kgr
H ectogram n
1 00
D e ca gram D gr
1 0
.
.
°
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
GR A M
d ec i gram
,
GR
.
P RI M A R Y U NI T
,
1
d gr
,
.
grams
1 0
.
1
c e nti gram c gr
1 00
1
m i lli gram mgr
,
1 0 0 0
Write
1
8 Kilograms 32 7 mill igrams
Ans
# gr
2
2 7 H e ctograms 2 8 c e ntigrams
Ans
n
2 7 milli g rams
grams
1
2
3
A ns
gr
.
.
.
.
I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
T he M y riagram is n eve r us ed
The
ram
b
e
ing
a
v
e
r
y
small
w
e
ig
h
t
t
h
e
unit
g
t h at is ge n e rally us ed is t he Kilogram
.
,
.
I9
Fo r t he large weigh ts th e TO 11 an d
M et ri c Q uintal are ge n e r all y us ed
The Ton is 1 0 0 0 Kilograms
Th e Me t ri c Q uintal is 1 0 0 Kilo grams
,
.
.
.
E X A M PLE S
How many centigrams in 1 2 2 grams
1
A ns 1 2 2 0 0
How man y milli grams in 2 de cig rams 9
2
A ns 2 0 0
1 2
How
many
d
ecagram
s
in
Kilo
3
grams
Ans 1 2 0 0
How
man
y
Kilo
g
rams
in
1
Tons
0
?
4
A ns 1 0 0 0 0
2
W
h
at
is
t
he
weig
h
t
of
2
lit
e
r
s
of
5
3
?
water
A ns 2 32 Kgr
6 W h at is t he quantity of water con
t a in ed in a cistern of 2 met e r s b y
m et e rs b y
met e r an d
w h at woul d be t he wei gh t of t h is
?
water
A ns
Cu m
2
T
W
h
at
is
t
he
weig
h
t
in
d
ecagrams
of
7
?
1 2 5 3lit e rs of water
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
‘
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
An s
.
1 2
53
00
.
.
2O
8
.
W h at i s t h e wei gh t of 2 0 1 cubi c mete rs
of water ? Give ans wer in tons
A ns 2 0 1 T
How man y cubic d eci m ete rs of wat e r
in 3tons of wate r ?
A ns 30 0 0
How man y milligrams will wei gh
cu
bic
centim
e
te
r
s
of
water
?
3
A ns 30 0 0
.
.
.
9
.
.
10
.
.
.
.
TAB L E O F RE C AP I TULA T I O N
A N D C O RRESPO N D EN TS
.
M yriameter
Kilomete r
Hectomete r
Decameter
.
.
.
.
M ET E R
Decimete r
C e ntimeter
M illimeter
.
.
.
.
Sq
Sq
Sq
Sq
.
.
.
.
M yriamete r
Kilomet e r
Hectometer
De c amet er
.
.
Hecta r
Ar
.
.
2I
SQ M ETE R
Sq d ecimeter
Sq centimete r
Sq millimeter
centia r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
M y riamete r
Kilomete r
Hec tom ete r
D ec amet e r
.
.
.
.
CU M E T ER
.
.
.
.
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
.
Ster Kilolite r Ton
Cu de cimet e r L ite r
Kilo gram
Cu centim et e r M i llilite r G ram
Cu millim eter
M illigram
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
P R O B LEM S
to one man
1
I owe
H
to
a
t
h
ir
d
o
to anoth er and
w
5
m uch d o I owe to all t h ree ?
Fin d t h e total weigh t of 5 carloads of
2
c oal weigh in g respec tivel y 1 4 T 767 K g
1
2
1
1
K
g
T
1
K
g
T
K
g
8
8
1 1 T 23
2
7
7
4
an d 2 1 T 2 8 7 Kg
fi
T
h
r
e
e
el
ds
gave
an
a
r
ea
respectivel
y
3
of 1 0 a 2 3ca 1 2 Ha an d
a Wh at
is t h e total a re a
A
mer
ch
ant
s
ol
d
1
of
c
al
o
4
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,
.
.
2 2
oil an d sol d
Dl
Wh at quantit y
h ad h e at fi rst ?
1
8
A
crock
of
butt
e
r
weig
hed
K
g
5
Kg
How
an d t he crock w eighed
5
?
muc h d i d t he butte r weigh
6 A man h ad a farm m e asurin g
Ha of w hic h
Ha was clear
e d t he rest be ing in wood lan d He sol d
Ha
Ha of t he cl e ared lan d an d
5
of t he woo d l a n d How man y Ha of th e
wood lan d an d of cl e ared lan d h ad h e
left
A
coal
de
al
e
r
agr
eed
to
d
liv
e
r
2
T
e
7
5
of coal be twee n t h e I st July an d t he I s t
Sept e mbe r
He de live red
T in
How muc h h ad h e to de live r in
July
A ugust
8 A ca r r iag e w hee l
m in circum
fe re nce made
r evolutions in an
h our Wh at d istance d i d t h e carr ia ge g o
d uring t he h our
Km to sc h ool
9 A boy walks
e ac h morning an d the same d istanc e h ome
e ac h afte rnoon on 2 1 1 d ays in e ac h year
fo r 5 y e ars How far d o es he w alk d urin g
t h at tim e ?
1 0
A d rover bough t 2 7 s h eep at
.
,
.
.
.
,
.
,
i
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
3
eac h an d 37 ot he rs at
How muc h
will he g ain by s e lling t hem at
each
Wh at i s t h e capacity of a ci s t e rn
1 1
?
t h at h old s 1 2 5 pails full o f
1 each
1 2
A room is
m long an d
m
wi de Wh at is t h e l en gt h aroun d it
1 3 T he
fu rn aces of a steam er bu rn
T coal d aily
How mu c h will
t he y b u r n in 1 4 d ays ?
Wh at is t he lengt h of 1 2 5 rails
1 4
eac h
m long
A watc h gains 1 min 5 sec pe r
1 5
d ay How muc h will it gain in a fort
nigh t
I f a farm of
Ha is d ivide d
1 6
e q u al ly in th ree parts w h at will be t he
area of eac h ?
Four h orses eat
1 of oats in
1 7
W h at quantity d oe s eac h ho rse
awe ek
e at p e r w ee k
How ofte n can 77 sq m e t e rs be
1 8
s ubtract ed from
Hect ars ?
How many slee pe rs lai d
m
1 9
from centre to centre will be re quired for
?
a railway
Kilomete rs long
How man y bars of l e ad e ac h
20
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,
2
4
w e i gh in g
Kilo grams will be re
quire d to make up a weig h t o f
Tons ?
2 1
How lon g woul d it tak e to walk
1 8 Kilom e te rs at t h e rat e of 1 2 5 s tep s of
m each per minut e ?
22
A span of h ors es weig h ed 1 2 4 0
Kilograms ; on e of t he m weighe d 8 7
Kilograms more t h an t he o th er How
muc h d i d eac h we igh ?
2 3 Two p arc e ls of tea to g e t h er weig h
8 Kilograms on e being
Kilograms
5
h e avier t h an t he ot h er How muc h d oes
e ac h weigh
24
H o w many strips of carpetin g
m wi de will be re quired for a rect
angular fl o or
m x
m if t h e
?
r
n
u
strips
l e ngt h wise of t he room
25
How m a ny me te rs of s tair carpet
will be required for a straig h t stair of 2 2
s teps
m w ide
m r ise allowin g
1 met e r for e x tra at top ?
26
I f a blackboard contains 4 sq
mete rs an d is 1 m ete r wi de w h at i s its
?
l e ngt h
27
A pl as terer wh ose p r ice was 2 5 c
per s q m e ter ch arge d
for pl ast e rin g
,
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
‘
,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
2
6
A N GUL A R M E ASU RE
Angular Me asure is us ed in m e asurin g
angles t h e arcs o f circle latitu de lon gi
tude t h e motions o f he avenly bod ies e tc
.
,
,
,
,
1 00
1 0 0
100
,
”
S econ ds gr ad e ( gr ) 1
M inut es grade gr
1
Degrees grade ( gr
1
=
1
ua
d
rants
4 Q
=
0
0
1
D
e
gre
e
s
gra
de
4
.
2
.
°
.
The ol d me asure of 360
circl e is y e t in us e
.
M inute grad e
D e gree gra d e
ua
d
rant
Q
Circl e
Circle
.
.
.
.
.
°
of
60
'
in
a
.
E X AM PLE S
1
How m any M inut es grade are t h ere
in 32 D e grees grade ?
Ans
2
How many Se con ds grade in 2 D e grees
grad e ?
Ans
How
many
Secon
d
s
gra
de
in
M
in
8
8
3
utes grade ?
Ans
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2
7
TAB L E O F S P E C I F I C G RA V I T IES
Sp eci fi c Gravity is t he ratio of t h e
w eigh t of a bod y to t h at o f an e qual
volume of some oth er s ubstance ad op t e d
as a stan d ard o f r eference
For soli ds an d liqui ds t he stan d ard i s
pure water at 60 Fah ren heit or
5
ce ntig r a d e
A ci d
Ac e tic
Arsenic
I
339
N itric
to
Sulp h u r ic
00 1 22 7
A ir
Alabast e r
Alco h ol of Commerce
8 35
Alco h ol P ure
79 4
Ald er Wood
80 0
A le
Alum
A luminium
Ambe r
Ambe rgris
8
0
7
Appl e Tre e
79 3
A met h yst
Ammonia
8 75
As h
80 0
Bl ood H u m an
.
.
.
°
.
,
,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
,
.
,
Bon e of OX
Brass
Bri ck
Butter
Ced ar
C he r ry
Ci d e r
Coal Bitum ino us
Ant h racite
Coppe r
Coral
Cork
Diamon d
Dolomite
E art h ( mean of t he globe )
,
abo ut
,
,
,
.
to
45 7
,
.
,
.
2
94
1
6
5
1
7
5
,
about
,
,
,
,
2 40
,
35 3
0
-
,
,
El m
,
.
,
E me rald
E t he r
Fat of Beef
Feldspar
Filbe rt
Fir
Glass
Bottle
Gre en
Flint
P late
Gol d
N ative
671
,
632
,
.
,
2
9
3
,
60 0
,
,
2
,
,
,
,
,
to
7 33
29
Gol d
P u re c as t
Hamme red
Coin
,
,
,
2 2 car at s
2o
fi
n
e,
z
c a r ats
Gran ite
G raph ite
G unpowd e r
Gum A rabic
G yps um
H az el
Hematite O re
Hone y
Ice
I od ine
Iri d ium
Iron
C as t
O re
Ivo ry
u
nip
e
r
J
L a rd
Lead
C as t
W h ite
Le ad O re
Lemon Tree
L i gnum V itae
,
,
,
0
0
9
,
,
.
60 0
,
,
,
.
,
93
0
3
4 94
,
-
,
,
,
.
I
,
9 7
6
55
,
,
1
.
-
94 7
,
o
-
,
7 35
-
2
,
,
3
333
7
,
I
-
0
3
o
Lim e
Lime Stone
M ah ogany
M alac h it e
M an g anese
M aple
M arbl e
M en ( living )
M ercury Common
P u re
M ica
M ilk
N apt h a
N ickel
N itre
O ak
O il Cas tor
Linse ed
Wh ale
,
.
80 4
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
I
Pe wter
P h osph o ru s
P ine
P l atinum
N ative
Wi re
{537
7
,
I
47
.
,
0
54
,
,
,
to
68 3
.
P oplar
P o rcel ain
P otass ium
P lum
z
uart
Q
R os in
Salt
Sil ve r Cast
Co in
l
ate
S
Stee l
Stone
Su g a r
Sulp h ur fus ed
Tallow
Tar
Tin
T urpentine Spirits of
V inegar
Walnut
Water S e a
,
.
2
,
.
38 3
38 5
8 65
,
5
,
.
,
,
0
0
5
2
.
1
.
1 00
2
.
1
3
0
,
,
1 0
2
,
.
53
4
1 10
8
6
1
7
.
,
,
.
to
,
,
,
,
.
1
94
5
,
,
7
.
2
9
1
8 70
,
3
,
,
,
.
671
,
Wa X
,
.
89 7
Willow
8
5 5
Wine
2
99
Zinc Cas t
A e r iform bo d ies are re fe rred to t he ai r
The gen e ral formula is
We i gh t = V olume
Speci fic Gravity
,
,
'
,
,
.
x
.
3
2
T E MP ER ATUR E
The unit of Tempe r at ure M eas ure is
t h e De gree
T he c ount ri es w hic h h ave ad opted t h e
M et ric System us e ge ne rall y t h e Centi
grade De gree
Th e Centi grad e t h e r mo mete r marks
o in melting ice
1 0 0 in boilin g wate r
To fi n d a Centi grade t e mpe r at ure w h en
t h e Fah ren h eit s t empe r atu re is given
use t h e general formula
.
.
.
.
.
’
,
Tc = ( Tf
3)
2
3
E XA M PLE
How man y Centi gr ade De gree s
°
t h ere in 5 7 Fah ren h e it ?
.
Tc = ( 5 7
Te = z 5
TC
1 2
-
x
3)
2
i
9
5
8
3
-
9
ar e
9
=I 3
Th is fo rm u l a is a gene ral one an d can
be used fo r te mperatures below z ero in
t hi s c as e th e al gebr ai c al r ul e of s i gn s
m u s t be followe d
,
.
34
T A B LE O F C O M P A RI S O N S
Z
B
e
low
ero
)
(
.
CENT IG RAD E
.
O
F AH
O
.
35
I n s ome countries of No rt h E urope
a nd Ge rman y
t h ey us e t h e Reaumu r
Th e r mometer
Th i s t hermomete r mark s
0
in me lting ice
°
in boiling water
80
Thus :
To fi n d t he c o r res pon d in g Centigrad e
temperature whe n Re a um u r s tempe ra
ture is given us e t h e formula
.
°
.
.
’
,
5
Tr
Tc
x
-
4
E XAM PLE
How many C entigrade degrees are
t here in 2 8 Reaumur d e g rees ?
.
Te
2
8
x
4
“n
5
35
6
3
TA B LES
EQ UI V A LEN TS
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
L INE A R M E A S UR E
centim
e
t
e
r
s
54
of a meter
1
of
a
meter
9 44
o 2 9 met e rs
k ilomet e r
OF
inc h= 2
fo ot
y a rd =0
rod 5
mil e
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
im et e r= o 39 37 o f
an inc h
decimeter
of a foot
mete r
y ard
de came ter = 1 9 8 8 4 rod
kilomete r
of a mile
ce n t
.
.
.
sq inc h =
sq foot= 0
s q y ard=
s q rod
a cre
s q mile ==2 5 9
.
.
S Q UA RE M EA S UR E
sq centimeters
0 9 2 9 0 f a sq m e t e r
of a sq mete r ;
s q meters
ars
OF
.
.
.
.
'
1
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
h e ct a rs
at
.
.
1
.
55
of a s q inch
of a s q foot
s q yard
s q ro ds
ac res
o f a s q mile
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
hec tar
sq kilome ter
.
.
.
1
1
.
.
1
\
.
.
s q ce ntimeter = 0
s q d ecime ter
sq mete r
1
.
.
—
EQ UI V A LENTS
1
E QU IV ALEN TS
OF
.
.
.
37
E Q UI V A LEN TS
OF
CU B I C M E A SURE
cu inc h = 1 6 38 7 cu centimet e rs
cu foot 2 8 31 7 cu de cimet e rs
cu yard
of a cu me t e r
cord
s t e rs
1
.
.
.
.
.
.
—
1
.
.
.
1
cu cen t im et e r = o 0 61
cu de cime ter
cu me te r
1 3
0 8
st e r
.
1
.
1
E Q U I V A LENTS
1
I
1
.
.
1
1
.
.
.
1
1
.
OF
of a cu inc h
of :1 cu foot
cu yard
of a cord
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
C A PA CI TY
.
liqui d quart
d ry qu a rt
liqui d gallo n
p e ck
bus he l
a liter
liter
of
a
de
calit
e
r
5
o f a de calit e r
of a h ectoliter
lit e r
lit e r
de caliter
decalite r
h e ctolit e r
liqui d qua rts
of a d ry qua rt
liqui d gallons
p ecks
bus h els
1
1
1
1
1
of
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
EQ UI V A LEN TS
ounce A
ounce T
pound A
poun d T
grain T
ton ( 2 0 0 0 l bs )
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
.
:
gram
gram
gram
kilo gram
kilo gram
tonneau
OF
WEI G HT
.
g rams
rams
g
of a kilogram
of a kilogram
of a gram
of a tonn e au
.
.
.
.
.
.
of an ounce A
of an ounc e T
grains T
poun ds A
poun d s T
ton of
lbs
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
,
,
.
.
M O NE Y M E A S URE
The unit of money is t he d ollar The
d oll a r h as no h igh e r denomination The
lower d enomination in use is th e c ent
O ne d ollar is e qual to 1 0 0 cents
The abbreviation of d ollar is 8
.
.
.
.
.
,
.