SE "Dnepropetrovsk medical academy"
Department of foreign languages with the course of Latin
Manual
On Latin for foreign students
Dnepropetrovsk
2013
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In this manual the principle of systemic-terminological
education has got complete and successive development on three
leading terminological systems: morphological disciplines,
pharmacy and complex of clinical disciplines. The material is
arranged in lessons including the material for the students of
dentistry.
The manual is composed according to the programme on Latin
approved by Ministry of Health of Ukraine in 1992 and is intended
for the foreign students of medical faculties. The appendix contains
information on Latin grammar and elementary knowledge of
ancient Greek which may serve as additional reference material.
The compilers: Head of the foreign languages department
with a course of Latin of DSMA, assistant
professor Filat T.V.
Chief of the department of improvement of
language proficiency of ACS of Ukraine
Klochko E.A.
assistant professor, candidate of philology
Kutareva L.V.
candidate of philology, teacher Matveyeva I.S.
senior teacher Kryschenko T.A.
teacher Klimenko I.N.
teacher Morgun V.A.
teacher Zaporozhets E.S.
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Lesson 1
(Lectio prima)
Phonetics
(Phonetikos)
Latin Alphabet
There are 24 letters in the Latin alphabet.
Outline
Title
Pronunciation
Aa
Bb
Cc
Dd
Ee
Ff
Gg
Hh
I i (J j)
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Xx
Yy
Zz
a
be
tse
de
e
ef
ge
ha
i (yot)
ka
el’
em
en
o
pe
ku
er
es
te
u
ve
iks
ipsilon
zet
a
b
ts, k
d
e
f
g
between g and h
i (j)
k
l’
m
n
o
p
k
r
s, z
t
u
v
ks, kz
i
z (seldom ts)
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Division of sounds
In Latin the sounds are divided into consonants and vowels.
Vowels: a, e, i, o, u, y.
Consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z.
The Pronunciation of vowels.
The pronunciation of sounds is the following:
a – [a]
o–[ ]
u – [u]
e–[ ]
[i]
i{
[j]
arteria [arteria] artery,
aorta [a rta] aorta,
musculus [muskul’us] muscle,.
dens [d ns] tooth, vertebra [v rt bra] vertebra
vitaminum [vitaminum] vitamin, sinus [sinus] sinus.
1) at the beginning of the word before vowels:
iecur [j kur] liver, iunctura [junktura] junction;
2) in the middle of the word between the vowels:
maialis [majalis] May, maior [major] big.
Nota bene (NB!) – pay attention:
Letter i is pronounced as [i] at the beginning of the words of Greek
origin before vowels:
iater [iater] doctor, iatria [iatria] treatment, iodum [iodum] iodine.
y – [i]
occurs only in the words of Greek origin:
systema [sist ma] system, tympanum [timpanum] tympan,
gyrus [girus] gyrus/convolution.
The Pronunciation of Diphthongs
Diphthong is a connection of two vowels, which is pronounced as one
sound or syllable.
There are four diphthongs in Latin: ae, oe, au, eu. They are pronounced
as:
ae – [
]
costae [kost ] ribs, vertbrae [v rt br ] vertebrae,
diaeta [di ta] diet.
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oe – [
]
oedema [ d ma] edema, coelia [ts lia] abdominal cavity,
oesophagus [ zofagus] esophagus.
NB! If there are two points above vowel e in the combinations ae and oe ae, oe, then this combination is not a diphthong and each sound must
be pronounced separately:
aer [a r] air, aloe [al ] aloe, diploe [dipl ] spongy substance of the
flat bones of the skull, dyspnoe [dispn ] dyspnea.
au – [au]
auris [auris] ear, trauma [trauma] trauma/injury,
aurum [aurum] gold.
eu – [eu]
pneumonia [pneum nia] pneumonia, pleura [pleura] pleura,
pneumon [pneuma] breathing/respiration.
Latin idioms
Via!
Vivat!
Good way!
Long live!
Lesson 2
(Lectio Secunda)
The Pronunciation of Letters and Combinations
of Letters
The Pronunciation of consonants
C – [ts]
before e, i, y; before diphthongs ae, oe:
processus [pr ts ssus] process/appendage/appendix, cytus
[tsitus] cell, caecum [ts kum] blindgut/cecum, coelia
[ts lia] abdominal cavity, cito [tsit ] quickly.
C – [k]
in other cases:
costa [k sta] rib, cranium [kranium] skull, caput [kaput]
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head, arcus [arkus] arch/arc.
H - [voiceless g]
homo [g m ] human being, hiatus [giatus] fissure/
groove/cleft/hiatus, humerus [gum rus] humerus/
humeral bone.
L – [soft l]
lac [l’ak] milk, animal [animal’] animal, ala [al’a] wing.
[s]
the main pronunciation: sulcus [sul’kus] furrow/groove/
trench/sulcus, dorsum [d rsum] back, fossa [f ssa] fossa.
S{
[z]
1) between vowels: dosis [d zis] dose/dosage, basis [bazis]
base, vasa [vaza] vessels;
2) between vowel and consonant m or n: mensis [m nzis]
month, organismus [ rganizmus] organism, extensor
[ kst nzor] extensor muscle.
X – [ks]
apex [ap ks] tip, radix [radiks] root/radix, extremitas
[ kstr mitas] extremity/end.
in words of Greek origin: zoon [z n] animal, zona
[z na] belt-like structure, zygoma [zig ma] cheek-bone.
[z]
Z{
[ts]
in words of nongreek origin: zincum [tsinkum] zinc,
[infl’u ntsa] influenza/flu.
The Pronunciation of Latin Combinations of Letters
Qu – [kv]
[ngv]
Ngu {
[ngu]
[tsi]
aqua [akva] water, liquor [likv r] fluid/liquor/ liquid,
squama [skvama] squama.
1) before vowels: sanguis [sangvis] blood, lingua [lingva]
tongue/lingua/glossa/language, unguis [ungvis] nail;
2) before consonants: lingula [lingul’a] uvula, angulus
[angul’us] angle.
1) before vowels in the end of the word: substantia
[substantsia] substance/agent/material, iniectio [inj ktsi ]
injection, lectio [l ktsi ] lecture;
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Ti {
[ti]
2) before consonants and after s, x: tinctura [tinktura] tincture,
tibia [tibia] shin bone/tibia, combustio [k mbusti ]
burn/scald, mixtio [miksti ] mixing.
Greek Combinations of Consonants
Сh – [h]
charta [harta] paper, chondros [h ndr s] cartilage
Ph - [f]
phosphorus [f sf rus] phosphorus, pharmacon [farmak n]
medicament/drug/medicine/medication/remedy.
Th – [t]
thorax [t raks] chest, aether [ t r] ether/ester.
Rh – [r]
rhaphe [raf ] suture/raphe, rhis [ris] nose.
Latin Idioms
Alma mater.
Non est medicina sine lingua Latina.
Foster-mother.
There is no medicine without
the Latin language.
Lesson 3
(Lectio Tertia)
Reading Exercises
1. Nervus – nerve, dens – tooth, febris – fever, terra – earth, secale – rye,
nemo – nobody, bene – well, arena – sand, genu – knee, extendo – I
stretch, littera – letter, memoria – memory, moveo – I move.
2. Vitaminum – vitamin, finio – I finish, bilis – bile/gall, insanabilis –
incurable, maialis – may, ianuarius – January, iunctura – junction,
ieiunum – jejunum, ius – right, iecur – liver, iuvenis – youth.
3. Dyspepsia – dyspepsia, pyelitis – renal pelvis inflammation, myoma –
myoma, hydrargyrum – mercury, hypotonia – lowered blood pressure,
amygdala – almond, myopia – myopia.
4. Gangraena – necrosis, anaemia – anemia, aeger – patient, costae – ribs,
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laesio – injury/damage/disorder, praecordium – precordial area, saepe –
often, aetiologia – etiology.
5. Foetor – offensive smell/breath, coelia – abdominal cavity, moenia –
walls, foedus – agreement, amoenus – charming.
6. Auris – ear, auditus – hearing/audition, auscultatio – auscultation, audax –
audacious, aura – breeze, nausea – sea sickness, fauces – pharynx,
autointoxicatio – self-poisoning (involuntary).
7. Leukaemia – leukemia/leukosis, aneurysma – artery dilatation, neuritis –
nerve inflammation, pneumonia – pneumonia, pseudomembrana – false
membrane.
8. Eupnoё – eupnea breathing/respiration, aёr – air, diploё – spongy
substance, uropoёticus – producing urine.
9. Cerebrum – brain, caverna – cave/cavern, carcinoma – cancer, coepi – I
began, cervix – neck, bacterium – bacterium, cylindricus – cylindric,
cilium – eyelash, convallaria – lily of the valley, cito – quickly, centum
– hundred, verruca – verruca, siccus – dry, cyaneus – cyanosis, colica –
colics, varicella – chickenpox/varicella, sectio – section, vesica –
bubble/ blister/vesicle, ulcus – ulcer, coccygeus – coccygeal, coronalis
– coronary/coronal, caementum – calculus, coccus – coccus, cocci –
cocci, criticus – decisive, clinica – clinic, convalescens – convalescent,
causa – cause, contractura – contraction of muscles, commotio cerebri –
brain concussion/cerebral contusion.
10. Hydrops – hydrops, habitus – appearance, vehemens – strong, herba –
herb, hiems – winter, hic – this, haema – blood, hemicrania –
hemicrania, hiatus – fissure/hiatus.
11. Lux – light, labor – labour, ampulla – ampula, sal – salt, locus – place,
longus – long, lumbalis – lumbar, latus – wide, columna – column,
pulsus – pulse, medulla – marrow, pulmo – lung.
12. Status – status, usus – use, incisura – incisure, cataplasma –
stupe/poultice, consistentia – content, abscessus – abscess, fossa –
fossa, cavernosus – cavernous, musculosus – muscular, systema –
system, dosis – dose, organismus – organism.
13. Radix – root/radix, vertex – tip, exemplar – sample, extractum – extract,
luxatio – dislocation/luxation, xiphoideus – xiphoid, anthrax – anthrax,
meninx – medullar (cerebral) membrane, proximalis – the nearest to
thetrunk, maximus – the maximal.
14. Zygoma – cheek bone, zoonosis – infectious disease of animals, benzoe incense, ozaena – chronic rhinitis, herpes zoster – herpes zoster.
15. Qualis – what/which, quotidie – daily, quoque – also, liquor – liquor,
quercus – oak, coquo – I boil, squamosus – squamous, triquetrus –
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three- edged, antiquus – ancient.
16. Sanguis – blood, anguis – snake, lingua – tongue, sublingualis –
sublingual, unguentum – ointment, subungualis – subungual.
17. Substantia – substance, solutio – solution, vitium cordis – heart defect,
palpatio – palpation, auscultatio – auscultation, digestio – digestion,
combustio – burn/scald, actio – action.
18. Typhus exanthematicus – epidemic typhus, erythema – erythema,
cholecystitis – cholecystitis, haemophilia – bleeding sickness,
nephrolithiasis – nephrolithiasis, cochlea – cochlear (of a middle ear),
rhaphe – raphe, concha – concha, chirurgus – surgeon, chondros –
cartilage, physiologia – physiology (science about vital processes of
organism), xanthochromia – yellowish colour of the skin
(hyperpigmentation of the skin, especially on the face), ischuria –
ischuria/urine retention, haemorrhagia – bleeding, chloasma – nevus
pigmentosis, thermotherapia – thermotherapy, prophylaxis – disease
prevention, paraesthesia – false sensation, rhinorrhagia – nasal
hemorrhage, thyreoideus – thyroid, splanchnologia – splanchnology
(science about inner organs).
Latin Idioms
Salve!
Good afternoon! (to one person)
Salvete!
Good afternoon! (to several people)
Vale!
Good bye! Farewell!
Valete!
Be healthy!
Lesson 4
(Lectio Quarta)
The Accent
Length and Brevity of Syllables.
In Latin the quantity of syllables depends on quantity of vowels. There
are as many syllables as there are vowels: a-per-tu-ra (aperture) – 4
syllables, pro-ces-sus (process) – 3 syllables, du-o-de-num (doudenum) – 4
syllables.
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In Latin the accent is connected with the length and the brevity of
syllables. The syllable may be long and short depending on the length or the
brevity of vowels.
Vowels may be long or short according to their nature or their position.
In writing the natural length of vowel is marked by the sign - , and the
brevity – by the sign above the vowel, e.g.: a, e, i – long vowels; a, e, i –
short vowels.
The count of syllables in Latin begins with the end of the word, e.g.:
li-ga-men-tum (ligament), con-val-la-ri-a (lily of the valley).
4 3 2
1
5 4 3 2 1
There are some rules for determination of the length and the brevity of
vowel according to its position:
A vowel is long: 1. before two or more consonants: unguentum
(ointment), columna (column), processus (process);
2. befor x or z: reflexus (reflex), glycyrrhiza
(liquorice).
NB! All the diphthongs are long: gangraena (gangrene), lagoena (bottle),
diaeta (diet), foetor (smell).
A vowel is short: 1. before a vowel or h: facies (surface, face), linea
(line), contraho (I fasten, I press), extraho (I stretch).
2. before a combination of consonants bl - br, pl - pr,
dl – dr, tl – tr, gl – gr, cl - cr : vertebra (vertebra),
palpebra (eyelid), cerebrum (brain).
3. before a combination of consonants ch, ph, rh, th,
qu: stomachus (stomach), reliquus (the remaining),
monolithus (monolithic).
NB! A vowel before one consonant may be either long or short. In this case
the quality of the vowel is indicated in the dictionary: medicus (doctor),
medicina (medicine), tunica (tunic/membrane), vesica (bladder).
The Rules of Accent
1. The accent is always on the second syllable in two-syllabic words:
bilis (bile), caput (head), cortex (cortex), febris (fever).
2. The accent is on the second syllable (if it is long) in three-syllabic or
polysyllabic words. If the second syllable is short then the accent is on the
third syllable regardless of its length or brevity:
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de-co-ctum
pa-ri-es
am-pul-la
(decoction)
(wall)
(ampula)
di-ae-ta
ca-ri-es
ce-re-brum
(diet)
(caries)
(brain)
NB! In the words of Greek origin ending in ia the accent is on the second
syllable: hypotonia (hypotension), anaemia (anemia), dysphagia
(malnutrition).
Exception to the rule: anatomia (anatomy), arteria (artery), agonia
(agony), melancholia (melancholy/melancholia) and some others;
compound words with the element logia (science), e.g. biologia,
zoologia, physiologia, cardiologia etc.
NB! Diminutive suffixes ul, cul, ol are always short: ramulus (branch),
foveola (fossa), auricula (auricle).
NB! Suffix ur is always long: sutura (suture), fissura (fissure), junctura
(junction).
Latin Idioms
Cito!
Statum!
Quickly!
Immediately!
Exercises
1. Determine what syllable is accented.
Curatio – treatment, pleuritis – pleurisy/pleuritis, aether – ether/ester,
limpidus – transparent, decoctum – decoction, habeo – I have, fuscus – dark,
periodus critica – critical period, pylorus – pylorus, medicamentum –
medicine, dilutus – diluted, palpebra – eyelid, sigmoideus – sigmoid,
abscessus – abscess, amarus – bitter, antidotum – antidote, scabies – scabies,
abdomen – abdomen, paralysis – paralysis, tabuletta – tablet/pill, ricinus –
castor-oil plant, oleum ricini – castor oil, althaea – althaea, cerebrum – brain,
tibia – shin bone/tibia, utilis – useful, vulnus – wound, chirurgus – surgeon,
cerebellum – cerebellum, arcus – arc/arch, gingiva – gum.
2. Mark the last syllable but one by the sign of length or brevity, mark
the accent.
Insectum – insect, lacteus – lactic, diaeta – diet, rabies – rabies, maxilla –
jaw, mesenterium – mesentery, belladonna – belladonna/ banewort,
ensiformis – xiphoid, coccygeus – coccygeal, peritonaeum – peritoneum,
extraho – I stretch, reflexus – reflex, emplastrum – plaster, remedium –
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agent, cochlea – cochlea, malignus – malignant, glycyrrhiza – liquorice,
idoneus – comfortable.
Lesson 5
(Lectio Quinta)
Morphology.
Introduction into Anatomical Nomenclature.
Modern anatomical nomenclature and other medical
nomenclatures.
Modern Latin-Greek medical terminology consists of three main
nomenclature groups:
1) anatomical-histological, 2) clinical, 3) pharmaceutical.
The Noun.
General Characteristics.
Latin nouns have three genders:
masculine gender – genus masculinum (m)
feminine gender – genus femininum (f)
neuter gender – genus neutrun (n)
Latin nouns have two numbers:
the singular – numerus singularis (sing.)
the plural – numerus pluralis (plur.)
There are five cases in Latin:
nominative case – casus nominativus (Nom.) – who? what?
genitive case – casus genetivus (Gen.) – whom? whose?
dative case – casus dativus (Dat.) – who to? whom to?
accusative case – casus accusativus (Acc.) – whom? what?
instrumental case – casus ablativus (Abl.) – who by? whom by?
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Preliminary information on five Latin declensions
Declension
Gen. Sing.
1-st
ae
2-nd
i
3-rd
is
4-th
us
5-th
ei
It is the ending of genitive case of the singular that is the main
indication which determines the belonging of the noun or the adjective to
one of five Latin declensions.
Latin nouns and adjectives are declined by adding the case endings to
the stem of the word.
The stem of the word is determined by separating the ending of genitive
case, the singular from the form of this case.
For example: ala, al-ae f
wing (stem - al);
nervus, nerv-i m
nerve (stem - nerv);
septum, sept-i n
septum (stem - sept).
To find the stem of the majority of nouns of the 3-rd declension you
must know the form of genitive case, the singular. As a rule the stem of
these nouns cannot be found by the form of nominative case.
For example: cortex, cortic-is m
cortex (stem - cortic);
cavitas, cavitat-is f
cavity (stem - cavitat);
corpus, corpor-is n
body (stem - corpor).
The stem is necessary for: a) declension (the case endings are added to
it);
b) formation of the compound medical terms.
The gender of the nouns is usually determined by the ending of
nominative case, the singular (grammar gender) and sometimes by the
meaning of the word.
For example: vertebra, ae f
vertebra;
collega, ae m
colleague.
The nouns are copied out and memorized in the form of nominative and
genitive cases, the singular with indication of their gender. This is their
dictionary form.
For example: incisura, ae f
incisure, notch;
pulmo, onis m
lung.
Instead of the complete form of genitive case, singular, only the word
ending may be written, or sometimes a part of the stem (pulmo, onis m). It
will suffice to restore the complete case form of the word.
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The endings of nominative and genetive cases singular of all
five Latin declensions.
Number
Case 1-st dec.
Singular Nom.
Gen.
2-nd dec.
3-rd dec.
4-th dec.
5-th dec.
F. a
M. us, er
N. um, on
M.,F.,N.
different
M. us
N. u
F. es
ae
i
is
us
ei
Exercises
1. Complete by yourself the dictionary form of the following nouns, i.e.
write the ending of Gen.sing. and the gender.
Sternum – breastbone, capitulum – head, spatium – space, septum – septum,
ostium – orifice, dorsum – back, periosteum – periosteum, acetabulum –
acetabulum/cotyloid cavity, linea – line, substantia – substance, fossa –
fossa, crista – crest, mandibula – lower jaw, maxilla – upper jaw, nucha –
back part of the neck, glandula – gland, ulna – ulnar bone.
2. Write the gender of the following nouns.
Nasus, i – nose; hamulus, i – hamulus/uncus; arcus, us – arc/arch; lobus, i –
lobe; digitus, i – finger; plexus, us – plexus; fonticilus, i – fontanel;
aquaeductus, us – water-pipe.
3. Determine the declension of the following nouns.
Ala, ae f – wing; facies, ei f – surface; pars, partis f – part; nervus, i m –
nerve; magister, tri m – teacher; trochanter, eris m – trochanter; plexus, us m
– plexus; ramus, i m – branch; ligamentum, i n – ligament; foramen, inis n –
foramen; tempus, oris n – temple; genu, us n – knee; cartilago, inis f –
cartilage; tuber, eris n – tuber; articulatio, onis f – joint.
4. Write the dictionary form of the following nouns.
Eminentia, brachium, humerus, coxa, squama, cavum, acromion, ganglion,
processus, us; porus, i; spina, arcus, us; cornu, nucha, foveola.
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Lexical Minimum
1-st declension
arteria, ae f
calvaria, ae f
cellula, ae f
clavicula, ae f
concha, ae f
costa, ae f
crista, ae
fossa, ae
fovea, ae f
incisura, ae f
artery
cranial calvarium
cell
collar bone, clavicle
concha
rib
crest, ridge
fossa
(long shaped)
fossa
(round shaped)
incisure
lamina, ae f
linea, ae f
massa, ae f
mandibula, ae f
maxilla, ae f
scapula, ae f
sella, ae f
substantia, ae f
sutura, ae f
tuba, ae f
vena, ae f
plate, lamina
line
mass
lower jaw
upper jaw
scapula
saddle
substance
suture
tube
vein
2-nd declension
angulus, i m
collum, i n
cranium, i n
dorsum, i n
humerus, i m
angle
neck
skull
back
humerus
musculus, i m
septum, i n
sternum, i n
sulcus, i m
tuberculum, i n
muscle
septum
breast bone
furrow,sulcus
tubercle
3-rd declension
os, ossis n
bone
4-th declension
arcus, us m
cornu, us n
arc, arch
corn, horn
meatus, us m
processus, us m
passage
process
5-th declension
facies, ei f
face, surface
Control Questions
1. What components does the dictionary form of the nouns consist of?
2. In what cases in the dictionary form of a noun the last part of a stem is
written before the ending in Gen. Sing.?
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3. How many declensions of Latin nouns are there?
4. How is the declension of a Latin noun determined?
5. Name the indication of the 1-st declension of the noun.
6. Name the indication of the 2-nd declension of the noun.
7. Name the indication of the 3-rd declension of the noun.
8. Name the indication of the 4-th declension of the noun.
9. Name the indication of the 5-th declension of the noun.
10. How is the gender of a Latin noun determined?
11. What is the gender of all nouns of Latin origin ending in -a?
12. What ending in Gen. sing. have all nouns of feminine gender ending in
-a? Give examples of nouns ending in -a in the dictionary form.
13. What is the gender of all the nouns ending in -um, -on?
14. What ending in Gen. sing. have all nouns ending in -um, -on? Give
examples.
15. What is the gender of the majority of nouns ending in -us?
16. What endings in Gen. sing. may nouns of masculine gender ending in
-us have? Give examples.
17. What is the gender of nouns ending in -en?
18. Give some nouns of the neuter gender that have the ending -us.
19. What is the gender of the nouns ending in -u?
20. What ending in Gen. sing. have the nouns ending in -u?
Latin Idioms
Casus ordinarius
Casus extraordinarius
Exitus letalis
Usual case
Unusual case
Fatal outcome
Lesson 6
(Lectio Sexta)
Uncoordinated Attribute
Attribute is a secondary part of sentence that answers the questions
what? which? whose?
An uncoordinated attribute is an attribute expressed only by the
Genitive case of the noun. It can be translated as uncoordinated or
17
coordinated attribute (corpus vertebrae – vertebral body; cavum nasi – nasal
cavity; fossa cranii – cranial fossa; columna vertebrarum – dorsal column).
Exercises
1. Translate the following terms into English.
Os coxae, collum radii, tuberositas ulnae, caput humeri, fossa olecrani, spina
scapulae, skeleton membri, phalanx digiti, fossa acetabuli, basis patellae,
angulus mandibulae, caput fibulae, tuber maxillae, linea nuchae, fossa
glandulae lacrimalis (lacrimal), tuberositas ulnae, corpus tibiae, spina
scapulae, trochlea humeri, canalis nervi, sulcus sinus, os digiti, caput radii.
2. Translate the following terms into Latin.
Manubrium of sternum, cranial bone, muscle of a neck, tympanic cavity,
basis of a skull, fossa of ulnar process, vertebra of body, head of a rib,
incisure of a mandible, cranial suture, back of a saddle, neck of a scapula,
basis of a patella, maxillary tuber, nasal cavity, nasal meatus, head of a
humerus, neck of a radius, sheath of a process, aperture of a sinus, tubercle
of a calcaneus.
Model of Doing an Exercise
1. Translate into English:
Os coxae
Os, ossis n – bone (os – Nom. Sing.)
Coxa, ae f – femor, pelvis (coxae – Gen. sing)
Os coxae – femoral (pelvic) bone
2. Translate into Latin:
Manubrium of a sternum
Manubrium, i n – manubrium (manubrium – Nom. sing.)
Sternum, i n – breast bone, sternum (sterni – Gen. sing)
Manubrium of a sternum – manubrium sterni
Latin idioms
Habitus aegroti
General appearance of the patient
Lapsus calami
Slip of the pen
Lapsus linguae
Slip of the tongue
Lapsus memoriae
Forgetfulness
18
Lesson 7
(Lectio Septima)
Survey of Adjectives of the 1-st and 2-nd
declensions (the 1-st group of Latin adjectives)
Latin adjectives are divided into two groups. Adjectives declined by the
1-st or the 2-nd declension are referred to the 1-st group of adjectives;
adjectives declined by the 3-rd declension are referred to the 2-nd group.
The adjectives do not have their own declension. The adjectives are not
declined by the 4-th and the 5-th declension.
The adjectives of the 1-st and the 2-nd declension have the following
dictionary form:
M
F
N
rectus
recta
rectum
- straight
dexter
dextra
dextrum
- right
liber
libera
liberum
- free
The adjectives of the masculine gender are written in their complete
form in the dictionary. But the adjectives of the feminine and the neuter
genders have only their gender endings in the dictionary, e. g. rectus, a, um;
dexter, tra, trum.
The adjectives of the feminine gender are declined as the nouns of the
1-st declension and the adjectives of the masculine and the neuter genders
are declined as the nouns of the corresponding genders of the 2-nd
declension.
Sample of Declination
Nom.
Gen.
Nom. et Gen. singularis
m
f
rectus
recta
recti
rectae
n
rectum
recti
The stem of the adjectives is determined by the form of the feminine
gender by cutting the ending -a off.
For example: asper, aspera, asperum – rough.
The adjective of the feminine gender is aspera. The stem of the word
19
without the ending –a is asper-. This is a unified stem for all three genders
of the adjective. The form of Gen. sing.:
M
asper-I
(2-nd declension)
F
asper-ae
(1-st declenison)
N
asper-i
(2-nd declension)
Agreement of Adjectives with Nouns
Adjectives are agreed with nouns in gender, number and case. In
medical terminology adjectives are always placed after nouns which they
determine.
For example: nervus, i m – nerve; vagus, a, um – vagus; nervus vagus
– vagus nerve;
protuberantia, ae f – protuberance/prominence/projection; externus, a,
um – external/exterior/outer; protuberantia externa – external protuberance;
collum, i n – neck/cervix; anatomicus, a, um – anatomical; collum
anatomicum – anatomical cervix;
bolus, i f – clay; big pill; albus, a, um – white; bolus alba – white clay.
If a noun and the adjective in agreement with it are changed by
common declension, then their endings coincide. If they are referred to
different declensions, then each word receives the case ending of its own
declension.
For example: bolus, i f – clay. This noun is declined by the 2-nd
declension though it is an exception to the rule and it must be referred to
feminine gender. Agreed with it adjective is declined by the 1-st declension.
Coordinated Attribute
A coodinated attribute is expressed by an adjective or participle which
is agreed with the determined noun in gender, number and case.
For example: costa spuria
– false rib,
sutura lambdoidea – lambdoid suture,
ligamentum flavum – yellow ligament.
If a noun has several coordinated attributes, the first attribute following
the noun denotes belonging to some organ or a part of the body. The next
attribute indicates the size, shape or the spatial arrangement.
For example: arteria gastrica sinistra – the left gastric artery,
arteria gastrica dextra – the right gastric artery.
20
If the determined word has two attributes – coordinated and
uncoordinated – then, as a rule, the uncoordinated attribute is placed before
the coordinated one.
For example: fissura cerebri transversa – transversal fissure of
brain,
fossa cranii media – middle cranial fossa.
In some anatomical terms the coordinated attribute is placed before the
uncoordinated one. It is caused by the inner logic of the term.
For example: musculus latissimus dorsi – the broadest muscle of the
back,
vena coronaria ventriculi – the coronary vein of the
ventricle.
Exercises
1. Translate the following terms observing the order of agreement.
Mastoid process of zygomatic bone, zygomatic bone, spinal aperture, hard
palate, transversal palatine suture.
2. Translate into Latin.
Rough line of a bone, spinal process of vertebra, middle cranial fossa, dog
fossa of upper jaw, trapezoid muscle of clavicula, osseous nasal septum,
transverse ligament of scapula.
3. Translate into Latin.
Sheath of styloid process, furrow of stone nerve, sulcus of auditory, ramus of
ischium.
4. Translate the terms. Indicate the coordinated and uncoordinated
attributes.
Os palatinum, os hyoideum, os zygomaticum, os sacrum, os scaphoideum,
os ilium, os capitatum, caput ossis, collum ossis, tuberculum ossis trapezii,
corpus ossis ilii, ramus ossis ischii, basis ossis sacri.
Lexical Minimum
Nouns
1-st declension
ala, ae f
columna, ae f
fissura, ae f
- wing
- column
- fissure
nucha, ae f
squama,ae f
spina, ae f
- back part of neck
- squama
- spine
21
2-nd declension
nervus, i m - nerve
spatium, i n - space
olecranon, i n – process of ulnar bone
acromion, i n - process of humerus
3-rd declension
corpus, oris n
- body
foramen, inis n
- aperture, foramen
4-th declension
ductus, us m
- duct
sinus, us m
- sinus
Adjectives
1-st group
acusticus, a, um
asper,era,erum
compactus, a, um
dexter, tra, trum
liber, era, erum
longus, a, um
mastoideus, a, um
medianus, a, um
medius, a, um
- auditory
- rough
- thick
- right
- free
- long
- mastloid
- median
- middle
opticus, a, um
palatinus, a, um
sinister, tra, trum
spinosus, a, um
spongiosus, a, um
squamosus, a, um
transversus, a, um
verus, a, um
- visual
- palatine
- left
- spinal
- spongy
- squamous
- transversal
- true
Latin Idioms
Tabula rasa – clean board (a board without anything written on it;
about a person who knows nothing).
Terra incognita – an unknown land (unknown sphere of knowledge).
Lesson 8
(Lectio Octava)
Survey of the Adjectives of the 3-rd declension
(the 2-nd group of Latin adjectives)
Adjectives of the 3-rd declension are referred to the 2-nd group of Latin
adjectives. They are divided into three groups according to the number of
endings in nominative case. There are adjectives that have one, two and
22
three endings.
Adjectives with three endings have different endings in each gender:
masculine gender – er, feminine – is, neuter – e; adjectives with two endings
have the common ending for masculine and feminine genders – is and the
ending – e for neuter gender; adjectives with one ending have one common
ending for all genders – s, x or r.
1. three endings
2. two endings
3. one ending
M
saluber
frontalis
recens
simplex
par
F
salubris
frontalis
recens
simplex
par
N
salubre
frontale
recens
simplex
par
healthy, medicinal
frontal
fresh
simple
equal, pair
Dictionary form of the 2-nd group adjectives:
saluber, bris, bre - healthy, medicinal
frontalis, e
- frontal
simplex, icis
- simple
As we can see adjectives with one ending are written in the dictionary
with the ending of genitive case.
The stem of adjectives with two and three endings is determined by the
form of feminine gender.
For example: salubr-is (stem - salubr)
frontal-is (stem - frontal)
The stem of adjectives with one ending is determined by the form of
genitive case by cutting the ending – is off regardless of the gender.
For example: m
f
n
Nom.
lateralis
lateralis
laterale
Gen.
lateralis
lateralis
lateralis
Adjectives of the 2-nd group (3-rd declension) agree with the nouns in
gender, number and case (as the adjectives of the 1-st group).
Sample of the Agreement
Frontal area: regio, onis f – area; frontalis, e – frontal; frontal area –
regio frontalis (feminine gender, the singular, nominative case).
23
Lexical Minimum
articularis, e
clavicularis, e
costaslis, e
ethomoidalis, e
frontalis, e
lacrimalis, e
nasalis, e
orbitalis,
vertebralis, e
articular
clavicular
costal
lattice
frontal
lacrimal
nasal
orbital
vertebral
abdominalis, e
auricularis, e
cerebralis, e
medullaris, e
parietalis, e
pulmonalis, e
sphenoidalis, e
simplex, icis
teres, etis
abdominal
ear
cerebral
cerebrospinal
parietal
pulmonary
wedge-shaped
simple
round
Exercises
1. Translate the following terms observing the order of agreement.
Vertebral canal, vertebral incisure, vertebral aperture, jugular process,
jugular incisure, jugular aperture, oval foramen, sphenoidal sinus, surface of
maxilla, soft palate, sacral corn, medial sacral crest, external occipital crest,
middle nasal concha, simple agent.
2. Translate into Latin.
Articular surface of tubercle of rib tubercle, articular surface of process of
humerus, medial process of calcaneal tuber, transversal ligament of atlas.
3. Translate into Latin.
Opening of frontal sinus, fossa of lacrimal gland, sulcus of occipital artery,
occipital squama, ligament of spinal column, spring Adonis.
4. Translate the terms.
Os parietale, os temporale, os frontale, os occipitale, os lacrimale, os nasale,
os sphenoidale, os ethmoidale.
Control Questions
1. What components does the dictionary form of Latin adjectives consist of?
Give examples.
2. Give gender endings of adjectives of the 1-st group.
3. What components does the dictionary form of adjectives with two endings
consist of? Give examples.
4. Give gender endings of adjectives with two endings.
24
5. What ending in Gen. sing. have adjectives of the 1-st group that have the
endings –us, -er, -um in masculine and neuter genders? Give examples.
6. What ending in Gen. sing. have adjectives of the 1-st group, feminine
gender ending in -a? Give examples.
7. What ending in Gen. sing. have adjectives of the 2-nd group with two
endings –is, -e in all three genders? Give examples.
8. What form does the form of Gen. sing. of adjectives of all three genders
ending in –is, -e coincide with?
Latin Idioms
Vis medicatrix naturae – The medicinal power of nature.
Vita brevis, ars longa – Life is short, art is long (Hippocrates).
Lesson 9
(Lectio Nona)
The Adjectives the Comparative Degree of
Which is Used as the Positive Degree in the
Anatomical Nomenclature
These adjectives have the ending –ior in masculine and feminine
genders and the endung –ius in neuter.
Dictionary form
superior, ius
inferior, ius
anterior, ius
posterior, ius
major, ius
minor, us
M., F.
superior
inferior
anterior
posterior
major
minor
N.
superius
inferius
anterius
posterius
majus
minus
Translation
upper
lower
front
back
large
small
The adjectves major, ius and minor, us have the meaning “greater”
and “lesser” in anatomical nomenclature. They are used to form pair
meanings.
25
For example:
trochanter major and minor
greater and lesser trochanter;
tuberculum majus et minus
greater and lesser tubercle.
Positive degree of these adjectives is used to denote unpaired forms:
magnus, a, um – greater and parvus, a, um – lesser.
For example: foramen magnum
greater foramen;
arteria parva
lesser artery.
Declining of Adjectives in the Comparative Degree
Adjectives in the comparative degree are declined by the 3-rd
declension, consequently, they have the ending –is in Gen. sing. This form is
the same for all genders and can be formed by adding the ending –is to the
form of Nom. sing. of masculne gender.
Nom. sing
Gen.sing
M, F
major
posterior
N
maius
posterius
M, F, N
majoris
posterioris
Agreement with Nouns
Adjectives in their comparative degree agree with nouns in gender,
number and case. Adjectives in the positive degree follow the same rule.
Sample of Agreement
Anterior arc: arcus, us m – arc; anterior, ius – anterior; anterior arc –
arcus anterior;
Anterior fossa: fossa, ae f – fossa; anterior fossa – fossa anterior;
Anterior tubercle: tuberculum, i n – tubercle; anterior tubercle – tuberculum
arterius.
Exercises
1. Translate the following terms into English.
A. spina nasalis anterior, foramen ischiadicum minus, sulcus palatinus
minor, fissura orbitalis superior, facies articularis anterior, sinus sagittalis
superior, linea temporalis superior, arcus posterior atlantis, processus
articularis superior ossis, linea nuchae superior, ligamentum capitis fibulae
26
posterius, fossa cranii anterior, tuberculum humeri minus, ligamentum
transversum scapulae superius, facies posterior partis petrosae, ala major
ossis sphenoidalis, incisura ischiadica major.
B. processus articularis superior, fovea articularis processus articularis
superioris, musculus scalenus anterior, tuberculum musculi scaleni
anterioris, caput superius musculi pterygoidei lateralis, cingulum membri
superioris, tuberculum mediale processus posterioris tali, tendo musculi
tibialis posterioris.
2. Translate the following terms into Latin.
Sulcus of inferior sinus, crest of greater tubercle, skeleton of upper
extremity, surface of greater trochanter, furrow of greater calculus nerve,
temporal surface of greater wing.
3. Translate the following terms and put them in Gen. sing.
Superior transversal ligament, upper transversal artery, greater palatine
sulcus, greater palatine foramen, frontal medial surface, lower articular
process, frontal longitudinal ligament, lesser sciatic notch, posterior gluteal
line, lower posterior iliac spine.
Control Questions
1. Give the indications of comparative degree of adjectivs of masculine,
feminine and neuter genders.
2. What ending in Gen. sing. have adjectives of all genders in the
comparative degree?
3. How can you form Gen. sing. of adjectives of all genders in the
comparative degree? Give examples.
4. How do adjectives in the comparative degree agree with nouns?
Lexical Minimum
Nouns
1-st declension
fibula, ae f
tibia, ae f
fibular bone/fibula
shin bone/tibia
ulna, ae f
ulnar bone
2-nd declension
digitus, i m
finger
membrum, i n
member
27
nasus, i m
radius, i m
ligamentum, i m
nose
radial bone
ligament
palatum, i n
palate
sceleton or skeleton, i n skeleton
3-rd declension
pars/partis f
part
tuber, eris n
tuber
Adjectives
1-st group
coccygeus, a, u
externus, a, um
hyoideus, a, um
hypoglossus, a, um
internus, a, um
magnus, a, um
obliquus, a, um
osseus, a, um
petrosus, a, um
coccygeal
external
hyoid
hypoglossal
internal
large
oblique
osseous
calculus
pharyngeus, a, um
parvus, a, um
pterygoideus, a, um
rotundus, a, um
sacer, cra, crum
sigmoideus, a, um
styloideus, a, um
thoracicus, a, um
zygomticus, a, um
pharyngeal
small
pterygoid
round
sacral
sigmoid
styloid
thoracal
zygomatic
2-nd group
basilaris, e
cervicales, e
lumbalis, e
ovalis, e
parietalis, e
basic
cervical
lumbar
oval
parietal
sacralis, e
sphenoidalis, e
temporalis, e
vaginalis, e
sacral
sphenoid
temporal
vaginal
Comparative Degree
anterior, ius
inferior, ius
major, jus
anterior
lower
larger
minor, us
posterior, ius
superior, ius
lesser
back
upper
Latin Idioms
Medicus philos phus est.
Dura lex, sed lex.
A doctor is a philosopher (Hyppocrates).
Law is severe, but it is law.
28
Lesson 10
(Lectio Decima)
The Superlative Degree of Adjectives
The superlative degree of the majority of adjectives is formed by
adding the suffix –issim- and endings of adjectives of the 1-st group to the
stem of the positive degree.
-issim-us – masculine gender;
-issim-a – feminine gender;
-issim-um – neuter gender.
Positive degree
longus, a, um – long
brevis, e – short
simplex, icis - simple
Stem
long
brev
simplic
Superlative degree
longissimus, a, um – the longest
brevissimus, a, um – the shortest
simplicissimus, a, um – the simplest
The superlative degree of adjectives ending in –er is formed by adding
the suffix –rim- and endings of adjectives of the 1-st group to the form of
nominative case, singular, masculine gender.
-rim-us – masculine gender; -rim-a – feminine gender – feminine
gender; -rim-um – neuter gender.
Positive degree
asper, era,erum – rough, difficult
saluber, bris, bre – healthy, salubrius
Superlative degree
asperrimus, a, um – the most difficult
saluberrimus, a, um – the most
salubrius
The superlative degree of adjectives is declined as adjectives of the 1-st
and the 2-nd declensions.
The Comparative Degrees Formed from
Different Stems
There are several adjectives the comparative degrees of which are
formed from different stems. It is necessary to remember them.
Positive degree
bonus, a, um – good
malus, a, um – bad
Comparative degree
melior, melius – better
peior, peius – worse
magnus, a, um – large
maior, maius – larger
Superlative degree
optimus, a, um – the best
pessimus, a, um – the
worst
maximus, a, um – the
29
parvus, a, um – small
minor, minus - smaller
largest
minimus, a, um – the
smallest
The superlative degree of the adjective superior, ius (high) is
supremus, a, um (the highest).
Adjectives in the superlative degree agree with nouns according to the
general rule of agreement.
For example: the longest muscle: musculus, i m – muscle; longissimus,
a, um – the longest; the longest muscle – musculus longissimus.
Exercises
1. Translate the medical terms.
The broadest muscle of back, superior articular surface, frontal sacral
aperture, posterior sacral aperture, highest, minimum dose; the best, the
worst prognosis; large straight muscle of head, superior oblique muscle,
frontal nasal crest, frontal longitudinal ligament, greater corn of hyoid bone,
superior articular process, lesser palatine artery.
2. Translate the medical terms.
Bursa of the broadest muscle of back, the largest gluteal muscle, the longest
thoracic muscle, superior nasal concha, the smallest gluteal muscle, the
longest cervical muscle, little finger, a short muscle of little finger, the
smallest canal muscle.
Lexical Minimum
1-st declension
mucosa, ae f
tunica, ae f
mucous
tunic
flexura, ae f
urethra, ae f
curvature
urethra
2-nd declension
colon, i n
duodenum, i n
ileum, i n
intestinum, i n
oesophagus, i m
colon
duodenum
ileum
intestine
esophagus
periton(a)eum, i n
rectum, i n
uterus, i m
ventriculus, i n
peritoneum
rectum
uterus
ventricle
3-rd declension
dens, dentis m
tooth
30
the adjectives of the 1-st group
hyoideus, a, um
hypoglossus, a, um
iliacus, a, um
maximus, a, um
hyoid
hypoglossal
iliac
the largest
minimus, a, um
mucosus, a, um
submucosus, a, um
supremus, a, um
the smallest
mucous
submucous
superior
the adjectives of the 2-nd group
intestinalis, e
simplex, icis
intestinal
simple
teres, etis
vaginalis, e
round
vaginal
Latin Idioms
Primus inter pars
Quod licet Jovi, non licet bovi
He is the first between equals
It may be allowed to Jupiter but not
to a bull
Lesson 11
(Lectio Undecima)
Survey of Nouns of the 3-rd Declension.
Types of Declension.
Nouns of all three genders ending in –is in Gen. sing. are referred to the
3-rd declension. In Nom. sing they may have different endings.
The stem of the majority of 3-rd declension nouns may be determined
by cutting off the ending from the form of genitive case, singular.
Masculine gender
Nom.
1. –or
2. –er
3. –ex
4. –es
5. –o
Gen. (with the part of stem)
-oris
-eris
-eris
-icis
-edis
-etis
-onis
The examples, translation
flexor, flexoris m – flexor
vomer, vomeris m – vomer
trochanter,trochanteris – trochanter
apex, apicis m – apex
pes, pedis m – foot
paries, parietis m – wall
pulmo, pulmonis m – lung
31
Feminine gender
Nom.
1. –as
2. –is (unpair syllables)
3. –is (pair syllables)
4. –s (afterconsonant)
5. –x (exept -ex)
6. –go
7. –io
Gen.
-atis
-idis
-is
-tis
-cis
-inis
-onis
The examples, translation
tuberositas, tuberositatis f – tuberosity
iris, iridis f – iris
auris, auris f – ear
pars, partis f – part
radix, radicis f – radix
cartilago, cartilaginis f – cartilage
articulatio, articulationis f – joints
Neuter gender
Nom.
1. –en
2. –ur
3. –us
4. –t (in some words)
Gen.
-inis
-oris
-oris
-uris
-itis
The examples,translation
Foramen, foraminis n – foramen
Femur, femoris n – femor
Corpus, corporis n – body
Crus, crusis n - leg/crus
Caput, capitis n – head
Diversity of case endings is a characteristic feature of the nouns of the
3-rd declension. Besides this diversity, they have different patterns of
changing according to cases. Due to this, all 3-rd declension words may be
divided into three types of declension: a) consonant (the main type);
b) vowel;
c) mixed.
Before proceeding to the analysis of these types one should know the
difference between equisyllabic and nonequisyllabic nouns. Nonequisyllabic
nouns are those which have one more syllable in Gen. sing. compared to
nominative, while equisyllabic ones have the same number of syllables in
both cases.
For example: dosis, is f – dose; tabes, is f – exhaustion.
The following nouns and adjectives are referred to the consonant type
of declension:
a) nonequisyllabic nouns of all genders if their stem ends in one
consonant: caput, it is n – head; cervix, icis f – neck;
b) adjectives in the comparative degree: anterior, ius; posterior, ius;
major, jus etc.
The following nouns and adjectives are referred to the vowel type of
32
declension:
a) nouns of neuter gender which have endings –e, -ar, -al in Nom. sing.
For example: rete, is n – reticulum; exemplar, aris n – specimen; animal,
alis n – animal;
b) adjectives of the 3-rd declension in the positive degree.
For example: nasalis, e – nasal; clavicularis, e – clavicular.
In the vowel type of declension you should use endings from the
brackets in all cases in which they are present, i.e. in Abl. sing., Nom. plur.
(neutrum), Gen. plur., Acc. Plur. (neutrum)
The following nouns are referred to the mixed type of declension:
a) nouns of all three genders if their stem ends in two or more
consonants.
For example: dens, ntis m – tooth; pars, rtis f – part; os, ossis n – bone;
b) equisyllabic nouns m and f genders which have the endings –is, -es
in Nom. sing.
For example: auris, is f – ear; canalis, is m – canal; tabes, is f – exhaustion.
While declining these nouns you shoud use the ending of the vowel
type (-ium) in Gen. plur.
Exercises
1. Define the stem. Denote equisyllabic and inequisyllabic words. Define
the type of declension.
Os, ossis n; os, oris n; foramen, inis n; canalis, is m; regio, onis f; dens, ntis
m; cutis, is f; radix, icis f; aponeurosis, is f; terminatio, onis f; tuber, eris n;
tuberositas, atis f; cor, cordis n; axis, is f; vas, vasis n; pars, rtis f; mors,
mortis f; auris, is f; viscus, eris n; incus, udis f; crus, crusis n.
Lesson 12
(Lectio Duodecima)
The 3-rd Declension. Masculine Gender.
The nouns of masculine gender of the 3-rd declension have the
following endings in Nom. and Gen. sing.
33
The endings
of Nom. sing.
1. –or
2. –os
3. –er
4. –ex
5. –es
6. –o
The endings
of Gen. sing.
-oris
-oris
-ris
-ёris
-ёris
-icis
-edis
-etis
-onis
-inis
The examples with translation
calor, caloris m – fever
flos, floris m – flower
venter, ventris m – venter/abdomen
aether, aetheris m – ether/ester
trochanter, trochanteris m – trochanter
cortex,corticis m – cortex
pes, pedis m – foot
paries, parietis m – wall
pulmo, pulmonis m – lung
homo, hominis m – human
Characteristic endings in Nom. sing.: –os, -or, -o, -er, -ex, -es (the last
ending is for nonequisyllabic nouns only) are the indications of masculine
gender of the nouns of the 3-rd declension.
As a rule, certain character of the stem which is revealed in Gen. sing.
corresponds to a certain ending in Nom. sing.
Among the most important exceptions to masculine gender one should
remember the following anatomical terms:
Os, oris n
mouth
gaster, tris f
stomach
Os, ossis n
bone
mater, tris f
arachnoid membrane
Cor, cordis n
heart
pia mater
soft membrane of the brain
Tuber, eris n
tuber
dura mater
hard membrane of the brain
You should remember, that terms denoting muscles are referred to the
masculine gender of the third declension. Names of muscles according to
their functions consist of two words: the word “muscle” (m.) and a noun of
the 3-rd declension of masculine gender with the suffix –or, rarely -er.
For example: m. levator – elevator muscle; m. masseter – masticatory
muscle.
Lexical Minimum
apex, icis m
cortex, icis m
flos, floris m
homo, inis m
liquor, oris m
paries, etis m
pulmo, onis m
venter, ntris m
tip
cortex
flower
human being
fluid
wall
lung
belly
vertex, icis m
vomer, eris m
index, icis m
humor, oris m
pes, pedis m
pollex, icis m
stapes, edis m
ureter, eris m
vertex, tip of the head
vomer
forefinger
tissue fluid
foot
thumb
stirrup
ureter
34
Exercises
1. Form Gen. sing. of the nouns and define the stem.
Pulmo, carbo, embryo, flos, tumor, humor, calor, dolor, doctor, tuber,
masseter, sphincter, herpes, paries, apex, liquor, levator, buccinator, pollex,
venter, gaster.
2. Read, translate orally and point out the gender of the nouns of the 3rd declension.
Apex cordis, apex nasi, apex linguae, angulus oris, tunica mucosa oris,
liquor cerebrospinalis, paries labyrinthicus, paries mastoideus, paries
lateralis, liquor pericardii, flos ruber, flos albus, homo sapiens, homo sanus,
cor sanum, gaster sana, cortex cerebelli, ala vomeris, cortex cerebri, vertex
corneae, vertex cranii, os zygomaticum, os lacrimale, os pedis.
3. Translate and write out the divctionary forms.
Pulmo dexter, pulmo sinister, apex pulmonis dextri, cortex glandulae
suprarenalis, facies pulmonis superior, fissura horizontalis pulmonis dextri,
tuber frontale, tuber parietale, atrium cordis, os frontale, os parietale, os
hyoideum, os nasale, apex pulmonis sinistri, paries jugularis, paries
tympanicus, dura mater spinalis, tunica mucosa gastris, ventriculus sinister
cordis, trochanter major.
4. Translate in written form.
Cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex, cortex of lymph node, greater and lesser
trochanter, heart apex, right and left lung, hyoid bone, soft membrane of the
brain, frontal tuber, atrium, vomeral sulcus, medial surface of lung, cardiac
incisure of a left lung, jugular wall of tympanic cavity, cuneiform bone,
membranous wall of trachea, frontal wall of stomach, lesser corn of hyoid
bone, temporal process of zygomatic bone, ethmoidal sulcus of nasal bone,
incisure of apex of heart.
Latin Idioms
Alma mater.
Arbor vitae.
Per os.
Per rectum.
Foster-mother.
Tree of life.
By mouth.
Per anum.
35
Lesson 13
(Lectio Tertia Decima)
Nouns of Feminine Gender of the Third
Declension.
Nouns of feminine gender of the 3-rd declension have the following
endings in nominative and genitive genders, singular.
The endings
of Nom. sing.
–as
–us
The endings
of Gen. sing.
-atis
-utis
-udis
3. –is(inequis.)
-idis
4. –is (equis.)
-is
5. –es (equis.)
-is
6. –s(after consonant) -tis
7. –x(except - ex)
-cis
-gis
8. –do
- go
- io
-inis
-inis
-onis
The examples with translation
extremitas,extremitatis f – extremity
iuventus, iuventutis f – youth
incus, incudis f – incus
iris, iridis f – iris
auris, auris f – ear
tabes, tabis f – emaciation
mens, mentis f – mind/intelligence
pix, picis f – resin
meninx, meningis f – arachnoid
membrane
longitudo, longitudinis f – length
muscilago, muscilaginis f – mucus
solutio, solutionis f – solution
Distinctive feature of feminine gender is the ending –s in Nom. sing.
with different preceding letters, except for endings –os, -es (the last one is
used for nonequisyllabic nouns) and –us (in Gen. sing. -ris), -x (except for
ending -ex), -do, -go, -io.
Nonequisyllabic nouns ending in –is have the stem ending in –id: iris,
-idis f – iris; carotis, dis f – carotid artery. Equisyllabic nouns have the
same stem in Nom. and Gen. sing.
Lexical Minimum
appendix, icis f
a. carotis, tidis f
basis, is f
apendage
carotic artery
base
articulatio, onis f
auris, is f
pelvis, is f
joint
ear
pelvis
36
cavitas, atis f
cervix, icis f
cutis, is f
frons, frontis f
gl. patotis, tidis f
meninx, ngis f
pars, partis f
radix, icis f
cavity
neck
skin
forehead
parotid gland
membrane
part
radix, root
pelvis renalis
pyramis, idis f
regio, onis f
synchondrosis, is f
symphysis, is f
tuberositas, atis f
extremitas, atis f
renal pelvis
pyramid
region
synchondrosis
symphysis
tuberosity
extremity
Exceptions
axis, is m
canalis, is m
dens, dentis m
margo, inis m
sanguis, inis m
axis
canal
tooth
margin, edge
blood
tendo, inis m
thorax, acis m
coccyx, ygis m
pancreas, atis n
vas, vasis n
tendon
thorax
coccygeal
pancreas
vessel
Exercises
1. Form orally Gen. sing. and determine the stem.
a) tuberositas, sanitas, extremitas, salus, juventus, pars, dens, thorax,
appendix, cervix, radix, meninx, tendo, libido, valetudo, cartilago, margo,
articulatio, regio, carotis, iris, parotis;
b) cutis, auris, bilis, pelvis, basis, pubes.
2. Agree the adjectives with the nouns in brackets, translate.
Cavity (pleural, tympanic, articulate); tuberosity (pterygoid, iliac,
masticatory); ear (middle, internal, external); part (calculus, upper, frontal);
cartilage (costal, nasal, greater, thyroid, articulate); joint (simple, compound,
transversal,); canal (greater, palatine, optic, lacrimal, vertebral, facial); tooth
(incisor, canine, molar); vessel (lymphatic, blood).
3. Translate writing out the dictionary form.
Terminatio nervi cutis, caput pancreatis, os cossygis, vas capillare,
arteria carotis, regio thoracis posterior, regio cervicis anterior, pars thoracica
aortae, pelvis major et minor, cavitas thoracis, margo dexter cordis, sanguis
venosus et arteriosus, canalis palatinus major, margo superior partis
petrosae.
4. Translate into Latin.
37
Dura mater of brain, arbor vitae of vermis, fornix of ventricle, fornix of
pharynx, canal of greater calculus nerve, angle of mouth, part of fibrous
vagina, shoulder joint, tympanic cavity of a middle ear, greater palatine
canal, cartilage of nasal septum, inferior constrictor muscle of pharynx,
pancreatic capsule, dental cavity, canal of upper jaw, pyloric canal.
Latin Idioms
Amicus Plato, sed magis veritas.
Anamnesis vitae.
Anamnesis morbi.
Hygiena amica valetudinis.
Salus populi – suprema lex.
Lesson 14
(Lectio Quarta Decima)
Nouns of Neuter Gender of the 3-rd Declension
Nouns of the 3-rd declension of the neuter gender have the following
endings in nominative and genitive cases (with the part of the stem),
singular.
Endings
of Nom. sing.
1. –en
2. –ur
3. –us
4. –e
5. –al
6. –ar
7. –ma
8. –c
-l
Endings
of Gen. sing.
-inis
-oris
-uris
-oris
-eris
-uris
-is
-alis
-aris
-atis
-tis
-is
Examples (with translation)
abdomen, abdominis m – abdomen
iecur, iecoris n – liver
sulfur, sulfuris n – sulfur
pectus, pectoris n – chest
ulcus, ulceris n – ulcer
pus, puris n – pus
secale, secalis – rye
animal, animalis n – animal
calcar, calcaris n – calcar
trauma, traumatis n – trauma
lac, lactis n – milk
mel, mellis n – honey
38
-t
fel, fellis n – bile
caput, capetis – head
-itis
Characteristic endings –en, -us, -ur, -ma, -e, -l, -ar, -ut in Nom. sing.
are indications of 3-rd declension nouns of neuter gender.
Definite character of the stem revealed in Gen. sing. corresponds to the
definite ending in Nom. sing. This is reflected in the above given table. Of
all nouns ending in –us in Nom. sing. only nouns ending in –r are referred to
neuter gender.
For example: corpus, oris n – body; ulcus, eris n – ulcer.
Nouns of neuter gender ending in –ma should not be confused with
nouns of the 1-st declension ending in –ma.
For example: stroma, atis n – framework; zygoma, atis n – cheek-bone;
squama, ae f – squama.
Lexical Minimum
abdomen, inis n
caput, itis n
corpus, oris n
diaphragma, atis n
foramen, inis n
crus, cruris n
hepar, atis n
occiput, itis n
abdomen
head
body
diaphragm
foramen
crus
liver
occiput
pectus, oris n
stroma, atis n
tempus, oris n
zygoma, atis n
femur, oris n
chisma, atis n
glomus, eris n
systema, atis n
chest
framework
temple
cheek-bone
thigh
chiasm
glomus
system
Exceptions
lien, lienis m
spleen
ren, renis m
kidney
Exercises
1. Form genitive case, singular and mark out the stem.
Abdomen, semen, nomen, foramen, tegmen, genus, pectus, tempus, crus,
pus, sulfur, femur, stroma, systema, carcinoma, rete, fel (fellis), mel,
pulvinar, calcar, caput, occiput.
2. Translate into Latin.
Foramen (jugular, round, oval, incisor, greater, occipital, spinous, mastoid);
crus (right, left, lateral, long, membranous, simple, frontal, common); head
(long, short, deep, oblique, transversal, lateral); body (callosum, ciliary,
cavernous, vitreous, adipose); kidney (right, left, movable, lobular, cystic);
spleen (accessory, movable); glomus (coccygeal, aortic); system (central,
39
nervous, lymphatic); reticullum (wonderful, arterial, palmar, articulate); liver
(movable, segmental, indurative).
3. Translate into Latin.
Superficial lymphatic vessel, posterior nucleus of trapezoid body, internal
carotid artery, base of heart, apex of heart, root of lung, cavity of uterus,
renal pelvis, thyroid cartilage, left lobe of liver, ventricle of larynx, superior
constrictor muscle of pharynx, external oblique abdominal muscle, oral
mucosa, body of mammary gland, the longest muscle of head, frontal area of
face, membranous wall of trachea, wing of vomer, posterior margin of
calculus part, incisor foramen of palatine process, root of tangue, body of
hyoid bone, alveolar mandibular foramen, alveolar bone.
4. Translate.
Glomus caroticum, systema lymphaticum, cavitas (= cavum) abdominis,
glomus pulmonale, caput superius musculi pyerygoidei, foramen palatinum
majus, cavitas oris propria, foramen venae cavae, hepar mobile.
Latin Idioms
Nomen est omen.
Senectus insanabilis morbus est.
Ubi pus, ibi ihcisio.
The name speaks for itself.
Old age is an incurable disease.
If there is pus there must be
incision.
Lesson 1
(Lectio Prima)
General Notion of Pharmaceutical
Terminology
The pharmaceutical terminology is a complex consisting of
terminologies of a number of special disciplines united under a general name
„pharmacy” (Greek pharmakeia – making and use of medicines). These
disciplines study finding, making and application of medicines of vegetative,
mineral, animal and synthetic origin.
40
Short Information about Medicinal Forms
aerosolum, i n
aerosol
granulum, i n
granule
gutta, ae f
drop
for inner or external use in the form
of drops
unguentum, i n
ointment
soft med. f. having viscous
consistency, for external use
linimentum, i n
liniment
liquid ointment
pasta, ae f
paste
ointment containing more than 2025% of powdery substances
emplastrum, i n
plaster
med. f, in the form of plastic mass
softening at body temperature and
sticking to the skin; for external
application
suppositorium, i n
suppository
med. f., solid at room temperature
and melting or dissolving at body
temperature; administred into body
cavities. If it is used for
administration into vagina, it is
called suppositorium vaginale
pulvis, ёris m
tabuletta, ae f
powder
tablet
med. f., a dispersion system made by
means of special packing
solid med. f. in the form of grains
med. f., for inner, external use or
injections (after being dissolved in an
appropriate solvent)
dosing med. f., made by means of
pressing of med. substance or
mixture of med. and auxiliary
substances; for inner, external use or
injections after being dissolved in an
appropriate solvent
41
tabuletta obducta
pill covered
with membrane
tablet covered with membrane,
designed for localization of the site
of action, for better taste,
preservation or better appearance
solid dosed out med. f., made by
placing layers of med. and auxiliary
substances on granules
dragee (fr.)
dragee
solutio, onis f
solution
med. f., made by dissolving one or
several med. substances; for
injections or external use
suspensio, onis f
suspension
liquid med. f., a dispersion system in
which a solid substance is suspensed
in liquid; for inner, external use or
injections
emulsum, i n
emulsion
liquid med. f., a dispersion system
consisting of mutually insoluble
liquids; for inner, external use or
injections
pilula, ae f
pill
solid dosed med. f. in the form of
globule (weighing 0,1-0,5)
containing med. agents and auxiliary
substances
tinctura, ae f
tincture
med. f., a spirit, spirit-ethereal,
spirit-water extraction from
vegetative source; for inner or
external application
infusum, i n
infusion
med. f., water extraction from
vegetative source; for inner or
external application
decoctum, i n
decoction
sirupus, i m
syrup
infusion differing by regimen of
extraction
liquid med. f., for inner use
42
(medicinalis)
membranula, ae f
film
ophtalmica
extractum, i n
(medicinal)
ocular film
extract
med. f. in the form of polymer
substituting eye drops
med. f., concentrated extraction from
vegetative source; for inner or
external application
Exercises
1. Read the names of medicinal agents and preparations, translate into
English; determine frequency sections familiar to you, suffixes and
explain their meaning.
Valocordinum, Cocarboxylasum, Morphinum, Testoenatum, Mycosolon,
Sarcolysinum, Bicillinum, Amycasolum, Mammophysinum, Oestronum,
Erythromycinum, Aevitum, Valosedan, Diiodthyrosinum, Polyoestradiolum,
Pharyngosept, Adriamycinum.
2. Translate into Latin.
a) syrups, extractions, solutions, oils, infusions, decoctions, suppository,
compound powders, seed, flowers, roots, white rootstock, white bark, drops,
rutin tablets, chlormesodrine tablets, lutenurin liniment, vaseline oil,
monomycin tablets, myelosan tablets, camomile flowers, nitroglycerin
tablets, „Pyramein” tablets, dybiomicine ocular ointment.
b) „Phlacarbyn” granules, anise oil, novocain solution, „Undevit” dragee,
anise fruit, sulfanilomide liniment, heparin ointment, arnica flowers, arnica
flowers infusion, valerian infusion, motherwort infusion, oak bark decoction,
nettle leaves.
c) tetracycline ointment, dactinomycin solution, spirituous solution of
iodine, „Campholyn”aerosol, oil solution of folliculin, soluble furagin,
sedative species, amidopyrin and butadion tablets, valerian root infusion,
coated tablets of valerian extract, lily of the valley herb.
Lexical Minimum
flos, floris m
cortex, icis m
folium, i n
fructus, us m
gemma, ae f
flower
bark
leaf
fruit
gemma
rhizoma, atis n
herba, ae f
radix, icis f
semen, inis n
rhizome
herb
root
seed
43
Lesson 2
(Lectio Secunda)
Some Information on Verb Categories
Latin verbs have categories of person, number, tense and mood.
Latin verbs have three persons (persona prima, secunda, tertia), two
numbers (singularis et pluralis), six tenses (you will learn only the present –
praesens), three moods (indicative – indicativus, imperative – imperativus,
subjunctive - conjunctivus) and an indefinite form – infinitivus, infinitive.
Latin verbs have four conjugations and two voices (active – activum
and passive - passivum). The active voice determines an action made by the
subject itself and the passive voice is used to show that the subject names a
thing or person acted upon.
In dictionaries the verbs are written as:
do, dedi, datum, dare, 1 – to give
the 1-st form – do – 1-st person, singular, present tense, active voice;
the 2-nd form – dedi – 1-st person, singular, past tense, active voice;
the 3-rd form – datum – form of the so called supin;
the 4-th form – dare – indefinite form, infinitive
In medical dictionaries verbs are written in the 1-st and 4-th forms, i.e.
do, dare, 1 - the figure indicates the conjugation.
The conjugation is determined by the vowel before the ending –re:
a – 1 – signare e – 2 – miscere e – 3 – dividere i – 4 – finire.
The stem of the verb is determined by cutting off the ending –re from
the infinitive in all conjugations except the 3-rd (-ere):
dare – the stem is da-; miscere – misce-; dividere – divid-; finire – fini-.
In the prescriptions only forms of imperative and subjunctive moods
are used.
The imperative mood (modus imperativus) is formed by cutting off
the ending –re from infinitive in conjugations:
dare
1
to give out
dagive out
miscere
2
to mix
miscemix
dividere
3
to divide
dividedivide
venire
4
to come in
venicome
Remember the verb formulations in the form of imperative mood used
in prescriptions:
Mix – Misce
Indicate - Signa
44
Give out – Da
Sterilize – Sterelisa
Give out the following doses… in number – Da tales doses numero…
In prescription the verbs are often used in the form of subjunctive
mood.
Remember the prescription formulations in the form of subjunctive
mood:
Misceatur – Mix. Let it be mixed.
Detur – Give out. Let it be given out.
Signetur – Indicate. Let it be indicated.
Sterilisetur – Sterilize. Let it be sterilized.
Dentur tales doses numero… – Give out the following doses… in
number… Let the following doses be given out… in number…
Irregular verb fio, fieri (do, become, form) is used in prescriptions. It
has the ending of the active voice (the 3-rd person, sing. –t, plur. -nt) but it
is used only in the passive voice. The subjunctive mood of this verb is
formed by adding suffix –a + ending of the 3-rd person sing. or plur. to the
stem –fi:
Fiat – let it be formed; fiant – let they be formed.
Mix, let powder be formed – Misce, fiat pulvis;
Mix, let ointment be formed – Misce, fiat unguentum;
Mix, let pills be formed – Misce, fiant pilulae;
Mix, let species be formed – Misce, fiant species.
Exercises
1. Translate into English.
a) Misce. Da. Singa. Sterilisa.
b) Da tales doses numero 12.
c) Misce, ut fiant pilulae.
d) Misceatur. Detur. Signetur.
e) Detur solutio Ephedrini in ampullis.
2. Translate into Latin.
a) Sterilize glucose solution.
b) Give out the following doses 6 in number in black glass.
c) Mix, let the suppository be formed.
d) Mix. Give out. Indicate.
e) To mix. To give out. To indicate.
45
Lesson 3
(Lectio Tertia)
Prepositions.
In Latin prepositions govern only two cases: accusative and
instrumental.
The noun governed by the preposition is used in that case which the
given preposition requires.
In medical terminology prepositions can be used in the role of prefixes.
Prepositions used with the accusative case
Ad – till, for, in
ad 20.00
ad usum internum
ad vitrum nigrum
till 20.00
for inner application
in the dark glass
Contra – against
contra tussim
for cough
Per – through, by
per os
per inhalationem
by mouth, orally
by inhalation
Post – after
post mortem
after death
Prepositions used with the imperative case
Cum – with
cum extracto
with extraction
Ex– from
ex aqua
from water
Pro – for
pro injectionibus
for injections
Prepositions used with the accusative and imperative cases
In – “in” and sub – “under” govern two cases depending on the
question put: accusative – where? where to? Imperative – where? in what?
Examples of prepositions with double government
In glass
In glass
Under tongue
where to?
where?
where to?
in vitrum (Acc.)
in vitro (Abl.)
sub linguam (Acc.)
46
Under tongue
where?
sub lingua (Abl.)
The Most Common Prescriptional Formulations
and Professional Expressions with Prepositions
Ex tempore – as required
In ampulis – in ampules
In capsulis – in capsules
In oblatis – in starch capsules
In spritz-tubulis – in syrettes
In tabulettis – in tablets
In tabulettis obductis – in coated tablets
In vitro – in vial
In vitro nigro – in dark glass
In vivo – in a live organism
Per inhalationem – by inhalations
Per os – by mouth, orally
Per rectum – into rectum, rectally
Pro auctore – for the author, if a doctor prescribes for himself
Pro die – daily, per day
Pro dosi – for one intake, single dose
Pro infantibus – for children
Pro inhalatione – for inhalations
Pro injectionibus – for injections
Pro narcosi – for narcosis
Pro rentgeno – for X-ray
Exercises
1. Add the appropriate endings.
Methylenum coeruleum in capsul…, solutio Oestradioli oleosa in ampull…,
Collargolum in vitr… nigr…, rhizoma cum radic…, suppositoria cum
extract… Belladonnae, suppositoria cum Euphyllin…, tabulettae contra
tuss…, tabuletae Dimedroli pro infant…, aqua pro injection…, oleum pro
inhalation…, praepara ex tempor…, solutio Iodi ad us… intern…,
Chloroformium pro narcos…, remedium pro dos…, pulvis pro
suspension…, solutio Dimedroli in spritz-tubul… .
47
Lesson 4
(Lectio Quarta)
General Information on Prescriptions
Execution of prescription is a division of pharmacology studying the
rules of writing out and preparation of remedies.
The word perscription comes from Latin verb recipere – take; receptum
– in a literal sense “taken”. The sampled perscription is a legal document
according to which a remedy is prepared and given out to the patient. The
perscription is executed as a written address of a doctor compiled according
to appropriate form. It is an address to a chemist for making a medicine with
an instruction on usage for a patient.
The structure and the form of a prescription are determined by a special
order of the Ministry of Health. This order provides the following rules of
writing out the prescription:
1. The prescription is filled in with ink clearly, legibly on a united form
and without any mistakes and corrections. All the columns must be filled in.
2. On one prescription form no more than two medicines are written but
no more than medicine if it contains drustic (remedium heroicum) or toxic
component (venenum).
3. Composition of the medicine, indication of the medical form and a
doctor’s address to a pharmacist for making and giving out the medicine are
written in Latin. Use of Latin abbrevations of these indications are allowed
only in conformity with abbreviations traditionally used in medicine.
The prescriptions are divided into simple and compound. A simple
prescription consists of only one ingredient and a compound one consists of
two or more ingredients.
Both simple and compound prescriptions consist of the following:
1. Datum – Date.
2. Nomen aegroti – Patient’s Name; aetas aegroti – Patient’s Age.
3. Nomen medici – Doctor’s Name.
4. Invocatio – address to a pharmacist; recipe – take.
5. Designatio materiarum – designation of the remedies and their
number.
6. Subscriptio – sign. directions to the Pharmacist how to prepare, in
wtat form, number of doses to give, how to take.
7. Signatura – designation. Part consisting word signa and instruction
48
for a patient
Each prescription must be certified with the sign of the doctor and the
seal.
The addition to the prescription:
1. If it is necessary to give out the remedy to the patient immediately
there must be the sign cito (quickly) or statim (immediately).
2. If it is necessary to repeat the course of treatment there must be the
sign repete (repeat) or bis repetatur (repeate twice).
3. If a doctor writes out the prescription to himself there must be the
sign pro auctore (for the auther) or pro me (for me).
Design of the Latin Part of the Prescription
The main content of the prescription is “designatio materiarum”
(names of the remedies). Latin part of a prescription is written acording to
the rules of Latin grammar and begins with an address Recipe.
The sequence is as follows:
Recipe: (take) – question – what? how many?
Answer: the quantity of the medical substance, dose (in Accusativus).
After dose indication in Accustivus there follows a question – what? in
Genetivus: zinc unguent. The name of a medicinal substance is in Genetivus.
Recipe: Unguenti Zinci 30.0
Each medicinal substance is written on a separate line. Medicinal
substances are written out in grams, millilitres, drops and units.
Qantity of solid or dry medicinal substances is written out in grams, the
word “gram” is omitted and decimal fraction is used.
For example: Take: Anaesthesini 0.3
Liquid medicinal substances are prescribed in millilitres and are
denoted by the word ml.
For example: Recipe: Olei Vaselini 30 ml
Drops are denoted by Roman numerals and the word “drops” in
Accusativus.
For example: Recipe: Olei Eucalypti guttam 1
Recipe: Olei Menthae guttas x
While prescribing antibiotics the dosage is often indicated in units of
action and is denoted by the letter U. (or u.)
For example: Recipe: Benzylpenicillini-natrii 250000 U
The quantity of the medical agent must be written only on the right side
of the line in the prescription. If two or more remedies are written in the
49
same quantity the dose is indicated only for the last of them and there must
be the word “ana” (equally) before the number.
For example: Recipe: Amidopyrini
Analgini ana 0.25
Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet with headache
Remember the Rule!
Each new line, names of the medical plants, names of chemical
elements, names of remedies, proper names are written with a capital letter.
Adjectives, salt anions, oxides and peroxides, parts of plants (flowers,
leaves, roots, etc.) are written with a small letter.
Lesson 5
(Lectio Quinta)
Names of Chemical Elements, Acids and
Oxides
All Latin names of chemical elements are nouns of neuter gender of the
2-nd declension except two: sulfur, uris n (3) – sulfur and phosphorus, i m
(masculine gender) – phosphorus.
Remember the names of the main chemical elements in Latin (appendix
2).
Latin names of acids consist of the noun acidum, i n (acid) and the
adjective of the 1-st group agreed with it. The suffixes –icum or –osum are
added to the stem of the name of acid-forming element.
For example: acidum folicum – folic acid; acidum sulfuricum –
sulfuric acid; acidum salicylicum – salicylic acid.
Suffix –os indicates the low degree of oxidation.
For example: acidum sulfurosum – sulfuricos acid.
Adjectives in the names of acids that do not contain oxygen have the
prefix hydro-, the stem of the name of the acid-forming element and the
suffix –icum.
For example: acidum hydrochloricum – chlorous-hydrogean acid,
acidum hydrosulfuricum – sulfuricouse-hydrogean acid.
50
Names of oxides consist of two words. The 1-st is the name of the
element in Gen. (uncoordinated attribute), the 2-nd is the group name of the
oxide in Nom. (can be declined).
The part –oxy indicates the presence of oxygen and the prefixes –
structure of the compound: oxydum, i n – oxide; peroxydum, i n – peroxide;
hydroxydum, i n – hydroxide.
Examples of Oxides
ZnO
H2O2
Al(OH)2
Zinci oxydum
Hydrogenii peroxydum
Aluminii hydroxydum
zinc oxide
hydrogen peroxide
aluminium hydroxide
Exercises
1. Write Latin names of acids derived from the following words.
Model: borum, i n – boron – acidum boricum
lac, lactis n
acetum, i n
carbo, onis m
milk
vinegar
carbon
citrus,i m
nicotinum,i n
lemon
nicotine
2. Form names of oxides with the following elements.
Mercury, magnesium, copper, zinc, calcium
Model:
mercury – Hydrargyrum, i n;
mercury oxide – Hydrargyri oxydum
3. Translate into English.
Recipe: Acidi folici 0.0008
Acidi ascorbinici 0.1
Dentur tales doses numero 30 in tabulettis
Signetur.
Recipe: Magnesii peroxydi 0.25
Da tales doses numero 12
Signa. One powder 3 times a day
4. Write down these prescriptions in Latin.
Take: Benzoic acid 0.6
Salicylic acid 0.3
Vaseline 10.0
51
Mix. Let the ointment be formed.
Give out.
Indicate. Smear the affected skin areas.
Take:
Salicylic acid 5.0
Zinc oxide 25.0
Talc 50.0
Mix. Let the powder be formed.
Let it be given out.
Let it be indicated. For powder.
NB! The word Acidum is written with the capital letter in the prescription
and the adjective is written with the small letter.
The word oxydum is written with the small letter after the name of the
chemical element in the chemical compound.
Lesson 6
(Lectio Sexta)
Salts
Names of salts consisit of two nouns: the first is the name of the cation
(in Gen.), and the second is the name of the anion (in Nom.). Names of some
ethers are formed in the same way.
For example: Calcii glycerophosphas – calcium glycerophosphate
Adrenalini hydrochloridum – adrenolin hydrochloride
Methylii salicylas – methylsalicilat (ether).
Names of anions are formed from the stem of Latin names of
corresponding acids with the help of standard suffixes –as, -is, -id.
The anions of salts of acids that do not contain oxygen are nouns of the
3-rd declension of masculine gender.
For example: sulfate – sulfas, atis m
sulfite – sulfis, itis m
sulfide – sulfidum, i n
52
Examples of Salts
Magnesii sulfas – magnesium sulfate
Cupri citras – copper citrate
Codeini phosphas – codein phosphate
Natrii nitras – sodium nitrate
Natrii hydrocarbonas – sodium hydrogean carbonate
Platyphyllini hydrotartras – platyphyllin hydrotartrate
Hydrargyri cyanidum – mercury cyanide
Natrii bromidum – sodium bromide
Cocaini hydrochloridum – cocaine hydrochloride
NB! 1. Names of hydrocarbone radicals made with suffix –yl are usually
parts of compound words, names of remedies, e.g.
Benzylpenicillinum, Aethylmorphinum, Acidum acetylsalicylicum.
2. It is necessary to remember the spelling of the following frequency
sections and their chemical meaning: meth – methyl group, aeth –
ethyl group, phen – of the phenyl group, benz –of the benzyl group.
Exercises
1. Write down these prescriptions in Latin:
Take: Silver nitrate 0.25
Viniline 1.0
Vaseline 30.0
Mix, let the ointment be formed.
Give out. Indicate. Smear the affected skin areas.
Take: Sulfanilomide
Norsulfazole 1.5
Sodium benzylpeniciline 25000 U
Ephedrine hydrochlochloride 0.05
Mix, let the powder be formed.
Give out. Indicate. To inhale or to blow into each nostril 3 times
a day.
Take: Coated Oleandomycin phosphate tablets
0.125, 25 in number
Give out. Indicate. 1 tablet 3 times a day.
53
Lesson 7
(Lectio Septima)
Ways of Writing out Tablets and Suppositories
Tablets and suppositories may be written out in two ways:
1. If there is a finished form in the beginning of the prescription the
words "tablet" or "suppository" must be in Accusativus as it is
grammatically dependent on the word “recipe”, not on dose.
For example: Take: Mononmycin tablets 0.25, 50 in number
Give out. Indicate.
Recipe: Tabulettas Monomycini 0.25 numero 50
Dentur. Signetur.
Take: Suppositories with ichthammol 0.1, 10 in number
Give out. Indicate.
Recipe: Suppositoria cum Ichthyolo 0.1 numero 10
Dentur. Signetur.
2. One can often see such prescription for tablets in which the medical
agent and its single dose are indicated. The number of tablets is written in
the end:
Da (Dentur) tales doses numero… in tabulettis
Recipe: Digitoxini 0.0001
Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis
Signa. 1 tablet once a day.
3. Less frequently suppositories are written out in the so called detailed
form, i.e. with indication of all the ingredients and with the standard phrase
“Mix. Let the suppositorium be obtained” in the end:
For example: Take: Ichthammol 0.3
Cacao oil 4.0
Mix, let the vaginal suppository be obtained.
Give out these doses, 6 in number, in wax paper
Indicate. Antiseptic remedy.
Recipe: Ichthyoli 0.3
Butyri Cacao 4.0
Misce, fiat suppositorium vaginale.
Da tales doses numero 6 in charta cerata
Signa.
54
Exercises
1. Translate these prescriptions into Latin.
1. Take: Furacin tablets 0.02 for external application, 10 in number.
Indicate.
2. Take: Sulfadimidine tablets 0.5, 12 in number.
Give out. Indicate. 1 tablet 4 times a day.
3. Take: “Anuzol” suppositories, 6 in number
Give out. Indicate. 1 suppository into rectum at night.
4. Take: Amidopyrine
Fenacetin 0.25
Let these doses be given out, 12 in number, in tablets.
Indicate.
5. Take: Xerophorm 0.1
Zinc sulfate 0.05
Glycerin 0.12
Mix, let the suppository be obtained.
Give such doses, 10 in number.
Indicate. 1 suppository into rectum at night.
55
Appendix 1
The Most Common Latin and Greek Prefixes
Prefix
A-, an- (gr)
Meaning
Denial
Ana- (gr)
Anti- (gr)
Apo- (gr)
Dia- (gr)
Dys- (gr)
Eu- (gr)
Equally
Contra
From
Through
Disorder
Out, from
Ex- (lat)
Hyper- (gr)
Super, ultra
Over the norm
Hypo- (gr)
Inter- (lat)
Low norm
Between
Neo- (gr)
New
Novo- (lat)
Para- (gr)
New
Near, around
Pre- (lat)
Pro- (gr)
Syn- (gr)
Prior to
Instead of
With, joint
action
Term
Anaesthesinum, i n
Analginum, i n
Anatoxina, n pl
Antidotum, i n
Apomorphinum, i n
Diazolinum, i n
Dyspepsia, ae f
Euphyllinum, i n
Eustrophinum, i n
Extractum, i n
Hypernephrin
Hypertensin
Hypotonia, ae f
Intermedinum, i n
Intermedinum ex
tempore
Neocidum, i n
Neomycini sulfas
Neophyllinum, i n
Novocainum, i n
Paracetomolum, i n
Paraffinum, i n
Parathyreoidinum,in
Prephyson
Prolactinum, i n
Synoestrolum, i n
Synthomycinum, i n
Translation
Anesthesin
Analgin
Anatoxins
Antidote
Apomorphin
Diasoline
Dyspepsia
Aminophylline
Eustrophine
Extract
Hypernephrin
Hypertensin
Low blood pressure
Intermedin
Intermedin in
appropriate moment
Neocid
Neomycin sulfate
Neophillin
Novocain
Paracetamol
Paraffin
Parathyroidin
Prephison
Prolactin/lactotropin
Synesthrol
Synthomycin
56
Greek roots
Root
Aeth-
Meaning
Ether
Benz-
Pleasant
smell juice
Antibiotics
CillinCycl-
Antibiotics of
tetracyclin group
Erythr- Red
GlycSweet
Glycy- Sweet
Hydr- Water
Meth-
Wine
MycMyo-
Fungus
Muscle
OxyPhen-
Acid
Shine, appear
Phyll-
Leaf
Phth-
Tuberculosis
PhytPoly-
Plant
Many
Pyr-
Fire, fever
Term
Translation
Aether, eris m
Ether
Aethylium, i n
Ethyl
Benzonaphtholum, i n Benzonaphthol
Penicillinum, i n
Benzylpenicillinum,in
Cyclamidum, i n
Cyclobarbitalum, i n
Erythromycinum, i n
Glycerinum, i n
Glycyrrhiza, ae f
Hydrargyrum, i n
Hydrogenium, i n
Methylenum, i n
Methylenu coeruleum
Methylium, i n
Mycostatinum, i n
Myologia, ae f
Myotriphos
Oxygenium, i n
Oxytetracyclinum
Phenobarbitalum
Phenilii salicylas
Platyphyllinum, i n
Euphyllinum, i n
Phthalazolum, i n
Phthivazidum, i n
Phytinum, i n
Polyvitaminum, i n
Polyglycinum, i n
Antipyrinum, i n
Amidopyrinum, i n
Penicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Cyclamid
Cyclobarbital
Erythromycin
Glycerin
Glycyrerhiza
Mercury
Hydrogen
Methylen
Methylen blue
Methyl
Mycostatin
Science about muscles
Myotriphos
Oxygen
Oxytetracyclin
Phenobarbital
Phenylsalicylate
Platyphyllin
Aminophylline
Ftalazol
Phthivasid
Phytin
Polyvitamin
Polyglycine
Antipyrin
Amidopyrin
57
Greek Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
-ylIndicates hydrocarbon
or oxygen radical. May
be: a) in word content;
b) as independent
word with suf. –ibefore the ending.
-zIndicates nitrogen
(-zid-, atom content of
-zin-, heterocyclic
-zol-, compounds
-zon-,
-zid-,
-zin-)
Terms
Acidum
acetylsalicylicum
Amylum, i n
Aethyl-i-um, i n
Methyl-i-um, i n
Translation
Acetylsalicylic acid
Saluzidum, i n
Aminazinum, i n
Sulfadimezinum,I n
Dibazolum, I n
Corazolum, I n
Phthalazolum, I n
Diamthazol
Hypothiazid
Hydrooxazin
Saluzid
Amynosin
Sulfadimine
Dibasol
Pentylenetetrazol
Ftalazol
Diamthazol
Hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrooxazine
Starch
Ethyl
Methyl
58
Appendix 2
Names of the Most Important Chemical Elements
Elements
Al
Ag
As
Au
B
Ba
Bi
C
Ca
Cl
Cu
F
Fe
H
Hg
I
K
Li
Mg
Mn
N
Na
O
Pb
Ph
S
Si
Zn
Latin name
Aluminium, ii n
Argentum, I n
Arsenicum, I n
Aurum, i n
Bromum, I n
Barium, I n
Bismuthum, I n
Carboneum, I n
Calcium, I n
Chlorum, I n
Cuprum, I n
Fluorum, I n (lat) seu
Phthorum (gr)
Ferrum, I n
Hydrogenium, I n
Hydrargyrum, I n
Iodum, I n
Kalium, I n
Lithium, I n
Magnesium, I n seu
Magnium, I n
Manganum, I n
Nitrogenium, I n
Natrium, I n
Oxygenium, I n
Plumbum, I n
Phos[horus, I m
Sulfur, uris n
Silicium, I n
Zincum, I n
English name
Aluminium
Silver
Arsenic
Gold
Bromine
Barium
Bismuth
Carbon
Calcium
Chlorine
Copper
Fluorine
Iron
Hydrogen
Mercury
Iodine
Potassium
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Nitrogen
Sodium
Oxygen
Lead
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Silicon
Zinc
It is necessary to remember the spelling of the following frequency
sections with their chemical meaning quantity: ox(y) (Greek acid) – oxygen
content; hydr – content of water, hydrogen or hydroxyl group.
59
Appendix 3
The Most Important Names of Acids
1. acidum aceticum
– acetic acid
- acetylsalicylicum
– acetylsalicylic acid
- adenoaintriphosphoricum – adenosinetriphosphatic acid
- ascorbinicum
– ascorbic acid
- benzoicum
- benzoic acid
- carbolicum
– carbolic acid
- carbonicum
– carbonic acid
- citricum
– citric acid
- folicum
– folic acid
- glutaminicum
– glutami(ni)c acid
- lacticum
– lactic acid
- lipoicum
– lipoic acid
- nicitinicum
– nicotinic acid
- nitricum
– nitric acid
- phosphoricum
– phosphoric acid
- salicylicum
– salicylic acid
-sulfuricum
– sulfuric acid
2. acidum arsenicosum
- nitrosum
- sulforosum
– arsenic acid
– nitris acid
– sulfis acid
3. acidum hydrochloricum
- hydrocyanicum
- hydrosulfuricum
– hydrochloric acid
– hyhydrocyanic acid
– hydrosulfuric acid
60
Appendix 5
List of Prescriptions
1. Take: Dissolved chlorhydrogen acid 4 ml
Pepsin 2.0
Distilled water 200 ml
Mix. Give out.
Indicate. For decreased acidity.
2. Take: Paracetamol 0.2
Give out these doses in tablets, 10 in number
Indicate. Sedative.
3. Take: Acetylsalicylic acid 0.5
Give these doses, 10 in number, in tablets
Indicate. Antipyretic.
4. Take: Aminophylline 0.1
Ephedrin hydrochloride 0.025
Sugar 0.2
Mix, let the powder be formed
Give out these doses, 12 in number, in gelatinous capsules
Indicate. For bronchial asthma
5. Take: Solution of ephedrine hydrochloride 5% 1 ml
Give out these doses, 6 in number, in ampuls
Indicate. For hypotonia
6. Take: Novocain 0.2
Sodium chloride 3.0
Potassium chloride 0.038
Calcium chloride 0.062
Water for injections 500.0
Mix. Sterilize!
Give out. Indicate. Antiseptic remedy
7. Take: Menthol 0.02
Zinc oxide 1.0
61
Solution of adrenaline hydrohloride 0.1 %, 10 drops
Vaselinum 10,0
Mix, let the ointment be formed
Give out. Indicate. To smear the mucous membrane of the nose
8. Take: Oleandomycin phosphate 0.0125
Give out these doses, 30 in number, in tablets covered with
membrane
Indicate. Antibiotic
9. Take: Phenoximethylpenicillin 100 000 U
Give out these doses, 10 in number, in tablets
Indicate. Antibiotic
10. Take: Tetracyclin hydrochloride
Nystatin 250 000 UN
Give out these doses, 20 in number, in tablets
Indicate. Antibiotic
11. Take: Erythromycin 0.1
Give out these doses, 10 in number, in tablets.
Indicate. Antibiotic
12. Take: Castor oil 10 ml
Ethyl alcohol 95% 100 ml
Mix. Give out.
Indicate. To strengthen the hair
13. Take: Solution of noradrenaline hydrotartarat 0.2% 1 ml
Give out these doses, 6 in number, in ampuls
Indicate. For hypotonia
14. Take: Atropine sulfate 0.1
Ethylmorphine hydrochloride 0.3
Solution of boronic acid 2% 10 ml
Mix. Give out.
Indicate. Eye drops
15. Take: Pyridoxine hydrochloride 0.005
Give out these doses, 50 in number, in tablets
62
Indicate. Vitamin B6
16. Take: Aminophilline 0.1
Benadryl 0.0125
Sugar 0.2
Mix, let the powder be formed
Give these doses out, 12 in number, in capsules
Indicate. 1 capsule 3 times a day
17. Take: Monomycin 0.25
Give out these doses, 50 in number, in tablets
Indicate. 1 tablet 2 times a day
18. Take: Sulfadimine tablets 0.5, 12 in number
Give out. Indicate. 1 tablet 4 times a day
19. Take: Suppository “Anuzol”, 6 in number
Give out. Indicate. 1 supository into rectum for night
20. Take: Benzoic acid 0.6
Salicylic acid 0.3
Vaseline 10.0
Mix, let the powder be formed
Give out. Indicate. Smear the affected skin areas
21. Take: Oxacyclin sodium 0.25
Give out these doses in number of 6
Indicate. For intramuscular injections
22. Take: Hydrocortisone ointment 1% - 10 ml
Give out. Indicate. Smear affected skin areas 3 times a day
23. Take: Solution of sodium sulfocyle 30 % - 5 ml
Let these doses be given out, 6 in number, in ampuls
Let it be indicated. 3 ml 2 times a day intravenously
24. Take: Solution of oxylidine 2% 1 ml
Give out these doses, 10 in number
Indicate. 1 ml 2 times a day intramuscularly
25. Take: Silver nitrate 0.25
63
Vinilin 1.0
Vaselin 30.0
Mix, let the ointment be formed
Give out. Indicate. Smear the affected skin areas
26. Take: Zinc sulfate
Lead acetate 0.3
Distilled water 200 ml
Mix. Give out. Indicate. For syringing
27. Take: Erythromycine ointment 15.0
Give out. Indicate. Smear affected skin areas
28. Take: Lily of the valley tincture
Valerian tincture 10 drops
Solution of nitroglycerin 1% - 1 ml
Validol 2 ml
Let it be mixed, given out, indicated
15 drops 3 times a day
29. Take: Alcohol solution of furacylin 0.1 % - 2 ml
Menthol 0.06
Castor oil
Olive oil 15 drops
Mix. Give out. Indicate. 2 drops into nose
30. Take: Platyphyllin hydrotartarat 0.003
Papaverin hydrochloride 0.03
Teobromine 0.25
Give out these doses, 10 in number, in tablets
Indicate. 1 tablet 3 times a day
64
Lesson 1
(Lectio Prima)
Clinical Terminology
The notion Clinical terminology includes a wide complex of
terminologies of medico-byological knowledge referred to a sick organism.
This sphere of knowledge is usually called pathology (Greek pathos –
suffering, illness + logos – science). It studies clinical picture of a disease,
i.e. its symptoms and manifestations, disorder of physiological functions,
structural changes of organs and tissues, as well as treatment and prevention.
Terminology of the pathological anatomy (a science about material and
structural bases of the disease), its morphologic (morphe – form, structure)
essence is the basis of clinical terminology.
Most clinical terms are formed on the basis of Greek language. It is
important to know different word-formating elements.
In related words there are steady components (combinations of prefix
and root; root, suffix and ending etc.) having stable meanings and forming
terms of one semantic series. They are called terminological elements (TE).
For example: TE of the word logos: 1) logia – science;
2) logus – expert in a particular
sphere.
Osteologia – part of anatomy studying skeletal system.
Endocrinologia – science about glands of inner secretion.
Endocrinologus – expert in glands of inner secretion.
Otorhinolaryngologus – expert in diseases of ear, nose and throat.
TE -aemia means anomalies connected with change of blood
composition or function (haema - blood):
anaemia – anemia, change of erythrocytes and hemoglobin count in a
volume unit;
hyperaemia – hyperemia – filling of a body part or an organ with blood;
glykaemia – glyc(oh)emia – presence of sugar in blood (glycys - sweet);
hyperglykaemia –hyperglycemia/hyperglycosemia – high blood sugar;
hypoglykaemia – hypoglycemia – low blood sugar;
toxaemia – toxemia – poisoning of blood, presence of poisonous agents in
blood formed in body cells or caused by bacteria;
leukaemia – leukemia/leukosis – progressive vegetation of tissues forming
leukocytes caused by overproduction of leukocytes;
65
aleukaemia – aleukia/agranulocytosis – leukemia without increase of total
count of leukocytes but with immature leukocyte forms in
blood;
uraemia – uremia/azotemia – morbid condition of organism due to its
selfpoisoning with toxic products of exchange that were not
excreted with urine;
hydraemia – hydremia – increase of water content in blood.
Greek words, as a rule, end in –ia if they are used in word-formation.
Most of terms are formed by affixation, i.e. adding of different prefixes
and suffixes of Greek or Latin origin to the root.
The Most Important Latin Prefixes
Prefix
A, ab, abs
(before c, t)
ad (d often
becomes
assimilated to
the 1-st sound
of the main
word) circum
con (co-, col-,
com-, cor-)
De
E, ex
Extra
Meaning
removing
Examples
Ab-ducens – abducent
Abs-cessus – abscess
Abs-tinentia – abstinence
ciricum-, movement
Ad-ducens – adducting
around
Ac-cessorius additional/joining
Af-fixus – closely connected/
attached
Ap-pendix – appendage/apendix
Circum-scriptus – limited in space
co-, connection, joint
Co-ordinatio – coordination,
action
coordinated action
Col-lapsus – collapse
Com-positus – compound
Con-tractura – contraction
Cor-rigens – correcting
a) movement from top De-pressor – depressor muscle
to bottom;
De-scendens – descending
b) aggravation;
De-generatio – degeneration
c) denial
De-formans – deforming
De-structio – destruction
De(s)-infectio – desinfection
ex-, movement from
Ex-sudatum – exudate
smth.
Ex-sudatum - discharge
Ex-tractum – extract
extra-, position outside Extra-cardialis – extracardiac
66
of/off/beyond smth.
In, im(before
b, m, p)
Infra
movement inside
Inter
position between
Intra
inside
Ob (oc-, of-,
op- before c,
f, p)
Per
opposite movement,
way
Prae
a) position in front of
smth.
b) preceding action
Pro
pro-, movement
forward
a) sub-, position under
smth.
b) lesser degree
Sub
position below
a) per-, movement
through smth.
b) intensifies meaning
of the word
Super, supra a) super-, supra-,
position above smth.
b) strenghtened action
or quality
Trans
transfer-, replacement
Dis (di, dif)
dis-, distribution
Extra-medullaris – beyond spinal
marrow
In-iectio – injection, infusion
Im-pressio – impressio
Infra-sternalis – substernal
Infra-patellaris – under patella
Inter-articularis – interarticulate
Inter-costalis – intercostal
Intra-articularis – intraarticulate
Intra-venosus – intravenous
Ob-structio – obstruction
Op-ponens – opposing
Oc-clusio – occlusion
Per-forans – perforating
Per-cussio – percussion
Per-tussis – pertussis/severe cough
Per-aciditas – excessive gastric
acidity
Prae-cordium – precardiac area
Prae-hypophysis –
adenohypophysis
Prae-mortalis – premortal
Pro-cessus – process
Pro-fundus – deep
Sub-cutaneus – subcutaneous
Sub-femoralis – subfemoral
Sub-febrilis – subfebril
Sub-aciditas – decrease of
hydrochloric acid content in
gastric juice
Super-ficialis – superficial
Supra-orbitalis – supraorbital
Super-secretio – excessive
secretory glands discharge
Super-aciditas – increased gastric
acidity
Trans-fusio – transfusion
Trans-plantatio – transplantation
Dif-fusio – diffusion
Dis-seminatio – scattering
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In (im)
in-, im-, denial
Re
a) action in response;
b) repeated action
Se
Semi
separation
semi-, half
Im-mobilis – immobile fixed
In-validus – weak
Re-actio – reaction, response
Re-infectio – secondary disease
or infection
Se-cretio – discharge
Semi-lunaris – semilunar
Semicanalis - semicanal
The Most Important Greek Prefixes.
Greek Prepositions and Particles Used as Prefixes
Prefix
A, an
Meaning
Negation
Amphi
Around
Ana
Again, double
recuurence of the
process
Against
Anti
Dia
Dys
Smth. by means of
which an action is
performed
Disorder
Ec
From, out of
Ecto, exo
Outside
En-, em-
In, inside
Examples of the derivatives
A-trophia – atrophy, absence of
nutrition
An-aemia – anemia
Amphi-theatron – amphitheatre
Amphi-bion – amphibian
Ana-biosis – anabiosis
Ana-mnesis – anamnesis/case history
Anti-asthmaticus – antiasthmatic
Anti-septicus – antiseptic
Dia-gnosis – recognition
Dia-thermia – diathermy
Dys-trophia – dystrophya/disorder of
alimentation
Dys-pepsia – dyspepsia/disorder of
digestion
Ec-topicus – ectopic, locating in
unusual place
Ecto-derma – ectoderm/external
embryonal leaf
Exo-plasma – external layer of
protoplasm
Exo-genes – exogenous, introduced by
external causes
En-cephalon – brain/cerebrum
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Endo
Epi
Meta
Para
Peri
Pro
Syn (sym)
Hyper
Hypo
Em-pyema – accumulation of pus in
pleura
Em-physema – emphysema,
pathologic condition – increased
air content in the organ
Inside, inner
Endo-crinicus – referred to inner
membrane
secretion
Endo-cardium – inner heart membrane
End-angiitis – inflammation of inner
vessel membrane
On, above, over
Epi-dermis – epidermis
Epi-cranium – tendinous integument of
the head
Transfer from one
Meta-plasia – convertion/
condition into another
transformation
Meta-stasis – metastasis
a) near, on both sides; Par-otis – parotid gland
b) tissues surrounding Para-sternalis – parasternal
the organ
Para-metrium – parametrium tissue
c) similarity
Para-typhus – paratyphoid
Around, near
Peri-odontium – periosteum of dental
roots
Peri-cardium – pericardial bursa
Before, related to
Pro-dromalis – preceding/prodromal
future
period
Pro-paedeutica – introduction into
Connection, joint
Syn-chondrois – connection of bones
action
with the help of cartilage
Sym-physis – fusion/connection of two
bones by means of cartilaginous
tissue
a) above norm
Hyper-aesthesia – excessive sensitivity
b) position above
Hyper-tonia – increase of blood
smth.
pressure
Hyper-cardiacus – lying above heart
Hyp-aesthesia – decreased sensitivity
a) under, below norm Hypo-tonia – decrease of blood
b) position under
pressure
smth.
Hypo-gastrium – hypogastric area
Hypo-glossus – hypoglossal
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Exercises
1. Determine prefixes and explain their meaning.
Dystrophia – disorder of tissue alimentation
Metabolismus - metabolism
Symbiosis - symbiosis
Hypotnermia – falling of body temperature below normal
Hypersecretio – increased secretion
Prophylaxis – prevention from disease
Achylia – absence of gastric juice
Ectopia – congenital displacement of an organ
Remedia antibiotica – agents suppressing the vital activity of
microorganisms
Periodontitis – inflammation of periosteum of dental root
2.Weakening of tonus - …tonia
increased pressure - …tonia
disorder of functions of thyroid gland - …thyreosis
pericardial bursa - ..cardium
subglossal - …glossus
connection of bones by means of fibrous connective tissue – …desmosis
Lesson 2
(Lectio Secunda)
Suffixes –osis, -iasis, -ismus, -itis, -oma in
Clinical Terminology
Suffixes –osis, -iasis have word-formating meaning “process or result
named in stem”, e.g.:
Stenosis – stenosis/stricture/constriction (process and its result)
Sclerosis – sclerosis/induration/hardening
Narcosis – narcosis, causing sleep
Lithiasis – lithiasis/lithoformation
Helminthiasis – helminthic disease/helminthiasis
Most of the derivatives with the suffix –osis have general meaning
“pathological process, chronic morbid condition”:
70
fibr-osis – fibroid degeneration;
nephr-osis – degenerative disease of renal tubules;
neur-osis – functional disease of nervous system;
psych-osis – morbid disorder of psyche.
The nouns with the suffixes –osis, -iasis are of feminine gender and are
referred to the 3-rd declension. They are equisyllabic (e.g. stenosis, is f).
The suffix –oma forms the names of tumors of organs and tissues in
medical terminology:
fibr-oma – benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue;
oste-oma – benign tumor of bone tissue.
Names of tumors are nouns of the 3-rd declension of neuter gender
ending in –atis in Gen. sing.: osteoma, osteomatis n.
Malignant tumors of some tissues keep traditional names (i.e. without
indicating a definite tissue):
carcinoma (Gr. karkinos – cancer; karkinoma – ulcer, cancer) – cancer,
carcinoma;
sarcoma (Gr. sarks, sarkos – flesh; sarcoma – fleshy wart, tumor) – sarcoma.
General, species notion “tumor” is expressed by the following
synonymic terms: tumor, oris m; blastoma, atis n (Gr. blastos – sprout,
embrio) blastoma; neoplasma, atis n – neoplasm.
NB! With suffixes –osis or –oma in the name of disease and if the
stem of the word has meaning “formed element or tumor” then the
term means “spreading, plurality of the process”:
leukocytosis – increase of leukocytes number in blood;
fibrimatosis – existence of the plurality of fibroms.
The suffix –ismus means “phenomenon, property, fact of pathologic
character”:
infantilismus – pathological condition caused by retardation of physical and
(or) mental development with preservation of childhood
features;
alcoholismus – alcoholism.
The suffix –itis is used exclusively to form the names of the diseases of
inflammatory origin:
gastritis (gaster tris f) – gastritis – inflammation of mucous membrane of
stomach;
meningitis (meninx, hgis f) – inflammation of brain membranes.
71
Exercises
1. Form nouns with the suffix –itis.
laryng, ngis m – larynx
arthron, i n - joint
peritonaeum, i n – peritoneum
pharynx, ngis m – pharynx
2. Form nouns meaning tumors (use suffix -oma).
angion
vessel
derma, dermatos
skin
nephros
kidney
fibra, ae f
fiber
3. Explain the meaning of the following terms.
Helminthiasis (helminthosis); lipomatosis; mycosis; lymphocytosis;
nephrosis.
Words to the exercise: helmins, ntos – helminth; lipoma –
lipoma/benign tumor of fatty tissue; mykes – fungus; lymphocytus –
lymphocyte; nephros – kidney.
Lesson 3
(Lectio Tertia)
Greek Words and Term Elements
Greek words:
aden – gland
aetia – cause
logos – word, science
algos – pain
pathos – strong feeling,
disease, suffering
Term Elements:
-logia – science e.g. myologia – myology –
science about muscles;
-logus – specialist in any area e.g.
dermatologus – dermatologist - specialist in
skin diseases;
-algia – pain (without organic changes) e.g.
myalgia – myalgia – muscle pain
-pathia – disease, illness (with organic
changes) e.g. nephropathia – nephropathy –
kidney disease
cardia – heart
72
osteon – bone
arthron – joint
chondros – cartilage
desmos – joining, connection
cystis – urinary bladder
chole – bile/gall
Exercises
1. Divide the terms according to their content, explain their meaning.
Adenitis. Aetiologia. Logopaedia. Gastralgia. Lumbalgia. Apathia.
Sympathia. Antipathia. Pathologia. Capillaropathia. Arthritis. Arthrosis.
Endocardium. Pericardium. Endocarditis. Osteoma. Periosteum. Synostosis.
Chondritis. Synchondrosis. Syndesmosis. Syndesmologia. Cystoma.
Cholecystis. Acholia. Cholecystopathia. Osteochondrosis.
2. Complete terms.
Glandular tumor - …oma
Acting on the cause of the disease - …tropus
Elimination of speech defects - …paedia
Science about glands of inner secretion – endocrino…
Specialist in pain relief – anaesthesio…
Pain in all the nerve – neur…
Remedy eliminating pain – an…inum
Disease caused by disorder of activity of inner secretion glands –
endocrino…
Disease of blood vessels – angio…
Inflammation of pericardiac bursa – peri…
Serous membrane of inner heart surface – endo…ium
Operative dissection of bone - …tomia
Inner periosteum – end…um
Restorative operation on bone - …plastica
Inflammation of a single joint – mon…
Pain in a joint - …algia
Hemorrhage into a joint – haem…osis
Tumor of cartilage tissue - …oma
Perichondrium inflammation – peri…itis
Joining of bones with cartilage tissue – syn…osis
Joining of bones with bone tissue – syn…osis
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Science about bandages (technique of their application)- …urgia
Instrumental examination of inner surface of urinary bladder – …oscopia
Gallbladder – chole…
Gallbladder inflammation - …cystitis
Choleretic remedy – remedia …agoga
2. Form terms with the definite meaning.
1. Inflammation of a joint. Urinary bladder inflammation. Gallbladder
inflammation. 2. Pain in aorta area. Pain in a joint. Headache (cephale head). 3. Disease of bones. Heart disease. Disease of vessels. Disease of
joints. 4. Science about human being (anthropos – human being). Science
about heart and cardiovascular diseases. Science about causes of diseases.
Specialist dealing with human being. Specialist in skin diseases (derma skin).
Lesson 4
(Lectio Quarta)
Greek Words and Term Elements
Greek words:
phelps, phlebos – vein
angion – vessel
ectasis – dilatation
Term Elements:
-ectasia – dilatation of organ, e.g.
pyelectasia – dilatation of renal pelvis
-stenosis – constriction of canals or apertures
stenos – narrow
derma, dermatos – skin
geron, gerontos – old person
paedion – child
paedeuo – I bring up,
-paedia – correction of defects, development
I train
of right skills, e.g. logopaedia logopedia,correction of speech defects
iatros – doctor
-iater – specialist in a definite area, e.g.
psychiater – psychiatrist, specialist in
mental diseases
-iatria – treatment of diseases, science
about treatment
74
therapia – treatment
-therapia – way of treatment, e.g.
hydrotherapia - hydrotherapy
orthos – straight, right
physis – nature; process, growth
Exercises
1. Divide the terms according to their structure, explain their meaning.
Angiologia. Angioma. Angiomatosis. Cholangitis. Thrombophlebitis.
Phlebolithus. Phlebectasia. Gastroectasia. Capillarectasia. Laryngostensis.
Stenocardia. Epidermis. Dermatologia. Dermatitis. Gerontologia. Geriatria.
Paediatria. Therapia. Psychotherapia. Oxygenotherapia. Serotherapia.
Orthopaedia. Physiologia. Apophysis. Diaphysis.
Word list: thrombos – blood clot; lithos – stone; serum, i n – serum;
psyche – soul.
2. Finish writing the terms.
Vessel neurosis - …neurosis
Blood vessel disease - …pathia
Radiography of blood vessel - …graphia
Radiography of veins - …graphia
Vein inflammation - …itis
Vein section - …tomia
Dilatation of artery – arteri…
Dilatation of lymphatic vessels – lymph…
Constriction of trachea – tracheo…
Specialist in skin diseases - …logus
Virus, affecting skin – virus…tropum
Suppurative skin disease – pyo…ia
Science, studing effect of aging - …logia
Doctor, specialist in diseases of old (senior) age - …iater
Caused by the doctor - …genes
Treatment of child diseases - …iatria
Treatment of old age diseases - …iatria
Correcting of the speech defects – logo…
Specialist in mental diseases – psych…
Specialist in tuberculosis – phthis…
Tuberculosis treatment – phthis…
Treatment with X-ray – roentgeno…
75
Treatment with blood transfusion – haemo…
Air treatment – aёro…
Use of nature factors for treatment - …therapia
Low brain appendage – hypo…
3. Make up terms with definite meaning:
1. Blood vessel inflammation. Joint Inflammation. Urinary bladder
inflammation. Skin inflammation. Vein inflammation. 2. Bronchus
dilatation. Stomach dilatation. Blood vessel dilatation. 3. Bronchus
constriction. Pylorus constriction. 4. Science about tuberculose amd its
treatment. Science about child diseases and their treatment. Science about
old age diseases and their treatment. Science about mental diseases and their
treatment. 5. Specialist in tuberculose. Specialist in child diseases. Specialist
in old age diseases. 6. Sun rays treatment. Baths treatment. Plants treatment.
Lesson 5
(Lectio Quinta)
Greek Words and Term Elements
Greek words:
Cytus – cell
Erythros – red
Leycos – white
Glykys – sweet
Phagos – devourer
Haema, haematos – blood
Hydor (hydr) - water
Lipos – fat
Penia – lack
Lysis – destruction,
Term elements:
-phagia – swallowing, e.g. aphagia –
impossibility to swallow
-aemia – blood state, e.g. toxaemia –
presense of poisonous agents in blood
-penia – lack of cell elements in blood,
e.g. thrombopenia – lack of thrombocytes
in blood
-lysis a) distruction, e.g. haemolysis
-liberation process of distruction of
76
Poёsis – creation
erythrocytes in blood.
If there is adjective the term element will
be –lyticus, e.g. haemolyticus - inducing
haemolysis
b) operative liberation from fusion, e.g
pleurolysis – operative elimination of
pleural fusions
-poёsis – creation, formation, e.g.
haemopoesis – hemopoesis, blood
generation
Stasis – static
Exercises
1. Divide the terms according to their structure, explain their meaning:
Phagocytosis. Aphagia. Erythropoesis. Leukaemia. Glykaemia. Anaemia.
Haemotherapia. Lipoma. Hypoglykaemia. Hyperglykaemia. Hydraemia.
2. Add missing parts to the terms:
Science about aging, development and function of the cells - …logia
Medullary (bone-marrow) cell – myelo…
Cells consuming bacteria and foreign particles - …cyti
Cell consuming bacteria – micro…
Strain swallowing – dys…
Tissue cell – histo…
Red (blood) cell - …cytus
Lack of red blood cells - …penia
White blood bodies - ...cyti
Leukemia - …aemia
Increasing of white blood cells count - …cytosis
Sugar level of blood - …aemia
Discharge of sugar with urine - …suria
Treatment of the patient by transfusion of his own blood – auto…therapia
Invasion of bacteria into blood – bacteri…
Blood thinning (increasing of water in blood) - …aemia
Generated from blood - …genes
Water treatment - …therapia
Hydrogen - …genium
Hydrarthrosis - …arthrosis
77
Tumor developing of fat tissue - …oma
Disorder of leukocytes count in blood – lympho…
Lack of neutrophils in blood – neutro…
Operative liberation of heart (from pericardial fusions) – cardio…
Eliminating spasms – spasmo…
Process of creation of urine – uro…
Creating the urine – uro…
Arresting of bleeding – haemo…
Congestion of blood in lower (parts of organs) – hypo…
3. Make up terms with defined meaning:
1. Leukemia. Blood poisoning. Permeation of bile into blood. Increasing of
fat content in blood. 2. Lack of erythrocytes in blood. Lack of leukocytes in
blood. 3. Process of distruction of blood. Liberation of nerve from the scars.
Liberation of apex (of the lung) from the fusions. 4. Generation of
erythrocytes. Generation of granulocytes.
Lesson 6
(Lectio Sexta)
Greek Words and Term Elements
Greek words:
Gramma – notice
Grapho – I write
Term elements:
-gramma – result of examination as a
graphic representation of work or films of
organ, e.g. roentgenogrammaroentgenogram
-graphia – method of examination of an
organ:
a) photographing of an organ (often with
contrast agent inside);
b) graphic registration of action currents of
an organ.
E.g. phlebographia – roentgen examination
of viens with contrast agent inside
78
Scopeo – I see
Opsis – sight
Mys, myos – muscle
Histos – tissue
Scleros – hard
Nephros – kidney
Pyelos – renal pelvis
Uron – urine
Lithos – stone
Stoma, stomatos – mouth
-scopia – examination of inner walls of
organs with special instruments, e.g.
rhinoscopia – instrumental examination
of nasal cavity
-opsia – examination, e.g. biopsia –
microscopic examination of pieces of tissues
or organs cut off the vital organism
E.g. histologia – science about tissues of
organism
-sclerosis – morbid nodularity of tissues and
organs, e.g. osteosclerosis – bone nodularity
-uria – urine composition, e.g. glycosuria –
sugar level of urine
-stomia – operative application of
artificial aperture, e.g. choledochostomia –
application of artificial aperture of bile duct
Exercises
1. Divide terms according to their structure and explain their meaning:
Roentgenogramma.
Encephalogramma.
Roentgenographia.
Electroencephalogramma. Myogramma. Bronchographia. Bronchoscopia.
Esophagoscopia. Cystoscopia. Achromatopsia. Biopsia. Myositis.
Myocardium. Myocarditis. Myoma. Adenomyoma. Myocardiopathia.
Histocytus. Histolysis. Histologia. Cardiosclerosis. Phlebosclerosis.
Nephrosclerosis. Hydronephrosis. Nephrolithiasis. Nephritis. Pyelonephritis.
Pyelitis. Pyelocystitis. Pyelographia. Urologia. Urologus. Anuria. Dysuria.
Uropoёticus.
Haematuria.
Uraemia.
Urolithiasis.
Cholelithiasis.
Phlebolithus. Anastomosis. Stomatologus. Gastrostomia. Choledochostomia.
Word list: encephalon – cerebrum; chroma, atos – color; bios – alive
2. Complete terms:
Graphical representation of muscle work – myo…
Curve of venous (pulse) – phlebo…
Radiography of urinary tract – uro…
Radiography of gallbladder (after removing the contrast agent) –
cholecysto…
79
Instrumental examination of rectum – recto…
Investigation of eye fundus with the help of ophtalmoscope – ophthalmo…
Examination of inner walls of urine bladder with the help of cystoscope –
cysto…
Observation the objects in yellow color – xanth (o)
Corpse examination of corps for establishing the cause of the death – aut (o)
Part of anatomy devoted to the studing of muscles - …logia
Muscle disease - …pathia
Muscle layer of uterus wall - …metrium
Tumor of muscle tissue - …oma
Pain in muscles - …algia
Science aboute tissues of organism - …logia
Generation and development of tissues - …genesis
Induration of kidney – nephro…
Induration of artery walls – athero…
Elimination of kidney - …ectomia
Kidney inflammation - …itis
Kidney disease - …pathia
Falling of kidney - …ptosis
Renal pelvis inflammation - …itis
Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney – nephritis
Dilatation of renal pelvis - …ectasia
Little discharge of urine from kidneys – olig…
Presense of bacteria in urine – bacteri…
Process of generation of urine - …poёsis
Cholelithic disease – chole…iasis
Operation of application of large intestine fistula – colo…
Operative joining of stomach with large intestine – gastroentero…
Lesson 7
(Lectio Septima)
Greek Terms and Term Elements
Greek words:
Term elements:
Crino – I separate
Colon – colon intestine
80
Enteron – intestine,
small intestine
Ptosis – falling
Pexis – fixing
Tome – dissection
-ptosis – falling of organ, e.g. blepharoptosis
– falling of superior eyelid
-pexia – operative fixing, e.g. hepatopexia operative fixation of mobil or fallen liver
-tomia – incision, e.g. arthrotomia –
opening of joint
-ectomia – operation of excision, elimination
of the whole organ or its part, e.g.
pneumonectomia – operative elimination of
the lung
Monos – one
Polys – numerous
Pas, pan – the whole
Ophthalmos – eye
Rhis, rhinos – nose
Us, otos – ear
Exercises
1. Divide the terms according to their structure, explaine their meaning.
Endocrinologus. Pantocrinum. Colitis. Colostomia. Gastroenterocolitis.
Enteritis.
Dysenteria.
Enteroptosis.
Nephroptosis.
Gastroptosis.
Cholecystopexia. Esophagotomia. Pelviotomia. Osteotomia. Gastrotomia.
Nephrectomia. Monoplegia. Monomorphus. Mononuclearis. Polynuclearis.
Polymorphus. Polymyositis. Polyglandularis. Panplegia. Panophthalmitis.
Ophthalmoscopia.
Ophthalmologus.
Rhinoscopia.
Rhinoscleroma.
Otorhinolaryngologus. Otosclerosis. Otitis.
Word list: panty – deer antler; morphe – form; plegia – paralysis;
nucleus, i m – nucleus.
2. Complete terms.
Disease (caused by disorder of glands functions) of glands secretion – …
pathia
Science about glands secretion – endo…logia
Inflammation of (mucous membrane) small intensine and stomach –
gastro…
Inflammation of (mucous membrane) small and colon intensine - …itis
Part of medicine studing (normal functions and diseases of) gastrointestinal
tract – gastro … logia
81
Operative joining of stomach with jejunum – gastro…stomia
Operative generation of large intestine fistula - …stomia
Falling of large intestines - …ptosis
Falling of inner organs – splanchno…
Operative fixing of dislocated uterus – hystero…
Operative opening of pericardial bursa – pericardio…
Operative opening of trachea – tracheo…
Operation of elimination of appendage – append…
Opening of kidney – nephro…
Operative elimination of lobe (of the lung) – lob…
Inflammation of only one joint - …arthritis
Polyinflammation of joints - …arthritis
Obcessive fear of lonelyness - …phobia
Simultaneous inflammation of several nerves - …neuritis
Disease spred around all or the largest part of the country - …demia
Science about eye diseases - …logia
Inflammation of all ocular membranes - …itis
Inflammation of (mucous membrane of) nose - …itis
Inflammation of all the layers of arterial wall - …aortitis
Operative reabilitation of nose - …plastica
Examination of external hearing passage and tympanic membrane with the
help of reflector and ear funnel - …scopia
Mycotic lesion of ear - …mycosis
3. Form the terms with defined meaning.
1. Falling of liver. Falling of large intensines. Falling of spleen. 2. Operative
fixing of intestinal segment to peritoneal wall. Operative opening of
abdominal cavity. Opening of vein. 4. Operative elimination of tonsils.
Operative elimination of goiter. Operation of elimination of spleen.
Lesson 8
(Lectio Octava)
Greek Words and Term Elelments
Greek words:
Trophe – alimentation
Term element:
-trophia – alimentation of tissues and organs,
82
e.g. atrophia – hard emaciation due to failure
alimentation
Autos – alone
Allos – another
Heteros – different
Homeos (homos) – similar
Ergon – work, action
-ergia – a) action
b) reactivity of organism, e.g.
dysergia
– abnormal reactivity of organism
Genos – origin
-genesis – generation, formation
-genes – a) causing
b) caused, e.g. pyogenes – causing
suppuration; caused by suppuration
Tonos – tension
-tonia – tension/tonus of tissues and blood
vessels, e.g. hypertonia – increased arterial
pressure
Thermos – warm
-thermia – warming, e.g. hyperthermia –
overwarming of organism
Morphe – form, shape
Dromos – running
Dynamis – power
Exrecises
1. Complete terms.
Enlargement of organ caused by its excessive alimentation – hyper…
Disorder of lipid exchange – dys…
Transplantation of tissues - …plastica
Transplantation of foreign material - …plastica
Transplantation of tissues from one person to another - …plastica
Treatment by injection of serum from own blood - …serotherapia
Transplantation of tissues or organs of the patient himself – …transplantatio
Transplantation of tissues or organs from other person - …plantatio
Decresed reactivity of organism – hyp…
Disorder of joint action of organs in one direciton – dyssyn…
Caused by (careless comment) of the doctor – iatro…
Generation of glycogen – glyco…
Disorder of tissues tonus – dys…
83
Failure tonus of musculature – mya…
Use of warm for medical aim – dia..
Amorphous – a…us
Science studing form and building of human body - …logia
Period preceding (the disease) – periodus pro…alis
2. Make up terms with defined meaning.
1. Disorder of alimentation of tissues. Failure alimentation of tissues. Failure
alimenetation of tissuesand organs. 2. Absence of reactivity. Increased
ractivity of organism. Disordered reactivity of organism. Decreased
reactivity of organism. Joint action of organs. 3. Generated inside the
organism (of internal origin). Generated under the influence of external
sircumstances (of external origin). Bloodcreative. Appearing in nose. 4.
Relief of tissues and organs intensity. Decreasing of arterial pressure lower
than the norm. Increasing of arterial pressure higher than the norm. 5.
Warming of organism. Decreasing of body temperature.
84
Control Work
Variant 1
1. Write down Greek words with the following meanings.
1. bone
6. treatment
2. joint
7. gland
3. alimentation
8. bile
4. vessel
9. falling
5. narrow
10. tension, tonus
2. Complete terms.
Tumor of cartilage tissue - …oma
Inflammation of gallbladder - …cystitis
Disease of blood vessels - …pathia
Sugar level of blood - …aemia
Increasing of white blood cells count - …cytosis
3. Make up terms with definied meaning.
Permeation of bile into blood
Radiography of vessels
Falling of liver
Increased arterial pressure
Stomach inflammation
85
Variant 2
1. Write down Greek words with the following meanings.
1. large intestine
6. heart
2. white
7. lack
3. red
8. lipid, fat
4. static condition
9. water
5. pain
10. opening
2. Complete terms.
Disease of kidneys - …pathia
Treatment with blood - …therapia
Falling of stomach - …ptosis
Inflammation of (mucous membrane of) nose - …itis
Operative elimination of lobe (of the lung) – lob…
3. Form the terms with definite meaning.
Disorder of tissues alimination
Nodularity of veins walls
Tumor of cartilage
Heart disease
Increasing of red blood cells count
86