Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology
3360 South State Street
Chicago, IL 60616, USA
CTBUH Contact:
Nathaniel Hollister
[email protected]
P: 1 (312) 567-3429
Chicago December 8, 2011
The Tallest 20 in 2020: Entering the Era of the Megatall
CTBUH announces the projected world’s tallest 20 skyscrapers in the year 20201
Within this decade we will likely witness not only the world’s first kilometer-tall building, but also the
completion of a significant number of buildings over 600 meters (around 2,000 feet) – that’s twice the height
of the Eiffel Tower. Two years ago, prior to the completion of the Burj Khalifa, this building type did not exist.
And yet, by 2020, we can expect at least eight such buildings to exist internationally. The term “supertall”
(which refers to a building over 300 meters) is thus no longer adequate to describe these buildings: we are
entering the era of the “megatall.” This term is now officially being used by the Council to describe buildings
over 600 meters in height, or double the height of a supertall (see Figure 1).
1. Kingdom Tower, Jeddah 1,000+ m/3,280+ ft
2. Burj Khalifa, Dubai 828 m/2,717 ft
3. Ping An Finance Center, Shenzhen 660 m/2,165 ft
4. Seoul Light DMC Tower 640 m/2,101 ft
5. Signature Tower Jakarta 638 m/2,093 ft
6. Shanghai Tower 632 m/2,073 ft
7. Wuhan Greenland Center 606 m/1,988 ft
8. Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel 601 m/1,972 ft
9. Goldin Finance 117, Tianjin 597 m/1,957 ft
10. Lotte World Tower, Seoul 555 m/1,819 ft
11. Doha Convention Center and Tower 551 m/1,808 ft
12. One World Trade Center, New York City 541 m/1,776 ft
13. Chow Tai Fook Guangzhou 530 m/1,739 ft
14. Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center 530 m/1,739 ft
15. Dalian Greenland Center 518 m/1,699 ft
16. Pentominium, Dubai 516 m/1,693 ft
17. Busan Lotte Town Tower 510 m/1,674 ft
“Megatall”
600m
18. Taipei 101 508 m/1,667 ft
19. Kaisa Feng Long Centre
500 m/1,640 ft
20. Shanghai WFC
492 m/1,614 ft
“Supertall”
300m
Figure 1. The projected 20 tallest buildings in 2020, all of which are over 500 meters and eight can be classified as “megatall” (600 meters)
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
“Future Tallest” Criteria: Buildings included in this study are either built, under construction or considered real proposals. Projects that have commenced construction, but with works currently halted, are
also included if there is a strong possibility of the project progressing to final completion. A real proposal can be considered such if it has: a specific site with ownership interests within the building development
team; a full professional design team progressing the design beyond the conceptual stage; formal planning consent/legal permission for construction (or is in the process of obtaining such permission); and a
full intention to progress the building to construction and completion. Furthermore, this research only considers projects that are within the public domain and have the consent for inclusion from the respective
client-consultant teams. Because of this multi-faceted inclusion criteria, a number of prominent projects were not included in the study, including: India Tower, Mumbai; Triple One, Seoul; Hyundai Global Business
Center, Seoul; and Zhongguo Zun, Beijing.
1
1
Figure 3. Status of the “Tallest 20 in 2020”
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Figure 4. Location of the “Tallest 20 in 2020”
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Figure 2. The world’s tallest is set to change yet again in 2018 with the
completion of Jeddah’s Kingdom Tower © Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture
Figure 5. Use of the “Tallest 20 in 2020”
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Complete
Under Construction
Proposed
Construction Stopped
China
Other Asia
Residential
Office
Middle East
United States
Hotel
Mixed Use
As we started the 21st century, just 11 short years ago, the Petronas Towers held the title of “The World’s Tallest” at
452 meters (1,483 feet) in height. Taipei 101 took the title in 2004, at 508 meters (1,667 feet).Then, at the end of
the decade, the Burj Khalifa set new standards at 828 meters (2,717 feet) – over half a mile high. Now, with work
set to start on-site in January 2012 for Jeddah’s 1,000+ meter Kingdom Tower (see Figure 2), we can expect that
in a mere two decades (2000 – 2020) the height of the “World’s Tallest Building” will have more than doubled.
What is perhaps the most interesting aspect of the study is that the previous world’s tallest mentioned above
now barely make the list at all. In just two decades Petronas will have gone from 1st to 27th tallest in the world, and
Taipei 101 just scrapes into the study in 18th place. When we take into account that new projects not included
in this study will surely be announced and built throughout the next decade, one can predict that, with the
exception of the Burj Khalifa and Makkah Royal Clock Tower, all of the tallest 20 buildings in the year 2020 are
not yet built (though a number are already under construction, see Figure 3).
The tremendous change that the tall building industry has seen in two decades is clearly shown by a juxtaposition
of three skylines: the tallest 20 buildings in the year 2000, 2010, and 2020 (see Figure 6).
Figure 6. Skyline comparison of the tallest 20 buildings in 2000, 2010, and 2020
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
2
It is also useful to understand the tallest 20 in 2020 in
the context of global tall building trends. Although the
average height of these twenty buildings is predicted
to be 598 meters (1,962 feet), as we stand at the end
of 2011 there are still only 61 buildings currently in
existence over 300 meters (the threshold for “supertall”).
Until recently, in fact, the completion of a supertall
was rather a rare occurrence, with only 15 supertalls
completing in the 65 years between the world’s first
such building (New York’s Chrysler Building, 1930)
and 1995. It was only in the mid 1990s that it became
common for more than one supertall to be added to
the lists annually, with 1995 being the last year when no
supertalls were completed. Now, less than two decades
later, the number of supertalls completed annually has
entered double digits, and is set to continue to rise.
Meanwhile, the number of megatalls set to complete
in the upcoming decade is similar to the number of
supertalls completed in the 90s (see Figure 7). In terms
of height, therefore, 600 m seems to be the new 300 m.
198
200
116
20
18
100
17
16 16
15 15
52
14
26
31
13
15
1
0
12
13
5
10
10
9
Total number of buildings
4
3
2
3
2
3
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
2018
2
1
2019
1
2017
1
2016
1
2015
1
2014
1
2013
2
2012
2
2020
3
2
Number of buildings completed each year
Number of supertalls (300m+)
Number of megatalls (600m+)
Projected number of supertalls (300m+)
Projected number of megatalls (600m+)
Figure 7. Supertall and megatall building completion showing a significant
projected increase, © Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
Not only increasing in height, the “Tallest 20 in 2020” also demonstrate a diversity in project location not
previously seen in the world’s tallest 20. The projects are scattered across 15 cities in 7 countries. China, with 10
of the 20 projects, clearly stands out as the country most rapidly pursuing the supertall, followed by Korea (3),
Saudi Arabia (2), and the UAE (2). If we analyze via a larger geographic region, however, the picture becomes
even more pronounced. Asia (not including the Middle East) accounts for 70% of the buildings (14). The Middle
East counts for 25% (5). The only other region to be represented in the study is North America, where New York’s
One World Trade Center is the only tower in the western hemisphere to make the study. If we consider the
Middle East as part of continental Asia, then Asia contains 19 of the 20 projects, certainly adding impetus to the
upcoming CTBUH 9th World Congress which will take place in Shanghai in September 2012 on the theme of “Asia
Ascending: Age of the Sustainable Skyscraper City.”
With over 1.3 billion citizens and a rapidly urbanizing population, China is perhaps the country with the most
obvious reason for building tall. The ten Chinese projects show great diversity in location, spread across seven
cities: Shenzhen (2), Shanghai (2), Tianjin (2), Wuhan (1), Guangzhou (1), Dalian (1), and Taipei2 (1). The tallest of
these, Shenzhen’s Ping An Finance Center (see Figure 8), is now under construction and scheduled to complete in
2015. Once complete, the project will provide over 300,000 m2 of office space and become the country’s tallest
building and the world’s tallest office building. Also in China, the 632-meter (2,073 feet) mixed-use Shanghai
Tower (see Figure 9) will complete a supertall cluster in the city’s Pudong area, as it sits alongside the Shanghai
World Financial Center and the Jin Mao Building. The Shanghai Tower’s unique dual-skin design provides atrium
space containing “gardens in the sky” between the skins every 12 – 15 stories. The project began construction in
2009 and is scheduled to complete in 2014.
Figure 8. The Ping An Finance Center will become China’s tallest building
© Kohn Pedersen Fox
Figure 9. Shanghai Tower will complete a trio of skyscrapers in the Pudong district
© Gensler
2
For the purpose of this study, Taipei has been considered a Chinese city.
3
Figure 11. Jakarta is set to contain the world’s 5th tallest building, the 638-meter
Signature Tower Jakarta © Smallwood Reynolds Stewart Stewart
Figure 10. Seoul Light DMC Tower will become a landmark for the city’s skyline
© SOM | Giroud Pichot
Korea, a country with a population about 1/25th that of China but twice as dense by area, contains a somewhat
surprising three of the 20 projects, two of which are located in Seoul. There are many reasons for this dramatic
increase in supertall construction in Korea, a country that has never had a single building within the world’s
tallest 20 and is now on the verge of having several. Perhaps the foremost reason is a general feeling that
Korean cities lack the “iconic” or “landmark” buildings that many world-class cities contain. Seoul’s tallest planned
building is the 640-meter (2,101 feet) Seoul Light DMC Tower (see Figure 10), located at the western edge of the
city overlooking the Han River. The tower will implement power generation strategies to reduce the building’s
energy usage by around 65%. Seoul is also home to the now-under-construction Lotte World Tower, a 555-meter
(1,819 feet) supertall scheduled to complete in 2015. Besides these two significant buildings, the city has two
additional projects in the works which have not yet received planning permission, and thus not included in the
2020 study (the 620-meter Triple One and the 540-meter Hyundai Global Business Center). This means that Seoul
could potentially contain as many as four of the tallest 20 buildings in 2020.
Where can we expect the next nucleus of tall building construction globally? The Signature Tower Jakarta
(see Figure 11) perhaps predicts the answer to this question. Indonesia’s current tallest building is Wisma 46,
completed in 1996 at a height of 262 meters – less than half the height of the proposed Signature Tower. Much
of South and Southeast Asia in fact, including Indonesia, India, and Vietnam seem ready to become one of the
next centers of skyscraper construction. Together, the three countries listed above represent nearly a quarter of
the world’s population and yet contain no supertall buildings and a total of only four buildings over 250 meters.
Signature Tower is therefore seen to herald the coming of the supertall to these countries. Excavation for the
project is set to begin during the first quarter of 2012. Another significant project in this area, Mumbai’s planned
700-meter India Tower, was not included in this study as construction has stopped, and final completion is
therefore not predictable. However, the presence of these two possible megatall projects point to the dramatic
potential of this area.
4
Five of the Tallest 20 in 2020 projects are
located in three countries in the Middle
East: the United Arab Emirates, Saudi
Arabia, and Qatar. These projects include
the current world’s tallest (Burj Khalifa),
the future world’s tallest (Kingdom Tower),
and what is soon to become the world’s
second tallest (Makkah Royal Clock Tower
Hotel, see Figure 12). Quite obviously, a
motivating factor in all of these projects
has been to push the boundaries of
technology
and
accomplish
feats
never before imagined. The Burj Khalifa
exemplifies this fact. The next decade of
supertall building construction will, in one
sense, fill in the gaps between the recordbreaking Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101, the
world’s tallest building until January 4,
2010. Thus, 15 of the Tallest 20 in 2020
fit into this 320-meter gap, with only the
Kingdom Tower exceeding the height of
the Burj Khalifa.
Having discussed four regions/countries
in the eastern hemisphere where 19 of
the projects are located, we turn to the
opposite side of the world for the remaining project. One World Trade Center Tower (see Figure 13), in New York,
is set to become the tallest building in the western hemisphere in 2013. In the 2020 study, the project comes
in as the world’s 12th tallest building. The building’s final height of 1,776 feet (541 meters) points to the United
State’s declaration of independence, and birth as a country. Located near the site of the old WTC buildings, the
designers faced tremendous challenges in terms of space constraints, security concerns, as well as millions of
concerned citizens. In the case of One World Trade Center, there were strong economic motivations to build
tall, to provide valued office space in one of the economic centers of the world, as well as strong emotional
motivation, to overcome the tragic events of 9/11.
Figure 12. The nearly complete Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel will be world’s
second megatall © Saudi Binladin Group / CTBUH
Figure 13. One World Trade Center Tower is the only building in the western hemisphere included in the “Tallest 20 in 2020”
© Skidmore, Owings & Merrill | dbox studio
5
Figure 14. Seoul’s Lotte World Tower, set to complete
in 2015 © Kohn Pedersen Fox
Figure 15. The 500-meter Kaisa Feng Long Centre will
be located in Shenzhen © RTKL
Figure 16. Wuhan’s first megatall, the Wuhan Greenland
Center © Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture
The Tallest 20 in 2020 study ultimately underlines a now well-known fact: the skyscraper is here to stay. Shortly
after 9/11, many predicted the death of the tall building, but as the study shows, skyscrapers are increasing in
number, height, and diversity. The ever-increasing and rapidly urbanizing global population will continue to
drive cities higher.
Not long ago, building height was primarily restricted by structural limitations. In the late 1800s, Chicago’s
Monadnock Building demonstrated the maximum height achievable with a masonry structure while still
providing an economically feasible space efficiency. Over the 19th century, many advances in the fields of
structure, construction, and transportation (to name a few) allowed for a steady increase in building height.
Now, the tremendous heights being achieved globally demonstrate that many of the physical constraints that
once restricted height have been broken. The question for humanity is thus no longer “how high can we build?”
but “how high should we build?” With every increase in height, there are energy implications in the construction,
maintenance, and occupation of a building. Additionally, with added height comes less space efficiency, as
structural members and service cores increase to service the increased height of the building. At what point
are the significant benefits of increased density provided by building tall overtaken by the energy repercussions
of height? This elusive figure is most certainly affected by the technologies of the day. Half a century ago, a
megatall would have been considered possible only within a dream. It is now a reality. Is it not possible that
we could soon see the emergence of a zero-energy megatall? Just as we pushed the structural boundaries of
height, we must now continue to push the boundaries of environmental engineering in order to progress the
tall typology. For, as skyscrapers continue to multiply, their effect on our cities – visually, urbanistically, and
environmentally – continues to increase exponentially.
6
Counc i l on Ta ll B ui ld i ng s a n d Urban Habitat
Kingdom Tower
1,000+ m/3,280+ ft
Jeddah
Tallest 20 in 2020
Burj Khalifa
828 m/2,717 ft
Dubai
Projected World’s Tallest 20 Buildings in the Year 2020
“Future Tallest” Criteria: Buildings included in this study are either built, under construction or considered real proposals. Projects that have commenced
construction, but with works currently halted, are also included if there is a strong possibility of the project progressing to final completion. A real proposal
can be considered such if it has: a specific site with ownership interests within the building development team; a full professional design team progressing the
design beyond the conceptual stage; formal planning consent/legal permission for construction (or is in the process of obtaining such permission); and a full
intention to progress the building to construction and completion. Furthermore this research only considers projects that are within the public domain and have
the consent for inclusion from the respective client-consultant teams. Because of this multi-faceted inclusion criteria, a number of prominent projects were not
included in the study, including: India Tower, Mumbai; Triple One, Seoul; Hyundai Global Business Center, Seoul; and Zhongguo Zun, Beijing.
Ping An Finance Center
660 m/2,165 ft
Shenzhen
Seoul Light DMC Tower
640 m/2,101 ft
Seoul
Signature Tower Jakarta
638 m/2,093 ft
Jakarta
Wuhan Greenland Center
606 m/1,988 ft
Wuhan
Shanghai Tower
632 m/2,073 ft
Shanghai
Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel
601 m/1,972 ft
Mecca
Lotte World Tower
555 m/1,819 ft
Seoul
Goldin Finance 117
597 m/1,957 ft
Tianjin
(Data as of December 2011)
Doha Convention Center and Tower
551 m/1,808 ft
Doha
One World Trade Center
541 m/1,776 ft
New York City
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center
530 m/1,739 ft
Tianjin
Dalian Greenland Center
518 m/1,699 ft
Dalian
Pentominium
516 m/1,693 ft
Dubai
Busan Lotte Town Tower
510 m/1,674 ft
Busan
The CTF Guangzhou
530 m/1,739 ft
Guangzhou
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Kaisa Feng Long Centre
500 m/1,640 ft
Shenzhen
Taipei 101
508 m/1,667 ft
Taipei
14
15
16
17
Shanghai World Financial Center
492 m/1,614 ft
Shanghai
18
19
20
Above: Diagram of the World’s Tallest 20 Buildings as projected by 2020, according to the CTBUH Height Criteria “Height to Architectural Top.” Estimated as of December 2011. For more on CTBUH height criteria, see http://criteria.ctbuh.org/.
1 Kingdom Tower
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Height: 1,000 + m/3,280 + ft
Current Status: Proposed
Completion Date: 2018
Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Office
Structural Material: Concrete
Total Floors: 156
Owner/Developer: Jeddah Economic Company
Architect: Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture
Associate Architect: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners
Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti
MEP Engineer: Environmental Systems Design, Inc.
Main Contractor: Saudi Bin Ladin Group
9 Goldin Finance 117
Tianjin, China
Height: 597 m/1,957 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2015
Building Use: Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 128
Owner/Developer: Goldin Properties Holdings Ltd.
Architect: P & T Group
Associate Architect: ECADI
Structural Engineers: Arup
MEP Engineer: Parsons Brinckerhoff Consultants Pte Ltd
Project Manager: Goldin Properties Holdings Limited
Main Contractor: Third Bureau of CSCEC
2 Burj Khalifa
Dubai, UAE
Height: 828 m/2,717 ft
Current Status: Completed
Completion Date: 2010
Building Use: Office/Residential/Hotel
Structural Material: Steel/Concrete
Total Floors: 163
Owner/Developer: Emaar Properties PJSC
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Associate Architect: Hyder Consulting
Structural Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
MEP Engineer: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Project Manager: Turner Construction
Main Contractors: Samsung E & C; Arabtec; Besix Group
10 Lotte World Tower
Seoul, South Korea
Height: 555 m/1,819 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2015
Building Use: Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 123
Owner/Developer: The Lotte Group
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
Associate Architect: Baum Architects, Engineers & Consultants
Structural Engineers: Leslie E. Robertson Associates
MEP Engineer: SYSKA Hennessy Group
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, based at the Illinois Institute of
Technology in Chicago, is an international not-for-profit organization supported by
architecture, engineering, planning, development and construction professionals,
designed to facilitate exchanges among those involved in all aspects of the planning,
design, construction and operation of tall buildings.
The CTBUH is the world’s leading body in the field of tall buildings and the recognized
source of information on tall buildings internationally. It is the arbiter of the criteria
upon which tall building height is measured, and thus the title of “The World’s Tallest
Building” determined.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
S.R. Crown Hall
Illinois Institute of Technology
3360 South State Street
Chicago IL, 60616, USA
Phone: +1 (312) 567 3487
Fax: +1 (312) 567 3820
Email: [email protected]
http://www.ctbuh.org
3 Ping An Finance Center
Shenzhen, China
Height: 660 m/2,165 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2015
Building Use: Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 115
Owner/Developer: Ping An Life Insurance Company of China
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
Associate Architect: China Construction Design International
Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti
MEP Engineer: J. Roger Preston Group
11 Doha Convention Center and Tower
Doha, Qatar
Height: 551 m/1,808 ft
Current Status: Construction Stopped
Completion Date: Unknown
Building Use: Residential/Hotel
Structural Material: Steel/Concrete
Total Floors: 112
Owner/Developer: Qatari Diar Real Estate Investment Co.
Architect: Murphy/Jahn Architects
Structural Engineers: Magnusson Klemencic Associates; Werner
Sobek Engineering & Design; Hyder Consulting
MEP Engineer: Arup; Hyder Consulting
Project Manager: Turner Construction
17 Busan Lotte Town Tower
Busan, South Korea
Height: 510 m/1,674 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2016
Building Use: Residential/Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 107
Owner/Developer: The Lotte Group
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Associate Architect: Heerim Architects & Planners
Structural Engineers: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
MEP Engineer: Syska Hennessy Group
Main Contractor: Lotte Construction Management
4 Seoul Light DMC Tower
Seoul, South Korea
Height: 640 m/2,101 ft
Current Status: Proposed
Completion Date: 2017
Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 130
Owner: Seoul Light AMC
Developer: Millennium Builder
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Associate Architect: Samoo
Structural Engineers: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
MEP Engineer: SYSKA Hennessy Group
Main Contractor: Daewoo; Daelim; Doosan E&C
12 One World Trade Center
New York City, USA
Height: 541 m/1,776 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2013
Building Use: Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 104
Owner: 1 World Trade Center LLC
Developer: Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Structural Engineers: WSP Cantor Seinuk; Schlaich Bergermann
und Partner
MEP Engineer: Jaros Baum & Bolles
Main Contractor: Tishman Construction
18 Taipei 101
Taipei, Taiwan, PRC
Height: 508m/1,667ft
Current Status: Completed
Completion Date: 2004
Building Use: Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 101
Owner/Developer: Taipei Financial Center Corporation
Architect: C.Y. Lee & Partners Architects/Partners
Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti; Evergreen Engineering
MEP Engineer: Continental Engineering Consultants, Inc.
Project Manager: Turner Construction
Main Contractors: Kumagai Gumi; Taiwan Kumagai; RSEA
Engineering; Ta-You-Wei Construction; Samsung E & C
5 Signature Tower Jakarta
6 Shanghai Tower
Jakarta, Indonesia
Height: 638 m/2,093 ft
Current Status: Proposed
Completion Date: 2016
Building Use: Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 111
Owner/Developer: PT Grahamas Adisentosa
Architect: Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart
Associate Architect: PDW Architects
Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti; PT Gistama Intisemesta
MEP Engineer: Beca Group; PT Hantaran Prima Mandiri
Project Manager: PT Grahamas Adisentosa
Shanghai, China
Height: 632 m/2,073 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2014
Building Use: Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 121
Owner/Developer: Shanghai Tower Construction & Development
Architect: Gensler
Associate Architect: Architectural Design & Research Institute of
Tongji University
Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti
MEP Engineer: Cosentini
Main Contractor: Shanghai Construction
13 The CTF Guangzhou
14
Guangzhou, China
Height: 530 m/1,739 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2017
Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 111
Owner: Chow Tai Fook Enterprises
Developer: New World Project Management
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates
Associate Architect: Dennis Lau & Ng Chun Man Architects & Eng.
Structural Engineers: Arup
MEP Engineer: Parsons Brinckerhoff Consultants Pte Ltd
Project Manager: New World Project Management Ltd
Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center
Tianjin, China
Height: 530 m/1,739 ft
Current Status: Proposed
Completion Date: 2015
Building Use: Residential/Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 97
Owner/Developer: New World China Land
Architect: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
Associate Architect: ECADI
Structural Engineers: Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP
MEP Engineer: Parson Brinckerhoff Consultants Pte Ltd
19 Kaisa Feng Long Centre
7 Wuhan Greenland Center
Wuhan, China
Height: 606 m/1,988 ft
Current Status: Proposed
Completion Date: 2015
Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 118
Owner/Developer: Wuhan Greenland Bin Jiang Property Co. Ltd.
Architect: Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture
Associate Architect: ECADI
Structural Engineers: Thornton Tomasetti
MEP Engineer: PositivEnergy Practice
15
Dalian Greenland Center
Dalian, China
Height: 518 m/1,699 ft
Current Status: Under Construction
Completion Date: 2016
Building Use: Hotel/Residential/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 88
Owner/Developer: Greenland Group
Architect: HOK
Associate Architect: ECADI
Structural Engineers: ECADI
MEP Engineer: ECADI
Project Manager: Greenland Group
Main Contractor: Shanghai Construction
20 Shanghai World Financial Center
Shenzhen, China
Height: 500m/1,640ft
Current Status: Proposed
Completion Date: Unknown
Building Use: Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 92
Owner/Developer: Kaisa Group Holdings
Architect: RTKL
Structural Engineers: RTKL
MEP Engineer: RTKL
Shanghai, China
Height: 492m/1,614ft
Current Status: Completed
Completion Date: 2008
Building Use: Hotel/Office
Structural Material: Composite
Total Floors: 101
Owner: Shanghai World Financial Center Co. Ltd.
Developer: Mori Building
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates; Irie Miyake Architects & Engineers
Associate Architect: Shanghai Modern Architectural Design; ECADI
Structural Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates
MEP Engineer: Kenchiku Setubi Sekkei Kenkyusho
Project Manager: Mori Building
Main Contractors: China State Construction; Shanghai Construction
Figure 17. The “Tallest 20 in 2020” study (seen above) includes project information and details, and is available as a poster through the CTBUH webshop, at https://store.ctbuh.org
© Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
8 Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel
Building Status
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Height: 601 m/1,972 ft
Current Status: Topped Out
Completion Date: 2012
Building Use: Hotel
Structural Material: Steel/Concrete
Total Floors: 120
Owner/Developer: Saudi Bin Ladin Group
Architect: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners
Structural Engineers: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners
MEP Engineer: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners
Project Manager: Dar Al-Handasah Shair & Partners
Main Contractor: Saudi Bin Ladin Group
16
Pentominium
Complete
Under Construction
Proposed
Construction Stopped
Building Location
China
Other Asia
Middle East
United States
Building Use
Residential
Office
Hotel
Mixed Use
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Height: 516 m/1,693 ft
Current Status: Construction Stopped
Completion Date: Unknown
Building Use: Residential
Structural Material: Steel/Concrete
Total Floors: 122
Developer: Trident International Holdings
Architect: AEDAS
Structural Engineers: Hyder Consulting
MEP Engineer: Hyder Consulting
Project Manager: Precipio Consulting
Main Contractor: Arabian Construction Company
Note for Press:
For image requests and additional
information please contact:
7
Nathaniel Hollister
[email protected]
P: 1 (312) 567-3429