Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section I. Introduction
Hazards
Natural processes are an enduring condition in and around the human environment. While most
processes present little danger to human well being, some develop into hazardous situations that
place the life, property and economy of communities at risk. Such hazards, in the form of
hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and other potential disasters, cannot be controlled. When natural
hazards occur and intersect with the human environment, they become disasters. Disasters have
caused devastating loss of life, property, and economy in the past. Development pressures in areas
susceptible to natural hazards, like floodplains and coastal areas, threaten to increase the frequency
of disasters as communities grow into the paths of these hazards.
A. What is Hazard Mitigation?
While hazardous events cannot be prevented, human actions before and after hazards occur can
profoundly reduce disastrous impacts on the human environment. Hazard mitigation defines and
implements the actions necessary to minimize the adverse consequence of disasters. The Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) defines hazard mitigation as “sustained actions taken to
reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from hazards and their effects.” The
attention to long-term risk in FEMA’s definition differentiates hazard mitigation strategy from
emergency, short-term reactions to impending disasters. Long-term planning for potential disasters
can provide continued security and stability to communities, as well as result in significant cost
savings from reduced clean up, redevelopment and other efforts often required in the aftermath of
disasters.
Federal and state regulations are in place to help communities mitigate natural hazards and protect
valuable resources. Hazard mitigation can be used to strengthen a community’s emergency response
capabilities, in areas such as hospitals, police and firefighting infrastructure, and emergency warning
systems. In addition, hazard mitigation planning can identify and prescribe numerous tools and
techniques available to county and municipal governments for development and maintenance of
hazard-resilient communities. These tools and techniques include:
•
•
•
•
•
Control of development through land use management and subdivision regulations,
acquisition or monetary measures.
Information distribution about hazard risks and preparation measures.
Implementation of disaster warning systems.
Improved building standards.
Conservation of important natural areas to maintain the environment’s natural ability to
absorb natural hazards.
B. Benefits of Developing a Disaster Mitigation Plan
Hazard mitigation plan preparation provides an invaluable tool for assessing the community’s
vulnerability to both natural and technological hazards and for taking steps to prepare for, and
prevent, adverse impacts before a disaster strikes. The benefits of thorough mitigation planning will
affect overall Pasquotank County’s and the City of Elizabeth City’s readiness and resiliency.
Section I: Introduction
I-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Meets Community Needs
In light of the fact that every community exists in a distinct natural, economic and social
environment, hazard mitigation plans must fit within the specific needs of individual communities.
A plan must consider the geography, demography, community size, economy, land uses, plans for
future development and growth, and the hazards that define a community. Mitigation plans are
designed to correspond with other community goals in order to provide a plan that best suits the
overall needs of the community.
Achieves Multiple Objectives
Mitigation plans can address numerous hazards. By conducting a concurrent assessment
(vulnerability and capacity to manage) with various hazards, communities are able to prioritize needs
and develop appropriate solutions to current and potential solutions to current and potential
problems. This evaluation provides a comprehensive strategy for contending with the multiple
facets of hazard preparation, response and recovery.
Promotes Public Participation
Citizen input into development of a mitigation plan is essential to developing a comprehensive and
agreeable strategy for all members of a community. Citizen knowledge of the community and ideas
for potential solutions are invaluable elements of the planning process. At the same time, citizen
involvement provides ownership and understanding of decisions affecting the community.
May Increase Funding Eligibility
Many disaster assistance agencies and programs, including FEMA, require pre-disaster mitigation
plans as a condition for both mitigation funding and for disaster relief funding. Such plans must
include a thorough evaluation of potential hazards and community readiness for potential disasters.
Programs that require such a plan include the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), which is
authorized by section 404 of the Stafford Act, the Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA), the
Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program, the Repetitive Flood Claims (RFC) program, the Severe
Repetitive Loss (SRL) program and the Community Rating System (CRS), all of which are over seen
by FEMA and run by the state.
The Stafford Act, which authorizes HMGP funding, requires that communities include the
following components in their mitigation plan:
44 CFR 206.405
(a) General. In order to fulfill the requirement to evaluate natural hazards within the designated
area and to take appropriate action to mitigate such hazards, the State shall prepare and implement
a hazard mitigation plan or plan update. At a minimum the plan shall contain the following;
•
An evaluation of the natural hazards in the designated area;
•
a description and analysis of the state and local hazard mitigation policies, programs and
capabilities to mitigate the hazards in the area;
•
Hazard mitigation goals and objectives and proposed strategies, programs and actions to
reduce or avoid long-term vulnerability to hazards;
•
A method of implementing, monitoring, evaluating and updating the mitigation plan. Such
evaluation is to occur at least on an annual basis to ensure that implementation occurs as
planned, and to ensure that the plan remains current.
Section I: Introduction
I-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Guides Post-Disaster Recovery
Pre-disaster mitigation plans provide a road map for communities once a disaster strikes. Mitigation
plans outline actions to be taken in the immediate aftermath of the event. They also provide a guide
for efficient, effective recovery efforts. Such recovery efforts are important reassessing mitigation
strategies and implementing newly recognized safety needs. In the aftermath of a disaster,
mitigation plans can provide a calming, organizing force in the midst of potential disarray and panic.
C. Hazard Mitigation and Sustainable Development
In the face of natural hazards, the natural environment in and around eastern North Carolina
provide multiple benefits, including:
•
•
•
Hazard absorption and protection
Cost savings from averted destruction
Provision of a more attractive and safe environment for residents, visitors and business interests
As communities within a region continue to grow, development pressures increasingly threaten the
valuable natural resources and the benefits they provide. A valuable role of land use and
development planning in preventing this threatened loss of ecosystem integrity, economic vitality
and community well being is termed sustainable development.
As illustrated by the devastation of recent natural disasters, development that is not sustainable has a
clear impact on economic and social welfare. The loss of life, destruction of homes and overall loss
of community stability in areas subject to past disasters, such as Hurricane Floyd and Isabel, provide
valuable lessons on how and where development should take place. Communities can incorporate
the principles of sustainable development into their decision-making processes to reduce their
overall vulnerability to natural (and technological) hazards. For areas that are already developed, the
period immediately following a natural disaster presents an opportunity to redevelop in sustainable
ways to prevent future disasters of a similar nature. Sustainability, as a mode of development,
complements hazard mitigation strategies; as both concepts strive to not only accommodate present
land use and development needs but also to ensure future social, economic and environmental
vitality.
Section I: Introduction
I-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section II. Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
A. Planning Process Steps
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City utilized the process recommended by the North
Carolina Division of Emergency Management (NCDEM) to develop this Hazard Mitigation Plan.
In short, the process included the following steps, listed in the order in which they were undertaken:
1. Hazard Identification and Analysis
2. Community Vulnerability Assessment
3. Mitigation Capabilities Assessment
4. Community Goals
5. Hazard Mitigation Strategy
Step 1, the Hazard Identification and Analysis, describes and analyzes the natural hazards present
in a community that can threaten human life and damage property. It includes historical data on
past hazard occurrences, and establishes hazard profiles and hazard scores based upon scope,
frequency of occurrence, intensity, and destructive potential. Key components of the analysis
process are maps that include flood-prone areas, locations of critical facilities, and data on past
hazard events in the area. The summary risk assessment discussed in Section IV: Hazard
Identification and Analysis serves as the foundation for concentrating and prioritizing local
mitigation effects.
Step 2, the Community Vulnerability Assessment identifies the probable magnitude of loss or
harm to people and property were a natural disaster to occur. This analysis must be conducted for
both present development conditions and for projected development trends. This was completed
predominantly through investigative research along with the use of GIS technology and best
available data. It includes narrative descriptions on community characteristics, such as Pasquotank
County’s and the City of Elizabeth City’s geographical, economic and demographic profiles, the
existence of critical facilities, and discusses future development trends and implications for hazard
vulnerability. The vulnerability assessment also includes a description of the threat posed by
identified hazards and a description of exposure vulnerabilities including damage and loss associated
with all identified hazards. To graphically depict hazard vulnerability, this section also includes
community vulnerability assessment maps.
Step 3, the Mitigation Capabilities Assessment, provides a comprehensive examination of the
community’s capacity to implement meaningful mitigation strategies, and identifies existing
opportunities for program enhancement. Capabilities addressed in this section include staff and
organizational capability, technical capability, policy and program capability, fiscal capability, legal
authority and political willpower. The purpose of this assessment is to identify any existing gaps,
weaknesses or conflicts in local programs/activities that may hinder mitigation efforts, or to identify
those local activities that can be built upon in establishing a successful community hazard mitigation
program.
Mitigation capabilities which may be present in many different segments of a community include:
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Development regulations
Building Codes
Land Use Plans
Government Institutions
Emergency Management Programs
Hazard Preparedness or Recovery Programs
Communications Systems
Steps 1, 2, and 3 are collectively referred to as background studies, and form the basis for designing the
community’s hazard mitigation strategy. The conclusion of these three background studies led to
the formation of Community Goals (Step 4) which may already exist as part of a comprehensive
plan, capital improvement plan, development regulations, or other forms of community “visioning”.
Through a review of these plans and policies, existing goals can be identified that are relevant to
mitigation efforts.
Examples of mitigation goals that may exist in current plans include:
•
•
•
•
Regulations for location and type of development
Provisions for open space and other natural areas
Protection of critical institutions and infrastructure
Provisions for accommodating future growth
The Mitigation Advisory Committee (MAC) took these goals and restated them with an emphasis on
hazard mitigation to make our hazard mitigation goals consistent with current community goals.
•
•
•
•
To regulate the location and type of development to mitigate the effects of natural hazards and
promote public safety. (Flood Mitigation Strategy, Goal 1-Objective 1 #1; pg VII-2), Goal 3-Objective 1, #2; pg VII-6)
To provide for open space and other natural areas vulnerable to hazards. (Flood Mitigation Strategy,
Goal 4-Objective 1, #1; pg VII-7)
To provide for protection of critical institutions and infrastructure from the effects of natural
and technological hazards. (Flood Mitigation Strategy, Goal 4-Objective 2, #1; pg VII-7)
To accommodate future growth in disaster resistant areas. (Flood Mitigation Strategy, Goal 3-Objective 1, #2;
pg VII-6)
These community hazard mitigation goals combined with an understanding of the identified hazard
risks, vulnerability and community capabilities provides the basis for developing, adopting and
implementing a meaningful Hazard Mitigation Strategy (Step 5) for Pasquotank County and the
City of Elizabeth City. These two steps help make the Plan strategic and functional for
implementation purposes, and ultimately are the “action” components of the plan. Preparation of
the Hazard Mitigation Strategy includes measures to ensure the Plan’s ultimate implementation, and
adopted evaluation and enhancement procedures to ensure the Plan is routinely updated. This
includes assigning responsibility for successful implementation, as well as developing a detailed
timeline for implementation and completion of designated programs and policies.
B. Participants in Planning Process
The Pasquotank County-Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan is developed as the result of a
collaborative effort between Pasquotank County, the City of Elizabeth City, public agencies, nonprofit organizations, and the private sector, as well as, regional, state and federal agencies. This plan
covers all of Pasquotank County including the City of Elizabeth City and all unincorporated areas of
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
the county. Input was sought from state and federal mitigation planners as necessary or appropriate.
Additionally, through public hearings, workshops, and draft plan display, ample opportunity was
provided for public participation by neighboring communities, agencies, businesses, academia,
nonprofits, and other interested parties. Participation from these individuals was sought by
advertising public hearings in the local newspaper as well as through email and on the county and
city website. One person attended the Public Meeting held on February 15, 2010 but provided no input. There
was also no input received from outside agencies or neighboring communities.
Mitigation Advisory Committee (MAC)
The Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Emergency Management Coordinator serves as the
facilitator for the planning process. It should be noted that Pasquotank County, Camden County
and Elizabeth City share a single Emergency Management Coordinator based in Elizabeth City.
Thus, there exists a routine and continuing cooperative relationship among these three (3)
jurisdictions, especially for emergency services. The Mitigation Advisory Committee (MAC) (made
up of representatives from Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City) worked in the development of
the plan with guidance from NC Emergency Management Hazard Mitigation Division and input was
solicited from non-profits, the private sector and surrounding communities. The MAC is comprised
of the following:















Randy Keaton, Pasquotank County Manager
Rodney Bunch, Pasquotank County Assistant County Manager
Larnetta Brothers, Sanitation Superintendent
Rich Olson, Elizabeth City Manager
Stanley Ward, Elizabeth City Inspections
Julie Stamper, GIS Coordinator
Bill Stevens, Pasquotank County Tax Administrator
John Gregory, Pasquotank County Water System
Christy Saunders, Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Emergency Management
Coordinator
Rebecca Christenbury, Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Assistant Emergency
Management Coordinator
Amy Durden, Elizabeth City GIS Coordinator
Michael Etheridge, Pasquotank County Solid Waste Director
Shelley Cox, Pasquotank County Planning Director
Cheryl Eggar, Elizabeth City Planning Department
Paul Kahl, Pasquotank County Building and Inspections
C. Plan Monitoring and Evaluation
The Pasquotank County Manager and Elizabeth City Manager or their designee(s) will monitor the
progress of the mitigation strategy on a continual basis to ensure plan implementation. The
Mitigation Advisory Committee will work together in providing plan review.
Annual Review Process
The Mitigation Advisory Committee will meet on annual basis and following any disaster events or
other instances warranting a re-examination of the mitigation actions being implemented or
proposed for future implementation. The public will be invited to the annual meeting, as will
personnel from the NC Division of Emergency Management. This will ensure that the Plan is
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
continuously updated to reflect changing conditions and needs for Pasquotank County and the City
of Elizabeth City. If determined appropriate or as requested, an annual report on the status of the
Mitigation Plan will be developed and presented to the County/City Manager. The purpose of this
report will be to provide a progress update on the actions identified in the Plan and to provide
information on any new funding opportunities or changes to relevant legislative planning
requirements. As appropriate, information contained in other relevant progress reporting documents
will be incorporated into the mitigation plan status report. The lead mitigation planner will be
responsible for reconvening the Committee and conducting the annual plan review. Criteria to be
considered at the time the plan is reviewed include the following:
Do the goals and objectives address current and expected conditions?
Has the nature or magnitude of risks changed?
Are the current resources appropriate for implementing the plan?
Are there implementation problems, such as technical, political, legal, or coordination
issues with other entities?
Are the goals of Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City being met?
Did other entities that were expected to be part of the plan provide the level of
cooperation expected?
A public hearing and report will be made annually by the Mitigation Advisory Committee to the
County Board of Commissioners and City Council, updating the actions that have been taken and
the performance of the responsible parties named. Any obstacles that have been encountered will
be detailed, along with recommendations to move forward. Public comments will be solicited and
considered with the report.
Annual Review 2005 - 2009
The Mitigation Advisory Committee did not meet annually to review the HMP as identified in the
previously approved plan. While the MAC did not hold annual meetings over the last five years, the
mitigation strategy was addressed in other forums as evident by the success and completion of
several mitigation measures identified in the plan.
Following approval and adoption of the 2010 Plan Update, the Mitigation Advisory Committee will
meet annually to re-examine the mitigation measures as they are implemented and to update/revise
the plan as necessary. The public will be invited to the annual meetings.
While the public did not have the opportunity to participate in public meetings over the last five
years, the public was involved in the Plan’s maintenance through public education and notice about
mitigation opportunities. Hazard mitigation symposiums were held to inform city and county
residents of mitigation activities and several property owners were given the opportunity to
participate in proposed acquisition projects for repetitive loss properties.
D. Plan Review and Update
Based on the results of the annual report, the plan will be amended and updated as necessary by the
Mitigation Advisory Committee. At a minimum, the plan will be fully updated within five (5) years
or a presidential declared disaster, if necessary, and submitted for approval to the North Carolina
Emergency Management and FEMA for review.
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Periodic revisions and updates of the Mitigation Plan are required to ensure that the goals of the
Plan are kept current, taking into account potential changes in hazard vulnerability and mitigation
priorities. In addition, revisions may be necessary to ensure that the Plan is in full compliance with
applicable federal and state regulations. Periodic evaluation of the Plan will also ensure that specific
mitigation actions are being reviewed and carried out according to the implementation assignments
in the Mitigation Action Implementation section.
State and Federal Agency Review
The amended/updated Plan shall be completed and forwarded within 5 years to NCDEM and
FEMA for review and approval prior to further action by the County or the City.
The Hazard Mitigation Plan will be thoroughly reviewed by the Mitigation Advisory Committee
every five years to determine whether there have been any significant changes in Pasquotank County
and/or Elizabeth City that may, in turn, necessitate changes in the types of mitigation actions
proposed. New development in identified hazard areas, an increased exposure to hazards, the
increase or decrease in capability to address hazards, and changes to federal or state legislation are
examples of factors that may necessitate an update and/or revision of the plan. The next five-year
plan review and update is due [date].
The plan review and update process will begin with sufficient lead time prior to the expiration date
of the current mitigation plan to allow ample opportunity for local officials to evaluate those actions
that have been successful and to address mitigation actions that may not have been successfully
implemented as assigned. The review will also allow for documenting potential losses avoided due to
the implementation of specific mitigation measures. The lead mitigation planner will be responsible
for reconvening the Committee and conducting the five-year plan review.
During the five-year plan review process, the following questions will be used to assess the
effectiveness and appropriateness of the local hazard mitigation plan:






Do the goals and objectives address current and expected conditions?
Has the nature or magnitude of risk changed?
Are current resources sufficient for implementing the plan?
Are there implementation issues, such as technical, political, legal or coordination issues with
other agencies?
Have the outcomes occurred as expected?
Did the agencies and other partners participate in the planning process as proposed?
Upon completion of the five-year plan review and update process, the lead mitigation planner will
make any revisions deemed necessary and submit the Hazard Mitigation Plan to the Pasquotank
County Boards of Commissioners and the City of Elizabeth City Council for adoption according to
the processes established by state and local law, including public notice and hearing requirements.
The updated plan will be submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer at the North Carolina
Division of Emergency Management for final review and approval in coordination with the Federal
Emergency Management Agency.
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
City Council and Board of Commissioners Plan Approval and Adoption
Upon receiving the recommendation of the City Manager and the County Manager for approval of
the NCDEM and FEMA approved draft Plan Amendment, the City of Elizabeth City Council and
the Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners shall each hold a public hearing. The City Council
public hearing shall be held prior to the Board of Commissioners public hearing. The City Council
shall review the report and recommendations from the City Manager and any written oral comments
received at the public hearing. Following the review, the City Council shall take one of the following
actions:
a) Adopt proposed amendment as presented or within modifications
b) Deny the proposed amendment
c) Refer the amendment request back to the County Manager for further work
d) Defer the amendment request for further consideration and/or hearing
The Board shall review the report and recommendation from the County Manager, any additional
comments from the participating municipality, and any written or oral comments received at the
public hearing. Following the review, the Board of Commissioners shall take one of the following
actions:
a) Adopt proposed amendment as presented or within modifications
b) Deny the proposed amendment
c) Refer the amendment request back to the County Manager for further work
d) Defer the amendment request for further consideration and/or hearing
Post-Disaster Plan Review and Update
Following a disaster event, the Hazard Mitigation Plan will be revised as necessary to reflect lessons
learned, or to address specific issues and circumstances arising from the event, as well as potential
mitigation funding that may become available if a federal or state disaster is declared for the
jurisdiction. It will be the responsibility of the lead mitigation planner to reconvene the Mitigation
Advisory Committee and to ensure the appropriate stakeholders are invited to participate in the plan
revision and update process following any emergency or disaster events.
Continued Public Involvement
Public participation is an integral component to the mitigation planning process and will continue to
be essential as the Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan evolves over
time. As described above, significant changes or amendments to the Plan shall require the
involvement of the general community as deemed appropriate prior to any formal adoption
procedures.
Efforts to involve the general community in the plan maintenance, evaluation and revision process
will be made as necessary. These efforts may include:



Advertising meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee with invitations for public
participation;
Designating knowledgeable and willing members of the community to serve as official
representatives on the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee;
Utilizing local media to update the community of any maintenance and/or periodic review
activities taking place;
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan


Utilizing the Pasquotank County and City of Elizabeth City local government websites to
advertise any maintenance and/or periodic review activities taking place; and
Keeping copies of the Plan in the local library.
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City have established strategies herein which will
provide opportunity for continued public involvement. These strategies include a copy of the
adopted plan to be placed at the Pasquotank County Courthouse, H. Rick Gardner Municipal
Building and the Pasquotank-Camden Library for public review. In addition, a copy of the plan and
any proposed revisions will be displayed on the County and City sponsored websites with a response
icon and a phone number for the public to direct questions or comments regarding the plan to the
Directors of Planning and Inspections or the Emergency Management Coordinator.
E. 2010 Plan Update Review
HMP Advisory Committee Meetings
The Hazard Mitigation Planning (HMP) Advisory Committee, consisting of representatives from
interested County/City departments met two times between March and December 2009. The table
below describes the Plan meeting schedule.
Plan Meeting Schedules
Meeting Date
March 19, 2009
May 12, 2009
January 26, 2010
February 15, 2010
Topic
HMP Advisory Committee Meeting
HMP Advisory Committee Meeting
Public Meeting
Public Hearing
Draft placed for Review
Draft placed for Review
Public Hearing / Plan Adoption Pasquotank County
Public Hearing / Plan Adoption Elizabeth City
Plan Review
The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee, with input from local government agencies, concerned
citizens, and state and local officials, used the following process to give a comprehensive review and
evaluation of each section of the previously approved Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan. The process included a careful review of the 2007 NC State Hazard
Mitigation Plan to evaluate the consistency of the local plan with the State Plan.
The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee followed the process specified in the Plan Maintenance
Section of the previously approved plan for monitoring, evaluating and updating the plan. As
specified in that section, the Committee addressed the following questions to assess the previously
approved plan:
Do the goals and objectives address current and expected conditions?
Has the nature or magnitude of risks changed?
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Are the current resources appropriate for implementing the plan?
Are there implementation problems, such as technical, political, legal, or coordination
issues with other entities?
Are the goals of Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City being met?
Did other entities that were expected to be part of the plan provide the level of
cooperation expected?
The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee met on May 12, 2009 and reviewed the goal statements
contained in the Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. The Committee
determined that the goal statements contained in the previous mitigation plan continue to be
applicable to the current hazard conditions in Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City,
and adequately guide the community in its efforts to reduce or avoid long-term vulnerabilities. The
goal statements appear in the Mitigation Strategy Section of this document.
The Committee also reviewed the goal of the 2007 North Carolina State Hazard Mitigation Plan:
The single Goal of the North Carolina State Hazard Mitigation Plan is to:
Reduce the State’s vulnerability and increase its resilience to natural hazards, in order to protect people,
property and natural resources. (Section III. A., p. 1)
The Committee determined that the mitigation goals of Pasquotank County and the City of
Elizabeth City are consistent with the mitigation goal of the State of North Carolina.
The MAC reviewed the risk assessment of the previously approved plan and made adjustments as
indicated in the plan update document and as referenced in the Mitigation Plan Update Checklist.
The following new plans, studies, reports, and technical information that have become available
since the previously approved plan was adopted were reviewed and incorporated into the Plan
Update:
o New/amended/revised planning documents such as zoning ordinance, subdivision
ordinance, etc.
o Pasquotank County Stormwater Design Manual
o Updated community profile information
The Committee also reviewed the Mitigation Strategy section of the previously approved plan, and
identified the actions that had been completed. These actions, along with the date of completion,
responsible party, funding source used, and outcome for mitigation appear in Appendix A to the
Plan Update. Actions that have been deleted or deferred, along with the reason for their deletion or
deferment also appear in Appendix A to the Plan Update.
Actions determined to be still viable options for the community have been carried over into the Plan
Update and are included in Section II: Mitigation Strategy.
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-8
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Public Input
Public Meeting
On January 26, 2010, Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City gave the public an
opportunity to review and comment on the draft plan update at a public meeting at the
Pasquotank County Public Safety Building in Elizabeth City. The meeting was advertised in
the local newspaper, the Pasquotank County and City of Elizabeth City local government
access television channels, and the Pasquotank County website.
At the meeting, a presentation was made describing the purpose of the hazard mitigation
planning process. The sections of the Plan describing the hazard identification and risk
assessment process were also presented. One citizen attended the public meeting. There
were no specific comments that warranted changes in the draft plan.
In addition to the meeting, public announcements of the meeting provided a phone number
and an email address for persons who were unable to attend the meeting but who wanted to
receive more information about the planning process. During the planning process, drafts
of the plan were also available for public review at the Pasquotank-Camden Library and the
Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Management Office.
Public Hearing
On February 15, 2010, Pasquotank County held a public hearing at the Board of
Commissioners meeting to receive public comment on the final draft plan update. There
were no public comments received at the hearing.
The public hearing was advertised in the local newspaper, the Pasquotank County and City
of Elizabeth City local government access television channels, and the Pasquotank County
and City of Elizabeth City websites.
Plan Approval Process
The Public Hearing for the final draft of the Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard
Mitigation Plan was held on _____ for the City of Elizabeth City Council. A Public Hearing for the
final draft of the Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan was held on
______ for the Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners. Copies of the plan were made
available before, during, and after the Public Hearing for comment, and any comments received
were considered as part of the development of the plan. The final draft of the Pasquotank County
Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan was then submitted to the Board of Commissioners and
the City Council for approval. Formal adoption of the plan took place after the Public Hearing on
______ for Elizabeth City and ______ for Pasquotank County. The approved mitigation plan was
then copied in both digital and paper formats and distributed to users, including the appropriate
state and federal agencies.
In addition to the meeting, public announcement of the meetings provided a phone number and
email address for persons who were unable to attend the meeting but who wanted to receive more
information about the planning process.
Section II: Hazard Mitigation Planning Process
II-9
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section III. Community Profile
History
Pasquotank County, located in northeastern North Carolina along with Camden, Currituck,
Perquimans, and Chowan was established in 1663 as part of Albemarle County in colonial North
Carolina. Its long thin shape comes from these counties being centered on various rivers running
into the Albemarle Sound. Pasquotank County was centered around the Pasquotank River until
1777 when Camden County was formed out of the portion of land east of the Pasquotank River.
The name Pasquotank is derived from the Algonquian Indian word, “pasketanki”, which means,
“Where the current of the stream divides or forks.” The county's first settlement and commercial
center was Nixonton, along the Little River. Laid out by at least 1746 and incorporated in 1758,
Nixonton remained the county's only incorporated town for almost fifty years and served as the
county seat from 1785 to 1799. Elizabeth Town was named the county seat in 1779, and the first
court was held there on June 6th, 1800. The name of the county seat was changed from Elizabeth
Town to Elizabeth City in 1801. Elizabeth City, named for Elizabeth Tooley, located where the
narrows of the Pasquotank River open up and the river widens its outlet towards the Albemarle
Sound, became the economic and commercial hub of northeastern North Carolina with the opening
of the Great Dismal Swamp, completed in 1805, that linked the sounds and rivers of northeastern
North Carolina with the port of Norfolk.
Geography
Pasquotank County is located in the northeastern section of North Carolina and is bordered by
Camden County to the north and east, Gates County to the northwest, Perquimans County to the
southwest, and the Albemarle Sound to the south. Pasquotank County has an elevation of 12 feet
above sea level, and a land area of 226.84 square miles. The total acreage of the county (including
Albemarle Sound, Pasquotank and Little Rivers) is 185,252 acres, with 144,947 being land, 40,304
being water, and 44,224 being swamp. According to the 2008 U.S. Census population estimates, the
population of Pasquotank County is 41,111. The population of the county increased by 11.5% from
1990 to 2000, which is proportional to the influx of residents into coastal counties. The population
has increased by an additional 17.8% from 2000 to 2008.
Elizabeth City is the county seat of Pasquotank County and is located 36º 17’44” North
76º 13’30” West. The elevation of Elizabeth City ranges from 1 to 12 feet above sea level and a
land area of 9.6 square miles, with 0.6 square miles of this being water. According to the 2000 U.S
Census, the population of Elizabeth City is 17,188 and has an estimated 6,577 families. The
population of the city has increased by 20.3% from 1990 to 2000.
Pasquotank County Demographics
Elizabeth City Demographics
Section III: Community Profile
III-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
General Economic Conditions
Elizabeth City is the employment, services, governmental, and housing center for the northeastern
North Carolina. The local economy is driven by retail trade, services, manufacturing, and
government jobs. Tourism is an increasingly important component of the local economy. Growth
in the Chesapeake-Portsmouth-Norfolk area, coupled with highway improvements linking Virginia
and North Carolina, is expected to have a “spill-over” effect on all of Pasquotank County.
Population Growth
Elizabeth City’s total population increased approximately 16.5% from 2000-2008. The County’s
population growth rate during the same time period was 17.8%. The statewide average was 14.6%.
The City’s and County’s growth rates since 2000 are about average compared to other coastal North
Carolina communities. Approximately 75% of the 2000 total population was located within three of
the six townships – Elizabeth City (35.0%), Nixonton (20.2%), and Providence (19.7%) Townships.
See Township Maps
Projections indicate an increase in the total County population to 47,111 in 2020 and 51,611 in 2030.
Projections indicate that the population growth rate of Pasquotank County and the entire state will
slow over the next 25 years.
Figure III-1: Projected Rate of Population Change
The US Census estimates that the dramatic growth of North Carolina's Latino population
continued between 2000 and 2002. Their 17 percent growth rate during the period ranked second
highest among all the states, trailing only Georgia's gain. The addition of 64,500 Hispanics brought
the state total for this group to 443,463 by 2002. The Asian population also increased, adding nearly
18,000 people, a 14.7 percent gain. Reports estimate that North Carolina has over 300,000
undocumented immigrants in its population, 3% of the US total. This ranks the state 8th highest
among all US states.
Section III: Community Profile
III-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Figure III-2: Distribution of Asian Population, 2000
Figure III-3: Distribution of Hispanic Population, 2000
Section III: Community Profile
III-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Projected Population Growth
Table III-1 illustrates the projected population growth for Pasquotank County between the years
2000 to 2030. The county population is expected to increase by 47.9% between 2000 and 2030 with
an estimated population of 51,611 in 2030. Table III-2 illustrates the projected population density
change from 2000 to 2030. It is estimated that in 2030 there will be 227.49 persons per square miles
in Pasquotank County accounting for a 47.9% density change from 2000 to 2030.
Table III-1: Pasquotank County Projected Population Growth
PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH
Decadal Population Count
Actual
County
Pasquotank
Decadal Population Growth
Projected
2000
2010
2020
2030
2000 2010
(Count)
34,897
41,934
47,111
51,611
7,037
Total
20002010
(%)
2010 2020
(Count)
20102020
(%)
2020 2030
(Count)
20202030
(%)
2000 2030
(Count)
20002030
(%)
20.2
5,177
12.3
4,500
9.6
16,714
47.9
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 8-6
Table III-2: Pasquotank County Projected Population Density Change
PROJECTED POPULATION DENSITY CHANGE
Persons/Square Mile
2000 - 2030
Land
Density
Area (Sq.
Change
County
Miles)
2000
2030
(Count)
Pasquotank
226.88
153.82
227.49
73.67
2000 - 2030
Density
Change
(Percent)
47.90
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 8-11
Climate
The general weather pattern for Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City is hot and humid in the summer
with an average temperature of 79 degrees. The winter months are moderately cold with an average
temperature of 41 degrees. Monthly statistics recorded from 1934 – 2003 record a mean temperature
of 60.89º. The average annual rainfall (1934 – 2003) is 50.15 inches.
Geology
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City are located in the Albemarle region of the Lower
Coastal Plain and occupy a nearly level plain known as the Pamlico terrace. Approximately one
tenth of one percent of the area has slopes of less then 2 percent. There are several low, short sandy
ridges west and northwest of Elizabeth City and in the vicinity of Morgans Corner. There are also
Section III: Community Profile
III-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
steep 10 to 12 foot escarpments in places along the Pasquotank River Valley between Elizabeth City
and Jackson Corner.
Water supplies for Elizabeth City come from a series of shallow wells that are found several miles to
the northwest in the southern end of the Dismal Swamp area of the county. Rural water is obtained
from shallow wells that have electric or hand pumps. The natural drainage for the county and city is
provided by the Pasquotank and Little Rivers, Knobbs, Newbegun, and Symonds Creeks and a
number of short creeks and swamps.
Soils
Generally, most of the soils in Pasquotank County have limitations for many urban uses due to
wetness, low strength, and restricted permeability. Overall, for septic tank and light industrial uses,
the soil types in most of the county have substantial limitations. Less than three-tenths of one
percent of all the soils in Pasquotank County is rated as having slight limitations for septic tank
absorption fields. Site-specific soil analyses are required by the Albemarle Regional Health Services
to evaluate the suitability of a particular parcel for a septic system. Centralized sewer facilities are
needed to support intensive urban development.
Prime farmland soils are defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as soils that have the best
combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and
oilseed crops. Such soils have properties that favor the economic production of sustained high
yields of crops. However, soils that are well suited to crops are also well suited to urban uses.
The loss of prime farmland to other land uses puts pressure on marginal lands which are generally
less productive and not as easily cultivated. It is estimated that approximately 3 percent of the total
Pasquotank County land area contains soils that are identified as prime farmland soils. The largest
concentrations of such classified soils are located in the southern peninsula area southeast of the
Elizabeth City urban area. An additional 23 percent of the county land area is classified has having
prime farmland soils if those soils are drained.
Hydric soils are soils that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough
during the growing season to support the growth and reproduction of hydrophytic vegetation.
Hydrophytic vegetation along with hydric soils and wetland hydrology are considered the three
essential characteristics of wetlands. Consequently, the presence of hydric soils is one indicator of
probable wetlands locations. The precise location of wetlands must, however, be determined
through field investigation.
More detailed data regarding the criteria for defining prime farmland and hydric soils as well as
information regarding measures for mitigating particular soils limitations can be obtained at the local
office of the Natural Resources Conservation Service. Source: Draft Pasquotank/Elizabeth City CAMA
Land Use Plan, 2005. Pages 60-61.
Water Resources
Three separate water supply systems operate within Pasquotank County. These systems include the
Pasquotank County Water System, the City of Elizabeth City Municipal Water System, and the
South Mills Water Association.
.
Section III: Community Profile
III-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The City of Elizabeth City draws its water for treatment from a strain identified as the Yorktown
Aquifer. The City’s wellfield consists of a series of wells on approximately four hundred acres that
currently have ten well sites. Four additional wells are under construction and will be on line by
June of 2010. The current safe yield of the well field is 1.8 million gallons per day (MGD). After
the new wells go online in June of 2010, the safe yield of the well field will be 2.7 MGD. The
projected maximum capacity of the water treatment facility is three million gallons per day. The
current customer demand on the water system is approximately 2.2 MGD. The existing City water
distribution system consists of 105 miles of water line and three (3) elevated water storage tanks, and
is supplemented by a three million gallon storage tank for finished water at the water treatment
plant.
Pasquotank County’s water source is approximately 30 wells; located mostly in southern Pasquotank
County. Current use is approximately 1.4 million gallons per day and the design capacity for the
treatment facility is 2.7 millions gallons per day. The existing Pasquotank Water System consists of
265 miles of water line and five (5) water storage tanks.
The South Mills Water Association supplies water to the northwest corner of Pasquotank County;
west of US Highway 17 along the US Highway 158 corridor to Lynch’s Corner.
There is
approximately 40 miles of lines in Pasquotank County and one (1) water storage tank.
Natural Resources
A portion of the Great Dismal Swamp is located in Pasquotank County. Mammals that live in the
swamp include gray squirrels, otters, bats, raccoon, and mink, gray and red foxes. White-tailed deer,
bobcat, and black bear also inhabit the area. Three species of poisonous snakes are found in the
Dismal Swamp; the copperhead, cottonmouth, and canebrake rattler, as well as 18 species of nonpoisonous snakes. There are also 56 species of turtles, salamanders, lizards, frogs, and toads. A
large and diverse species of birds have been identified in the Great Dismal Swamp as well. These
include the barred owl, wooded duck, pileated woodpecker, and the prothonotary warbler.
There are also a great deal of northern and southern plants that grow in the area. Some of these
plants include magnolia, myrtle, jasmine, cherry trees, and switch cane. Additionally, the entire
underlying geology of the Dismal Swamp is peat.
Recreation
Pasquotank County
Fun Junktion Educational and Recreational Park is located in Pasquotank County. The park
consists of a catch and release pond, playground, pavilion, picnic shelters, lake, basketball court,
swimming pond, paddle boats, canoe rentals, fitness trail, camping, walking and bike trail, and a
skateboard park.
The South Park Sports Complex is located off Weeksville Road in Elizabeth City. The complex is a
joint venture between Pasquotank County Parks and Recreation and the Elizabeth City Parks and
Recreation Department. The sports complex is open daily and features batting cages and a driving
range.
Section III: Community Profile
III-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The River Road Sports Complex is located off River Road in Elizabeth City adjacent to River Road
Middle School. The complex was completed in 2009 and is a joint venture between Pasquotank
County Parks and Recreation and the Elizabeth City Parks and Recreation Department. The
complex features five soccer/football fields.
Saw Mill Park is a public park that is located along Newbegun Creek in the southeastern part of
Pasquotank County. The park features a boardwalk for fishing, a boat ramp, and a picnic area.
Meads Pool is located in Pasquotank County just off Main Street Extended. It consists of a 40’ x 30’
pool house, and 29.89 acres of land. This property was deeded to the county, May 11, 2001 and
must be maintained as a swimming pool for use by the public for a minimum of seven years or
revert back to the previous owners. Pasquotank County has also agreed to allow only recreational or
open space for the remaining property surrounding the pool.
Elizabeth City
There is a waterfront park located in Elizabeth City that boasts water related activities such as
boating, skiing, or fishing.
Knobbs Creek Recreation Center has a recreation center and a 9-hole par three golf course. Sports
include softball leagues, soccer leagues, baseball leagues, aerobics, gymnastics, men and women’s
volleyball. A 4400 square foot Senior Citizens Center is also co-located at this site.
George Wood Park is located off of Camden Causeway and has a boardwalk that winds through the
wetlands along the Pasquotank River.
Charles Creek Park is located on the 700 Block of Riverside Avenue. The park is 3 acres and is
suitable for fishing, outdoor games, boating, and picnics.
Elizabeth Street Minipark is located in the 800 Block of Elizabeth Street. The site contains
playground equipment for youngsters and an open area for games.
Elizabeth Street Tennis Courts is surrounded by Elizabeth, Harney, and Cedar Streets and along
with tennis has the capability for Frisbee, touch football, and spectator seating.
Elizabeth City Parks and Recreation has ball fields and tennis courts located at Corsair Circle and
Catalina Street. Summer and fall softball are played at these ball fields.
Museum of the Albemarle retells the story of the people who have dwelled in the
Albemarle region -- from the Native Americans to the first English-speaking colonists, to
adventurers, farmers, and fishermen.
Section III: Community Profile
III-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section IV. Hazard Identification and Analysis
A. Introduction
This section of the Hazard Mitigation Plan provides details on the natural and technological hazards
that could affect Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City. This section describes hazard
identification, including hazard descriptions and scores and exposure descriptions and scores.
Hazard scores are formulated by multiplying together the scope, frequency, intensity, and destructive
potential assigned to each hazard. Exposure scores are formulated to quantify the natural hazard
vulnerability of each county in North Carolina to each identified exposure. Hazard scores and
exposure scores are used to formulate the total hazard vulnerability by multiplying the scores
together.
Total Hazard Score x Total Exposure Score = Total Hazard Vulnerability
B. Hazard Identification and Analysis Methodology
Pasquotank County utilized the State of North Carolina’s hazard identification methodology
described in the 2007 NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Hazard identification for the risk assessment was initiated through a panel of eleven natural hazard
experts from across the state that provided a comprehensive representation of knowledge across all
natural hazards. Most hazards discussed were officially identified as hazards of valid concern for
North Carolina.
Forty-nine natural hazards were identified for the state of North Carolina. These 49 hazards have
been divided into two categories and 10 groups for ease of organization, interpretation and
reference. The categories split the hazards into “Greater” and “Lesser” hazard categories. The
Greater Hazards are those identified as having the most potential impact on the state of North
Carolina in the past and in the future. The Lesser Hazards are still hazards of significant concern,
but have not had as large of an impact on the entire state in the past, or in the anticipated future.
The Greater Hazards include: Floods, Earthquakes, Hurricanes/Coastal Hazards, Wildfire and
Severe Winter Weather (Table IV-1). The Lesser Hazards include: Dam Failure, Drought,
Geological, and Tornado/Severe Thunderstorm and Infectious Disease (Table IV-2). These hazard
determinations were made based on the initial risk assessment completed for North Carolina in 2004
and were not altered during the 2007 update.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Table IV-1: Listing of Identified Greater Natural Hazards By Group Designation
GREATER HAZARDS CATEGORY—LISTING OF IDENTIFIED HAZARDS BY GROUP
Flood
Earthquake
Wildfire
Floods
Earthquakes
Wildfire
Hurricanes and Coastal Hazards
Severe Winter Weather
Hurricanes
Nor'easters
Severe Winter Weather
Hurricane—Storm Surge
Nor'easters—Storm Surge
Severe Winter Weather—Freezing Rain
Hurricane—High Wind
Nor'easters—High Wind
Severe Winter Weather—Snowstorms
Hurricane—Torrential Rain
Nor'easters—Severe Winter Weather Severe Winter Weather—Blizzards
Hurricane—Tornadoes
Tsunami
Severe Winter Weather—Wind Chill
Rip Current
Coastal Erosion
Extreme Cold
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 2-2
Table IV-2: Listing of Identified Lesser Natural Hazards By Group Designation
LESSER HAZARDS CATEGORY—LISTING OF IDENTIFIED HAZARDS BY GROUP
Dam Failure
Infectious Disease Geological
Tornado/Thunderstorm
Dam Failure
Human Contact
Debris Flow/ Landslide Severe Thunderstorm
Animal Contact
Subsidence
Severe Thunderstorm—Hailstorm
Foodborne
Acidic Soil
Severe Thunderstorm—Torrential Rain
Drought
Drought
Waterborne
Geochemical-related
Severe Thunderstorm—Thunderstorm Wind
Drought—
Human Respiratory Mine Collapse
Severe Thunderstorm—Lightning
Agricultural
Animal Respiratory Sinkholes
Tornado
Drought—
Vectorborne
Expansive Soil
Tornado—Waterspout
Hydrologic
High Wind
Heat Wave
Fog
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 3-1
Documentation of Hazard Region Designations
North Carolina was divided into eight climate divisions for the state hazard analysis. Pasquotank
County is in “Coastal 8” Hazard Region along with counties of Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Currituck,
Dare, Gates, Hertford, Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington. Figure IV-1 below illustrates the eight
climate divisions of the state.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Figure IV-1: Risk Assessment Geographic Boundaries
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NDEM, 2007, p. 1-9
Hazard Descriptions and Scores
Hazard descriptions and scores profile the natural hazards identified for the state by providing
definitions and descriptions of each natural hazard and the details of the hazard’s historical impact.
The following section details the definitions, descriptions, historical occurrences, and future hazard
vulnerabilities of the natural hazards previously identified. Comprehensive hazard-history research
on each of the identified hazards was completed and added to information provided by consulted
hazard experts for hazard sections relating to the definition, description, and historical occurrences
of hazards. A scoring system was used for determining hazard vulnerability results for the greater
hazards. The scoring results are provided for each individual hazard, for each hazard group
identified, and as a composite of all hazards (excluding flood, earthquake, and infectious disease
hazards).
The scoring system was completed for all hazards (excluding earthquake and flood) by hazard
experts during an 11-month period. The system evaluates each hazard based on the following
criteria: scope; frequency of occurrence; intensity; and destructive potential.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Scope is defined as the geographic extent of each hazard.
Frequency of occurrence is based on the expected repetitive nature of a particular hazard
in each hazard region.
Intensity is defined as the average strength of each hazard in a representative hazard region,
as compared to the strength of that same hazard, as averaged over the entire continental
United States.
Destructive potential is similar to intensity, but provides a way of ranking the intensity of
hazards within North Carolina.
Scores were assigned to each county according to hazard region. Hazard scores were formulated by
multiplying together the scope, frequency, intensity, and destructive potential assigned to each
hazard.
Scope x Frequency of Occurrence x Intensity x Destructive Potential = Hazard Score
Hazard scores are found at the end of each hazard description in Section IV (i.e. hurricane hazard
score is found on page IV-17).
For further explanation of the methodology used for scoring please see the corresponding sections
that follow. For further explanation of the methodology used for scoring other hazards, please refer
to Appendix C of the 2007 NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan.
C. Summary of Pasquotank County Hazard Scores
Table IV-12 provides a summary of Pasquotank County’s hazards scores based on the results of the
2007 NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan risk assessment.
Table IV-12: Summary of Pasquotank County Hazard Scores
Pasquotank County Hazard Scores
Hazard
Hurricane
Storm Surge
High Wind
Torrential Rain
Tornado
Coastal Erosion
Severe Thunderstorm
Hailstorm
Torrential Rain
Thunderstorm Wind
Lightning
Wildfire
Drought
Hydrologic
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
Score
375
240
120
300
30
375
300
225
240
225
150
250
240
180
IV-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Agricultural
Heat Wave
Nor’easter
Storm Surge
High Wind
Severe Winter Weather
Severe Winter Weather
Freezing Rain
Snowstorms
Blizzard
Wind Chill
Extreme Cold
Tsunami
Tornado
Waterspout
Dam Failure
Fog
Subsidence (Geological)
Acidic Soil (Geological)
Geochemical-Related
240
80
225
225
150
60
120
120
30
15
10
5
125
100
25
30
75
150
20
45
Total Hazard Scores
The scores for all of the hazards (except flood, earthquake, and infectious disease) were added
together to create the hazard score. Coastal 8 Hazard Region has a total hazard score of 5240. The
most hazardous area of the state is the Coastal 6 region (southeastern North Carolina). It received
the highest score overall for all identified hazards that can affect North Carolina with a total hazard
score of 6055. Coastal Plain 8 received the lowest total hazard score with a score of 4520. Table
IV-13 describes the top hazard scores for the “Coastal 8” hazard region.
Table IV-13: Top Hazard Scores for Coastal 8 Region
TOP SCORES BY HAZARD REGION:
COASTAL 8
Hazard
Score
Hurricane
375
Coastal Erosion
375
Severe Thunderstorm
300
Wildfire
250
Drought
240
Nor’easters
225
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 4-2
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Probability of Future Events
In order to estimate the probability of future hazard events, best available data was collected from a
variety of sources in order to generate quantitative estimates of annual probability on a county-bycounty basis. This analysis was performed for the following hazards: drought; earthquake; extreme
heat; flood; hail; hurricane; landslide; thunderstorm; tornado; wildfire; and severe winter weather.
Quantitative estimates of annual probability were not generated for the hazards of dam failure,
karst/sinkhole and land subsidence due to the lack of reliable historic information on previous
occurrences, and more importantly, due to the fact that the probability of future events is more
dependent on human activities such as the frequency of safety inspections and maintenance of
dams, as well as land development practices in areas susceptible to karst/sinkoles and subsidence (as
described in NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2007, Appendix A, Section 3).
In order to generate the estimated annual probability of occurrence, data on the number of recorded
historical hazard events was collected for each county and then divided by the number of years on
record. The data generated is given a qualitative classification of probability: Unlikely, Possible,
Likely, or Highly Likely. An alternative method was for the earthquake hazard, for which frequency
data was extracted from the USGS map showing peak ground acceleration with a 10% probability of
occurrence in 50 years (as shown in Appendix A, Section 2).
Table IV-14: Likelihood of Occurrence provides qualitative classifications of future probability (unlikely, possible,
likely or highly likely) according to the following scale:
Table IV-14: Likelihood of Occurrence
Likelihood
Frequency of Occurrence
Unlikely
Less than one percent annual probability.
Possible
Between one percent and ten percent annual probability.
Likely
Between 10% to 100% annual probability.
Highly Likely
100% annual probability.
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 4-9
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The following table (Table IV-15) describes the State’s rating for probability of occurrence for the hazards as listed in
Table 4-4 of the 2007 NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Table IV-14 also identifies the local determination for
probability of occurrence for the hazards listed.
Table IV-15: Hazard Profile – Probability of Occurrence
Hazard
Hazards included in Appendix A, Table 4-4 of the
2007 NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan
NORTH CAROLINA GREATER
HAZARDS
Flooding
Earthquake
Hurricanes
Severe Winter Weather
Wildfire
NORTH CAROLINA LESSER
HAZARDS
Drought
Heat Wave
Landslide/Debris Flow
Tornado
Thunderstorm
Hail
OTHER HAZARDS
Terrorism
Dike Failure
Hazardous Materials Incident
Groundwater Contamination
Nuclear Power Accident
1= Unlikely
2 = Possible
3 = Likely
4 = Highly Likely
Probability of Occurrence
Appendix A, Table 4-4
Local Determination
Likely (3)
Unlikely (1)
Likely (3)
Highly Likely (4)
Highly Likely (4)
Likely (3)
Unlikely (1)
Highly Likely (4)
Likely (3)
Highly Likely (4)
Possible (2)
Possible (2)
Unlikely (1)
Likely (3)
Highly Likely (4)
Likely (3)
Possible (2)
Possible (2)
Unlikely (1)
Possible (2)
Highly Likely (4)
Likely (3)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Unlikely (1)
Unlikely (1)
Likely (3)
Possible (2)
Unlikely (1)
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City experiences a tropical system event, whether
hurricane, tropical storm, or sub-tropical storm on an annual basis. Based on this historical
information, local officials determine that the probability of occurrence for the Hurricane Hazard at
“Highly Likely”.
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City also assess their probability of occurrence for
Severe Thunderstorms as “Highly Likely”.
Tornadoes occur on a sporadic basis and have only occurred in three of the last five years. Straightline winds, however, which are common during severe weather events, have potential to cause major
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
damage in the area. As a result, the local determination for likelihood of tornado occurrence is
“Possible.”
Local officials agreed that severe winter weather events are a hazard for Pasquotank and Elizabeth
City, and rank this hazard as “Likely”.
Flooding is a known hazard for the area; therefore officials concur with the state’s probability of
occurrence as “Likely”.
While Terrorism is identified as “Unlikely” in probability of occurrence, due to the nature of the
hazard it is a part of this Hazard Mitigation Plan.
Nuclear Power Accident, also identified as “Unlikely” is also included in this Hazard Mitigation Plan
due to Pasquotank County’s location within the 50-radius of the Surry Nuclear Power Plant.
Hazardous Materials is not a part of the State’s assessment, but is a hazard for Pasquotank County
and the City of Elizabeth City with a probability of occurrence as “Likely” and is addressed in this
plan.
Earthquake, Drought, Heat Wave, Landslide, Hail, Dike Failure and Groundwater Contamination, having only a
minor probability of occurrence in Pasquotank and Elizabeth City, will not be addressed in this plan.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-8
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
C. Greater Hazards
Hurricanes & Tropical Storms
Hurricanes and tropical storms, both classified as tropical cyclones, are low-pressure storm systems that
originate over warm ocean waters but are capable of causing immense destruction when crossing the
coastline onto land. The primary damaging forces associated with these storms are high-level
sustained winds, heavy precipitation and tornadoes. Coastal areas are also vulnerable to the
additional forces of storm surge, wind-driven waves and tidal flooding.
The key energy source for a tropical cyclone is the release of latent heat from the condensation of
warm water. Their formation requires a low-pressure disturbance, sufficiently warm sea surface
temperature, rotational force from the spinning of the earth and the absence of wind shear in the
lowest 50,000 feet of the atmosphere. Hurricanes and tropical storms can form in the Atlantic
Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico from the months of June to November, but the peak of
the Atlantic hurricane season is early to mid-September. An average of six storms reaches hurricane
intensity per year in the Atlantic basin.
As an incipient hurricane develops, barometric pressure at its center falls and winds increase. If the
atmospheric and oceanic conditions are favorable, it can intensify into a tropical depression. When
maximum sustained winds reach or exceed 39 miles per hour, the system is designated a tropical
storm, given a name and closely monitored by the National Hurricane Center in Miami, Florida.
When sustained winds reach or exceed 74 miles per hour, the storm is deemed a hurricane.
Hurricane intensity is further classified by the Saffir-Simpson Scale, which rates hurricane intensity
on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 being the most intense. The Saffir-Simpson scale is shown in Table IV-3.
Table IV-3: Saffir-Simpson Scale
Category
Maximum Sustained
Wind Speed (mph)
1
74-95
2
96-110
3
111-130
4
131-155
5
155+
Source: National Hurricane Center
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-9
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Saffir-Simpson scale categorizes hurricane intensity linearly based upon maximum sustained
winds. Categories 3, 4, and 5 are classified as “major” hurricanes, and while hurricanes within this
range comprise only 20% of total tropical cyclone landfalls, they account for over 70% of the
damage in the United States. Table IV-4 describes the damage that could be expected for each category hurricane.
Table IV-4: Examples of Hurricane Damage by Saffir-Simpson Category
HURRICANE CATEGORY DAMAGE EXAMPLES
Category
1
Level
Minimal
2
Moderate
3
Extensive
4
Extreme
5
Catastrophic
Description
Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored homes. No real
damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Lowlying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed
anchorage torn from moorings.
Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down.
Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly
constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window
and door damage. No major damage to buildings. Coast roads and low-lying
escape routes inland cut by rising water two to four hours before arrival of
hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in
unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline
residences and low-lying areas required.
Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown down. Almost all poorly constructed
signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some wind
and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes
destroyed. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near coast
destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating
debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water three to five hours
before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain five feet or less above sea level
flooded inland eight miles or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within
several blocks of shoreline possibly required.
Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing
materials, windows and doors. Complete failures of roofs on many small
residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Flat terrain 10 feet or less
above sea level flooded inland as far as six miles. Major damage to lower floors
of structures near shore, due to flooding and battering by waves and floating
debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water three to five hours
before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation of
all residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required, as well as the
evacuation of single-story residences within two miles of shore.
Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all
signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete
failure of roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering
of glass in windows and doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings
overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Major
damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level and
within 500 yards of shore. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water
three to five hours before hurricane center arrives. Massive evacuation of
residential areas on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required.
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 2-23
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-10
Example
Hurricane
Jerry
(1989)
Hurricane
Bob
(1991)
Hurricane
Gloria (1985)
Hurricane
Andrew
(1992)
Hurricane
Camille
(1969)
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hurricane – Storm Surge
Storm surge is defined as the difference between the maximum height of the water actually observed
during the storm and the height that would be expected (or predicted) due to normal tidal
fluctuations. These values represent the increase in the height of the water due to the storm alone.
The effect of the tide has been subtracted out. The storm surge arrives ahead of the storm’s actual
landfall and the more intense the hurricane is, the sooner the surge arrives. Water rise can be very
rapid, posing a serious treat to those who have waited to evacuate flood prone areas. The surge is
always highest in the right-front quadrant of the direction the hurricane is moving in. As the storm
approaches shore the greatest storm surge will be to the north of the hurricane eye. Storm surge is
often 50 to 100 miles wide and can rise anywhere from 4 to 5 feet in a Category 1 hurricane and up
to 20+ feet in a Category 5 storm. Storm surge from Hurricane Floyd resulted in water marks of 30
inches in businesses along the Pasquotank River.
See Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City Storm Surge Maps
Hurricane - Tornado
For related information concerning the definition, description and historical occurrences of
hurricane–tornado hazards, refer to the Tornado hazard section contained in the Lesser Hazards
portion of this risk assessment.
Historical Occurrences:
North Carolina has a long and notorious history of destruction by hurricanes. Ever since the first
expeditions to Roanoke Island in 1586, hurricanes are recorded to have caused tremendous damage
to the state. The state's protruding coastline makes it a favorable target for tropical cyclones that
curve northward in the western Atlantic Ocean.
Reliable classification of the intensity of tropical cyclones began in 1886. Since that time, there have
been 951 tropical cyclones that have been recorded in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
Approximately 166 or 17.5% of those tropical cyclones passed within 300 miles of North Carolina.
According to the State Climate Office of North Carolina, 48 tropical cyclones have made direct
landfall in North Carolina between 1851 and 2009. Of these, two (2) were tropical storms, 28 were
minor hurricanes and 16 were major hurricanes. Another 105 tropical cyclones have impacted
North Carolina since 1851 by either entering from another state or by passing in proximity to the
coast but remaining offshore. Of these, 34 were tropical storms, 40 were minor hurricanes and 30
were major hurricanes. According to the State Climate Office, the coast of North Carolina can
expect to receive a land falling tropical cyclone once every four years and be affected by one every
1.59 years.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-11
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Figure IV-2 shows for any particular location what the chance is that a tropical storm or hurricane will affect the area
sometime during the whole June to November hurricane season. The figure was created by Todd Kimberlain of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Hurricane Research Division. In creating the graphic, he
utilized the years 1944 to 1999 in the analysis and counted hits when a storm or hurricane was within about 100
miles (165 km) of each location.
The figure shows that Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City faces a 42% annual chance that a tropical
storm or hurricane will affect the area.
Figure IV-2: Empirical Probability of a Named Storm
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Hurricane Research Division
Table IV-5 lists all hurricanes and tropical storms that have made direct landfall in North Carolina since 1851.
Approximate location of landfall, estimated wind speed, and storm surge at landfall are also listed.
Table IV-5: Direct Landfalling Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in North Carolina Since 1851
Direct Landfalling Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in North Carolina Since 1851
Note: This list does not count storms that made landfall in another state, then moved into North Carolina.
Approximate
Date of Landfall
Storm
Name
9/14/2005
8/14/2004
8/3/2004
9/18/2003
9/16/1999
8/26/1998
9/6/1996
7/13/1996
Ophelia
Charley
Alex
Isabel
Floyd
Bonnie
Fran
Bertha
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
Saffir-Simpson
Estimated Storm
Approximate Location
Intensity
Wind
Surge
of Landfall
at Landfall
Speed (kt) (ft.)
1
Tropical Storm
2
2
2
3
3
2
Carteret
NC/SC border
Hatteras
Drum Inlet
Topsail Island
Cape Fear
Cape Fear
Topsail Beach
85
60
80
90
95
100
100
90
6-8
2-3
3-5
6-10
6-8
8-12
5
IV-12
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
8/31/1993
8/18/1986
9/26/1985
9/9/1984
9/30/1971
9/11/1960
9/19/1955
8/17/1955
8/12/1955
10/15/1954
8/30/1954
8/13/1953
1949
1944
8/1/1944
9/18/1936
9/16/1933
8/23/1933
9/22/1920
9/3/1913
7/31/1908
1906
7/11/1901
10/31/1899
8/16/1899
1896
1893
1893
1887
1885
1883
1881
1880
1879
1878
1876
1874
1861
1861
1857
Emily
Charley
Gloria
Diana
Ginger
Donna
Ione
Diane
Connie
Hazel
Carol
Barbara
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
Unnamed
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
4
2
2
Tropical Storm
4
1
3
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
2
Hatteras
Morehead
Hatteras
Long Beach
Atlantic Beach
East of Wilmington
Salter Path
Carolina Beach
Cape Lookout
NC/SC border
Hatteras
Cape Lookout
Southport
Hatteras
Ocracoke
Hatteras
Topsail Beach
Cape Lookout
Morehead
Kill Devil Hills
Wrightsville Beach
Hatteras
70
90
80
65
95
90
75
70
125
85
90
95
120
80
105
105
105
70
75
70
80
70
95
130
110
105
105
105
100
110
90
70
100
90
100
80
70
70
90
6-8
5-6
4
6-8
3-10
5-9
7
10-20
10
8
4-10
Source: State Climate Office of North Carolina, 2009
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-13
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hurricanes in Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City
September 1926: A Category 5 hurricane hit Pasquotank County. Due to the era in which this
hurricane occurred, there was no documented statistical data available to list estimates.
August 1933: A Category 2 hurricane passed over the Outer Banks just east of Oracoke and
curved back toward the Atlantic by way of Norfolk, VA bringing it across Pasquotank County.
Damage in the Northeastern counties of North Carolina (mostly crop damage) was estimated at
$250,000.00
September 1933: Less than one month after the August storm North Carolina was threatened
with another (Category 3) hurricane. It entered the mainland in the New Bern area with winds
of 100 to 120 mph. Flooding along the river basins of the Neuse and the Pamlico was
astronomical and claimed 21 lives. The hurricane then turned more to the north and northeast
slicing across the extreme eastern portion of the Albemarle Sound, passing directly over
Elizabeth City before exiting into the Atlantic near Corolla and the Virginia-North Carolina
border. The 90 mph winds on the western side of the hurricane resulted in “blow-out” tides
along the north shore of the Albemarle Sound from Elizabeth City westward resulting in the
lowest tides ever recorded for the northern banks of the Albemarle Sound.
August 1935: The remnants of the Category 5 “Labor Day Storm” moved inland across the
Florida Keys. The hurricane turned up the west coast of Florida and made a second landfall in
the Tampa Bay area, it then crossed Georgia and the Carolinas before exiting the coast near the
North Carolina-Virginia border. The effects of the storm, though confined to tropical storm
force winds of 40 to 50 mph spawned several tornados in northeastern North Carolina. In all,
the “Labor Day Storm” was responsible for the death of 400 lives.
September 1944: A Category 4 hurricane hit Pasquotank County. There was heavy damage
reported in Elizabeth City; some from flooding but most from high winds. There was no
documented statistical data available to list estimates.
August 1953: Hurricane Barbara (Category 1) (First year US Weather Bureau officially named
storms) Barbara made landfall between Morehead City and Oracoke, turned northeast and
exited into the Atlantic near the North Carolina-Virginia border. Damage estimates in North
Carolina exceeded $1 million (mostly crop damage).
October 1954: Hurricane Hazel (Category 4) caused agricultural and structural damage with a 17
foot storm surge to coastal communities in North Carolina. Although Pasquotank County was
spared the brunt of the storm there were reports of flooding in the area. While there are no
specific statistics for Pasquotank County, it was the most destructive hurricane in North
Carolina’s history; nineteen people were killed and over two hundred injured; fifteen thousand
homes and structures were destroyed; thirty-nine thousand structures received damage and there
were an estimated $136 million in property losses.
August 1955: Hurricanes Connie (Category 1) and Diane (Category 1) hit just two days apart
making it difficult to assess the damages from each separately. Hurricane Connie did not result
in extensive damage, but heavy rains saturated the ground and set the stage for the heavy rainfall
and flooding from Hurricane Diane. Damages in North Carolina from the two storms exceeded
$80 million.
September 1955: Hurricane Ione (Category 2) struck just one month after hurricanes Connie
and Diane bringing unprecedented rainfall to already saturated ground. Ione entered North
Carolina a few miles west of Atlantic Beach and moved northward through the PamlicoAlbemarle region and curved to the northeast passing near Elizabeth City on it way back to the
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-14
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Atlantic. Damage in Elizabeth City was severe, especially to crops. Damages in North Carolina
from Hurricane Ione exceeded $90 million.
September 1960: Hurricane Donna (Category 2) Hurricane Donna came inland in North
Carolina near Topsail Beach, and then moved through Carteret, Pamlico, Hyde, and Tyrrell
Counties, across the Albemarle Sound before slamming into Elizabeth City. Wind damage was
severe from fallen trees and toppled power lines, as well as water damage.
September 1985: Hurricane Gloria (Category 2) passed over Hatteras Island, swerved
northward and reentered the Atlantic near Nags Head on a northeasterly track. Rainfall
amounts of over 4 inches were recorded in Elizabeth City, but no major damage was reported.
July 1996: Hurricane Bertha (Category 2) hit Pasquotank County causing wind and water
damages. There were 20 homes reported with major damage and more than 100 with minor
damage. Elizabeth City Shipyard (Pasquotank River) reported high water marks of 18 inches;
exceeding the highest (unofficial) recorded level since 1954. In all, the storm caused $200,000 in
property damage and $30,000 in agriculture damage.
September 1996: Hurricane Fran (Category 3) passed through Pasquotank County causing $1
million in wind and tree damage to property. The storm destroyed 1 home, caused major
damage to 10, and minor damage to more then 75.
October 1996: Tropical Storm Josephine caused $100,000 in property damage.
August 1998: Hurricane Bonnie (Category 2) brought excessive rain and caused 13.4 million
dollars in property damage; mostly from wind and trees. There were 2 homes destroyed,
20 received major damage, and more than 150 homes received minor damage; with the most
being within the City of Elizabeth City. Governor Jim Hunt, when touring Elizabeth City, stated
the area had the worst tree damage he had seen. The majority of the damage from this hurricane
occurred as it exited the area and most thought the storm had passed, but its spiral bans
rejuvenated and got in a “last minute punch” to Pasquotank, Camden and Currituck Counties.
September 1999: Hurricane Dennis (Category 1) was the first of almost three consecutive
storms to affect Pasquotank County in 1999. While the storm only brought sustained winds of
39 mph and gust of 52 mph it dumped over 7 inches of rain saturating the ground and setting
the stage for the next two storms. Hurricane Dennis resulted in an estimated $35,000 in
property damage in Pasquotank County.
September 1999: Hurricane Floyd (Category 2) was mainly a water event from torrential rains
which touched off 500-year floods across much of eastern North Carolina and caused $12
million dollars in property damage, and 63.4 million dollars in agriculture damage. In North
Carolina there were a reported 51 deaths; 7000 homes destroyed; 17,000 homes uninhabitable;
56,000 homes damaged; most roads east of I-95 flooded; over 1500 people were rescued from
flooded areas; over 500,000 customers were without electricity at some point; and 10,000 people
were housed in temporary shelters. Initial information reported severe damage within Elizabeth
City and other parts of the county, including damage to the Carolina Theater, the destruction of
the roof of the E.S. Chesson Building and damage to as many as 20 other structures with high
water marks of 30 inches recorded along the Pasquotank River. Crop damage in the Newland
portion of the county was brutal when dikes built in 1956 to control flooding from the Great
Dismal Swamp failed and rising flood waters, resulting from Hurricanes Dennis and Floyd
submerged more than 2,000 acres of farmland in more than two feet of water.
October 1999: Hurricane Irene (Category 1) caused $31,000 in property damage.
Hurricane Irene followed close on the heels of Hurricane Floyd and brought 13 inches of
rain to the area along with an F2 Tornado in the Weeksville community causing $150,000 in
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-15
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
damage. The damage from Floyd and Irene was combined due to the close proximity of the
storms. Record flooding from Hurricanes Floyd and Irene occurred in numerous areas and
resulted in 66 counties being declared as federal disaster areas. The state immediately pursued an
aggressive outreach effort to identify all the victims and homes that were damaged or destroyed.
As a result, on September 15, 2000, the one-year anniversary date of Hurricane Floyd, over 54
HMGP (Hazard Mitigation Grant Program) containing over 4,000 homes had been approved
for buyout. This was for an amount of $254 million dollars. Pasquotank County participated in
the HMGP and a total of nine homes were acquired at a total cost of $508,475.00.
Table IV-6: Pasquotank County HMGP Property Acquisitions
County
Project Name
Project Description
Pasquotank
Pasquotank County-Part 1
Acquisition of 6 homes
Pasquotank
Pasquotank County-Part 2
Acquisition of 3 homes
Totals:
Federal (75%)
State (25%)
Number
of
Homes
Elevated
Number
of
Homes
Acquired
$287,517.00
$95,839.00
0
6
$93,839.25
$31,279.75
0
3
$381,356.25
$127,118.75
0
9
September 2003: Hurricane Isabel (Category 2) was primarily a wind storm (although there
were some reported areas of minor flooding) and resulted in 47 North Carolina counties
receiving Presidential Declarations for over $155.2 million in federal/state disaster aid. The
storm brought flooding, wind, and downed trees causing extensive damage to many properties
in Elizabeth City’s historic districts, completely destroying the Antioch Presbyterian Church and
extensive damage to grave markers and iron fences in the Episcopal Cemetery. As many as 26
homes in Elizabeth City/Pasquotank County were reported destroyed; 244 with major damage
and 1307 with minor damage. Particularly hard hit was the Newbegun Land portion of
Pasquotank County. Sustained winds of 75 mph with winds gusts up to 97 mph were reported
and a storm surge of five feet was recorded on the Pasquotank River. The first inland shelter for
northeastern North Carolina, located in Pasquotank County, was opened for 12 days at the K.E.
White Continuing Education Center on Weeksville Road, housing at one point up to 475
evacuatees. Dominion NC Power reported 97% of their customers were without power,
Albemarle Electric Membership Corporation – 100% and Elizabeth City Public Utilities – 75%;
many for over a week. Hurricane Isabel was responsible for the death of one Pasquotank citizen
when a power pole guide wire entangled around a vehicle axle snapped resulting in fatal injuries.
Two citizens became critically ill after using a generator without proper ventilation.
The following chart is a summary of the response and recovery activity from September 18,
2003 to December 8, 2003; the period of time President Bush declared North Carolina eligible
for federal disaster assistance for Hurricane Isabel. A total of $155.2 million in federal/state
disaster aid was approved for this period of time for the state of North Carolina.
Total Apps = Total number of households and businesses in each county that registered with FEMA during the
period September 18 through December 8, 2003.
# rec’g Housing $ = The number of applicants receiving money so far for home repairs or temporary housing
(for example, to rent a place to live while repairs were being made to their home). This aid is funded 100 percent
by FEMA.
# rec’g ONA $ = The number of applicants receiving money so far through the Other Needs Assistance (ONA)
program. ONA gives assistance to applicants who have disaster-related necessary expenses and serious needs
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-16
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
not covered by insurance. These may include medical, dental and funeral expenses, as well as personal
property, transportation and other expenses. This aid is funded 75 percent by FEMA, 25 percent by the state.
# SBA loans = The number of applicants, including individuals and families as well as businesses, that have
been authorized loans so far from the U. S. Small Business Administration Disaster Loan Program.
Public Assistance = The federal and state assistance that pays for emergency measures and debris removal,
and for permanent repairs to roads, water control facilities, public buildings and publicly-owned utilities damaged
in the disaster. The program is for state and local governments, Native American nations and organizations, and
certain qualifying nonprofit organizations. The figures given for each county are accurate within approximately
one percent; the variance results from administrative costs, which can vary for each individual applicant within
the county. The figures will continue to rise as projects are approved. All the projects, including the statewide
projects listed at the bottom of the chart, are funded 75 percent by FEMA and 25 percent by the state.
Table IV-7: Hurricane Isabel Disaster Aid – Pasquotank County
County
Pasquotank
Total
Apps
3,490
# rec'g
Housing $
471
Amount
# rec’g
ONA $
$579,706.52 971
Amount
$946,336.19
# SBA
loans
134
Amount
Public
Assistance
$1,550,300 $2,347,270
Source: FEMA – Information on Federally Declared Disaster
September 2005: Hurricane Ophelia (Category 1) brushed the coast of North Carolina
throughout September 14 and 15. Fortunately, the storms strongest winds remained offshore.
As Hurricane Ophelia lingered it dropped more than 10 inches of rain on many coastal areas.
The Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Emergency Operations Center (EOC) was fully
activated on September 13 and remained open for two days. Pasquotank County and the City of
Elizabeth City declared a State of Emergency on September 14. A public Red Cross shelter was
opened at the K.E. White Center on Weeksville Road in Elizabeth City on September 13. The
shelter had 28 registered evacuees and officially closed on the afternoon of September 15.
President Bush declared a state of emergency in 37 counties in North Carolina as a result of
Ophelia. There were no reports of damage in Pasquotank County or the City of Elizabeth City
from Hurricane Ophelia. The majority of the storm damage reported occurred in the southern
coastal counties of North Carolina with approximately $70 million in damages.
September 2006: Tropical Storm Ernesto made landfall near Wilmington, NC on Thursday,
August 31st. Northeastern North Carolina had already received several inches of rain prior to
Ernesto. The storm dumped between 4 to 8 inches of rain bringing a three day rainfall total of
nearly 12 inches. More than 80 homes and businesses in Pasquotank County reported damage;
however, the number and types of damages did not meet the State’s threshold for a federal or
state disaster declaration. Approximately one-eighth of the affected property owners had flood
insurance; however, none of policies included contents coverage. The majority of the homes
with reported damages remained habitable. Five homes were reported with major damage.
Damage reports commonly included flood ruined heating and air systems, duct work, carpet,
and washers and dryers. The Oxford Heights neighborhood, a 101-home community off N.
Hughes Boulevard in Elizabeth City, sustained record flooding. Other affected areas included
Bray Estates, Nancy Drive, S. Hughes Boulevard, W. Church Street Extended, W. Main Street
Extended, Marion Avenue, Blount Road, and Sawmill Road/Weeksville Road.
The residents of the Oxford Heights community were particularly concerned with the flooding
in their subdivision during Ernesto. The City of Elizabeth City took an active interest in
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-17
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
determining why the flooding was more severe than it had been in the past, as well as in ways to
helps the residents of the community recover from the storm. A major area of concern was
ingress and egress to the subdivision. There is only one entrance and exit to the subdivision, and
during and following Ernesto the subdivision was isolated as a result of major flooding at the
entrance. In the months following the storm, the City of Elizabeth City developed an Oxford
Heights Evacuation Plan in which a gated NC Department of Transportation entrance in the
rear of the subdivision will be opened in the event that the main entrance to the subdivision
becomes impassable due to flooding. The City of Elizabeth City also applied for a Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) Grant in January
2007. The grant was designed to provide Oxford Heights property owners whose homes are in
the floodway and who suffered flood damages to their homes from Ernesto the option to have
their home acquired from FEMA. Ten property owners participated in the grant application.
After extensive benefit/cost analysis, it was determined that the Oxford Heights Acquisition
Project did not meet the FEMA requirements for cost effectiveness.
The City and Pasquotank County also pursued a drainage study of the Knobbs Creek Drainage
Basin to determine the cause of the flooding. In March 2007 the Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners hired a consultant to proceed with a $78,000 study designed to show where
flooding problems exist. The study was to focus on the mouth of Knobbs Creek and westward.
In July 2007 the consultant stated that removing a potential drainage impediment behind the
Farm Fresh grocery store on N. Hughes Boulevard could solve some the of flooding problems.
On the other hand, the consultant said that cleaning that bottleneck may cause more problems
for Oxford Heights.
In November 2007, Pasquotank County released a Drainage Manual as a result of an eight
month study by the hired consultant. Pasquotank County now requires developers to perform a
detailed drainage study before subdivisions can be approved. Developers also have to
demonstrate that a post development drainage system does not impede upstream drainage or
increase downstream flow.
September 2008: Tropical Storm Hanna made landfall at the NC/SC border in the early
hours of September 6. Hanna brought rain and gusty winds to the area. The PasquotankCamden-Elizabeth City Emergency Operations Center (EOC) was activated at noon on
September 5, and remained open until mid-afternoon on September 6. Pasquotank County and
the City of Elizabeth City declared a State of Emergency on September 5. A public Red Cross
shelter was opened for one night on the evening of September 5 at the Knobbs Creek
Recreation Center on Ward Street in Elizabeth City. Hanna’s winds downed multiple trees and
caused brief power outages in the County and City. The storm also caused minor flooding
throughout the County and the City.
Location & Extent
Hurricanes will affect the entire county, while hazards associated with the storm (i.e. tornadoes,
isolated flooding) may only affect small geographic areas of the county.
Damage during hurricanes may result from spawned tornadoes and inland flooding associated with
heavy rainfall that usually accompanies these storms. Hurricane Irene, for example, was a Category
1 hurricane and produced up to 13 inches of rain throughout the local area. However, it also
produced a F2 Tornado affecting only an isolated portion of the Weeksville community of
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-18
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Pasquotank county. In addition, the storm surge and flooding typically associated with hurricanes
affect the coastal and low-lying areas within the city and county.
Range of Magnitude
The impact to Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City from Hurricanes is dependent on multiple factors.
Many areas within the county border the Albemarle Sound, area rivers, creeks and swamps and are
at risk for flooding. In additional many residential homes are built surrounded by massive trees
creating a substantial risk for structural damage from hurricane force winds. Therefore the impact
from a hurricane, in terms of injuries, damages, and death, can vary in degrees from minor to
catastrophic.
• Minor:
• Limited:
• Critical:
• Catastrophic:
Very few injuries, if any. Only minor property damage & minimal disruption
on quality of life. Temporary shutdown of critical facilities.
Minor injuries only. More than 10% of property in affected area damaged or
destroyed. Complete shutdown of critical facilities for more than one day.
Multiple deaths/injuries possible. More than 50% of property in affected area
damaged or destroyed. Complete shutdown of critical facilities for 30 days or
more.
High number of deaths/injuries possible. More than 50% of property in
affected area damaged or destroyed. Complete shutdown of critical facilities
for 30 days or more.
Pasquotank County Hurricane/Coastal Storm Hazard Score
The vulnerability score for Pasquotank County represents the scope, frequency, intensity, and
destructive potential of this hazard and is an indication of future probability, based on its relative
score to other counties within the state.
The hurricane hazard score is 375 out of a maximum score of 625. Therefore, hurricanes pose a
moderate threat to Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Hurricanes and Coastal Storms
The likelihood of occurrence of hurricanes and coastal storms affecting Pasquotank County is
classified as “likely.”
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-19
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Flooding
Flooding is the most frequent and costly natural hazard in the United States. Floods are generally
the result of excessive precipitation, and can be classified under two categories: flash floods and
general floods. Flash floods are the product of heavy localized precipitation in a short time period
over a given location. General floods are caused by precipitation over a longer time period and over
a given river basin. The severity of a flooding event is determined by a combination of stream and
river basin topography and physiography, precipitation and weather patterns, recent soil moisture
conditions and the degree of vegetative clearing.
Flash flooding events usually occur with little or no warning, reaching full potential within only a
few minutes, and are the result of intense storms producing large amounts of rain over a brief period
of time or another sudden release of water such as the overflow of dikes onto surrounding areas.
Most flash flooding is caused by slow-moving thunderstorms in a local area or by heavy rains
associated with hurricanes and tropical storms. Although flash flooding occurs often along
mountain streams, it is also common in urbanized areas where much of the ground is covered by
impervious surfaces.
General floods are usually longer-term events and may last for several days. The primary types of
general flooding include riverine flooding, coastal flooding and urban flooding.
Riverine flooding is a function of precipitation levels and water runoff volumes within the watershed
of the stream or river. The recurrence interval of a flood is defined as the average time interval (in
years) expected to take place between the occurrence of one flood of a particular magnitude and the
occurrence of a flood of equal or larger magnitude. Flood magnitude increases as recurrence
intervals decrease.
Floodplains are relatively low-lying areas adjacent to streams, lakes or rivers commonly prone to
flooding. Floodplains are part of the natural hydrologic system, serving the important function of
carrying and temporarily storing excess floodwater or dampening the energy of torrential rain or
coastal storms. In addition, floodplains are useful for maintaining water quality, preserving
groundwater supply, supporting natural vegetation and providing natural habitats, as well as offering
many kinds of recreational and educational activities. Floodplain boundaries are designated and
routinely updated through Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Study
(FIS) reports and these revisions are then shown on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), according
to various flood hazard zones. Flood hazard zone designations will depend upon local conditions
and the date when the map was issued, but all will show the base floodplain (1-percent annual
chance), as well as areas of the 0.2-percent annual chance.
Coastal flooding is typically a result of storm surge, wind-driven waves, and heavy rainfall. These
conditions are produced by hurricanes during the summer and fall, and nor'easters and other large
coastal storms during the winter and spring. Storm surges may overrun barrier islands and push
seawater up coastal rivers and inlets, blocking the downstream flow of inland runoff. Thousands of
acres of crops and forestlands may be inundated by both saltwater and freshwater. Escape routes,
particularly from barrier islands, may be cut off quickly, stranding residents in flooded areas and
hampering rescue efforts.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-20
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Urban flooding occurs where there has been development within stream floodplains. This is partly a
result of the use of waterways for transportation purposes in earlier times. Sites adjacent to rivers
and coastal inlets provided convenient places to ship and receive commodities. The ultimate price of
this accessibility was the increased flooding of ensuing urban areas. Urbanization increases the
magnitude and frequency of floods by increasing the number of impermeable surfaces, increasing
the speed of drainage collection, reducing the carrying capacity of the land and occasionally
overwhelming sewer systems.
Periodic flooding of lands adjacent to rivers, streams and shorelines is a natural and inevitable
occurrence that can be expected to take place based upon established recurrence intervals. The
recurrence interval of a flood is defined as the average time interval, in years, expected between a
flood event of a particular magnitude and an equal or larger flood. Flood magnitude increases with
increasing recurrence interval.
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City are participants in the National Flood Insurance
Program, making citizens eligible for flood insurance. In addition, due to the major economic and
emotional impact flooding has on both residential and business structures emphasis is placed on
education about the National Flood Insurance and overall Family and Home preparedness.
The National Weather Service is legally responsible for weather forecasting and warning. Due to the
severe consequences from flooding, local governments pay close attention to flood warnings and
forecasts. These mitigation measures decrease property damage by an estimated $1 billion annually
Floods in Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City
January 1993: There was a flood reported in Pasquotank County that caused $500,000 in
property damage and $50,000 in agricultural damage.
July 1996: There was a flash flood reported in Elizabeth City that caused no agricultural or
structural damage.
September 1999: There was a countywide flood reported that can be attributed to the large
amounts of rain dropped by Hurricane Floyd. The damage associated with this storm is located
in the Hurricane section of this plan, and is reiterated here. There were 12 million dollars in
structural damage and 63.4 million dollars in agricultural damage.
October 1999: There was a countywide flash flood reported in Pasquotank County. The flash
flood can be attributed to accumulation of water caused by the already heavily saturated ground
from Hurricane Floyd.
September 2003: There was flooding in Elizabeth City associated with Hurricane Isabel. Many
businesses received major damage.
December 2003: There was flash flooding in Elizabeth City as a result of heavy rains. Many of the
same businesses
September 2006: There was substantial flooding in Elizabeth City associated with Tropical Storm
Ernesto. The damage associated with this storm is located in the Hurricane section of this plan,
and is reiterated here. Of the damages reported, 65 homes were reported as affected, 13 homes
were reported with minor damage, and 5 homes were reported with major damage.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-21
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
April 2008: Persistent bands of showers and embedded thunderstorms produced heavy rains
which caused flash flooding across portions of northeast North Carolina. There were numerous
reports of street flooding and closed roads in the western portion of the county.
July 2008: Heavy rains from thunderstorms produced flash flooding across portions of northeast
North Carolina. Five to six inches of water from heavy rains covered business Route 17 north of
Elizabeth City. Old Highway 17 from 3 miles north of Elizabeth City to 5 miles north of
Elizabeth City was also flooded. Numerous vehicles were pulled off the road in several feet of
water.
Location & Extent
The entire land area of Pasquotank County is susceptible to flooding; however, there are several
areas that are more vulnerable than others. Downtown Elizabeth City regularly experiences urban
flooding issues due to heavy rainfall over short and extended periods of time. Southern portions of
the county, which are low-lying and characterized by swamp land, are also at a higher risk for
flooding. If a storm system causes moderate to severe flooding in the city and/or the county, it can
be expected that there will be damage to property and infrastructure. While numerous areas within
the county/city have experienced repetitive flooding from hurricanes and nor’easters (see map of
Areas of Repetitive Flood and List of Areas of Repetitive Flooding) we do not anticipate a flood
depth of greater than ten feet within Pasquotank County.
Range of Magnitude
The impact to Pasquotank County from flooding is dependent on multiple factors. Many areas
within the county border the Albemarle Sound, area rivers, creeks and swamps. Areas of poor
drainage increase the potential for damages resulting from flash flooding. The impacts due to
flooding, in terms of injuries, damages, and death, can vary in degrees from minor to
catastrophic.
• Minor:
• Limited:
• Critical:
• Catastrophic:
Very few injuries, if any. Only minor property damage & minimal disruption
on quality of life. Temporary shutdown of critical facilities.
Minor injuries only. More than 10% of property in affected area damaged or
destroyed. Complete shutdown of critical facilities for more than one day.
Multiple deaths/injuries possible. More than 50% of property in affected area
damaged or destroyed. Complete shutdown of critical facilities for 30 days or
more.
High number of deaths/injuries possible. More than 50% of property in
affected area damaged or destroyed. Complete shutdown of critical facilities
for 30 days or more.
Pasquotank County Flood Hazard Score
Flood risk, whether articulated in a study or represented on maps, is based upon the following
factors: probability, frequency, and extent. To accurately and responsibly transpose existing
quantitative risk analysis to areas defined by political (rather than physiographic) boundaries is the
primary challenge in determining and planning for the risk of flooding, based upon county-level
flood hazard scores.
Flood hazard scores were determined for North Carolina counties, based on a combination of
contributing factors:
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-22
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The scope of the flooding hazard, shown by the shaded percentage of a county
demonstrated to be most prone to flooding, as illustrated in Figure 2-2 of the 2007 NC
Hazard Mitigation Plan. (Sources: FIRMs, Digital Q3 Flood Data (a FEMA product);
hydric soils; National Wetlands Inventory).
The frequency of flooding in the county, evidenced by the number of Federally declared
disasters so designated because of (or including) substantial flooding that has occurred
during the period for which NCDEM has accumulated records.
Intensity of flooding is represented in part by the number of flood insurance (NFIP)
policies in effect within a county (including municipalities as participating communities).
Destructive potential is demonstrated through the number of NFIP flood insurance
claims filed since the beginning of the program in each county.
The flooding hazard score for Pasquotank County is rated between 17 and 20 out of a maximum
score of 20. Therefore, flooding poses a significant threat to Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Floods in Pasquotank County
Localized flooding occurs frequently in Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City. The likelihood of
flooding in the County and City is classified as “likely.”
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-23
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Severe Winter Weather
Although North Carolina is located in the eastern part of the United States, it is susceptible to wintry
conditions. Heavy snow and extreme cold can result in downed trees, structural damage, power
outages, agricultural loss, and hazardous roadway conditions. Presidential disasters for winter
storms were declared in North Carolina in March 1993, January 1996, February 2000, December
2002 and February 2003. In most instances, these impacts are more likely to be felt in the mountains
and Piedmont region of the state, however Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City are vulnerable to
winter storms and receive an average of 4.6 inches of snow per year.
Winter Storms in Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City
February 1971: A winter storm brought 57 mph winds to Pasquotank County, but caused no
apparent damage.
March 1980: A winter coastal storm with near blizzard conditions dumped 25 inches of snow in
Pasquotank County.
December 1989: Ice storm
March 1993: Ice storm
January 1994: There was a heavy snow reported in Pasquotank County. The storm caused no
apparent damage to the area.
February 1994: There was an ice storm reported in Pasquotank County. The storm caused no
apparent damage to the area.
February 1995: Pasquotank County received 4 inches of snow during a winter storm.
February 1996: There were two winter storms of significance this winter season, the first being
predominately an ice storm followed by a snow storm which brought 5 inches of snow to the
area.
December 1996: There was a winter storm reported that caused $3,000 in property damage.
January 1997: There was a winter storm reported that brought 63 mph winds to the area, but
caused no reported damage.
January 1998: There was a winter storm reported that brought heavy rains, but caused no
apparent damage.
February 1998: There was a winter storm reported that brought heavy rains, but caused no
apparent damage.
January 2000: There was a winter storm reported with 4 inches of a mixture of freezing rain,
sleet and ice along with 40 mph winds.
December 2000: There was a winter storm reported with 5 inches of snow that caused $25,000 in
property damage.
January 2002: There was a winter storm reported with snowfall amounts of 6.5 inches recorded
in the area.
January 2003: There was a winter storm reported with snowfall amounts of 4.5 inches recorded
in the area.
January 2004: This winter month brought two snowstorms with the first on January 9th and a
recorded snowfall amount of 3 inches and the second on January 25th with a recorded snowfall
amount of 2 inches.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-24
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
February 2004: There was a winter storm reported with snowfall amounts of 4 - 6 inches in the
area.
December 2004: A record low temperature of 15 degrees, a sharp north wind, icy roads and about
an inch of snow was reported in Pasquotank County. Icy roads contributed to about 20 minor
accidents.
March 2005: There was a winter storm reported with thunder, lightning, rain, hail, snow and
high winds resulting in thousands of power outages, snapped tree limbs and structure damage to
the roof of one home in the Elizabeth City area. The 60 mph winds also toppled an 80,000
square-foot TAMSCO hangar under construction at the Elizabeth City Municipal Airport totally
flatling 70 tons of steel.
February 2006: Most of northeastern North Carolina received a light mixture of wintry
precipitation including sleet, snow, and freezing rain. The storm caused icy bridges and roads
throughout the region.
January 2007: An upper air disturbance produced one to two inches of snow across portions of
northeast North Carolina.
November 2008: Weak low pressure off the North Carolina Coast produced one half to one and a
half inches of snow was reported across portions of the county.
January 2010: A storm system produced 4 to 6 inches of snow and sleet over Pasquotank
County. Higher snow totals were reported at the northern end of the county. A public Red
Cross shelter was opened on Friday, January 29 at 8:00 p.m. The shelter was closed at 4:00 p.m.
on Saturday, January 30. Very few power outages were reported.
December 2010: A Christmas storm produced 10+ inches of snow in the area. Very few power
outages were reported and there were minimal accidents due to closed businesses for the holiday
resulting in low volume of highway traffic.
Location & Extent
Every county in North Carolina, including Pasquotank County, is subject to winter storms. Severe
winter weather systems can cause snow ice, freezing rain, and extreme cold. Historically, the
western, mountainous counties are more likely to experience these storms than the northeastern,
coastal part of the state. Typically, winter storms in Pasquotank County produce snow of five inches
and below, but on occasion the area receives upwards to one foot as was experienced in December,
2010.
Range of Magnitude
A winter storm can adversely affect roadways, utilities, business activities and can cause loss of life,
frostbite, or freezing. Winter storms may contain one or more of the following hazardous weather
events:
• Heavy Snowstorm: Accumulations of four inches or more in a six-hour period, or six inches
or more in a twelve-hour period.
• Sleet Storm:
Significant accumulations of solid pellets which form from the freezing
of raindrops or partially melted snowflakes causing slippery surfaces
posing hazards to pedestrians and motorists.
• Ice Storm:
Significant accumulations of rain or drizzle freezing on objects
(trees, power lines, roadways, etc.) as it strikes them, causing
slippery surfaces and damage from the sheer weight of ice
accumulation.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-25
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Pasquotank County is susceptible to the entire range of severe winter weather. Winter Storms
typically result in icy roads (causing minor to major traffic accidents), closing of schools and
businesses and loss of utilities.
Pasquotank County Severe Winter Weather Hazard Score
The vulnerability score for Pasquotank County represents the scope, frequency, intensity, and
destructive potential of this hazard and is an indication of future probability based on its relative
score to other counties in the state.
The severe winter weather hazard score for Pasquotank County is 120 out of a maximum score of
625. Severe winter weather poses a low threat to Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Severe Winter Weather in Pasquotank County
The State of North Carolina hazard probability for severe winter weather indicates that severe winter
weather has a “highly likely” probability of occurrence in Pasquotank County.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-26
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Wildfire
Wildfires, also known as forest fires, whether they originate from natural causes or are man-made,
can result in serious losses to life, property and to natural resources. While they do occur naturally,
usually by lightning, more often the cause is man made; a camp fire, a smoldering cigarette or sparks
from someone burning brush or trash.
Fire damage from lighting has impacted both homeowners and the agriculture industry in
Pasquotank County. These fires have affected the economy of the county through depletion of
valuable resources. Unfortunately, the county’s history of dry weather conditions makes it a likely
candidate for fires. In an attempt to minimize the occurrence of fire related damage, open burning
is not allowed inside the city limits regardless of conditions. The county does permit for burning
outside of the city limits in accordance with the NC Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, Division of Air Quality ruling which prohibits most outdoor burning and sets conditions
for allowable fires. Under the rule, it is always illegal to burn trash and other non-vegetative
materials. Leaves, branches and other plant growth can be burned under certain conditions.
Violators can be fined up to $10,000 or more. Open burning can be a nuisance, and local officials
may establish rules to reduce that nuisance, so it is best to check with local officials before beginning
to burn. The National Weather Service provides Real Time Fire Weather Information which
provides forecast information to the counties to help them in making decisions concerning allowable
outdoor burning.
The NC Division of Forest Resources (NCDFR) has the responsibility for protecting state and
privately owned forest land from forest fires. The program is managed on a cooperative basis with
the counties. All one hundred counties in North Carolina participate in the Forest Fire Protection
program. Pasquotank County located in Region 1 of NCDFR and is home of the District 7 Office
which provides Pasquotank County with an array of resources within our local area. The fire
program includes fire prevention efforts, pre-suppression activities (including extensive training of
Division and non-Division personnel) and aggressive suppression efforts on all wildfires.
The current scale of wildfire risk conditions is measured with the Keetch-Byram Drought Index
(KBDI). The KBDI estimates the potential risk for wildfire conditions based on daily temperatures,
daily precipitation, and annual precipitation levels on an index of 0 (no drought) to 800 (extreme
drought). The daily KBDI for the state of North Carolina can be found on the North Carolina
Division of Forest Resources website (http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/fire_control/kbdi_map.htm)
The table below, Table IV-9, describes the number of brush fires/wildfires that the Volunteer Fire
Departments responded to in Pasquotank County from 2005 to 2009.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-27
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Table IV-9: Annual Number of Brush Fires/Wildfires in Pasquotank County 2005-2009
Year
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Number of Brush
Fires / Wildfires
23
23
56
72
42
Source: Pasquotank County Volunteer Fire Department Coordinator
Table IV-10 describes the number of wildfires that occurred in Pasquotank County during the 2008 calendar year as
well as the five year average based on cause.
Table IV-10: Wildfires by Cause – Pasquotank County
Lightning Campfire Smoking
Debris
Machine
Incendiary
Railroad Children Misc. TOTAL
Burning
Use
2008
2
0
3
14
1
1
0
0
3
24
5
Yr.
Avg.
0
0
1
8
1
2
0
1
1
14
Source: NC Division of Forest Resources - http://www.dfr.state.nc.us/Contacts/pasquotank.htm
Location and Extent
The majorities of wildfires affecting Pasquotank County is located in the rural areas of the county
and are mostly associated with agricultural burns that have spread into wooded areas. Wildfires,
especially during a drought, can occur in fields, grass, and brush as well as in the forest itself at any
time of the year. Any small fire in a wooded area, if not quickly detected and suppressed, can get out
of control. Many wildfires are caused by human carelessness, negligence, and ignorance. Some are
precipitated by lightning strikes and in rare instances, spontaneous combustion.
Range of Magnitude
Pasquotank County has 41,000 acres of forest land and while wildfires typically impact a relatively
small area of this land they have the ability to spread rapidly and cause widespread damage. To date,
wildfires occurring in Pasquotank County have been quickly extinguished by local firefighters and
forestry with minimal acreage damage. The fact that the majority of land affected is mostly forest
or agricultural has led to minimal property damage ((Five year data - $1000 – structural, $4000 – car)
being done by these fires. Agricultural fires are generally confined to 30 acres or less but exact
statistical data is not kept by the fire departments on total number of acreage. NC Forestry data
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-28
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
reports 214.10 acres have burned in Pasquotank County over the last five years, however, as
residential development increases along wooded areas the County recognizes wildfires will continue
to occur in Pasquotank County, and will have more devastating effects as development in or around
wildlands increases.
Pasquotank County Wildfire Hazard Score
The vulnerability score for Pasquotank County represents the scope, frequency, intensity, and
destructive potential of this hazard and is an indication of future probability based on its relative
score to other counties in the state.
The Pasquotank County wildfire hazard score is 250 out of a maximum score of 625. Therefore,
wildfire poses a moderate threat to Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Wildfires in Pasquotank County
Over the last five years, there has been an average of 14 recorded wildfire events for Pasquotank
County (as recorded by NC Forestry) with debris fires accounting for the majority of the recorded
wildfire events and an average of 43 recorded “brush” fires as recorded by local fire departments
(mainly agricultural). Thus, wildfires are considered “highly likely.”
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-29
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
D. Lesser Hazards
Severe Thunderstorms
Severe thunderstorms are defined by the National Weather Service as storms that produce hail at
least three quarters of an inch in diameter and have wind speeds of 58 mph or higher. The usual
thunderstorm lasts 20 to 30 minutes and can cause wind, lightning, flash floods, and/or hail
damages. Every thunderstorm needs moisture to form clouds and rain, unstable warm air that can
rise rapidly, and lift (cold or warm front, sea breezes, mountains, the sun’s heat).
Thunderstorms affect relatively small areas when compared with hurricanes and winter storms, as
the average storm is 15 miles in diameter and lasts an average of 30 minutes. Nearly 1,800
thunderstorms occur at any moment around the world, and an estimated 100,000 occur each year in
the United States. Only about 10 percent of those 100,000 are classified as severe. Thunderstorms
are most likely to happen in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening
hours, but can occur year-round and at all hours.
Despite their small size, all thunderstorms are dangerous and capable of threatening life and
property in localized areas. Every thunderstorm produces lightning, which results from the buildup
and discharge of electrical energy between positively and negatively charged areas. Each year,
lightning is responsible for an average of 55 to 60 deaths (more than tornadoes), 300 injuries, and
several hundred million dollars in damage to property and forests.
Severe Thunderstorm – High Wind
Straight-line winds are responsible for most thunderstorm wind damages. Straight-line winds can
exceed 125 mph. One type of straight-line wind, the downburst, can cause damage equivalent to a
strong tornado.
The thunderstorm – high wind hazard score for Pasquotank County is 225 out of a maximum score
of 625. Therefore, the thunderstorm – high wind hazard poses a moderate threat to Pasquotank
County.
Severe Thunderstorm – Hail
Hail is precipitation in the form of odd-shaped icy lumps called hailstones. Hail falls from
thunderstorms that contain strong updrafts and a large supply of super cooled water droplets. Large
hail stones fall at speeds faster than 100 mph. Hail causes nearly $1 billion in damage to property
and crops annually.
The thunderstorm – hail hazard score for Pasquotank County is 225 out of a maximum score of
625. Therefore, the thunderstorm – hail hazard poses a moderate threat to Pasquotank County.
Severe Thunderstorm - Lightning
Lightning is an electrical discharge that results from the buildup of positive and negative charges
within a thunderstorm. When the buildup becomes strong enough, lightning appears as a bolt. This
flash of light usually occurs within the clouds or between the clouds and the ground. A bolt of
lightning reaches a temperature approaching 50,000 degrees Fahrenheit in a split second. The rapid
heating and cooling of air near the lightning causes thunder.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-30
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Lightning always accompanies thunderstorms. Lightning is the most dangerous and frequently
encountered weather hazard that most people experience each year. It is the second most frequent
killer in the United States, with nearly 100 deaths and 500 injuries each year.
Thunderstorms are underrated in the damage, injury, and death they can bring. A typical
thunderstorm lasts anywhere from ½ to 1 hour. Lightning precedes thunder because lightning
causes thunder. As lightning moves through the atmosphere, it can generate temperatures up to
54,000 degrees Fahrenheit. This intense heating generates shockwaves which turn into sound waves,
thus generating thunder. As a thunderstorm grows, electrical charges build up within the clouds.
Oppositely charged particles exist at the ground level. These forces become so strong that the air’s
resistance to electrical flow is overcome. The particles from both top and bottom then race towards
each other to complete a circuit. Charge from the ground then surges upward at nearly one third the
speed of light to produce lightning.
Figure IV-3: Lightning Production
Figure Source: USA TODAY
Most lightning strikes occur in the afternoon; 70% occur between noon and 6:00pm. This is
because as air temperatures warm, evaporation increases. Men are hit by lightning four times more
often then women and men account for 84% of lightning fatalities and 82% of injuries. Only 20%
of lightning strikes cause immediate death. Seventy percent of lightning strike victims that survive
experience residual affects, most commonly affecting the brain (neuropsychiatric, visual, and
auditory). These effects can develop slowly. Lightning strike victims have typically been walking in
an open field or swimming before they are struck. Other lightning victims have been holding metal
objects such as golf clubs, fishing poles, hay forks, or umbrellas. Damage to property from direct or
indirect lightning can take the form of an explosion, a burn, or destruction. Damage to property has
increased over the last 35 years. This is probably due to increased population. The National
Lightning Safety Institute estimates damages at $4 to $5 billion. This information is compiled from
insurance reports and other sources that keep track of weather damages.
North Carolina is vulnerable to thunderstorms. In 2003, North Carolina received 823 severe
thunderstorm warnings, 397 incidents of severe thunderstorms with winds of 60 mph or greater, 411
severe hail incidents, 11 reported injuries and 5 fatal lightning strikes.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration records from:
1959 – 2008 North Carolina ranked 3rd in the United States with lightning deaths (187). Florida was
ranked number one and Texas second (http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/stats/5908_fatalities+rates.pdf).
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-31
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
1959 - 2003 North Carolina ranked 4th in the United States with lightning injuries, behind Florida,
Michigan and Pennsylvania; respectively.
There were three lightning deaths in North Carolina in 2009 and a total of 33 lightning deaths in the
United States in 2009. Florida had the most deaths with a total of five and Texas also had three
lightning deaths (www.weather.gov/om/lightning/fatalities.htm).
Figure IV-4: United States Lightning Fatalities, 1999-2008
Source: http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/stats/99-08_deaths_by_state.pdf
Figure IV-5: United States Lightning Fatalities, 1959-2008
Source: http://www.weather.gov/om/lightning/stats/59-08_fatalities+rates.pdf
The lightning fatality data were collected by NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). They come
from monthly and annual summaries compiled by the National Weather Service and published in monthly issues of
Storm Data. Data for recent years are available at: http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hazstats.shtml.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-32
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The thunderstorm – lightning hazard score for Pasquotank County is 150 out of a maximum score
of 625. Therefore, the thunderstorm – lightning hazard poses a low risk to Pasquotank County.
Severe Thunderstorms in Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City
July 1965: There were 60 mph thunderstorm winds with no reported damage.
August 1968: There were 60 mph thunderstorms winds with no reported damage.
April 1970: There were thunderstorm winds in the excess of 65 mph with no reported damage.
February 1971: There were thunderstorm winds in the excess of 55 mph with no reported
damage.
May 1973: There were 60 mph thunderstorm winds with no reported damage.
March 1975: There were thunderstorm winds in the excess of 60 mph with no reported damage.
October 1976: There were 60 mph thunderstorm winds with no reported damage.
June 1978: There was a thunderstorm reported that brought 1 ¾ inch hail and 75 mph winds.
The storm caused no reported damage to the area.
July 1986: There were thunderstorm winds in the excess of 65 mph with no reported damage.
March 1989: There was a thunderstorm that caused ¾ inch hail in Pasquotank County. The
storm caused no reported damage.
August 1990: There were 50 mph thunderstorm winds with no reported damage.
August 1994: There was a storm reported that caused ¾ inch hail in Elizabeth City, but caused
no reported damage.
November 1995: There was a thunderstorm reported that brought high winds and caused
$200,000 in property damage.
May 1996: There was a thunderstorm reported that caused 55 mph winds at the Elizabeth City
airport, but caused no apparent damage.
June 1996: There was a thunderstorm reported that brought ¾ inch hail to Elizabeth City, and
caused $407,000 in damage. The damage caused by wind and downed trees destroyed one home
and caused minor damage to five homes.
August 1996: A thunderstorm brought ¾ inch hail and caused $4,000 in property damage.
July 1997: A thunderstorm brought 55 mph winds and caused $33,000 in property damage.
April 1998: A thunderstorm brought .88-inch hail, but caused no apparent damage.
May 1999: Thunderstorm winds caused $2,000 in property damage to Elizabeth City.
May 2000: A thunderstorm brought ¾ inch hail to Elizabeth City, but caused no reported
damage.
August 2000: A thunderstorm brought 1-inch hail and 70 mph winds. The storm caused $5,000
in property damage to Elizabeth City.
April 2002: This month brought three recorded thunderstorms:
 April 16th – A thunderstorm was reported in the Elizabeth City area with 1 ¾ inch
hail.
 April 25th – A thunderstorm was reported in the Elizabeth City area with ¾ inch hail.
 April 28th – A thunderstorm was reported in the area with 57 mph winds resulting in
$10,000 property damage.
May 2002: This month brought two recorded thunderstorms:
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-33
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
May 2nd – A thunderstorm was reported in Pasquotank County with 63 mph winds
resulting in $2,000 property damage.

May 13th – A thunderstorm was reported in the Weeksville area of Pasquotank
County resulting in $2,000 property damage.
June 2002: A thunderstorm was reported in the Weeksville area of Pasquotank County resulting
in $2,000 property damage.
August 2002: A thunderstorm was reported in the Elizabeth City area resulting in damages of
$5,000.
April 2003: A thunderstorm was reported in Pasquotank County with winds in the excess of 60
mph.
July 2003: Lightning, which occurred during a severe thunderstorm, struck the PasquotankCamden 9-1-1 Center knocking out all but one 9-1-1 line.
March 2004: A thunderstorm was reported producing severe lightning which struck the Union
Chapel Missionary Baptist Church in Weeksville. This historical landmark formerly named Afro
American Baptist Church was built approximately 156 years ago by slaves for slaves. The
church was totally destroyed by fire started from the lightning strike.
July 2004: A thunderstorm with high winds was reported in the Pasquotank County and caused
moderate damage to the Edgewood section of Elizabeth City. Numerous trees were twisted
and/or downed and windows blown out of a house.
August 2004: A thunderstorm with severe lightning was reported in Pasquotank County. Two
teenage boys playing golf at the Pine Lakes Country Club on North Road Street were struck by
lightning; one was seriously injured.
July 2005: A thunderstorm with winds near 55 mph blew a tree 12 inches in diameter onto a
house causing roof damage.
April 2006: A thunderstorm producing up to quarter-sized hail was reported in Pasquotank
County. Two residential structures received moderate damage. NC Dominion Power reported
1290 outages in northeastern North Carolina.
August 2006: Lightning, which occurred during a severe thunderstorm, struck the chimney of a
residential structure.
March 2007: High winds associated with a thunderstorm blew down the Sky 4 TV tower that
was under construction at the time. The 1100 foot tower was completed to approximately 1000
feet at the time it blew down.
August 2007: Scattered severe thunderstorms produced wind damage across portions of
northeast North Carolina. Numerous trees were reported down along US Highway 17 in
northern Pasquotank County.
February 2008: Scattered severe thunderstorms with high winds caused damaged to the back
porch of a home on Kingswood Boulevard, downed multiple trees, and blew a shed off of its
foundation.
May 2008: A thunderstorm with high winds was reported in the Crystal Lakes subdivision in
northern Pasquotank County. A manufactured home was blown off its foundation and had
multiple broken windows and roof damage.
January 2009: Scattered severe thunderstorms associated with a cold front downed trees and
power lines throughout the county.

Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-34
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Location and Extent
Thunderstorms are not limited to any particular geographic or physiographic area of the County.
They may affect just a localized area or occur over a large portion of the county. Neither the
duration of the storm nor the extent of area affected by such an occurrence can be predicted.
Severe thunderstorms typically occur in the spring and summer months but can occur in any month
of the year.
Range of Magnitude
Thunderstorms typically have minor impacts, but can cause extensive damage as a result of high
winds, hail, and/or lightning. Severe thunderstorms can cause significant damage and can be life
threatening as experience by two teenagers at a local country club. Severe lightning producing
thunderstorms have also resulted in major structure fires such as the loss of the historic Union
Chapel Missionary Baptist Church in 2004. High winds associated with severe thunderstorms have
reached the strength of gale force winds resulting in structural damage in the area.
Pasquotank County Severe Thunderstorm Hazard Score
The vulnerability score for Pasquotank County represents the scope, frequency, intensity, and
destructive potential of this hazard and is an indication of future probability based on its relative
score to other counties in the state.
The Pasquotank County thunderstorm hazard score is 300 out of a maximum score of 625.
Therefore, thunderstorms pose a moderate threat to Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Severe Thunderstorms in Pasquotank County
There is an extensive history of severe thunderstorms in Pasquotank County. Thus, the likelihood
of occurrence can be is rated as “highly likely”.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-35
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Tornadoes
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud
extending to the ground. Tornadoes are most often generated by a thunderstorm (but sometimes
result from hurricanes or nor’easters) and are produced when cool, dry air intersects and overrides a
layer of warm, moist air forcing the warm air to rise rapidly. The damage from a tornado is a result
of the high wind velocity and wind-blown debris, although they are commonly accompanied by large
hail as well. The most violent tornadoes have rotating winds of 250 miles per hour or more and are
capable of causing extreme destruction, including uprooting trees and well-made structures, and
turning normally harmless objects into deadly missiles.
Most tornadoes are just a few dozen yards wide and touch down only briefly, but highly destructive
tornadoes may carve out a path over a mile wide and several miles long. The average forward speed
is 30 mph, but may vary from nearly stationary to 70 mph. The destruction caused by tornadoes
may range from light to inconceivable depending on the intensity, size and duration of the storm.
Typically, tornadoes cause the greatest damages to structures of light construction, such as
residential homes, and are quite localized in impact.
Each year, an average of 800-1000 tornadoes are reported nationwide and they are more likely to
occur during the spring and early summer months of March through June. Tornadoes can occur at
any time of day but are mostly likely to form in late afternoons and early evenings.
In an average year, 1,200 tornadoes cause 62 fatalities and 1.500 injuries.
The Enhanced Fujita Scale for tornadoes was developed to measure tornado strength, and is shown
in Table IV-11below.
Table IV-11: Enhanced Fujita Scale
EF RATING
3 Second Gust (mph)
0
65-85
1
86-110
2
111-135
3
136-165
4
166-200
5
Over 200
Source: National Weather Service
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-36
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Tornadoes in Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City
April 1957: A tornado (F1) caused $25,000 in property damage in Pasquotank County. The
path of this tornado was 6 miles in length and 37 yards in width.
July 1959: A tornado (F1) caused $25,000 in property damage.
July 1963: A tornado (F1) caused $250,000 in property damage. The path of this tornado was 1
mile in length and 30 yards in width.
May 1973: A tornado (F2) caused $250,000 in property damage and injured 2 people. The path
of this tornado was 3 miles in length and 33 yards in width.
May 1983: A tornado (F2) caused $25,000 in property damage and injured 3 people. The path
of this tornado was 1 mile in length and 17 yards in width.
November 1988: A tornado (F2) caused $250,000 in property damage and injured 1 person. The
path of this tornado was 2 miles in length and 50 yards in width.
July 1992: A tornado (F0) caused $3,000 in property damage.
November 1992: A tornado (F3) caused $2.5 million in property damage, flipped over a school
bus and injured 22 people in the Edgewood area of Elizabeth City. The path of this tornado
was 12 miles in length and 100 yards in width.
November 1995: Wind and tree damage from a tornado in the Newland area of Pasquotank
County destroyed 2 homes, caused major damage to 4, and minor damage to 5. The path of this
tornado was 1 mile in length and 100 yards in width.
April 1999: A tornado was reported in the Symonds Creek area of Pasquotank County. This
tornado was 1 mile in length and 50 yards in width. It destroyed a five bay garage and a couple
of sheds. A roof was torn off a mobile home, a tractor shed was damaged, a barn was destroyed
and trees were downed resulting in $50,000 in property damage.
October 1999: A tornado (F2) resulting from hurricane Irene struck the Weeksville area of
Pasquotank County resulting in $150,000 property damage. Two mobile homes were totally
destroyed, one mobile home was flipped over and another sustained minor damage. A modular
home sustained significant damage and several vehicles in the front yard were turned 90 degrees.
An automobile was thrown up into a tree and wrapped partially around a tree. A cinderblock
building sustained a wall failure and a partial collapse of the roof. Clay roofing tiles from this
building were thrown 100 yards from the building. Several other structures sustained minor
damage. Two trees, a pine and willow tree were completely stripped of all branches. In
addition, a refrigerator was carried the entire length of the tornado and deposited in the front
yard of a modular home.
April 2002: A “strong wind” (unconfirmed tornado) hit the Industrial Park on Kitty Hawk Drive
causing significant damage to a 2700 square foot structure. A large garage door was bent,
twisted and flipped inward, the front of the building was blown out, ceiling tiles were damaged
and a 50 foot crack was found along an interior wall.
April 2003: A “strong wind” hit the area at 4 am resulting in $30,000 damage.
July 2004: A tornado and strong winds caused tree and minor roof damage in the Riverside
portion of Elizabeth City.
July 2005: Three tornadoes were spotted near the Pelican Pointe subdivision and the U.S. Coast
Guard Base off Weeksville Road in Elizabeth City. One of the tornadoes touched down, but
there were no damages reported.
January 2006: A tornado was reported in the Oak Grove and Riverside areas of Elizabeth City.
The storm caused moderate tree damage.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-37
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
May 2008: Scattered severe thunderstorms in advance of a cold front produced damaging winds
and two tornadoes across portions of northeast North Carolina. A tornado (F0) shifted a
mobile home off its foundation. Trees were downed and one tree fell on a building near
Northside Road.
A summary of the climatology of tornadoes in North Carolina shows:
Tornado occurrences, tornado days, tornado deaths, and tornado injuries are increasing.
Most tornado occurrences are of F0 and F1 intensity; however, most tornado injuries and
deaths are results of more significant tornadoes.
The majority of tornado fatalities are the result of a single storm.
Figure IV-6 shows the shows how the frequency and strength of extreme windstorms vary
across the United States. This map was produced by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency and is based on 40 years of tornado history and over 100 years of hurricane history.
Zone IV, the darkest area on the map, has experienced both the greatest number of tornadoes
and the strongest tornadoes. As shown by the map key, wind speeds in Zone IV can be as high
as 250 mph.
Pasquotank County is located within Zone III. The tornado hazard in Zone III, while not as great
as in Zone IV, is still significant with winds potentially reaching 200 miles per hour.
Figure IV-6: Wind Zones in the United States
Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency,
http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/saferoom/tsfs02_wind_zones.shtm
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-38
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Location and Extent
Tornado events are not limited to any particular geographic or physiographic area of the County,
and neither the duration of the storm nor the extent of area affected by such an occurrence can be
predicted. Tornadoes and windstorms (straightline winds/downbursts) pose a potential threat to
Pasquotank County as detailed in the tornado history listed above. Tornados, typically, are localized
events that occur over small geographic areas and are associated with severe thunderstorms;
however, they may also occur during hurricane events. The destruction from these storms can be
tremendous, destroying buildings, uprooting trees and injuring people.
Range of Magnitude
Damages and deaths can be especially significant when tornadoes move through populated,
developed areas. Areas of high concern which would cause the greater impact, in regards to
population, would include the downtown business area, schools and hospital. The destruction
caused by tornadoes ranges from light to inconceivable depending on the intensity, size and duration
of the storm. Tornadoes (and/or straight line winds) cause the greatest damages to structures of
light construction such as mobile homes; as experienced several times over the years in Pasquotank
County.
Pasquotank County Tornado Hazard Score
The vulnerability score for Pasquotank County represents the scope, frequency, intensity, and
destructive potential of this hazard and is an indication of future probability based on its relative
score to other counties in the state.
The tornado hazard score for Pasquotank County is 100 out of a maximum score of 625.
Therefore, the tornadoes pose a low threat to Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Tornadoes in Pasquotank County
The likelihood of occurrence of tornadoes in Pasquotank County is rated as “possible.”
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-39
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Potential Technological Hazards
Many hazards are related to the human environment and are labeled technological hazards. Mitigation
strategies for technological hazards serve to manage the human environment and, when possible,
circumvent such hazards from becoming disasters.
As in the natural hazards portion, in this section, a history of past technological hazard events has
been recorded. A discussion of each hazard is followed by an analysis of the possible severity and
magnitude of future events, along with the likely extent of damage within the city/county.
Cumulatively, this analysis provides a measure of potential impact on the community.
Hazardous Material Incidents
Any area that manufactures Hazardous Materials, or contains transportation routes (roads, rail) that
transports hazardous materials are at risk for a hazardous material event. Extremely hazardous
substances, as defined by the EPA, can pose a serious threat and present a range of risks to
communities in proximity of manufacturing, transportation or storage of hazardous materials.
Hazardous materials releases pose short and long term threats to people, wildlife, vegetation, and the
environment. Hazardous materials can be absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact
with the skin. The event of natural hazards may compound the risk of a hazardous material event,
as they may cause or worsen an existing event because of poor weather conditions.
Location and Extent
Hazardous materials are located close enough to Pasquotank to pose significant risks. Farm
chemical companies serve as major chemical storage facilities. There are approximately 22 Tier II
Reporting facilities in Pasquotank County that are subject to The Emergency Planning and
Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) and must submit an emergency and hazardous chemical
inventory form to the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC). In addition, there are eight (8)
Risk Management Plan (RMP) Facilities in the county (facilities possessing greater than threshold
quantities of certain hazardous chemicals). Pasquotank County is also a main thoroughfare into the
Tidewater, Virginia area and hazardous materials are transported along the roadways on a regular
basis. See map of Critical Facilities Near Major Transportation Routes. The only railroad through the
county, Chesapeake & Albemarle Railroad is not a major transporter of hazardous substances;
commodities carried by the railroad are aggregate stone, lumber, grain, coal, fertilizer, and utility
transformers. Principal shippers are: Vulcan Materials of Elizabeth City – processor of aggregate
stone; Universal Forest Products of Elizabeth City – Distributor of Forest Products; And FP Wood
Grain Co. of Camden – Distributor of Agricultural Commodities.
Hazardous Materials Events in Pasquotank County
1995-2001 Hazardous Material Calls Yearly Average
9
2001 Hazardous Materials Calls
14
 Additional Suspicious Calls (Related to Anthrax scare)
30
44
2002-2004 Hazardous Material Calls Yearly Average
25
2005-2009 Hazardous Materials Calls Yearly Average
12
September 2007: Elizabeth City Electric workers struck a gas line while drilling for a new electric
pole on the corner of Main and Road Streets on September 19. Streets and a few shops within
several blocks of the gas line break were closed for approximately 3 hours while the line was
repaired.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-40
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
September 26: An Elizabeth City Public Works utility crew hit a gas line on Cedar Street. The
Elizabeth City Fire Department briefly evacuated homes on Cedar Street between Harney and
Locust Streets and blocked traffic.
December 2007: An Elizabeth City utility crew hit a gas main line.
August 2009: A fuel oil spill of approximately 300 gallons was reported on August 16 at
Riverside United Methodist Church on Edgewood Drive in Elizabeth City. The release
occurred during the installation of a new heating system and the removal of an underground fuel
tank. Less fuel than was expected was in the tank during the removal process, leading the
Church to believe some fuel oil had been removed. As a result, the Church reported a larceny to
local law enforcement. However, upon arriving for church services on the 16th and noticing the
strong smell of fuel, further investigation into the mechanical room revealed the reservoir/duct
running beneath the building was full of water mixed with fuel. The NC Division of Emergency
Management and NC Environment Management were notified. Eastern Environmental
Management conducted the clean-up operations.
Range of Magnitude
With a hazardous material release there are several potentially exacerbating (characteristics that can
enhance or magnify the effects of a hazard )or mitigating circumstances (characteristics of the target
and its physical environment that can reduce the effects of a hazard) that will affect its severity or
impact. These conditions include:
• Weather conditions – affects how the hazard develops;
• Buildings and terrain – alters dispersion of materials;
• Shielding in the form of sheltering-in-place – protects people and property from harmful
effects;
• Safety/Containment features of fixed facilities
• Maintenance of fixed facilities
The Regional Hazardous Materials Study conducted in 2010 in 23 counties of eastern NC reported
that Pasquotank County had the largest percentage of RMP facilities in proportion to their
population. (Pasquotank County had only 3.5 % of the population in the study area but 25.8% of
the RMP facilities [8]). Anhydrous Ammonia, Chlorine and Phosphoric Acid have been identified as
the chemicals located in the area that poses the greatest risk to local populations should they be
released into the environment. A Chlorine leak of 2,000 lbs. from a fixed facility has the potential of
impacting schools, recreational areas, and commercial/industrial areas.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Hazardous Materials Incidents in Pasquotank County
Small to large scale hazardous materials incident occur on a regular basis. These incidents can range
from small spills resulting from gas tank overflow to major fuel oil spills. The likelihood of
occurrence of hazardous materials incidents is classified as “highly likely.”
Hazard Score
The hazard score for hazardous materials represents the severity, economic and psychological
effects of this hazard. A recent regional Hazardous Materials Study reported Pasquotank County
has disproportionally more RMP facilities than people. The study area included 32 northeastern
North Carolina counties and although Pasquotank County had less that 5 percent of the study area’s
population it had more than 15 percent of the facilities. The study also reported a 2,000 lb. release
of chlorine from one of the RMP facilities located in Elizabeth City would affect a population of
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-41
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
1300 including schools, commercial and recreational facilities. Based on this study information the
hazard score for Hazardous Materials would be rated at “serious”.
Nuclear Accidents
Nuclear accidents generally refer to events involving the release of significant levels of radioactivity
or exposure of workers or the general public to radiation. Nuclear accidents/incidents can be placed
into three categories:



Criticality accidents which involve loss of control of nuclear assemblies or power reactors,
Loss-of-coolant accidents which result whenever a reactor coolant system experiences a
break or opening large enough so that the coolant inventory in the system cannot be
maintained by the normally operating make-up system, and
Loss-of-containment accidents which involve the release of radioactivity.
A nuclear accident may release significant amounts of radioactivity and exposure to radiation. Most
commercial nuclear facilities in the United States, which were developed in the mid-1960’s, are built
to withstand attack by aircraft and most natural hazards. Commercial plants were developed under
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) public licensing guidelines and a facility safety analysis was
conducted for each plant.
Extent and Location
Emergency Response Plans are in place in the event of a nuclear power plant incident. The plans
define two “emergency planning zones.” One zone covers an area within a 10-mile radius of the
plant, where it is possible that people could be harmed by direct radiation exposure. The second
zone covers a broader area, usually up to a 50-mile radius from the plant, where radioactive materials
could contaminate water supplies, food crops, and livestock. The northern portion of Pasquotank
County is located within a 50-mile radius of The Surry Nuclear Power Plant in Virginia.
Range of Magnitude
No one has ever been killed or injured by a radiation accident at a commercial nuclear power plant
in the U.S., even though these plants have been generating commercial power for over 30 years. A
nuclear accident at the Surry Power Plant could result in both health and economical impact to
Pasquotank County.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Nuclear Accidents in Pasquotank County
While listed unlikely, nuclear accidents are not a complete impossibility in Pasquotank County. The
county’s close proximity to Surry Nuclear Power Plant increases the vulnerability of the area to
nuclear accidents. The likelihood of occurrence of nuclear accidents is classified as “unlikely.”
Hazard Rating
The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is used to communicate the safety significance of
nuclear and radiological events to the public. The INES is a seven point scale, with Level 1 being
the least significant, and Level 7 the most significant. Where an event is classified as Level 0 or
‘below scale’, this means it has no nuclear or radiological safety significance.
INES classifies nuclear and radiological Accidents and incidents by considering three areas of
impact: People and the Environment considers the radiation doses to people close to the location
of the event and the widespread, unplanned release of radioactive material from an installation.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-42
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Radiological Barriers and Control covers events without any direct impact on people or the
environment and only applies inside major facilities. It covers unplanned high radiation levels and
spread of significant quantities of radioactive materials confined within the installation.
Defence-in-Depth also covers events without any direct impact on people or the environment, but
for which the range of measures put in place to prevent accidents did not function as intended.
Hazard Score
To date, there have been no nuclear accidents in
affecting Pasquotank County and based on the
county’s geographical location in the “second
zone” (50 mile radius) for Surry Nuclear Plant
emergency planning the Hazard Rating Score for
Pasquotank County is rated as Level 1 – Anomaly.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-43
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws
of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion or ransom. Terrorists often use threats to
create fear among the public to try to convince citizens that their government is powerless to
prevent terrorism, and to get immediate publicity for their causes. The act of terrorism is a crime
and the results of a terrorist act may be catastrophic. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
categorizes terrorism in the United States as one of two types--domestic terrorism or international
terrorism. Domestic terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are directed
at elements of our government or population without foreign direction. International terrorism
involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are foreign-based and/or directed by
countries or groups outside the United States or whose activities transcend national boundaries.
The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is charged with the coordination of national
investigative and response organizations, to determine threat levels and to issue warnings to the
public through local, state and national official sources. The Division of Emergency Management
(NCDEM) serves as the lead agency for development and implementation of the State Homeland
Security Strategy for the state of North Carolina NC Department of Crime Control and Public
Safety-Homeland Security.
Other or unknown hazards (weapons of mass destruction, biologics, disease, etc.)
The Defense Against Weapons of Mass Destruction Act (1996) defines weapons of mass
destruction as "any weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death or serious
bodily injury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of -(A) toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors; (B) a disease organism; or (C) radiation or
radioactivity." President Clinton’s Executive Order 12938 -- entitled "Proliferation of Weapons of
Mass Destruction" -- of November 14, 1994 also defines weapons of mass destruction to be
"nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons."
Best Practices for Mail Center Security
Guidelines for Suspicious Letter/Packages
Location and Extent
The probability of terrorism occurring cannot be quantified with as great a level of accuracy as that
of many natural hazards. Furthermore, these incidents generally occur at a specific location, such as
a government building, rather than encompassing an area such as a floodplain requiring planning to
be asset-specific, identifying potentially at-risk critical facilities and systems in the community. A
comprehensive list of critical assets has been developed so that efforts can be directed to protect the
most important assets first. For the purpose of developing a realistic list of critical assets in regards
to terrorism mitigation projects, three elements are considered:
• Relative importance of the various facilities and systems in the asset inventory
• Vulnerabilities of those facilities
• Threats that are known to exist.
A critical facility is defined as a facility, in either the public or private sector, which provides essential
products and services to the general public, is otherwise necessary to preserve the welfare and quality
of life in the County, or fulfills important public safety, emergency response, and/or disaster
recovery functions.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-44
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Critical facilities identified in the county are emergency response agencies, government facilities,
shelters; gas, electric and communication utilities; hospitals and other health care facilities; water and
wastewater treatment plants, and schools/universities. Pasquotank County Emergency Management
maintains vital information in regards to these critical facilities.
Pasquotank County’s vulnerability to acts of terrorism is heightened by:
Federal Courthouse/FBI Office
State Prison (Maximum Security)
U.S. Coast Guard Base (Air Station)
Proximity to Military Bases in Tidewater, VA.
Range of Magnitude
Terrorism refers to the use of WMD, including, biological, chemical, nuclear, and radiological
weapons; arson, incendiary, explosive, and armed attacks; industrial sabotage and intentional
hazardous materials releases; and “cyber-terrorism”. Within these general categories, however, there
are many variations.
Particularly in the area of biological and chemical weapons, there are a wide variety of agents and
ways for them to be disseminated.
Terrorist methods can take many forms, including:
• Agri-terrorism
• Arson/incendiary attack
• Armed attack
• Biological agent
• Chemical agent
• Cyber-terrorism
• Conventional bomb or bomb threat
• Hazardous material release (intentional)
• Nuclear bomb
• Radiological agent
Any of these methods have the potential to affect Pasquotank County. As Pasquotank County is a
large agricultural area the aerial dispersement of a chemical could affect a large segment of
population while the observation of this type of action would appear routine. Also, a conventional
bomb, located at a critical facility could cause mass casualties, loss of life and disruption of essential
services.
Likelihood of Occurrence of Terrorism in Pasquotank County
Acts of terrorism are difficult to predict, but the impacts are often extensive and traumatic as
evidenced by past incidents. The likelihood of occurrence of terrorism is classified as “unlikely.”
Hazard Severity Rating
The Hazard Severity Rating is based on the predicted impact terrorism would have on people,
services and the community. Factors including ciritical facilities affected as well as the training and
capabilities of first responders are also considered when quantifying the severity rating,. Based on
the limited resouces of both personnel and equipment, the number and type of critical facilities as
well as Pasquotank County’s geographical location – the Terrorism Severity Score is rated as
moderate.
Section IV: Hazard Identification Analysis
IV-45
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section V. Vulnerability Assessment
“Vulnerability is the extent to which people and property will be affected by a given hazard” (NC
State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2007). Pasquotank County’s degree of vulnerability depends upon the
risk of a particular natural hazard occurring, as well as the amount of the population, structures and
facilities, economic activity, or environmental resources that are exposed.
This section identifies and describes the hazards that threaten Pasquotank County the most, as well
as identifies and describes Pasquotank County’s vulnerabilities in terms of damage and loss
associated with each hazard.
This Hazard and Community Vulnerability Assessment was compiled from existing documents,
history, Land Use Plans, demographics, ordinances, state and federal law and accepted codes and
practices.
A. Total Vulnerability (for Natural Hazards)
The total vulnerability to Pasquotank County is the product of the total hazard scores and the total
exposure scores introduced and discussed in previous sections. These scores are the true indicators
of vulnerability for the county because they take into account both the hazard’s probability of
occurrence and the number of people, employees, structures, and facilities that could be affected in
those areas.
The scores for total vulnerability can be manipulated several ways. Each of the six exposure
categories can be multiplied by the total hazard score to indicate the total vulnerability to
populations, or the total vulnerability to economic activity, etc. Each of the hazard group scores
(excluding the flood, earthquake, and infectious disease groups) can also be multiplied by the total
exposure score to indicate the total vulnerability to geological hazards, etc.
Exposure Descriptions and Scores
Vulnerability is a measure not only of the natural hazards that affect Pasquotank County, but also a
measure of what is exposed to those natural hazards. Pasquotank County utilized the State of North
Carolina’s methodology for determining exposure descriptions and scores. A description of that
methodology follows:
Exposure scores are formulated to quantify the natural hazard vulnerability of each county to each
identified exposure. Essentially, the exposure score quantifies the human aspects of the total hazard
vulnerability. Six categories of exposure were identified for the risk assessment: population,
structural, economic activity, critical facilities, transportation, and environmental. Each category is
composed of different indicators of that type of exposure (Table IV-16). The indicator data used in
the categories are discussed in the sections below along with the resulting exposure scores and maps.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Table IV-16: Exposure Categories and Indicator Data Used in Each Category
EXPOSURE
CATEGORY
INDICATOR DATA USED IN CATEGORY
1.) Population
The number of people per county (2000 Census)
2.) Economic Activity
3.) Structural
4.) Critical Facilities
5.) Transportation Facilities
6.) Environmental
The number of employees per county for the following
employment types:
commercial, industrial, agricultural, governmental, and
educational;
the median household income per county
The number of structures per county for each of the following:
residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, religious,
governmental, and educational; the number of residential
structures built before 1970, between 1970–90, and after 1990
The number of facilities per county for each of the following:
nuclear facilities, government facilities, hospitals, dams, military
facilities, emergency operations centers, communications facilities,
electric power facilities, natural gas facilities, fire stations, police
stations, waste water treatment plants, potable water facilities
The number of facilities per county for each of the following:
airports, bus stations, highway bridges, highway tunnels, ports,
railroad stations
The number of facilities for each of the following:
HAZMAT sites, major NPDES dischargers, registered animal
operations (swine, horse, poultry and cattle)
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 5-1
A scoring system was used for the identified exposures to assess total state vulnerability. Exposure
scores were generated from the raw numbers of each indicator per county and applied to a scale of
zero to five. The higher scores reflect a higher number of indicators in a county as compared to
other counties in the state. For a more detailed treatment of the scoring methodology used in this
risk assessment, refer to Appendix A, Section 10 of the 2007 State Hazard Mitigation Plan.
The scores of exposure vulnerability can be used to identify counties of the state that are most
vulnerable to damage. The exposure scores can also be combined with the hazard scores, with the
exception of flood, earthquake, and infectious disease hazards (refer to the section of the risk
assessment covering Hazard Descriptions and Scores) to determine total vulnerability, which allows
for identification of the counties that are most vulnerable to damage associated with each hazard .
Total Hazard Score x Total Exposure Score = Total Hazard Vulnerability
Category 1—Population Exposure
Indicator Selection Reasoning and Data Descriptions
Population was selected as an indicator of exposure in order to quantify the total number of people
per household that could be exposed to hazards occurring in each county.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The population exposure category uses the population count of each county from the 2000 Census.
The 2000 Census data was obtained from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
HAZUS-Multi Hazard (HAZUS-MH) Database (FEMA, 2003).
Pasquotank County Population Exposure Score
Pasquotank County has a population exposure score of 1 out of a maximum score of 5, which
indicates that Pasquotank County has a low vulnerability in terms of the number of people exposed
to any natural hazard.
Category 2 – Economic Activity Exposure
Indicator Selection Reasoning and Data Descriptions
The count of employees per employment type was selected as an indicator of exposure in order to
quantify the total number of people per employment type that could be exposed to natural hazards
occurring in each county. Higher numbers of employees in a county correspond to higher levels of
economic activity exposure. The median household income per county was also selected as an
indicator of exposure in order to quantify the different levels of income that could be exposed to
natural hazards occurring in each county. Higher levels of household income in a county
correspond to higher levels of economic activity exposure. Aggregation of these indicators is the
best measure of total economic activity for the state based on available data.
The economic activity exposure indicators include the count of employees for the following
employment types: commercial, industrial, agricultural, governmental, and educational. The median
household income per county was also included as an indicator of economic activity. The
commercial indicator includes the aggregation of the following employment types: wholesale trade,
retail trade, real estate, transportation and warehousing, finance and insurance, professional and
technical services, administrative and waste services, health care and social assistance,
accommodations and food services, and public administration. The industrial indicator includes the
aggregation of all manufacturing and construction employment.
The population exposure category uses the data made available though the North Carolina
Department of Commerce Economic Development Information System (N.C. Department of
Commerce, 2004).
Pasquotank County Economic Activity Exposure Score
Pasquotank County has an economic activity exposure score of 1 out of a maximum score of 5,
which indicates that Pasquotank County has a low vulnerability in terms of number of employees
and household income exposed to any natural hazard.
Category 3 – Structural Exposure
Indicator Selection Reasoning and Data Descriptions
The count of structures per building type was selected as an indicator of exposure in order to
quantify the total number of structures per building type that could be exposed to natural hazards
occurring in each county. The residential construction year per county was also selected as an
indicator of exposure in order to quantify the differences in residential building code restrictions that
could be exposed to natural hazards occurring in each county. Aggregation of these indicators is the
best measure of total structural exposure for the state based on available data
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The structural exposure indicators include the count of structures for the following building types:
residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, religious, governmental, and educational. The
structural exposure category uses the data obtained from the FEMA HAZUS-MH database (FEMA,
2003).
Pasquotank County Structural Exposure Score
Pasquotank County has an economic activity exposure score of 1 out of a maximum score of 5,
which indicates that the county has a low vulnerability in terms of the number of structures exposed
to any natural hazard.
Category 4 – Critical Facilities Exposure
Indicator Selection Reasoning and Data Descriptions
The count of critical facilities was selected as an indicator of exposure in order to quantify the total
number of critical facilities that could be exposed to natural hazards occurring in each county.
The critical facilities exposure indicators include the count of buildings for the following facility
types: nuclear facilities, government facilities, hospitals, dams, military facilities, emergency
operations centers, communications facilities, electric power facilities, natural gas facilities, fire
stations, police stations, waste water treatment plants, and potable water facilities. The critical
facilities exposure category uses the data obtained from the FEMA HAZUS-MH database (FEMA,
2003) and the North Carolina Center for Geographic and Information Analysis (CGIA).
Pasquotank County Critical Facilities Exposure Score
Pasquotank County has a critical facilities exposure score of .2 out of a maximum score of 5, which
indicates that the county has a low vulnerability in terms of all critical facilities exposed to any
natural hazard.
Category 5 – Transportation Facilities Exposure
Indicator Selection Reasoning and Data Descriptions
The count of transportation facilities was selected as an indicator of exposure in order to quantify
the total number of transportation facilities that could be exposed to natural hazards occurring in
each county.
The transportation facilities exposure indicators include the count of facilities for the following:
airports, bus stations, highway bridges, highway tunnels, ports and railroad stations. The
transportation facilities exposure category uses data obtained from the FEMA HAZUS-MH
database (FEMA, 2003).
Pasquotank County Transportation Facilities Exposure Score
Pasquotank County has a transportation facilities exposure score of .7 out of a maximum score of 5,
which indicates that the county has a low vulnerability in terms the number of transportation
facilities exposed to any natural hazard.
Category 6 – Environmental Exposure
Indicator Selection Reasoning and Data Description
The count of environmentally hazardous facilities was selected as an indicator of exposure in order
to quantify the total number of facilities per environmental hazard type that could be exposed to
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
natural hazards occurring in each county. These facilities were chosen because of their potential
detrimental effect on environmental quality if they were to be damaged during a natural hazard
event.
The environmental exposure indicators include the count of structures for the following facility
types: HAZMAT sites, major NPDES dischargers, and registered animal operations. The
environmental exposure category uses data obtained from the FEMA HAZUS-MH database
(FEMA, 2003) and the North Carolina CGIA.
Pasquotank County Environmental Exposure Score
Pasquotank County has an environmental exposure score of .7 out of a maximum score of 5, which
indicates that the county has a low vulnerability in terms of the number of environmentally
hazardous facilities exposed to any natural hazard.
Total Exposure Scores
Total exposure vulnerability is the sum of the exposure county scores for each county. The scores
represent the relative vulnerability of Pasquotank County in terms of its exposure to natural hazards.
Scores aggregated to this level provide a broad understanding of exposure across North Carolina.
A large portion of the lowest total exposure vulnerability counties are clustered along the coast in
the northeastern corner of the state. Of the 33 counties with scores below five, 13 are located
within the Coastal regions of North Carolina and six additional counties are within the Coastal Plain.
Pasquotank County has a total exposure county score of 4.6 out of a maximum score of 30.75.
Table IV-17: Summary of Pasquotank County Exposure Scores
Exposures Population
Scores
Economic
Activity
Structural
Critical
Facilities
Transportation
Facilities
Environmental
Total
Exposure
1
1
0.2
0.7
0.7
4.6
1
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, Appendix A, Section 10, p. 98
Structural Critical
Facilities
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, Appendix A, Section 10, p. 98
S
Greater Hazards
Flood Hazard Vulnerability
In the past six (6) years, there have been four floods reported in Pasquotank County. The county
has a low elevation, which leads to slow drainage, and in addition is subject to storm surge damage.
There has been extensive property and agricultural damage in the past, and there is reason to suspect
there will be additional damage in the future. There is a potential of a severe flood due to the
probability of occurrence and the large land area affected.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Pasquotank County has a flood hazard vulnerability score between 17 and 20 out of a maximum
score of 20.
Hurricane/Coastal Hazard Vulnerability
Due to the history and location of Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City, which is located in a highly
vulnerable coastal region, it is highly likely that a Hurricane will affect the county/city annually.
Pasquotank County has a hurricane/coastal storm vulnerability score of .75 to 1.5 out of a total
score of 7.0.
Severe Winter Weather Hazard Vulnerability
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City were affected by a large number of winter storms
in the last decade. These storms caused extensive property damage and an average shut down of
critical facilities for 18 hours.
Pasquotank County has a severe winter weather hazard vulnerability score of .0 to .75 out of a
maximum score of 7.0.
Wildfire Hazard Vulnerability
It is possible that fires will occur in the county because of uncontrolled debris burning, lightning or
other causes. In the event a wildfire does occur again, the area it covers is likely to be a small sized
section of the county and its impact is likely to be negligible.
Pasquotank County has a wildfire hazard vulnerability score of .75 to 1.5 out of a maximum score of
7.0.
Lesser Hazards
Tornado/Thunderstorm Hazard Vulnerability
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City have reported an extensive amount of tornadoes
in the past in the range of F0 to F3. Many of these reports may be mistaken cases of straight-line
winds. Regardless of their true nature, the tornadoes reported have caused a large amount of
property damage and minor injuries; however, the loss of critical facilities to the county has been
minimal.
Severe thunderstorms are a regular occurrence in Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City
and have caused extensive damage in the past.
Pasquotank County has a tornado/thunderstorm hazard vulnerability of .0 to .75 out of a maximum
score of 7.0.
Total Vulnerability (Natural Hazards)
Pasquotank County has a total vulnerability score of 19.2 to 24.6 out of a maximum score of 112.5.
The median score was 32. 7. The “Coastal 8” hazard region received low scores as a whole for total
vulnerability. The figure below, Figure V-1, describes the total vulnerability scores for all 100 counties in North
Carolina.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Figure V-1: Total Vulnerability Score Composite Map by County
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 6-17
Vulnerability (Technological Hazards)
Terrorism
The Terrorism Vulnerability Assessment for Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City and
it’s Critical Facilities is a subjective process with no firm guidelines. The following areas are
considered in the vulnerability assessment and a ranking (Low Vulnerability to High Vulnerability 1
– 20) is given based on the prudent evaluation. While Pasquotank County/City of Elizabeth City is
not a area of high vulnerability, there are critical facilities located within the area that increase the
vulnerability rating; for this reason the score for Terrorism Vulnerability is 5 out of 20.









Potential Terrorist Intentions.
Specific Targeting.
Visibility of Your Facility or System Within the Community.
On Site Hazards.
Population of Sites, Facility, or Activity
Potential for Mass Casualties.
Security Environment and Overall Vulnerability to an Attack.
Critical Products of Service.
High Risk Personnel.
Low Vulnerability
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
High Vulnerability
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
V-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
HazMat
Hazard Materials Vulnerability Assessment considered the impact on the surrounding community in
the following categories: Probability, Response, Human Impact, and Property Impact. Each of
these categories was then rated on a point system, ranging from 0 to 3. For each hazard, a point
estimate of 0 (NA) to 3 (high) is given for each of the four categories. Pasquotank County’s:
 Probability (based on known risk and historical data) is rated 1.
 Response (based on time to organize and on-scene response and scope of response
capability) is rated 2.
 Human Impact (potential for human death or injury) is rated 1.
 Property Impact (based on replacement, repair and recovery costs) is rated 2.
Nuclear Power
The Nuclear Power Vulnerability Assessment ranks how vulnerable Pasquotank County and it’s
citizen are to a nuclear power accident and takes into account that only the most northern portion of the
county (pop. 2,800) is within the 50-mile radius of the Surry Nuclear Plant. The following Vulnerability
Determination Table was developed and utilized in determining areas requiring higher degrees of
importance for planning/preparation purposes.
Hazard Aspect
Always Very
Important
Usually
Important
Sometimes
Important
Likelihood of Occurrence
Not Worth
Considering
X
Capacity to cause physical damages
X
Size of Affected Area
X
Speed of Onset (amount of warning time)
X
Percent of population affected
X
Potential for causing casualties
X
Potential for negative economic effects
X
Duration of threat from hazard
X
Environmental impact
X
Ability of hazard impacts to be mitigated
Public awareness of hazard
Rarely of
Importance
X
X
B. Potential Loss Estimates
Table V-2 lists the potential loss estimates as annualized figures for Pasquotank County for each of
the “greater” hazards identified in the State risk assessment including flood, earthquake, hurricane,
severe winter weather and wildfire. “These loss estimates were generated using the methods
described below and using the best available data to meet the FEMA planning requirement under
the Interim Final Rule of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (44 CFR Part 201.4(c)(2)(iii)). Loss
estimates were also compared with estimates provided in local risk assessments, where possible, and
found to be generally consistent with some expected variation attributed to the different loss
estimation techniques and methods applied at the local level.”
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-8
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The following excerpts from the 2007 NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan describe the methodologies
used to determine the potential loss estimates for flood, hurricane, severe winter weather, and
wildfire hazards:
Flood
In order to generate potential loss estimates for the flood hazard, United States Census block data
was used in combination with the digital flood hazard data provided by the North Carolina
Floodplain Mapping Program to extrapolate the maximum total building value of structures located
in identified flood hazard areas. These total building values were calculated with digital flood hazard
data, and then multiplied by the percentage of structures built prior to 1980 (assumed prior to the
adoption of local flood damage prevention ordinances in compliance with the National Flood
Insurance Program). These total building values were then used to generate estimated contents
values (30% of building value). The total building values were then added to estimated contents
values, and then multiplied by one percent (100-year flood) to determine annualized loss estimates.
Hurricane
Using the HAZUS-MH hurricane wind model, a probabilistic analysis was performed to determine
annualized losses due to hurricane winds for the state of North Carolina. To accomplish this,
HAZUS-MH modeled and ranked 100,000 years worth of possible storms varying in size, strength,
speed, and direction, including potential losses for each event. After modeling these storms, the
model calculated the sum of expected loss for each event and then divided that sum by the number
of years in the simulation (n=100,000), resulting in annualized hurricane wind losses. Losses include
all estimated direct damage to structures and contents but do not include other indirect costs such as
debris removal, relocation or business interruption losses.
Severe Winter Weather
Using historical data made available through the National Climatic Data Center including 14 years of
records, total estimated damages for snow and ice storms as well as extreme cold were generated for
each county. In instances where multiple counties were affected and the value of damage reflects
the total for the affected area, an average equal share for each county was calculated. To calculate
annualized loss, the total damages were divided by the number of years on record. Potential losses
could likely be further inflated by additional factors not represented in these estimates such as the
removal of snow from roadways, debris clean-up, indirect losses from power outages, etc.
Wildfire
Using historical data made available from the North Carolina Division of Forest Resources including
all recorded structural damage for the past 10 years, total estimated damages were generated for each
county. To calculate annualized loss, the total damages were divided by the number of years on
record.
Other Hazards
Thunderstorms and Hazardous Material Incidents are typically localized and loss estimates would be
determined based on the location and degree of damage. Terrorism and Nuclear Accidents would
affect the area economically but is difficult to gauge as there is no historical data. It is expected the
highest effect would be emotional.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-9
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Table V-2: Pasquotank County Potential Loss Estimates by Hazard (Annualized)
County
Pasquotank
Flood
Hurricane
Severe Winter
Weather
Wildfire
$5,347,510
$5,832,120
$36,270
$35,355
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 6-28
A hurricane hazard would cause the highest potential loss in Pasquotank County and the City of
Elizabeth City. The combined affects of high winds and flooding would likely cause widespread
damage to residential properties and critical infrastructure. Losses due to flooding will likely be
associated with a hurricane (or nor’easter). Localized flooding, as a result of severe weather, could
also cause potential losses. Losses from severe winter weather are often associated with high winds
and flooding. Wildfire losses remain minimal as fires are typically confined to wooded areas.
C. Community Vulnerability Assessment
The 2007 State Hazard Mitigation Risk Assessment identified hurricanes, coastal erosion, severe
thunderstorms, wildfires, drought, and nor’easters as the top hazards most likely to affect
Pasquotank County (see Table IV-12). The Mitigation Advisory Committee (MAC) identified the
four most likely hazards to affect Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City to be
hurricanes, severe thunderstorms, floods, and wildfires. Each of these hazards presents their own
unique set of characteristics that can cause damage to a community and pose a danger to its citizens.
These characteristics and past damages are described in detail in Section IV: Hazard Identification
and Analysis, of this plan. Because of the variable nature of these natural hazards it is difficult to
predict how a hazardous event will impact a community. However, a community’s past history,
geography, and the location of the built environment does allow for the identification of the
geographic areas within the community vulnerable to particular hazards.
Critical Facilities
As part of the planning process, critical facilities essential to the health, safety and viability of the
community were identified within Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City (see Appendix
B). These facilities include buildings, services, and utilities without which residents and businesses
cannot survive for long. Each facility has a brief summary, contact, description of its crucial role
and estimated replacement value. Critical facilities located in areas that are particularly vulnerable to
flooding and damages from hurricanes have been identified from past history and geographic
location.
Map of Critical Facilities
Repetitively Flooded Areas
Several areas within the county/city are known to be areas of repetitive flooding, some with
repetitively damaged structures, following heavy rains resulting from hurricanes, flash flooding,
nor’easters, etc. The majority of these areas are located within the floodplain (See Map of
Vulnerable Population - based on areas of repetitive flooding). Other areas, especially within the
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-10
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
City of Elizabeth City, experience localized flooding after periods of heavy rains. These areas of
concern, while not within the currently mapped floodplain, are known to local officials and
residents. Pasquotank County Floodplain Maps (FEMA Flood Zone Designations) were updated in
2004 and while they identify the 1% annual chance of flooding recognized by the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP), community history, land use and other changing variables should also
be considered when assessing flood areas. Approximately 38% of Pasquotank County’s land area is
within the base floodplain (1% annual chance of flooding). The areas subject to storm surge
inundation resulting from the most intense storm intensity and storm speed would cover
approximately 46 percent of the County’s land (see Hurricane Storm Surge Maps).
The desire for waterfront property continues to spur growth in the southern portion of Pasquotank
County. The Pasquotank River, Little River, and Albemarle Sound provide ample opportunities for
waterfront home sites. These areas, particularly those at the southern tip of the county, are located
in an AE floodplain and are areas of repetitive flooding. The County has worked to alleviate some
flooding issues by instituting a drainage ordinance and Stormwater Design Manual. A thirty foot
undisturbed vegetative buffer is required adjacent to all watercourses, water bodies, or wetlands. In
addition, no filling or construction within the floodway or non-encroachment zones is allowed.
Development within the City of Elizabeth City continues to center around the Halstead Boulevard
Extended Corridor. Commercial development and several large residential developments are
planned for this area. Some members of the community believe that continued development of the
Halstead Boulevard Corridor will exacerbate flooding issues in western Elizabeth City, particularly in
the Oxford Heights and Northeastern Terrace subdivisions.
According to loss statistics data from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) for the
period January 1978 July 2009, 191 claims were filed in Elizabeth City and the amount of payments
made totaled approximately $2.37 million. During the same time period, 134 claims were filed in
Pasquotank County and over $729,000 in payments were made.
The monetary expense to the community is tremendous for repetitive loss structures. Hurricane
Isabel damages alone to the Elizabeth City/Pasquotank Schools resulted in over $3.2 million dollars.
With only $1.8 million dollars being insured costs and another $75,000 reimbursed by FEMA that
left the community bearing an expense of over $1.2 million dollars. Further, recurring floods over
the years have eroded water fields and during periods of heavy rains created back-up of effluent
water into basement areas and lower buildings causing additional damages. This has also generated a
continual hygiene/health problem of mold contamination. To help alleviate the repetitive loss,
safety, and health issues the former Elizabeth City Middle School basement has been sealed and all
access prohibited except by maintenance personnel. Expenses for Environmental and Industrial
Engineers, repairs, mold remediation, etc. (not including the replacement of damaged supplies) over
a 20 year period would have an annual average cost of approximately $10,000.
The cost of damages to the City of Elizabeth City from Hurricane Floyd exceeded $470,000. While
the majority of damages received were to the Public Utility System, over $77,000 was to recreational
facilities. Hurricane Isabel’s damages cost to the City of Elizabeth City was almost two million
dollars. Many buildings and roads that received damage from previous storms were damaged again
and over $73,000 was spent to repair recreational facilities (many of which had just been repaired
after Hurricane Floyd).
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-11
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The cost of damages to Pasquotank County from Hurricane Isabel exceeded $1.9 million dollars.
The largest portion of expenses from this storm was for debris removal and emergency protective
measures. A sizeable amount of money (almost $250,000) was required for structural repairs due
mainly to wind damages.
List of Areas of Repetitive Flooding
Map of Areas of Repetitive Flooding
Map of Flood Prone Areas
National Flood Insurance Program View – Pasquotank County
National Flood Insurance Program View – Elizabeth City
Repetitive Flooding Grant Funding
In January 2007, the City of Elizabeth City applied for two Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) grants:
o Perry Commercial Acquisition Project
o Oxford Heights Acquisition Project
The Perry Commercial Acquisition Project provided for the acquisition and demolition of two
commercial structures in the vicinity of Ehringhaus Street and McMorrine Street from the AE
floodplain. The structures are often impacted by minor flood events, but were substantially flooded
during Hurricanes Floyd (1999) an Isabel (2003), and the winter storm event of December 2003.
The total project cost was approximately $2 million. The benefit/cost analysis for the project was
3.364 based on the FEMA BCA software. The federal cost-share was 75% and the local cost-share
was 25%.
The grant was awarded, however, the property owners chose to withdraw the application. The City
of Elizabeth City will continue efforts to acquire the structures as a reduction in loss due to
repetitive flooding is a high mitigation priority.
The Oxford Heights Acquisition Project provided for the acquisition and demolition of ten (10)
properties located in the Oxford Heights subdivision in Elizabeth City. The properties received
substantial flooding in September 2006 during Tropical Storm Ernesto; however, the incident was
the first instance of major flooding in the community. As a result, the property owners were not
eligible to receive assistance based upon the repetitive loss criteria.
The City of Elizabeth City will continue to work with the Oxford Heights community to resolve
flooding issues and will seek further grant assistance as needed.
NCEM Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) Mitigation Strategy
NCEM has developed guidance and established priorities for mitigating severe repetitive loss
properties and structures. The Repetitive Loss Mitigation Strategy is geared to encourage local
communities to prioritize mitigation of repetitive loss and severe repetitive loss properties and
remove the financial strain imposed upon the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) for claims
that compensate homeowners who have suffered repeatedly from flood losses.
The mitigation strategy divides the state into four geographic regions identified as Target Areas A, B,
C, and D that have a total concentration of fifty-nine (59) Severe Repetitive Loss Communities.
Target Area A is the Coastal region of the state. It consists of 20 Coastal counties of Gates,
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-12
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hertford, Bertie, Chowan, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Camden, Currituck, Washington, Tyrrell, Dare,
Beaufort, Craven, Pamlico, Hyde, Carteret, Brunswick, New Hanover, Pender and Onslow. This
area is characterized by the 20 coastal counties that make up the Coastal Area Management Area
(CAMA). Forty-one (41) of the 59 SRL communities or 69% are located in Target Area A. This
area is characterized by the Atlantic Ocean tidal surges that occur during hurricanes and nor’easters,
as well as flooding from the sounds, rivers, and small creeks that are common to this area of the
state.
Table V-3 describes the potential losses of identified repetitive loss properties in Pasquotank County
and the City of Elizabeth City. Neither jurisdiction has any severe repetitive loss properties;
however, both have repetitive loss properties (Pasquotank = 13 and Elizabeth City = 18.) All
repetitive loss properties in both the city and county are residential properties.
Table V-3: Analysis of Potential Losses of Identified Repetitive Loss Properties
Community Target
SRL RL
Name
Area
Total
Losses
(Actual*)
Pasquotank
County
13
$357,127
$17,006
18
$1,491,248
$53,259
Elizabeth
City, City of
A
Annualized
Probability of
Probability of
Priority
Losses
Flood
Hurricane
Ranking
(Estimated**) Occurrence*** Occurrence****
*****
Likely
Likely
36
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, Appendix C, p. 12-13
* Actual losses include building and contents losses as recorded by FEMA in November 2006.
** Annualized loss estimates were generated by dividing actual flood losses by the number of years of NFIP participation. Estimates do not
take into account the number of mitigated properties.
***/**** Qualitative Classification of future probability of a Flood/Hurricane Occurrence (Unlikely, Possible, Likely or Highly Likely)
according to the following scale: Unlikely is less than 1% annual probability; Possible is between 1 and 10% annual probability; Likely is
between 10 and 100% annual probability; Highly Likely is 100% annual probability.
***** The Priority Ranking is determined based on the community with the greatest annualized losses
High Wind Areas
Vulnerability to high winds is countywide. This includes tornadoes, extra tropical cyclonic systems
and severe thunderstorms. Wind speeds will most likely be between 38 and 90 mph, however
greater than 90 mph winds are possible with tornadoes. Highly susceptible to these high winds
and/or tornadoes are manufactured homes. There are several mobile home parks located
throughout the county as well as homes on individual lots. Multiple yearly occurrences of high wind
events are likely. See List of Pasquotank Mobile Home Parks
Developed and Undeveloped Areas
Residential Development
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-13
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
According to the Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City Land Use Plan, residential land uses within
Pasquotank County consist primarily of single-family detached dwellings and manufactured homes
on individual lots. Pockets of low density residential development are located on the northwest
fringe of Elizabeth City off Main Street Extension, adjacent to the US 17 Business North and the
US Highway 17 South corridors, and along the Pasquotank River waterfront southeast of the US
Coast Guard Base. Other concentrations of low density residential development are widely scattered
throughout the southeastern peninsula of the County, particularly along the Pasquotank and Little
River waterfronts.
The City of Elizabeth City contains a variety of residentially-used properties. Most of the medium
and high density residential development surrounds the downtown area and is generally bounded by
Ward Street on the north, the Pasquotank River and Edgewood Drive on the east, Halstead
Boulevard/NC 34 on the south, and Hughes Boulevard on the west. Three nationally registered
historic districts comprise much of the medium density residential development. These districts
include the Main Street Residential District, Northside Historic District, and the Riverside Historic
District. Other medium and high density residential properties include scattered multifamily
developments and manufactured home parks. High density residential properties can be found in
the Shepard Street-South Road Street District. There are currently plans for a large multi-family
development and a large medium density residential development along the western portion of the
Halstead Boulevard Connector. Low density residential properties are situated on the periphery of
the medium and high density residential area described above and include numerous scattered
subdivision developments. Major low density residential areas are located off of Parkview Drive,
Rivershore Road, Main Street Extension, Forest Park Road, Oak Stump Road, and Peartree Road.
In 2000 approximately 75% of the total population was located within three of the six townships--Elizabeth City (35.0%), Nixonton (20.2%), and Providence (19.7%). Within Pasquotank County's
jurisdiction, Providence Township is expected to experience the most new development within the
next five years. Some of the most intensive new residential development is anticipated within the
general area bordered by the US 17 Bypass, North Road Street, Hughes Boulevard, and US 17
Business South. Existing patterns of land development and existing support infrastructure, such as
roads and utilities, make these areas more conducive to future growth and development.
Commercial and Industrial Development
Pasquotank County
The largest concentration of industrial uses within the County’s planning jurisdiction is located in
the Pasquotank County Commerce Park in the southeast quadrant of the US 17 Business and US 17
Bypass intersection. Other single-parcel industrial uses are located sporadically throughout the
County. Portions of the Pasquotank County Commerce Park, building site of the new tri-county
Albemarle District Jail is located outside the flood area, has been developed and receive both water
and sewer services. New industrial development within Pasquotank County is expected primarily in
the Tanglewood Industrial Park, located west of the US Highway 17 Bypass in the vicinity of the
Halstead Boulevard Connector interchange. Other land may be suitable for industrial development
where sufficient potable water and adequate sewage treatment can be provided or extended to
commercial and industrial developments.
Elizabeth City
The downtown area contains a mixture of commercial, office, institutional, and public land uses.
Commercial, retail, personal services, and business services are concentrated in the downtown area
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-14
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
and adjacent to major highways—Hughes Boulevard, Ehringhaus Street, and Halstead Boulevard. A
new commercial area is emerging along the Halstead Boulevard Connector as the lands are annexed
into the city limits. Since 2006, seventy-six (76) commercial lots have been approved along the
Halstead Boulevard Connector. Major retail shopping facilities are located in the eastern and
southern quadrants of the Ehringhaus Street/Halstead Blvd. intersection and at the intersection of
Hughes Boulevard and Ehringhaus Street. A portion of the downtown area is within the Main
Street Commercial Historic District. Also located within the city are schools, churches and
cemeteries.
The County’s largest commercial area, the Pasquotank County Commerce Park located on US 17
Business North (and site of a new Critical Facility) is not located in an area of flood concern and,
while many existing City and County government offices are located in down-town Elizabeth City
where the flood risk is high, new development is not planned within any identified hazard areas.
Table V-4: describes structural values by building type for Pasquotank County. Residential buildings have the highest
structural value. Many residential structures are within flood prone areas, particularly those structures that are located in the
downtown area of Elizabeth City. Commercial buildings account for the second highest structural values.
Table V-4: Pasquotank County Structural Values by Building Type
County
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Agricultural
Religious
Government
Education
Total
Pasquotank
$1,073,726,000
$214,107,000
$22,421,000
$6,008,000
$16,403,000
$6,910,000
$18,147,000
$1,357,722,000
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 6-23
The following tables, Table V-5 and V-6 describe the number of building permits issued by Pasquotank County and the City of
Elizabeth City between 2005 and November 2009. Permits for four (4) types of structures are identified: single-family
dwellings, mobile homes, modular units, and commercial structures. The number of permits for all structure types issued by both
the county and city has significantly decreased over the last five years indicating a slowing development trend.
Table V-5: Pasquotank County Building Permits Issued 2005- November 30, 2009
Year
TYPE OF
STRUCTURE
TOTAL
PERMITS
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Single-Family
Dwelling
297
178
119
62
26
682
Mobile Home
83
55
48
49
32
267
Modular
30
29
19
12
5
95
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-15
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Commercial
29
15
15
7
4
70
TOTAL
439
277
201
130
67
1114
Source: Pasquotank County Building Inspections
Table V-6: Elizabeth City Building Permits Issued 2005- November 30, 2009
Year
TYPE OF
STRUCTURE
TOTAL
PERMITS
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Single-Family
Dwelling
151
120
116
55
25
467
Mobile Home
11
1
5
3
4
24
Modular
5
2
1
3
1
12
Commercial
32
42
22
18
19
133
TOTAL
199
165
144
79
49
636
Source: City of Elizabeth City Building Inspections
Table V-7: Pasquotank County Land Cover describes the number of acres of developed and undeveloped land, as well as the
percent developed of the entire land area of the county per the National Land Cover Data for North Carolina (2001).
Pasquotank County is only 4% developed.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-16
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Table V-7: Pasquotank County Land Cover
LANDCOVER BY COUNTY (2001)
Developed
County
Pasquotank
Undeveloped
Open
Water
Open
Space
(<20%
Impervious
Surface)
Low
Intensity
(20-49%
Impervious
Surface)
Medium
Intensity
(50-79%
Impervious
Surface)
High
Intensity
(80-100%
Impervious
Surface)
Barren
Land
(Rock,
Sand,
Clay)
Forested
or
Grassland
Farmland
Wetland
Percent
Developed
386
3,183
2,215
515
70
5,481
21,320
87,851
24,187
4
Source: NC State Hazard Mitigation Plan, NCDEM, 2007, p. 8-25
General Growth Trends
Pasquotank County
According to the Albemarle Economic Development Commission population growth in Pasquotank
County from 1990-2000 increased by 13%. Between 2000 and 2007, Pasquotank County's
population grew at a rate of 17%. According to the US Census Bureau 2000 Census, there were
14,289 housing units in Pasquotank County, with 1,382 of these units being vacant. Updated (2004)
information states this has increased to 16,698 housing units, with 1,722 of these being vacant.
Residential growth is evident. Nine (9) new subdivisions totaling 200 residential lots were approved
in 2004, and the average subdivision lot approvals in Pasquotank County since 1996 has been 174
new residential building lots per year. See Map of Pasquotank Subdivisions. See List of Pasquotank
Subdivisions. The majority of the developed land within the Pasquotank County planning jurisdiction
is located on the fringe of Elizabeth City and along the major road corridors that radiate from the
Elizabeth City urban area. Additional future commercial development is expected along the
Halstead Boulevard Connector, along the US 17 Business South corridor, and in the vicinity of the
intersection of US 17 and US 158. Two commercial parks are also being developed in the Mount
Hermon Township just off of US Highway 17 South.
Figure V-2: Pasquotank County Population Growth, 2000 - 2007
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-17
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Elizabeth City
According to the Albemarle Economic Development Commission population growth in Elizabeth
City from 1990-2000 increased by 22%. Elizabeth City, being a commercial, governmental, and
housing center for the region, contains a wide variety of developed land uses. Residential uses are
more varied and include a wider range of density types. The City also contains a higher density of
nonresidential land use. The majority of Elizabeth City’s population growth since 1990 has resulted
from annexation. The City’s corporate land area increased from 4.5 square miles in 1990 to 8.9
square miles in 2002 and to 11.6 miles in 2008. The city continuously evaluates the feasibility of
annexation of urban development on the unincorporated periphery of Elizabeth City. The city also
has a desire to ensure that land development patterns occurring on the fringe of Elizabeth City are
consistent with its land use, zoning, street planning, and utility service goals and objectives. To
facilitate orderly and compatible growth and development and the provision of efficient water,
sewer, and streets on the fringe areas of Elizabeth City, the city has an interest in expanding its
extraterritorial planning and zoning jurisdiction to more closely match its future urban growth and
utilities service areas. Within the Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction, the northwestern, western,
and southwestern fringes of the current corporate area are expected to experience the majority of
the new development within the next five years. Residential growth has been evidenced by the
increased residential development submittals. In 2008, four residential subdivisions and multi-family
developments were approved for a total of 412 single family lots and 178 multi-family units. The
fastest growing area has been along the Halstead Boulevard Connector where 705 single family lots
and 180 multi-family units have been approved.
Population growth will result in increased demand for additional goods, services, and housing as well
as public services – utilities, roads, schools, police, fire and EMS protection, parks and recreational
facilities, etc. “Spillover” population growth from southeastern Virginia is expected to increase.
Redevelopment
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-18
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
A number of low-income city and county residents live in areas which have substandard housing and
community services. The city and county have obtained grant funds to rehabilitate deteriorated
housing and improve public services in some low-income areas. Additional redevelopment efforts
are needed to address other existing substandard housing and infrastructure conditions.
Urban Development Impacts
Unplanned and indiscriminate development can threaten the basic fabric of a community. This type
of development undermines the ability of the natural environment to support man’s activities.
Urban sprawl indiscriminately consumes productive farm land and open space and results in a
burden on public services and facilities. Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City must
cooperate and coordinate their efforts to guide land development to the most appropriate locations,
provide efficient public services, avoid duplication of services, and promote desirable land
development that is in harmony with the character of the community.
Land Suitability and Natural Constraints on Development
Most property in Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City has significant soil limitations for septic tank
drain fields due to the high clay content of the soil and the high water table. Approximately 38% of
the land area of Pasquotank County lies within a floodplain designation based on Flood Insurance
Rate Maps.
Waterfront and Estuarine Access
Private development directly adjacent to waterways is a popular development trend. Given that
waterfront property is a finite resource and that future populations will demand more water access, it
is imperative that the community plan for a balance of public and private water access. The
development of a comprehensive public water access plan can assist in evaluating access needs,
opportunities, and implementation strategies.
The City of Elizabeth City will encourage
development of public and private marina facilities offering access to area waters for both transient
and local boat traffic. The City will also encourage residential developments that front on public
trust waters to dedicate public access, preferably to the general public.
Downtown Revitalization and Waterfront Development
Elizabeth City has recently completed a Waterfront Master Plan and has completed the initial phases
of streetscape improvements. Plans are to move forward with the second phase of improvements.
Downtown rejuvenation and waterfront development can be important economic assets to the
community. The City of Elizabeth City recognizes its downtown riverfront area as a tremendous,
but often underdeveloped, attractive resource. The City is committed to developing the downtown
waterfront into an active, lively attraction for both tourists and local residents. Elizabeth City
encourages the orderly development of mixed uses, including retail shops, places of entertainment,
restaurants, boating services, and overnight lodging. Future downtown waterfront improvements
include the development of a conference center with a hotel, retail stores, offices, and a marina
complex. To promote downtown redevelopment and encourage mixed land uses, the City will
consider the development of a mixed use overlay district for the downtown area.
Fiscal/Capital Improvement Planning
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City are facing new and greater demands which
warrant sound fiscal management and capital improvement planning. Economic development will
be halted if the community is unable to fund police, fire and emergency services, construct new
schools and critical facilities, extend water and sewer lines, and provide for solid waste disposal.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-19
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Balancing growth and provision of public services and facilities is an important objective for both
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City.
Transportation
Highways
The major highways with the highest volume of traffic in Pasquotank County are U.S. Highway 17,
U.S. Highway 158, and NC 34. These are evacuation routes and also routes utilized for the transport
of freight, including hazardous materials. Highways within the corporate city limits with the highest
volume of traffic are Ehringhaus Street, Hughes Blvd., Halstead Blvd. and Road Street. The
construction of the U.S. 17 Bypass in 2003 which directs through traffic away from residential and
commercial areas has reduced the risk hazard associated with a hazardous materials transportation
accident and increased the potential for a more rapid evacuation. Future commercial and residential
development within the proximity of the U.S. 17 Bypass corridor within the next few years may
change the vulnerability of these areas to potential hazards. Future Transportation Improvement
Projects may serve to improve traffic flow, however widening of roadways does not solve the core
problem of roadway capacity deterioration. As highway frontage is developed along these main
corridors the number of accesses allowed reduces the level of service. Access management and land
use regulations are necessary to ensure development patterns compatible with roadway capacity and
safety. See NC Roads
There are 257.68 miles of road in Pasquotank County and 34.03 miles of road in the City of
Elizabeth City totaling 313.08 miles. See NC DOT Highway and Road Mileage.
Railroads
The Chesapeake & Albemarle Railroad, with 73 miles of track, operates from Edenton through
Elizabeth City to Norfolk, Virginia hauling 9,000 carloads per year – 800,000 tons and serving up to
22 businesses in the northeastern North Carolina counties of Pasquotank, Camden, Currituck,
Perquimans, and Chowan. The Chesapeake & Albemarle is a member of the RailAmerica, Inc., a
leading short line and regional rail service provider with 44 short line and regional railroads,
operating approximately 8,800 miles in the United States and Canada. Commodities carried by the
railroad are aggregate stone, lumber, grain, coal, fertilizer, and utility transformers. Direct rail links
connect Pasquotank County with the Port of Virginia and major cities throughout the Southeast.
Chesapeake & Albemarle Railroad System Map
Bridges
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-20
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
NC Department of Transportation Bridge Maintenance Unit is responsible for the inspection,
analysis, inventory, and administration of maintenance policies and procedures for all structures on
the State Highway System, including all bridges, all reinforced box culverts, and all pipe 54" and
larger in diameter. Listed below is a summary of the bridges and culverts in Pasquotank County.
Table V-8: Pasquotank County Summary of Bridges and Culverts
County
Total
Structures
Total
Deficient
Bridges
SD
Bridges
FO
Bridges
Culverts
SD
Culverts
FO
Culverts
Posted
<13
<7
One
Lane
Pasquotank
61
18
44
11
6
17
1
0
17
2
0
0
Source: NC DOT Bridge Maintenance Division Statistics
SD = Structurally Deficient
FO = Functionally Obsolete
Source: NC DOT Bridge Management Unit
The 2009-2015 State Transportation Improvement Program lists the following proposed
improvements to highways and bridges within the county/city:














National Highway System Guardrail Rehabilitation
US 158 & US 17 at Morgan's Corner. Construction of an Overpass.
NC 32 in Sunbury to US 17 at Morgan's Corner. Widen to multi-lanes.
SR 1309 (Main Street) Ext., proposed US 17 Bypass to US 17 Bypass (Hughes Boulevard).
Upgrade roadway, some new location with interchange at the proposed US 17 Bypass.
US 158, NC 34 (Water Street) to US 17 Business (Road Street). reconstruct roadway on pilings
Knobbs Creek. replace Bridge No. 1 And No. 2
US 158 - Pasquotank River. Replace Bridge No. 19
SR 1103 - Branch of Fatty Creek. Replace Bridge No. 6
SR 1308 - Knobbs Creek. Replace Bridge No. 23
SR 1332 – Knobbs Creek. Replace Bridge No. 21
Riverside Avenue over Charles Creek. Replace Bridge No. 28
Environmental Mitigation for Bridge Projects in Division 1
Bicycle and Pedestrian Projects – US 17 Bypass to Pritchard Street. Construct Greenway.
Public Transportation Projects in Division 1
Multiple bridges in the county/city are in deteriorating condition and provide vital passage to
emergency vehicles into various communities. Replacement of these bridges will develop more
reliable routes to assist the citizens in these areas in the event of a disaster.
Water Resources
Pasquotank County Water System
Pasquotank County’s Water Treatment Plant is located at 1466 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City and
is secured within a locked 6-foot gated chain link fence. The Water Treatment Plant design capacity
is 2.7 Million Gallons Daily (MGD) and its current use is approximately 1.4 MGD.
The
Pasquotank County Water System serves approximately 5,800 customers with 265 miles of water
line. The Pasquotank County Industrial Park Wastewater Treatment Plant located at 1188
Northside Road and serving the Pasquotank Correctional Institute and Industrial Park is also
secured within a fenced and locked area. Pasquotank County has 30 well sites located in the
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-21
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
southern portion of the county that have a value of $1,800,000; all located within locked 6 ft. chain
link fence areas. The wells are between 40 and 80 feet deep. The water plant located on Weeksville
Road has two (2) 500,00 gallon storage tanks, and five (5) additional storage tanks located
throughout the county on Oak Stump Road, North Road Street, Weeksville Road, Esclip Road and
Commerce Drive. Each of the storage tanks are located within locked, fenced facilities. Booster
Pump stations are located on Peartree Road and Forest Park Road; both within locked, fenced
facilities. A Reverse Osmosis well site is located on Foreman Bundy Road approximately one-half
mile from the Pasquotank/Perquimans County line; however, it is not yet operational. Future
growth includes a Reverse Osmosis water plant to be located in the Foreman Bundy Road/Okisko
Road area. The plant is being designed to be built in stages with a total capacity of five million
gallons per day. Pasquotank County has submitted a permit application for a Reverse Osmosis
Water Plant Discharge. The discharge line must be extended 19 miles to the Albemarle Sound.
Additional extensions to the water system may also be made to the Tanglewood Park industrial area
within 3-4 years.
Pasquotank County Water System has a fixed 275 kW generator and 1,000 gallons fuel located at the
plant site on Weeksville Road. Also available are four (4) portable 60 kW generators and one (1)
portable 40 kW generator able to be moved to the county well sites as needed.
The County’s water supply and treatment facilities are adequate to meet current and future
demand. Anticipated growth areas can be served by the existing facilities.
Elizabeth City Water System
Elizabeth City’s water system consists of 105 miles of water line and three water storage tanks. The
oldest elevated tank near Elizabeth and Poole Streets was taken out of service in 1996 and it will
require a considerable capital investment to put the tank back into active use in the distribution
system. The Water Treatment Plant design capacity reportedly was 5 MGD; however, the current
projection of the maximum capacity of the water treatment plant is 3 MGD. The current
production is approximately 2.2 MGD. The elevated water tanks in current use are the Halstead tank
(0.5 million gallons) located beside Fire Station on Halstead Boulevard and the K. E. White tank (1.0
million gallons) located beside the Kermit E. White Center of Elizabeth City State University
(ECSU) on Weeksville Road. There are two (2) additional ground level storage tanks located at the
water treatment facility on Wilson Street, a three million gallon tank and a one million gallon tank.
Four high service pumps utilized for delivering the finished water to the elevated storage tanks are
also located at the water treatment facility on Wilson Street.
The distribution system is comprised of 8, 10, 12 and 16-inch transmission lines and the remainder
are comprised of 2, 4 and 6 inch distribution lines. The majority of the small diameter water lines in
the system are galvanized iron pipe which have corroded and require frequent repairs. There are an
inadequate number of shut-off valves in the system to effectively manage the water distribution
system. Many of the valves do not operate properly because of age and/or because the valves have
been paved over during previous street repairs.
The existing wellfield currently has auxiliary power for Wells #1 and #2 which will provide 0.6
million gallons of water per day. Another generator is installed on Wells #3 and #9 which will
provide 0.9 million gallons per day. A third generator is installed on Well #4, provide for another 0.3
million gallons for an overall total of 1.8 million gallons per days. All four of the new wells that are
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-22
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
coming on line in June 2010 will have auxiliary power increasing the City’s potential yield from the
wellfield to almost 2.7 million gallons per day in the event of a prolonged emergency situation.
Elizabeth City and Pasquotank County water supplies are interconnected and there is an inter-local
agreement in place that provide the City with an additional 250,00 gallons per day to supplement the
current water supply and the ability to augment either the County or the City from the other system
in the event of an emergency.
The most significant water supply issues to address in the next ten years are:
Relatively minor enhancements are required to the existing treat plan to increase capacity to
meet current and future demands through the year 2025.
The raw water supply will require the development of additional wells (700 gallons per minute)
to meet the projected growth in demand through the year 2025.
Improvements to the water distribution system to improve fire flow/protection in several areas
of the downtown sections of the City due in part to undersized piping to locate, exercise, and
replace shut off valves to better manage the distribution system.
Replacement of the raw water treatment line from the wellfield to the water treatment plant.
South Mills Water Association
South Mills Water Association has 700-800 customers and approximately 40 miles of lines in
Pasquotank County. They have one (1) 100,000 gallon elevated storage tank. The distribution
system is made up of 8”, 6”, 4”, 3” and 2”; mostly 6” transmission lines with the exception of deadend and short roads. Possible plans for extensions or improvements include a new elevated storage
tank within 5 years and additional lines.
See Map of Pasquotank-Elizabeth City-South Mills Water and Waster Water Systems
Wildland-Urban Interface
Wildland–Urban interface areas exist wherever residential, industrial, or other structures are located
within or adjacent to trees and other combustible vegetation. Wildfires that have the potential to
involve buildings and wildland vegetation simultaneously are known as interface fires. Pasquotank
County has 49, 813 acres of forest (see Map of Forest Areas) and the intermingling of development
with flammable forests has increased the potential for wildland–urban interface incidents within the
county. Areas of vulnerability include, but are not limited to, Newbegun Land, Nixonton Terrace,
and Dances Bay subdivisions. NC Forestry statistics cite debris burning as the number one cause of
wildland fires. Local fire department records list debris burning and uncontrolled wheat field fires at
the top of their wildland fire causes. As more homes are built in and near the woods, the existing
firefighting resources are less able to provide total protection to both homes and wildfires. Property
owners can take steps to reduce the risk of property loss and/or damage through education and
preventative measures. NC Firewise is a national program which addresses the risk of homes in the
wildland/urban interface to wildland fires and provides the guidance to make homes and
communities safer. See Map of Population Centers Near Wooded Areas
StormReady
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-23
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Pasquotank County was designated a StormReady County by NOAA’s National Weather Service in
2008. StormReady is a voluntary program and is offered to provide guidance and incentive to
officials who want to improve their respective hazardous weather operations. The StormReady
Program is intended to:
Improve the timeliness and effectiveness of hazardous weather warnings for the public.
Provide detailed and clear recommendations by which local emergency managers may
establish/improve effective hazardous weather operations.
Help local emergency managers justify costs and purchases related to supporting their
hazardous weather-related program.
Reward local hazardous-weather mitigation programs that have achieved a desired
performance level.
Provide a means of acquiring additional Community Rating System points assigned by the
National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).
Provide an “image incentive” to counties, cities, and towns that can identify themselves as
StormReady.
Encourage better hazardous weather preparedness programs in jurisdictions surrounding
StormReady communities and counties.
To be recognized as StormReady, a community must:
 Establish a 24-hour warning point and Emergency Operations Center
 Have more than one way to receive severe weather forecasts and warnings and to
alert the public
 Create a system that monitors local weather conditions
 Promote the importance of public readiness through community seminars
 Develop a formal hazardous weather plan, which includes training severe weather
spotters and holding emergency exercises.
Section V: Vulnerability Assessment
V-24
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section VI. Capability Analysis
This section describes Pasquotank County’s/Elizabeth City’s current capacity to mitigate the damage
potential of natural hazards, including legal authority, institutional organization, political willpower
and technological expertise.
A. Legal Capability
General Authority
Enabling legislation in North Carolina delegates legal authority to local governments to implement
regulatory measures. The basis for much of this authority is the law enforcement designed to
protect public health safety and welfare. This authority enables local officials to enact and enforce
ordinances and to define and abate nuisances. As hazard mitigation is a form of protecting public
health, safety and welfare, it falls under the general regulatory powers of local governments.
Enabling legislation also extends to building codes and inspections, land use, acquisition, taxation
and floodway regulation. See NC General Statutes.
Building Codes and Inspections
Building codes and inspections provide local governments with the means to maintain structures
that are resilient to natural hazards. The North Carolina State Building Code prescribes minimum
standards for building construction. Local governments are permitted to adopt additional codes as
long as the regulations are at least as stringent as the state standards. Also, state enabling legislation
authorizes local governments to carry out building inspections to ensure local structures adhere to
the minimum state building standards. The building code regulations for Pasquotank County/and
Elizabeth City are enforced by local officials, including provisions in the codes for flood-proofing
and flood prevention measures.
Land Use Planning
Through land use regulatory powers granted by the state, local governments can control the
location, density, type and timing of land use and development in the community. The North
Carolina Coastal Area Management Act, designed to protect the state’s coastal resources through a
combination of local land-use planning and state regulations, requires each of the state’s twenty
coastal counties to prepare land use plans in compliance with guidelines outlined in the law. The
Act established the Coastal Resources Commission, a body whose duties include oversight and
approval of the land use plans. CAMA guidelines require the following issues be incorporated into
the land use plans: resource protection, resource production and management, economic and
community development, continuing public participation, and storm hazard mitigation, post-disaster
recovery and evacuation plans. Provisions of the land use plans are implemented through regulatory
tools that include zoning and subdivision ordinances.
Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City prepared a Land Use Plan in 1996 and updated this plan in
2005. It was created to define and refine community policies and issues, and to describe existing
uses of land and future desired growth patterns. Elizabeth City’s land use plan includes mitigation
measures to address land suitability, resource protection, hazardous waste management, and storm
hazards.
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Zoning Within its zoning authority, a local government is authorized to divide the planning area
into districts. For each type of district, as defined in a written ordinance and by zoning maps, the
local government may “regulate and restrict construction, reconstruction, alteration, repair or use of
buildings, structures of land” (N.C.G.S. 160A-382).
Pasquotank County Zoning Ordinance adopted its zoning ordinance in 1992 (last amended in
March 2009) to provide for the orderly growth and development along major corridors in
Pasquotank County. The remainder area of the county was officially zoned on January 1, 2001.
Elizabeth City’s Unified Development Ordinance (UDO) was adopted September 13, 1999 to
provide for growth and development within the jurisdiction of Elizabeth City. Elizabeth City’s
Unified Development Ordinance also addresses the minimum lot size specified for each zoning
district.. A larger minimum lot size may be required by Albemarle Regional Health Services in areas
lacking public water and/or public sewer, particularly if the lot is designated a public water supply
watershed.
Subdivision Ordinance
Local governments are authorized under N.C.G.S. 160A-371 to regulate the subdivision of land
within their jurisdiction. Subdivision regulations apply when land is divided into parcels that are ten
acres or smaller.
Pasquotank County Subdivision Ordinance was adopted in 1989, with added amendments. The
purpose of the ordinance is to support and guide the proper subdivision of land within the
jurisdiction of Pasquotank County in order to promote the public health, safety and general welfare
of the citizens of Pasquotank County. All subdivisions shall provide adequate storm drainage and
fire hydrants sufficient for fire protection.
Elizabeth City’s Subdivision Ordinance was adopted September 13, 1999 (last amended in February
2009) and is Article X of Elizabeth City’s Unified Development Ordinance. The purpose of the
ordinance is to support and guide proper subdivision of land within Elizabeth City’s jurisdiction and
addresses drainage system issue design and construction in accordance with the stormwater
management standards. All subdivision shall provide fire hydrants sufficient for fire protection and
vegetative buffer for all new subdivisions located within a watershed protection overlay district.
Floodway Regulation
According to state statute, the channel and part of the floodplain of each stream are to be designated
as a floodway in order to limit flood disaster as much as possible. Within the floodway, local
governments, through permitting, are to prevent obstructions that may increase the height of floods
and the extent of flood damage.
Pasquotank County adopted a Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance in 1994. The purpose of the
ordinance is to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare and to minimize public and
private losses due to flood conditions.
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Elizabeth City’s regulations for Flood Damage Prevention is contained within its Unified
Development Ordinance; Article XII Environmental And Special Purpose Regulations and was
adopted by City Council on September 13, 1999. The purpose of the ordinance is protect the city’s
water quality, to promote the health, safety and general welfare of its citizens and community, and to
minimize public and private losses resulting from floods.
Acquisition
Under the North Carolina General Statutes (160A-240.1), local governments have the power to
acquire property “by gift, grant, devise, bequest, exchange, purchase, lease, or any other lawful
method,” pursuant to state eminent domain laws (N.C.G.S. 40A). This regulatory tool may be used
by local governments to reduce community vulnerability to natural hazards by directly controlling
development and use of areas especially vulnerable to natural hazards.
Taxation
Taxation can be a powerful mitigation tool by providing local government with a way to guide
development. Preferential tax rates may be used to discourage development in hazard-prone areas
and to encourage it in safer areas.
Stormwater Management
In 2009, Pasquotank County adopted a Drainage Ordinance and a Stormwater Design Manual in
order to ensure that stormwater runoff from new development is minimized. A thirty foot
undisturbed vegetative buffer is required adjacent to all watercourses, water bodies, or wetlands. In
addition, no filling or construction within the floodway or non-encroachment zones is allowed.
Elizabeth City’s Storm Water Management Ordinance is contained within the Unified Development
Ordinance and was adopted by the City Council in May, 2002. The purpose of this Ordinance is to
protect, maintain, and enhance the public health, safety, and general welfare by establishing
minimum requirements and procedures to regulate the adverse effects of increased storm water
runoff associated with both future land development and existing developed land within the City.
Proper management of storm water runoff will minimize damage to public and private property,
ensure a functional drainage system, reduce the effects of development on land and stream channel
erosion, assist in the attainment and maintenance of water quality standards, enhance the local
environment associated with the drainage system, reduce local flooding, maintain as nearly as
possible the pre-developed runoff characteristics of the area, and facilitate economic development
while mitigating associated flooding and drainage impacts.
National Flood Insurance Program and National Community Rating System
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) provides flood insurance to individuals in
communities that are members of the program. Membership in the program is contingent on the
community adopting and enforcing floodplain management and development regulation. Both
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City are participants in the National Flood Insurance
Program. Part of the NFIP is the Community Rating System (CRS), a program that adjusts flood
insurance premiums in relation to a community’s investment in flood damage mitigation. To be
included in the system, a community’s floodplain management procedures must be reported and
evaluated. There are ten classes within the CRS system, with 1 providing the greatest premium
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
reduction and 10 providing no reduction. Presently, neither Pasquotank County nor Elizabeth City
participates in the Community Rating System.
B. Institutional Capability
Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City has the ability to acquire resources from each other as well as
surrounding counties. Pasquotank and Camden counties along with Elizabeth City work together
on issues affecting all jurisdictions during emergencies. Mutual Aid Agreements have been
established with various agencies in adjoining counties and Chesapeake, Virginia. Pasquotank
County and Elizabeth City are both signatories to the state mutual aid agreement.
In case of an emergency, the Pasquotank-Camden County Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations
Plan takes effect. If the disaster is multi-jurisdictional, a control group is formed to make decisions
involving the management of the emergency situation. The control group consists of the
Pasquotank County Commission Chairperson, Elizabeth City Mayor, Camden County Commission
Chairperson, Pasquotank County Manager, Elizabeth City Manager, Camden County Manager and
the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Emergency Management Coordinator.
Important to the response portion of Emergency Management, the Multi-Hazard Emergency
Operations Plan sets guidelines for the dissemination of information and resources. The following
are some of the duties and responsibilities of officials in Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City in
case of a disaster.
Control Group

Act in accordance with appropriate provisions of the North Carolina General Statutes and local
ordinances that relate to emergencies

Declare State of Emergency; as warranted

Execute the emergency operations plan as necessary

Coordinate actions with other affected jurisdictions
Public Information Officer

Develop operating guidelines for public information that include a directory of media outlets

Coordinate all county/city media releases

Provide for rumor control for all phases of the emergency

Serve as the official spokesperson for the county/city
In addition to these individuals, the Control Group identifies and designates roles to other
organizations operating in the county/city including (but not limited to): Fire Departments,
Emergency Medical Services/Rescue Squad, Law Enforcement Agencies, Social Services Agencies,
Utility Departments, Inter-County Public Transportation Authority, United States Coast Guard,
American Red Cross, Salvation Army, Finance Officers, Amateur Radio Association, and Mental
Health.
The Emergency Operations Center is located in the Pasquotank County Public Safety Building at
200 E. Colonial Avenue, Elizabeth City. The Emergency Operations Center serves as the control
point for Pasquotank County’s/Camden County’s/ and Elizabeth City’s emergency response
activities. The Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Receiving and Distribution Point for resources is
located at the Food Bank of the Albemarle, 109 Tidewater Way, Elizabeth City.
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
C. Political Capability
The political structure of Pasquotank County consists of seven (7) Board of Commissioners and one
(1) County Manager. The political structure of the City of Elizabeth City consists of eight (8) City
Councilors, one (1) Mayor and one (1) City Manager. Opposition to mitigation measures is not
evident within Pasquotank County or the City of Elizabeth City and the implementation of
mitigation measures should be feasible.
D. Technical Capability
Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City are secured with the basic technology needed to mitigate and
respond to natural disasters. Also, the county/city has the ability to use GIS mapping techniques to
mitigate hazards.
E. Incorporation of Hazard Mitigation Plan Recommendations into Other Plans
Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City address statewide planning goals and legislative requirements
through many existing plans (i.e. Land Use Plan, Unified Development Plan, Zoning Ordinances,
Building and Safety Codes). Members of the MAC include personnel involved in these local
planning and zoning programs thereby ensuring that all goals and strategies of new, amended,
revised and updated planning documents are consistent with the hazard mitigation plan and will not
contribute to an increase in the local jurisdiction’s vulnerability to the impacts of natural hazards.
Plans to which this provision may apply include, but are not limited to:
. Comprehensive Plan
. CAMA Land-Use Plan
. Capital Improvements Plan
. Emergency Management Plan
. Transportation Plan, and
. Other local planning documents, when appropriate.
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Analysis of Capability
The Community Goals Worksheet provides an analysis of Pasquotank County’s and Elizabeth City’s current hazard mitigation capabilities
and goals.
Community Goals
Source
Existing Goal Statements
Effective Goal for Mitigation?
(if not, how to modify goal)
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
Streets shall be designed and located in proper
relation to existing and proposed streets, to the
topography, to such natural features as streams and
tree growth, to public convenience and safety, and
to the proposed use of land to be served by such
streets.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
Land subject to flooding and land deemed by the
Planning Board to be uninhabitable for other
reasons shall not be platted for occupancy.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
Water supply and sewage facilities shall comply
with applicable State and County Public Health
laws and regulations.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
Where a subdivision is traversed by a water course,
drainage way, channel or stream, there shall be
provided a storm water easement or drainage rightof-way.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
All utilities shall be installed underground.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
Each subdivision shall provide adequate storm
drainage for all areas in the subdivision
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
The release rate of stormwater from all
developments shall not exceed the 10-year
stormwater run-off from the area in its natural
state.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
All developments shall be provided with a drainage
system that is adequate to prevent the undue
retention of surface water on the development site.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
All developments shall be constructed and
maintained so that adjacent properties are not
unreasonably burdened with surface waters as a
result of such developments.
Yes
Pasquotank County Subdivision
Ordinance
Subdivisions shall be designed to meet the
minimum requirements found within the
Pasquotank county Stormwater Ordinance and the
Stormwater Drainage Manual.
Yes
Zoning Ordinance of
Pasquotank County
The storage of flammables shall not be permitted
or considered a Use-By-Right except in an
Industrial district and when such authorization for
said use is given by the Pasquotank County Fire
Marshall.
Yes
Zoning Ordinance of
Pasquotank County
The manufacturing, processing, fabrication, and/or
bulk storage of acetylene gas, ammunition,
explosives, fireworks, gunpowder, junk or matches
are prohibited.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Zoning Ordinance of
Pasquotank County
Zoning Ordinance of
Pasquotank County
Zoning Ordinance of
Pasquotank County
All trees, shrubs, and other plant materials are to be
maintained on a continuing basis.
No new uses other than bona fide farms shall be
established unless a building permit is applied for
and issued by the Building Inspector.
Prior to issuance of any initial zoning permit,
zoning change permit, or special use permit, the
zoning enforcement officer and local AEC Permit
Officer shall determine whether the proposed use
or structure is located within an Area of
Environmental Concern.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
All new construction and substantial improvements
shall be anchored to prevent flotation, collapse, or
lateral movement of the structure.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
All new construction and substantial improvements
shall be constructed with materials and utility
equipment resistant to flood damage.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
All new construction or substantial improvements
shall be constructed by methods and practices that
minimize flood damages.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
Electrical, heating, plumbing, air conditioning and
other service facilities shall be designed and/or
located so as to prevent water from entering or
accumulating within the components during
conditions of flooding.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-8
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
All new and replacement water supply systems &
sanitary sewer systems shall be designed to
minimize or eliminate infiltration of flood waters
into the system and discharges into flood waters.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
On-site waste disposal systems shall be located and
constructed to avoid impairment to them or
contamination from them during flooding.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
In all areas of special flood hazard, structures shall
have the lowest floor elevated no lower than 0 feet
above the base flood elevation.
No, the ordinance should be amended to have the
lower floor no lower then 3 foot above Base Flood
Elevation
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
An evacuation plan must be developed for
evacuation of all residents of all new, substantially
improved or substantially damaged manufactured
home parks or subdivisions located within flood
prone areas.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
No encroachments, including fill, new
construction, substantial improvements and other
developments shall be permitted in floodways.
Yes
Pasquotank County Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance
All subdivision proposals shall be consistent with
the need to minimize flood damage.
Yes
Water Supply Watershed
Ordinance of Pasquotank
County
A minimum thirty foot vegetative buffer for
development activities is required along all
perennial waters.
Yes
Water Supply Watershed
Ordinance of Pasquotank
County
No activity, situation, structure or land use which
poses a threat to water quality and the public
health, safety and welfare shall be allowed within
the watershed.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-9
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
The county/city needs to regulate the location and
the intensity of development in areas along
Albemarle Sound and rivers which are exposed
directly to storm surges.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Development in the flood zones needs to have
regulatory measures that encourage the redesign of
development which minimizes impervious area and
positive drainage.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
The plan recommends increased regulation in areas
which have a high probability of storm damage.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City government to ensure that new development is
protected from flood hazard.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County government
to conserve the remaining portion of the Dismal
Swamp lying within the County.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County government
to support CAMA restriction of development on
Albemarle Sound Islands as well as dredging of
marshlands for bulkhead installation along
Albemarle Sound.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City governments to inspect and regulate the
storage of hazardous wastes at sites in the
county/city.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-10
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City governments to continue participation in the
National Flood Insurance Program and to guide
land development away from high hazard areas.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City governments to direct urban development into
areas intrinsically suitable for development via the
extension of services and approval of future capital
projects.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County government
to enforce the North Carolina Building Codes and
conduct periodic reviews of the regulations and
construction practices.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
It is the policy of Pasquotank County government
to prepare an access management regulation with
the cooperation of the N.C. Department of
Transportation to regulate the number and location
of driveway openings along major county roadways
designated as evacuation routes.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
The Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City Fire
Marshall shall review all permits for land uses
which involve storage of petrochemicals to ensure
that extensive precautions be taken to minimize the
effects of potential spills.
Yes
Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Operations
Plan
At the direction of the County and/or City
Manager, departments will take necessary steps to
prepare critical facilities for disaster.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-11
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Operations
Plan
The broadcast and print media will be relied upon
to assist in the dissemination of public information
to the general public.
Yes
Hazardous Material Analysis
Study
After reviewing the potentially substantial impacts
that a hazardous materials transportation accident
could have on the community, it will be very
important to properly plan and prepare for those
types of incidents that may occur in the area.
Yes
Hazardous Material Analysis
Study
Steps should be taken to correct any dangerous
road conditions in order to reduce the potential for
hazardous materials transportation accidents to
happen.
Yes
Hazardous Material Analysis
Study
An important step for preparing to handle
hazardous materials incidents is to include proper
training in hazardous material response.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City believes that
future land development should be completed in a
manner so as to be compatible with existing special
natural and cultural resources.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
The City remains committed to the development of
an open space greenway system.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
The City believes that necessary improvements
should be made on a regular basis in order to
upgrade the capacity of the roadway network to
meet increasing traffic demands.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Development of marina facilities must conform to
state, local and federal environmental regulations.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-12
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Elizabeth City believes that AEC's which occur
within its jurisdiction should be protected from
undue encroachment in order to preserve their
natural and important ecological functions.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City believes that
any development permitted must not cause a
degradation or irreversible damage to the sensitive
estuarine system.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City will continue to
support and enforce the N.C. State Building Code,
particularly requirements of construction standards
to meet wind-resistive factors such as design wind
velocity.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City supports
provisions in the State Building Code requiring tiedowns for mobile homes, which help resist wind
damage.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City supports the
CAMA development permit process for estuarine
shoreline areas and the requisite development
standards which encourage both shoreline
stabilization and facilitation of proper drainage.
Yes
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth
City Land Use Plan
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City will continue to
coordinate planning hazard mitigation and postdisaster recovery strategies and with Camden
County and appropriate state and federal agencies.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-13
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
Every lot shall be served by a water supply system
and a sewage disposal system that is adequate to
accommodate the reasonable needs of the
proposed use of the lot and complies with all
applicable health regulations.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
Lot boundaries shall coincide with natural and preexisting man-made drainage ways to the extent
practicable to avoid lots that can be built upon only
by altering such drainage ways.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
Water and sewer lines shall be constructed in
accordance with state and city regulations and to
the specifications of the utility provider.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
Where a subdivision is traversed by a water course,
drainage way, channel or stream, there shall be
provided a storm water easement or drainage
right-of-way.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
An adequate drainage system shall be provided for
the proper drainage of all surface water.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
All utility lines for local distribution of electrical
and communications service shall be installed
underground within all subdivisions.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
All signs shall be constructed to withstand
minimum wind loads as specified by the NC State
Building Code.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
No structure or land use shall be allowed within the
watershed protection overlay districts which poses
a threat to water quality.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-14
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Community Goals, cont.
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
No manufactured home shall be permitted nor
relocated in a floodway.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
No building may be constructed within any
floodway.
Yes
Elizabeth City Unified
Development Ordinance
An evacuation plan must be developed for
evacuation of all residents of all new, substantially
improved or substantially damaged manufactured
home parks or subdivisions located within flood
prone areas.
Yes
Section VI: Capability Analysis
VI-15
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Section VII. Mitigation Strategy for Pasquotank County
and Elizabeth City, NC
Introduction
The well being of the human, built environment is strongly dependent on a healthy natural
environment. From basic needs such as the conversion of carbon dioxide into breathable air, to
protective services such as the flooding buffers supplied by wetlands and absorbent soils, to quality
of life services, including outdoor recreation opportunities, the natural environment provides
invaluable services that protect and enhance the human environment. Natural hazards are also a
natural process that affects the human environment. Fully functioning natural systems are equipped
to provide a significant degree of protection for life and property when hazards intersect with the
human environment. Mitigation strategies serve to preserve and enhance the protective abilities of
the natural environment. Also, mitigation efforts build upon the natural environment’s protective
services by providing additional protection within the built environment. An effective mitigation
strategy must be aware of the interdependence of the human and natural environment and work
accordingly to preserve healthy natural systems within and around communities.
Pasquotank County’s and Elizabeth City’s goals were identified from existing goal statements in
county and city documents, and each goal’s effectiveness for mitigation was evaluated. The
mitigation strategy was developed based on those goals, as well as needs identified in the
vulnerability and capability analysis. The strategy is divided into sections that address each of the
county’s/city’s most pressing hazard concerns. These divisions are hurricanes, flooding, tornadoes,
winter storms, severe thunderstorms, wildfires, hazardous materials, and terrorism. For each hazard,
overall mitigation goals are identified with objectives for achievement of the goals. Specific
mitigation measures are described for each objective, including monitoring and evaluation
procedures, a target completion date and identification of the responsible party for oversight and
evaluation. While a large portion of the strategy addresses actions the county/city can take to reduce
impacts of natural hazards on the county as a whole, individual home and property owners can
implement many of the specific measures. The overall success of this plan depends on both the
actions of individual citizens and the guidance and support of the county/city government.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
NATURAL HAZARDS
HURRICANE MITIGATION STRATEGY
A tropical cyclone (hurricane) may be viewed as two types of events, wind and water. Flooding,
storm surges and other hazards associated with hurricanes are all of concern to residents residing in
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City. Flooding and other hazards associated with
hurricanes are discussed in the Flood Mitigation Strategy section of this plan. This section addresses
wind hazards associated with hurricanes. Wind events have caused property damage in the
county/city historically. Although a community can never be completely windproof, several actions
can significantly reduce damages to life and property endured by wind events in the future.
Goal 1: Minimize the Impact of Hurricane Wind Events
Objective 1: Improve the wind resistance of structures in the county/city.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Continue to enforce the North Carolina Building Code. The requirement that new
structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be resistant to wind loads of
110 m.p.h. is of particular importance.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Building Inspectors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Educate contractors about safe housing development through written materials or a
county sponsored symposium.
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 2: Educate home and property owners about wind resistant measures.
The following mitigation measures can be consolidated into a symposium format.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Hold a county/city-sponsored hazard mitigation symposium for the county residents
and surrounding municipalities, including information on preparedness for all hazards
significant to Pasquotank County.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
2. Provide homeowners information on wind resistant measures
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
3. Educate mobile home contractors and owners about wind proofing measures, including
wood and light steel construction connectors and anchoring systems.
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 3: Maintain and publicize the Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City hurricane
evacuation route in order to facilitate evacuation to inland areas.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Post information about Pasquotank County’s emergency evacuation routes.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 4: Maintain and publicize the Pasquotank – Camden – Elizabeth City County
Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan.
All county/city departments should write and/or update standard operations guidelines for
emergencies and continuity of operations in concurrence with the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Review the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations
Plan annually and update the plan as necessary. Ensure all County and City departments
continue to develop guidelines for response to emergencies and to maintain
departmental operations. Work with County and City departments to ensure each
department possesses a clear understanding of department responsibilities as outlined in
the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan.
Responsible Party/Organization: All County/City Departments
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Annually
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 5: Reduce the impact of wind on trees near county/city structures.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in windstorms. Prune or thin
trees or branches on county/city property when they would pose an immediate threat to
property, utility lines or other significant structures or critical facilities in the community.
Responsible Party/Organization: Elizabeth City Public Works Department/Pasquotank
County Maintenance
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 6: Reduce the vulnerability of local government agencies and facilities to hurricane
events.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Continue efforts to develop continuity of operations plans (COOP) for county/city
departments. Continuity of operations planning efforts are currently underway in the
county/city.
Responsible Party/Organization: City/County Department Heads, Pasquotank County
Manager/Elizabeth City Manager
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: One year from the date of plan adoption
Funding Source: Local
2. Encourage the installation of generator switches in new construction critical facilities. As
projects go through Technical Review Committee, applicants can be encouraged to pre-wire
facilities for a generator. New construction critical facilities that would benefit from prewiring include but are not limited to public schools, local government facilities, facilities that
may be utilized as storm shelters, adult care facilities, etc.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners/Elizabeth
City Council; Planning Boards
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
FLOOD MITIGATION STRATEGY
Hurricane Floyd produced record high flood levels in Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City. The
county and city is working to prevent future losses like those experienced during this disaster,
including participation in the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program’s property buyout program. The
following goals were established to contribute to the county/city’s efforts.
Goal 1. Identify and Map Flood Prone Areas
Objective 1: Record all structures within the floodplain as well as areas of repetitive losses
due to flooding.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Record all tax parcel information and floodplain locations in a GIS system including
repetitive loss areas, areas of greatest risk, and vulnerable populations. This information will
be provided to the GIS Coordinator by the Emergency Management Agency.
Responsible Party/Organization: GIS Coordinator
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management
Coordinator/Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Completed to date, however the process should be updated
after each flooding event.
Funding Source: Local
Goal 2: Avoid the Hazards of the Floodplain
Objective 1: Acquire and preserve properties subject to repetitive flooding from willing and
voluntary property owners through hazard mitigation grant funding. Continue to identify
areas and properties subject to repetitive flooding.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Continue efforts to acquire the “Perry Properties” located in the area of Ehringhaus
Street and McMorrine Street in Elizabeth City utilizing hazard mitigation grant funding
for repetitive flood loss properties.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City Manager;
Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: As funding becomes available.
Funding Source: Local, State, Federal
2. Continue efforts to acquire repetitively flooded properties in the Oxford Heights
subdivision of Elizabeth City utilizing hazard mitigation grant funding.
Responsible Party: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City Manager; Emergency
Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: As funding becomes available.
Funding Source: Local, State, Federal
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Goal 3: Minimize the Impacts of Flooding
Objective 1: Minimize economic and property losses due to flooding.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Participate in the Community Rating System.
The National Flood Insurance Program’s (NFIP) Community Rating System (CRS)
allows counties and municipalities to reduce flood insurance rate premiums for citizen
property owners. In order to capitalize on these reductions, counties and cities must
take specific steps to improve upon the minimum floodplain management requirements
of the NFIP. The CRS awards flood insurance premium discounts from 5-45% for
eighteen different flood management activities that fall into the following four
categories: public information, mapping and regulation, flood damage reduction, and
flood preparedness. Participation in the CRS, which is contingent upon county
compliance with NFIP rules, will provide Pasquotank County and the city of Elizabeth
City with the opportunity to dramatically reduce flood insurance rate premiums for its
residents. In order to participate, the county/city must designate a CRS coordinator to
handle the application and serve as a liaison between the county/city and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Work on a CRS plan is facilitated by completion of a
county/city hazard mitigation plan.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Two years from the date of plan adoption
Funding Source: Local
2. Revise zoning and subdivision ordinances to increase lot sizes in areas with poor soils.
As flooding is exacerbated by soils that cannot adequately absorb the water, areas with
poor soil conditions should be avoided as much as possible in future developments.
Increasing the lot size within subdivisions will provide more area for soil water
absorption and lessen damages to properties in the area. The county/city land use plan
policy should be implemented to revise the zoning ordinance so that the minimum lot
size in future subdivisions is increased, and existing subdivisions should be re-platted to
the largest extend possible. The subdivision standards require that the building pad be at
least 1 foot above the base flood elevation for a 100 year floodplain.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Boards
Target Completion Date: Two years from the date of plan adoption
Funding Source: Local
3. Reduce the vulnerability of infrastructure and the built environment by identifying
infrastructure (i.e. pumping stations, roads) in the city/county that is repetitively
damaged by flooding and consider ways to reduce those vulnerabilities. Areas of
concern include, but are not limited to: Water Street, Herrington Road, Southern
Avenue/Parkview Drive, Roanoke Avenue, Road Street, Elizabeth Street, Creek Road,
Providence Road (Oxford Heights), and Riverside Road.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City Manager
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 2: Provide information to citizens on flooding preparedness.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. As with other hazards of concern to Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City,
a hazard mitigation symposium should be held for its residents, including information on
preparedness for all hazards significant to its jurisdiction. The symposium should
encourage property owners in flood prone areas to consider the options of elevation,
relocation, and flood proofing.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Distribute information identifying flood prone areas within the county/city. Address the
need for evacuation and family preparedness plans especially for residents living within
flood prone areas.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency/Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Goal 4: Protect Pasquotank River and Little River, as well as surrounding ecosystems
Objective 1: Protect/Enhance Shoreline Vegetation.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Incorporate shoreline vegetation protection buffers into the City of Elizabeth City’s
Unified Development Ordinance as a stipulation to development in and near areas of
environmental concern.
Responsible Party/Organization: Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Director
Target Completion Date: Two years from the date of plan adoption
Funding Source: Local, State
Objective 2: Control Adverse Effects of Storm Water Runoff.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. In order to reduce storm water runoff, the city should minimize construction of
additional impervious surfaces within the floodplain. Elizabeth City’s Stormwater
Management Ordinance addresses mitigation measures to control the adverse effects of
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
increased storm water runoff associated with both future land development and existing
developed land within the City.
Responsible Party/Organization: Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Director
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-8
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
TORNADO MITIGATION STRATEGY
Although it is difficult to predict where and when tornadoes will touch down, some mitigation
measures can be taken to improve community resilience to this hazard. The major concern about
tornadoes is the wind forces they generate. Wind events are addressed in the Tropical Cyclone
section of this plan.
Goal 1: Minimize the Impacts of Tornadoes on Life and Property
As tropical cyclones and tornadoes produce similar wind hazards, much of the mitigation strategy
for tornadoes is similar to the tropical cyclone strategy.
Objective 1: Improve the wind resistance of structures in the county/city.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
2. Continue to enforce the North Carolina Building Code. The requirement that new
structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be resistant to wind loads of
110 m.p.h. is of particular importance.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Building Inspectors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Educate contractors about principles for quality redevelopment and safe housing
development through written materials or a county/city-sponsored symposium.
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 2: Educate home and property owners about wind proofing measures.
The following mitigation measures can be consolidated into a symposium format.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Hold a county/city-sponsored hazard mitigation symposium for the county residents
and surrounding municipalities, including information on preparedness for all hazards
significant to Pasquotank County.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Provide new home and property buyers with information on wind proofing. This
information may be most efficiently dispersed by the tax assessor’s office because all
home transactions are recorded there.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-9
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Responsible Party/Organization: Tax Department
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager
Target Completion Date: One year from plan adoption
Funding Source: Local
3. Educate mobile home contractors and owners about wind proofing measures, including
wood and light steel construction connectors and anchoring systems.
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 3: Reduce the impact of wind on trees near county/city structures.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in windstorms. Prune or thin
trees or branches on county/city property when they would pose an immediate threat to
property, utility lines or other significant structures or critical facilities in the community.
Responsible Party/Organization: Elizabeth City Public Works Department/Pasquotank
County Maintenance
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 4: Maximize Citizen Preparedness for Tornadoes.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Warning System Improvements. Several options exist for a tornado warning system.
One option is to position sirens in heavily populated areas with a specific signal that
indicates a tornado warning. Residents in hearing distance at the moment of the
sounding will hear the signal. One tornado siren is presently located on the water tower
behind Elizabeth City Police Department and is manually activated when a tornado
warning is received.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: As funds become available
Funding Source: Local
2. Encourage the practice of placing storm shelters in all mobile home areas and
subdivisions.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners,
Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Building Inspector
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-10
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
THUNDERSTORM MITIGATION STRATEGY
A major element of thunderstorm hazards is the wind produced. The wind component of this
hazard is addressed in Tropical Cyclone Mitigation Strategy and the Tornado Mitigation Strategy
wind event sections, and is repeated in this section. Also, heavy rains from thunderstorms can cause
damage and flooding. This element of concern is addressed in the Flooding Mitigation Strategy
section of this plan. Lightning, a third element of concern associated with thunderstorms, is
addressed in this section.
Goal 1: Minimize the Impacts of Severe Thunderstorms
Objective 1: Educate the public on the hazards of thunderstorms.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. As with other hazards of concern to Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City,
the county/city can sponsor a hazard mitigation symposium for its residents, including
information on preparedness for all hazards significant to Pasquotank County.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 2: Minimize the impacts of lightning strikes.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Encourage the installation of lightning detection devices be installed in public outdoor
gathering areas such as school stadiums and ball parks.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Coordinator
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. In order to minimize injury from lightning strikes, shelters should be placed every 10
acres in all public open space recreation areas. This recommendation should be
encouraged by the county and the city.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners,
Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Parks & Recreation Departments
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-11
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 3: Improve the wind resistance of structures in the county/city.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Continue to enforce the North Carolina Building Code. The requirement that new
structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be resistant to wind loads of
110 m.p.h. is of particular importance.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Building Inspectors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Educate contractors about principles for quality redevelopment and safe housing
development through written materials or a county/city sponsored symposium.
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 4: Educate home and property owners about wind proofing measures.
The following mitigation measures can be consolidated into a symposium format.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Hold a county/city-sponsored hazard mitigation symposium for the county residents
and surrounding municipalities, including information on preparedness for all hazards
significant to Pasquotank County.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Provide new home and property buyers with information on wind proofing. This
information may be most efficiently dispersed by the tax assessor’s office because all
home transactions are recorded there.
Responsible Party/Organization: Tax Department
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager
Target Completion Date: One year from date of plan adoption
Funding Source: Local
3. Educate mobile home contractors and owners about wind proofing measures, including
wood and light steel construction connectors and anchoring systems.
Responsible Party/Organization: Building Inspectors
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Planning Directors
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-12
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 5: Reduce the impact of wind on trees near county/city structures.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in windstorms. Prune or thin
trees or branches on county/city property when they would pose an immediate threat to
property, utility lines or other significant structures or critical facilities in the county.
Responsible Party/Organization: Elizabeth City Public Works Department/Pasquotank
County Maintenance
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 6: Increase driving safety during thunderstorms
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Driving in storm conditions can create hazardous road conditions, including decreased
ability for drivers to see road boundaries. To improve road visibility, reflector tape or
paint along road edges and in the dividing line should be placed on all major roads
through town.
Responsible Party/Organization: Public Works Department, NC Department of
Transportation
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth City Council
Target Completion Date: As funds become available
Funding Source: State
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-13
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
WINTER WEATHER MITIGATION STRATEGY
Northeast North Carolina is susceptible to wintry conditions, however, they are not of the routine
nature for the area and as such many citizens are ill prepared and especially vulnerable to the affects
of a winter storm.
Goal 1: Minimize the Impacts of a Severe Winter Storm
Objective 1: Promote personal mitigation measures to the general public.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
2. Provide education on personal safety and measures to protect personal and public
property.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-14
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
FIRE MITIGATION STRATEGY
Fires, whether resulting from natural events or from technological causes, have the potential to
spread over a substantial portion of Pasquotank County or within the City of Elizabeth endangering
life and property.
Goal 1: Minimize Risk of Fire
Objective 1: Maintain a current action plan for fire response.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Conduct an annual review of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard
Emergency Operations Plan. Maintain current emergency contact information.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Educate homeowners and farmers on fire control methods.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency/Fire Departments
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State
Objective 2: Educate home and property owners about Wildland/Urban Interface fire
safety.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Educate homeowners within wildfire threat areas about Wildland/Urban
Interface fire safety. Implement Firewise Program within hazard communities.
Responsible Party/Organization: Fire Departments/NC Forestry
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager
Target Completion Date: Two years from the date of plan adoption
Funding Source: Local, State
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-15
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MITIGATION STRATEGY
There is no hazardous material processing or manufacturing sites within Pasquotank County or the
City of Elizabeth City. Storage sites of hazardous materials are relatively minimal and consist mainly
of pesticide/insecticide hazards. The main risk of hazardous material incidents would result from
transportation accidents.
Goal 1: Minimize potential for damage or injury due to hazardous materials transportation
through the county
Objective 1: Maintain a current action plan for hazardous materials event response.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Conduct an annual review of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard
Emergency Operations Plan. Maintain current emergency contact information.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Maintain hazardous materials event preparedness.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency/Fire Department
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State
Objective 2: Minimize the impacts of a hazardous materials release to the public.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Reverse 9-1-1 as an avenue to quickly notify residents of hazardous incidents.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Coordinator/9-1-1 Director
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: N/A
Funding Source: Local
2. Distribute information to the public regarding the requirements for anchoring LP gas
tanks. National Fire Protection Association Standard 58, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code
states, “Where necessary to prevent flotation due to possible high flood waters around
aboveground or mounded containers, or high water table for those underground and
partially underground, containers shall be securely anchored." FEMA and state
emergency management officials further clarify that the concern lies within the base
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-16
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
floodplain (1% annual chance of flooding). Therefore, all LP gas tanks within a base
floodplain should be securely anchored by the owner of the tank.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency; Fire Departments
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Develop the educational materials within one year of plan
adoption and distribute the educational materials on a continual basis.
Funding Source: Local
3. Increase public awareness on the importance of inspecting fuel tanks for corrosion. Fuel
tank stands corrode over time causing tanks to fall and the contents to spill. Cleanup
can be costly and inspecting tanks frequently can prevent fuel spills.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency; Fire Departments
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State
Objective 3: Improve emergency services response and recovery capabilities.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Upgrade hazardous materials response equipment and fire department personnel to
hazardous materials technician level.
Responsible Party/Organization: Fire Departments
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: As funds become available
Funding Source: Local, State
2. Conduct site surveys of hazardous materials storage facilities.
Responsible Party/Organization: Fire Departments
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
3. Educate businesses on Tier II reporting requirements in accordance with the Emergency
Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA).
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency/Fire Marshal Office
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Emergency Management Agency
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-17
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT MITIGATION STRATEGY
The Surry Nuclear Power Plant in Virginia is located in a 50-mile radius of Pasquotank County. A
major accident at the plant would most likely have an affect on the county; especially the northern
portion.
Goal 1: Minimize the Impact of Nuclear Accidents
Objective 1: Create and disperse information regarding measures to take in the event of a
nuclear accident.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Coordinate with the Surry Power Plant to create and disperse information about the
plant, shelter in place procedures and evacuation routes.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 2: Maintain a current action plan for nuclear event response.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Conduct an annual review of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard
Emergency Operations Plan. Maintain current emergency contact information.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
2. Maintain nuclear event preparedness. Coordination should be maintained with the Surry
Power Plant and the City of Chesapeake Emergency Management to relay any
information regarding a nuclear event occurrence.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-18
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
TERRORISM MITIGATION STRATEGY
While terrorism has not occurred within our community the potential does exist and the impact of
loss from an explosive, chemical, or biological attack could tremendously affect a substantial portion
of the community.
Goal 1: Minimize the Impact of a Terrorist Incident
Objective 1: Create and disperse information regarding actions to take in the event of a
Terrorist Incident
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Coordinate with state and federal agencies to create and disperse information about
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosive incidents, preparation and
shelter-in-place measures, what to do in the event of a terrorist incident and emergency
evacuation procedures.
Responsible Party/Organization: Emergency Management Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local, State, Federal
Objective 2: Maintain a current action plan for terrorist event response.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Conduct an annual review of the Terrorism Annex of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan. Ensure all departments establish
guidelines for response to terrorist emergencies in conjunction with the city/county plan.
Maintain
current
emergency
contact
information.
Responsible
Party/Organization:
Emergency
Management
Agency
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: Continuous
Funding Source: Local
Objective 3: Reduce the impact of loss/injury resulting from a terrorist incident.
Recommended Mitigation Measures
1. Implement security and/or structural upgrades (i.e. installation of security window film
to reduce the impact of loss, security access systems to lessen vulnerability) to critical
facilities to enhance safety.
Responsible Party/Organization: Pasquotank Board of Commissioners/Elizabeth City
Council
Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility: Pasquotank County Manager/Elizabeth City
Manager
Target Completion Date: As funds become available
Funding Source: Local, State, Federal
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-19
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Prioritization Scope
The prioritization of mitigation measures is critical to the implementation of a Hazard Mitigation
Plan. A community can only implement the measures adopted in a manner consistent with the
resources available. Therefore, the mitigation measures in the Hazard Mitigation Plan are developed
in accordance with the likelihood of implementation. This document develops a method for
prioritizing each mitigation measure in the allotted time frame. Furthermore, mitigation measures
are organized chronologically to ensure orderly transitions between mitigation cycles.
All the mitigation actions were prioritized according to:
1. Cost effective, i.e. (returns or savings produced by implementation of the action
outweigh the cost of implementation);
2. Environmentally sound, i.e. (actions were designed to protect environmentally fragile
areas as natural stormwater storage areas); and
3. Technical feasibility, i.e. (actions are to be undertaken by the county/city using current
staff and resources except where grant funds are available.)
4. Results of the Risk Assessment: Actions which address problems identified during the
updated risk assessment will receive higher priority.
5. Results of the Community Capability Assessment: Actions which are within the existing
capability of the jurisdiction, or which may become actionable with additional resources,
will receive higher priority.
6. Political Acceptability: Actions that have high political support for implementation will
receive higher priority.
7. Legality: Actions must comply with all relevant federal, state, and local statutes,
regulations, and ordinances.
8. Compatibility with local goals: Actions that are effective in meeting hazard mitigation
goals and other complementary community goals will receive higher priority.
Completed to Date (however the process should be updated on a continuous basis)
Record all tax parcel information and floodplain locations in a GIS system including
repetitive loss areas, areas of greatest risk, and vulnerable populations.
Annually
Review the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan
annually and update the plan as necessary. Ensure all County and City departments continue
to develop guidelines for response to emergencies and to maintain departmental operations.
Work with County and City departments to ensure each department possesses a clear
understanding of department responsibilities as outlined in the Pasquotank-CamdenElizabeth City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan.
Continuous
Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in windstorms. Prune or thin trees
on county/city property when they pose an immediate threat to property or critical facilities.
In order to reduce stormwater runoff, the city should minimize construction of impervious
surfaces within the floodplain.
Post information about Pasquotank County’s emergency evacuation routes.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-20
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Utilize public events/activities to educate citizens on prevention and preparedness for all
hazards significant to Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City.
Maintain fire, hazardous materials, and nuclear accident event preparedness.
Continue to enforce the North Carolina Building Code. The requirement that new
structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be resistant to wind loads of 110
m.p.h. is of particular importance.
Educate contractors about principles for quality redevelopment and safe housing
development.
Educate mobile home contractors, new home owners and property buyers about wind
proofing measures, including wood and light steel construction, connectors, and anchoring
systems.
Conduct site surveys of hazardous materials storage facilities.
Utilize the Reverse 9-1-1 system within the county/city as an avenue to quickly notify
residents of hazardous incidents.
Provide homeowners information on wind resistant measures.
Encourage the installation of generator switches in new construction critical facilities. As
projects go through Technical Review Committee, applicants can be encouraged to pre-wire
facilities for a generator. New construction critical facilities that would benefit from prewiring include, but are not limited to, public schools, local government facilities, facilities
that may be utilized as storm shelters, adult care facilities, etc.
Reduce the vulnerability of infrastructure and the built environment by identifying
infrastructure (i.e. pumping stations, roads) in the city/county that is repetitively damaged by
flooding and consider ways to reduce those vulnerabilities.
Distribute information identifying flood prone areas within the county/city. Address the
need for evacuation and family preparedness plans especially for residents living within flood
prone areas.
Encourage the practice of placing storm shelters in all mobile home areas and subdivisions.
In order to minimize injury from lightning strikes, shelters should be placed every 10 acres in
all public open space recreation areas. This recommendation should be encouraged by the
county and the city.
Increase public awareness on the importance of inspecting fuel tanks for corrosion.
Educate businesses on Tier II reporting requirements in accordance with the Emergency
Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA).
Provide education on personal safety and measures to protect personal and public property
during severe winter weather events.
Coordinate with the Surry Nuclear Power Plant to create and disperse information about the
plant, shelter-in-place procedures, and evacuation routes.
Create and disperse information about possible terrorist events, preparedness measures and
emergency evacuations procedures.
Review Terrorism Annex of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard
Emergency Operations Plan. Require that all departments establish guidelines for response
to terrorist incidents in conjunction with the city/county plan.
Encourage the installation of lightning detection devices in public outdoor gathering areas
such as school stadiums and ball fields.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-21
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
One Year from the Date of Plan Adoption
Continue efforts to develop continuity of operations plans (COOP) for county/city
departments. Continuity of operations planning efforts are currently underway in the
county/city.
Distribute information to the public regarding the requirements for anchoring LP gas tanks.
Two Years from the Date of Plan Adoption
Participate in the Community Rating System.
Regulate the storage of toxic waste.
Develop and distribute educational materials regarding hazardous waste recycling and
disposal to the public in an effort to reduce environmentally unfriendly practices that may
adversely affect the watershed.
Incorporate shoreline vegetation protection buffers into the City of Elizabeth City’s Unified
Development Ordinance as a stipulation to development in and near areas of environmental
concern.
Revise the zoning and subdivision ordinances to increase lot sizes in areas with poor soils.
Educate homeowners within wildfire threat areas about Wildland/Urban Interface fire
safety. Implement Firewise Program within hazard communities.
As Funds Become Available
Continue efforts to acquire repetitively flooded properties in the Oxford Heights subdivision
in Elizabeth City utilizing hazard mitigation grant funding.
Continue efforts to acquire the “Perry Properties” located in the area of Ehringhaus Street
and McMorrine Street in Elizabeth City utilizing hazard mitigation grant funding for
repetitive flood loss properties.
Implement security and/or structural upgrades to critical facilities to enhance safety and/or
reduce the impact of loss.
Increase citizen preparedness for tornados - improve warning system for tornado threats.
Consider additional tornado sirens in populated areas of the county/city.
Increase driving safety awareness during thunderstorms. Improve road visibility by adding
reflector tape, paint, etc. on all major roads throughout the city.
Upgrade hazardous materials response equipment and fire department personnel to
hazardous materials technician level.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-22
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Cost/Benefit Analysis
A Cost/Benefit Analysis is used in hazard mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property
protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting
cost/benefit analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a
project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. Cost/Benefit
analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages, and
risk. In Cost/Benefit analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net
cost/benefit ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented. One of the
best ways to evaluate and prioritize mitigation projects is to conduct a cost/benefit analysis on each
project. Cost/Benefit analysis is a mathematical method for comparing the benefits to the
community of a mitigation action to its costs. If the benefits are greater than the costs, the project is
cost effective.
It is however, difficult to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of hazard mitigation actions as it is
difficult to evaluate and compare the loss potential before and after a mitigation action. Doing so
requires reliable estimates of hazard recurrence, including severity, and prediction of the
performance of the mitigation system. This information is usually not available. For example, loss
estimates from past events and projections of the future damage potential are the basis for taking
actions to reduce vulnerability. Unfortunately, there is no single source of information for a
comprehensive assessment of the impacts of past events.
FEMA tracks losses only when a major disaster has been declared and the loss figures
reported are only those recorded as federal disaster assistance. FEMA does not maintain
data on private sector costs that are not covered by Individual Assistance programs.
Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City have experienced some of their worst flood damages
over the years from heavy rain storms for which there is no maintained data.
Insurance companies record private sector losses and claims, however there are no
standards for the way this data is recorded and it is very difficult for planners to obtain.
Losses to businesses, aside from those covered by property damage insurance are not
recorded. There is no data available to even begin to quantify losses to business in terms
of lost productivity lost profits or lost sales opportunity.
There are no programs in place to process or record indirect losses resulting from a
disaster. There is reason to believe that the cascading effects of a disaster, in terms of
lost productivity, lost wages, reduced consumer spending, and environmental damage are
significant, but there is no way to measure these effects.
Other factors affecting the decision on the cost effectiveness of hazard mitigation actions may
include:
While hazards may have enormous adverse impacts, these extreme events hazards occur
infrequently. In fact, most individuals have not personally experienced a disaster. In
many people’s minds, Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City are generally safe from
both natural and technological hazards, that disasters always happen somewhere else,
and are very unlikely to occur here. It is difficult to motivate people to act on events that
rarely occur.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-23
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Many people are lulled into a false sense of security by the umbrella of insurance and
government programs to assist after a disaster. People tend to believe that if, in the
unlikely event that losses do occur, insurance will cover them. And if not insurance, then
FEMA disaster payments will make up the difference.
The short-term cost is seen as prohibitive. There are many other interests competing for
limited government and private resources. These are often much more immediate to
people’s day-to-day lives. As a result, more tangible issues such as economic
development and provisions of basic services tend to dominate the local political agenda.
In addition, while a cost/benefit analysis is an attempt to provide an objective evaluation of a
possible solution, there are intangible factors that weigh into whether a proposed solution is
acceptable. Environmental quality and sustainability, for example are other measures for which a
dollar value cannot be assigned. But that doesn’t mean that they have no value and should not be
considered. Assessment and evaluation of potential solutions may simply be measured based on a
scale of right or wrong, better or worse, rather than on an objective analysis.
Due to a lack of firm cost estimates for strategy implementation and the intangible nature of
estimating preventable damages from future disaster occurrences, but taking into account that many
mitigation measures recommended will provide for environmental quality and sustainability to the
entire community, a cost/benefit analysis was performed using a ranking of Low, Medium and High
for both cost and benefits. Low Cost items have no or very low associated costs. An example of a
low cost item would be the monitoring of trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in
windstorms. High Cost items include those with the greatest cost such as the installation of
lightning detection devices in public outdoor gathering areas such as school stadiums and ball fields.
Medium cost items would naturally fall somewhere between Low and High Cost items. Benefits are
ranked as Low, Medium and High and are completely subjective. Low benefit items would have the
least benefits. High benefits would provide (hopefully) the greatest benefits and medium benefit
would fall somewhere between low and high.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-24
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mitigation Measure
Completed
Continuous
Record tax parcel information/floodplain
locations in GIS system.
1
X
X
Low/Medium
Enforce NC Building Code.
2
X
Low/High
Monitor trees and branches at risking of
breaking or falling in windstorms.
3
X
Low/High
Maintain fire, hazardous materials, and
nuclear accidents events preparedness.
4
X
Low/High
Review and update Pasquotank-CamdenElizabeth City Multi-Hazard Emergency
Operations Plan.
5
Post information about Pasquotank
County’s emergency evacuation routes.
6
X
Low/High
7
X
Low/Medium
Provide homeowners information on wind
resistant measures.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
Annual
One
Year
Two
Year
As Funds
Become
Available
Prioritization
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
Low/High
X
VII-25
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mitigation Measure
Minimize construction of impervious
surfaces within the floodplain.
Continue efforts to develop continuity of
operations plans for county/city
departments.
Conduct site surveys of hazardous
materials storage facilities.
Review Terrorism Annex of the PasquotankCamden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard
Operations Plan. Require all departments
establish guidelines for response to
terrorist incidents in conjunction with the
city/county plan.
Create and disperse information about
possible terrorist events, preparedness
measures and emergency evacuations
procedures.
Educate businesses on Tier II reporting
requirements.
Prioritization
Completed
Continuous
Annual
One
Year
X
Two
Year
As Funds
Become
Available
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
Low/High
8
9
10
X
X
X
Low/High
Low/Medium
Low/High
11
12
13
X
Low/High
X
Medium/Medium
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-26
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mitigation Measure
Prioritization
Distribute information identifying flood
prone areas within the county/city.
14
Increase public awareness on the
importance of inspecting fuel tanks for
corrosion.
15
Utilize public events/activities to educate
citizens on prevention and preparedness
for all hazards significant to Pasquotank
County and the City of Elizabeth City.
Coordinate with Surry Nuclear Power Plant
to create and disperse information about
the plant, shelter-in-place procedures, and
evacuation routes.
16
17
Educate contractors about principles for
quality redevelopment and safe housing
development.
18
Educate mobile home contractors, new
home owners, and property buyers about
wind-proofing measures.
19
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
Completed
Continuous
Annual
One
Year
Two
Year
As Funds
Become
Available
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
X
Medium/Medium
X
Low/Medium
X
Medium/Medium
X
Medium/Low
X
Medium/High
X
Medium/High
VII-27
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mitigation Measure
Reduce the vulnerability of infrastructure
and the built environment by identifying
infrastructure in the city/county that is
repetitively damaged by flooding and
consider ways to reduce those
vulnerabilities.
Distribute educational materials regarding
hazardous waste recycling and disposal.
Educate homeowners within wildfire threat
areas about Wildland/Urban Interface fire
safety. Implement Firewise Program within
hazard communities.
In order to minimize injury from lightning
strikes, shelters should be placed every 10
acres in all public open space recreation
areas.
Prioritization
20
Completed
Continuous
Annual
One
Year
Two
Year
X
As Funds
Become
Available
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
Medium/High
21
X
Medium/High
22
X
Medium/Medium
23
X
High/Medium
Encourage the installation of generator
switches in new construction critical
facilities.
24
X
Medium/High
Regulate the storage of toxic waste.
25
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
X
Medium/High
VII-28
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Two
Year
As Funds
Become
Available
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
Incorporate shoreline vegetation protection
buffers as a stipulation to development in
and near areas of environmental concern.
26
X
Medium/High
Participate in the Community Rating
System
27
X
High/High
28
Continuous
One
Year
Prioritization
Continue efforts to acquire repetitively
flooded properties in the Oxford Heights
subdivision of Elizabeth City utilizing
hazard mitigation grant funding.
Completed
Annual
Mitigation Measure
X
High/High
Continue efforts to acquire the “Perry
Properties” in the area of Ehringhaus
Street and McMorrine Street utilizing
hazard mitigation grant funding for
repetitive loss properties.
29
X
High/High
Upgrade hazardous materials response
equipment and fire department personnel
to hazardous materials technician level.
30
X
High/High
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
VII-29
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mitigation Measure
Revise the zoning and subdivision
ordinances to increase lot sizes in areas
with poor soils
Encourage the installation of lightning
detection devices in public outdoor
gathering areas such as school stadiums
and ball fields.
Prioritization
32
33
Improve road visibility by adding reflector
tape, paint, etc. on all major roads
throughout the city.
34
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
Continuous
31
Encourage the practice of placing storm
shelters in all mobile home areas and
subdivisions.
Utilize the Reverse 9-1-1 system within the
county/city as an avenue to quickly notify
residents of hazardous incidents.
Completed
35
Annual
One
Year
Two
Year
As Funds
Become
Available
X
Medium/High
X
High/High
X
High/High
X
X
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
High/Medium
High/High
VII-30
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mitigation Measure
Implement security and/or structural
upgrades to critical facilities to enhance
safety and/or reduce the impact of loss.
Increase citizen preparedness for tornados
- improve warning system for tornado
threats. Consider additional tornado sirens
in populated areas of the county/city.
Provide education on personal safety and
measures to protect personal and public
property during severe winter weather
events.
Section VII: Mitigation Strategy
As Funds
Become
Available
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
36
X
High/High
37
X
High/Medium
Prioritization
38
Completed
Continuous
X
Annual
One
Year
Two
Year
Medium/Medium
VII-31
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
HURRICANE MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the impact of hurricane wind events.
Objective 1: Improve the wind resistance of structures in the county/city.
Mitigation Measure
Continue to enforce the NC Building Code. The requirement that
new structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be
resistant to wind loads of 110 mph is of particular importance.
Educate contractors about safe housing development through
written materials or a county sponsored symposium.
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Commissioners/Council ;
Building Inspectors
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from date of
plan adoption
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Change the target completion date from
“one year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
Objective 2: Educate home and property owners about wind resistant measures.
Mitigation Measure
Hold a county/city-sponsored symposium for the county residents
and surrounding municipalities, including information on
preparedness for all hazards significant to Pasquotank County.
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Provide homeowners information on wind resistant measures.
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from date of
plan adoption
Educate mobile home contractors and owners about wind proofing
measures, including wood and light steel construction connectors
and anchoring systems.
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from date of
plan adoption
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Progress
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A hazard symposium was held in August
2007 for city/county residents.
INCOMPLETE – Wind resistant
measure information is not currently
available in the city/county Building
Inspections offices. Information on
wind resistant measures will be placed in
county/city Building Inspections offices.
Change the target completion date from
“one year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
INCOMPLETE - Wind proofing
information will be placed in the
city/county Building Inspections offices.
Change the target completion date from
“one year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
A-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 3: Maintain and publicize the Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City hurricane evacuation route in order to facilitate evacuation to inland areas.
Mitigation Measure
Post information about Pasquotank County's evacuation routes.
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Evacuation route information is posted
on the county website, the local
government TV channel, brochures, etc.
Objective 4: Maintain and publicize the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City County Multi-Hazard Operations Plan.
Mitigation Measure
Update and disperse information about the Pasquotank-CamdenElizabeth City Multi-Hazard Operations Plan and relevant
emergency response actions the public can take. Ensure all
departments establish guidelines for response to emergencies and to
maintain departmental operations. Also ensure that each
department possesses a clear understanding of department
responsibilities as outlined in the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Operations Plan.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
All City/County
Departments ; Emergency
Management
Target Completion Date
One year from date of
plan adoption
Progress
COMPLETE – Extensive revisions of
the Emergency Operations Plan will be
completed in early 2010. All departments
will have opportunity to assist with
revisions. City/county departments have
established appropriate guidelines for
response to emergencies and possess a
clear understanding of departmental
responsibilities as outlined in the
Emergency Operations Plan.
Departments are currently developing
continuity of operations plans. Revise
measure to state: “Review the
Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City
Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations
Plan annually and update the plan as
necessary. Ensure all county and city
departments continue to develop
guidelines for response to emergencies
and to maintain departmental operations.
Work with county and city departments
to ensure each department possesses a
clear understanding of department
responsibilities as outlined in the
Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City
Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations
Plan.” Change the target completion
date from “one year from date of plan
adoption” to “annually.”
A-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 5: Reduce the impact of wind on trees near county/city structures.
Mitigation Measure
Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in
windstorms. Prune or thin trees or branches on county/city
property when they would pose an immediate threat to property,
utility lines, or other significant structures or critical facilities in the
community.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
EC Public
Works/Pasquotank County
Continuous
Maintenance ; City
Manager/County Manager
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
FLOODING MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Identify and map areas flooded by Hurricane Floyd.
Objective 1: Record all structures within the floodplain as well as areas of repetitive losses due to flooding.
Mitigation Measure
Record all tax parcel information and floodplain locations in a GIS
system including repetitive loss areas, areas of greatest risk, and
vulnerable populations.
Lead/Support Agency
GIS Coordinator ;
Emergency Management
Target Completion Date
Completed to date,
however, should be
updated after flood events.
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Add the following to the measure: “This
information will be provided to GIS by
the Emergency Management Agency.”
GOAL 2: Avoid the hazards of the floodplain.
Objective 1: Guide development away from areas subject to flooding.
Mitigation Measure
Based on FEMA Base Flood Elevation institute a tax abatement that
encourages development outside the floodplain but discourages
development within it.
Lead/Support Agency
Commissioners/Council ;
County Manager/City
Manager
Target Completion Date
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Omit measure.
Measure is not feasible.
GOAL 3: Minimize the impacts of flooding.
Objective 1: Minimize economic and property losses due to flooding.
Mitigation Measure
Participate in the Community Rating System…In order to
participate the county/city must designate a CRS coordinator to
handle the application and serve as a liaison between the county/city
and FEMA.
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Commissioners/Council ;
Planning Directors
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
Revise zoning and subdivision ordinances to increase lot sizes in
areas with poor soils…The county/city land use policy should be
Commissioners/Council ;
implemented to revise the zoning ordinance so that the minimum lot
Planning Directors
size in future subdivisions is increased, and existing subdivisions
should be re-platted to the largest extent possible.
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Progress
INCOMPLETE – There has not been
any progress made toward participation
in the Community Rating System in the
last four years. In 2009, the county and
the city planning departments agreed to
move forward with this measure.
The county has already increased lot
sizes to a min. of 43,000 sq. ft. The
Elizabeth City subdivision standards
require that the building pad be at least 1
foot above the base flood elevation for a
100 year floodplain - not being enforced.
The City’s minimum lot size is 6,000 sq.
ft.
A-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 2: Provide information to citizens on flooding preparedness.
Mitigation Measure
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
As with other hazards of concern to Pasquotank County and the
City of Elizabeth City, a hazard mitigation symposium should be
held for its residents, including information on preparedness for all
hazards significant to its jurisdiction. The symposium should
address the options of elevation, relocation, and flood proofing.
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
Distribute information identifying flood prone areas within the
county/city. Address the need for evacuation and family
preparedness plans especially for residents living in flood prone
areas.
Emergency Management/
Building Inspectors ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE - Will continue measure.
A hazard symposium was held in August
2007 for city/county residents. Revise
measure to state: “The symposium
should encourage property owners in
flood phone areas to consider the
options of elevation, relocation, and
flood proofing.
COMPLETE - Will continue measure.
Emergency Management works with
residents in flood prone areas…
Objective 3: Protect groundwater resources.
Mitigation Measure
Zoning ordinances should include regulations for underground
chemical and gasoline storage that minimize risk to groundwater
resources.
Lead/Support Agency
Commissioners/Council ;
County/City Manager
Target Completion Date
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Omit measure.
Underground storage tank regulations
are addressed in the State Building Code.
GOAL 4: Protect Pasquotank River and Little River, as well as surrounding ecosystems.
Objective 1: Protect/enhance shoreline vegetation.
Mitigation Measure
Shoreline vegetation protection buffers should be incorporated into
the zoning ordinance as a stipulation to development in and near
areas of environmental concern.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Commissioners/Council ;
Planning Directors
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
Progress
The measure is complete for the county
and will be continued for the city. The
county now requires a 30' buffer adjacent
to water bodies (per Stormwater Design
Guidelines adopted in February 2009).
This measure is only applicable to the
City. Revise measure to state:
“Incorporate shoreline vegetation
protection buffers into the City of
Elizabeth City’s Unified Development
Ordinance as a stipulation to
development in and near areas of
environmental concern.
A-5
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 2: Control adverse effects of storm water runoff.
Mitigation Measure
In order to reduce storm water runoff, the city should minimize
construction of additional impervious surfaces within the floodplain.
Elizabeth City's Stormwater Management Ordinance addresses
mitigation measures to control the adverse effects of increased
storm water runoff associated with both future land development
and existing developed land within the City.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
City Council ; Planning
Director
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Will continue
measure. Current city regulations are not
consistent with this measure. General,
central, and highway business districts
allow 100% lot coverage.
A-6
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
TORNADO MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the impacts of tornadoes on life and property.
Objective 1: Improve the wind resistance of structures in the county/city.
Mitigation Measure
Continue to enforce the NC Building Code. The requirement that
new structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be
resistant to wind loads of 110 mph is of particular importance.
Educate contractors about principles for quality redevelopment and
safe housing development through written materials or a
county/city-sponsored symposium.
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Commissioners/Council ;
Building Inspectors
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from date of
plan adoption
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Change the target completion date from
“one year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
Objective 2: Educate home and property owners about wind proofing measures.
Mitigation Measure
Hold a county/city-sponsored symposium for the county residents
and surrounding municipalities, including information on
preparedness for all hazards significant to Pasquotank County.
Provide new home and property buyers with information on wind
proofing. This information may be most efficiently dispersed by the
tax assessor's office because all home transactions are recorded
there.
Educate mobile home contractors and owners about wind proofing
measures, including wood and light steel construction connectors
and anchoring systems.
Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
Tax Department ; County
Manager
One year from plan
adoption
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from plan
adoption
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A hazard symposium was held in August
2007 for city/county residents.
INCOMPLETE – Will continue
measure. Wind proofing information is
not currently available in the Tax Office.
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Change the target completion date from
“one year from plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
Objective 3: Reduce the impact of wind on trees near county/city structures.
Mitigation Measure
Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in
windstorms. Prune or thin trees or branches on county/city
property when they would pose an immediate threat to property,
utility lines or other significant structures or critical facilities in the
community.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
EC Public
Works/Pasquotank County
Maintenance ; County/City
Manager
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A-7
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Objective 4: Maximize citizen preparedness for tornadoes.
Mitigation Measure
Warning System Improvements: Several options exist for a tornado
warning system. One option is to position sirens in heavily
populated areas with a specific signal that indicates a tornado
warning. Residents in hearing distance at the moment of the
sounding will hear the signal. One tornado is presently located on
the water tower behind Elizabeth City Police Department and is
manually activated when a tornado warning is received.
Zoning and subdivision ordinances should require storm shelters in
all mobile home areas and subdivisions.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management
Commissioners/Council ;
Building Inspectors
Target Completion Date
Progress
As funds become
available
INCOMPLETE – Prohibitive costs.
Will continue measure.
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
INCOMPLETE – Revise measure to
state: “Encourage the practice if placing
storm shelters in all mobile home areas
and subdivisions. Change the target
completion date from “two years from
the date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
A-8
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
THUNDERSTORM MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the impacts of severe thunderstorms.
Objective 1: Educate the public on the hazards of thunderstorms.
Mitigation Measure
As with other hazards of concern to Pasquotank County and the
City of Elizabeth City, the county/city can sponsor a hazard
mitigation symposium for its residents, including information on
preparedness for all other hazards significant to Pasquotank County.
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A hazard symposium was held in August
2007 for city/county residents.
Objective 2: Minimize the impacts of lightning strikes.
Mitigation Measure
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Zoning ordinances should require that lightning detection devices be
installed in public outdoor gathering areas such as school stadiums
and ball parks.
Commissioners/Council ;
Emergency Management
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
In order to minimize injury from lightning strikes, shelters should be
placed every 10 acres in all public open space recreation area. This
recommendation should be incorporated into the zoning and
subdivision ordinances.
Commissioners/Council ;
Parks and Recreation
Two years from the date
of plan adoption
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Measure is not
feasible. Revise measure to state:
“Encourage the installation of lightning
detection devices in public outdoor
gathering areas such as school stadiums
and ball parks.” Change the target
completion date from “two years from
the date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
INCOMPLETE – Measure is not
feasible. Revise measure to state” “This
recommendation should be encouraged
by the county and the city. Change the
target completion date from “two years
from the date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
Objective 3: Improve the wind resistance of structures in the county/city.
Mitigation Measure
Continue to enforce the NC Building Code. The requirement that
new structures or structures undergoing significant renovation be
resistant to wind loads of 110 mph is of particular importance.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Commissioners/Council ;
Building Inspectors
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A-9
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Educate contractors about principles for quality redevelopment and
safe housing development through written materials or a
county/city-sponsored symposium.
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from date of
plan adoption
Objective 4: Educate home and property owners about wind proofing measures.
Mitigation Measure
Hold a county/city-sponsored symposium for the county residents
and surrounding municipalities, including information on
preparedness for all hazards significant to Pasquotank County.
Provide new home and property buyers with information on wind
proofing. This information may be most efficiently dispersed by the
tax assessor's office because all home transactions are recorded
there.
Educate mobile home contractors and owners about wind proofing
measures, including wood and light steel construction connectors
and anchoring systems.
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A hazard symposium was held in August
2007 for city/county residents.
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
Tax Department ; County
Manager
One year from date of
plan adoption
INCOMPLETE – Will continue
measure. Wind proofing information is
not currently available in the Tax Office.
Building Inspectors ;
Planning Directors
One year from date of
plan adoption
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Change the target completion date from
“one year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
Objective 5: Reduce the impact of wind on trees near county/city structures.
Mitigation Measure
Monitor trees and branches at risk of breaking or falling in
windstorms. Prune or thin trees or branches on county/city
property when they would pose an immediate threat to property,
utility lines or other significant structures or critical facilities in the
community.
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Written materials are provided to
contractors. Change the target
completion date from “one year from
date of plan adoption” to “continuous.”
Lead/Support Agency
EC Public
Works/Pasquotank County
Maintenance ; County/City
Manager
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Objective 6: Increase driving safety during thunderstorms.
Mitigation Measure
Driving in storm conditions can create hazardous road conditions,
including decreased ability for drivers to see road boundaries. To
improve road visibility, reflector tape or paint along road edges and
in the dividing line should be placed on all major roads through
town.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
EC Public Works/NC DOT
; Commissioners/Council
Target Completion Date
As funds become
available
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Prohibitive costs.
Will continue measure.
A-10
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
SEVERE WINTER WEATHER MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the Impacts of a Severe Winter Storm
Objective 1: Promote personal mitigation measures to the general public.
Mitigation Measure
Lead/Support Agency
Provide education on personal safety and measures to protect
Emergency Management ;
personal and public property.
County/City Manager
Utilize public events/activities to educate citizens on prevention and
preparedness for all hazards significant to Pasquotank County and
the City of Elizabeth City.
.
Emergency
Management/Fire
Departments ; County/City
Manager
Target Completion Date
Progress
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
FIRE MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the risk of fire.
Objective 1: Maintain a current action plan for fire response.
Mitigation Measure
Conduct an annual review of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Operations Plan. Maintain current emergency
contact information.
Utilize public events/activities to educate citizens on prevention and
preparedness for all hazards significant to Pasquotank County and
the City of Elizabeth City.
.
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Progress
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Emergency
Management/Fire
Departments ; County/City
Manager
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Target Completion Date
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Will continue
measure. Homeowners are educated
about wildfire threats; however, Firewise
has not been implemented within any
hazard communities in the county.
Objective 2: Educate home and property owners about wildland/urban interface fire safety.
Mitigation Measure
Lead/Support Agency
Educate homeowners within wildfire threat areas about
Wildland/Urban Interface fire safety. Implement Firewise Program
within hazard communities.
Fire Departments/NC DFR
; County Manager
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Two years from date of
plan adoption
A-11
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize potential for damage or injury due to hazardous materials transportation through the county.
Objective 1: Maintain a current action plan for hazardous materials event response.
Mitigation Measure
Conduct an annual review of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Operations Plan. Maintain current emergency
contact information.
Maintain hazardous materials event preparedness.
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Progress
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Emergency
Management/Fire
Departments ; County/City
Manager
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Target Completion Date
Progress
COMPLETE – Pasquotank County
entered into a contract with Surfsimple
Technologies for use of the MapStorm
Emergency Notification System in
September 2007. The county signed a
three year contract. Revise measure to
state: “Utilize reverse 9-1-1 as an avenue
to quickly notify residents of hazardous
incidents.” Change the target
completion date from “as funds become
available” to “N/A.”
Objective 2: Minimize the impacts of hazardous materials release to the public.
Mitigation Measure
Lead/Support Agency
Implement Reverse 9-1-1 as an avenue to quickly notify residents of
hazardous incidents.
Emergency Management/
9-1-1 Director ; County/City
Manager
As funds become
available
Objective 3: Improve emergency services response and recovery capabilities.
Mitigation Measure
Upgrade hazardous materials response equipment and fire
department personnel to hazardous materials technician level.
Lead/Support Agency
Fire Departments ;
County/City Manager
Target Completion Date
As funds become
available
Conduct site surveys of hazardous materials storage facilities.
Fire Departments ;
Emergency Management
One year from date of
plan adoption
Educate businesses on Tier II reporting requirements in accordance
Emergency
One year from date of
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Progress
INCOMPLETE – Prohibitive costs.
Will continue measure.
COMPLETE – Fire department
personnel and Emergency Management
conduct site surveys annually. Change
the target completion date from “one
year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A-12
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
with the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
(EPCRA).
Management/Fire Marshal's
Office ; Emergency
Management
plan adoption
Change the target completion date from
“one year from date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
NUCLEAR ACCIDENT MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the impact of nuclear accidents.
Objective 1: Create and disperse information regarding measures to take in the event of a nuclear accident.
Mitigation Measure
Coordinate with the Surry Power Plant to create and disperse
information about the plant, shelter-in-place procedures, and
evacuation routes.
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Target Completion Date
Continuous
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Objective 2: Maintain a current action plan for nuclear event response.
Mitigation Measure
Conduct an annual review of the Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth
City Multi-Hazard Operations Plan. Maintain current emergency
contact information.
Maintain nuclear event preparedness. Coordination should be
maintained with the Surry Power Plant and the City of Chesapeake
Emergency Management to relay any information regarding a
nuclear event occurrence.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Target Completion Date
Progress
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Continuous
COMPLETE – Will continue measure.
A-13
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
TERRORISM MITIGATION STRATEGY
GOAL 1: Minimize the impact of a terrorist incident.
Objective 1: Create and disperse information regarding actions to take in the event of a terrorist incident.
Mitigation Measure
Coordinate with state and federal agencies to create and disperse
information about chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and
explosive incidents, preparation and shelter-in-place measures, what
to do in the event of a terrorist incident and emergency evacuation
procedures.
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Target Completion Date
One year from date of
plan adoption
Objective 2: Maintain a current action plan for terrorist event response.
Mitigation Measure
Conduct an annual review of the Terrorism Annex of the
Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard Operations Plan.
Ensure all departments establish guidelines for response to terrorist
emergencies in conjunction with the city/county plan. Maintain
current emergency contact information.
Implement security and/or structural upgrades (i.e. installation of
security window film to reduce the impact of loss, security access
systems to lessen vulnerability) to critical facilities to enhance
safety.
Appendix A: Mitigation Measure Progress
Lead/Support Agency
Emergency Management ;
County/City Manager
Pasquotank Board of
Commissioners/Elizabeth
City Council; Pasquotank
County Manager/Elizabeth
City Manager
Target Completion Date
Progress
COMPLETE – Will continue
measure. Change the target
completion date from “one year from
date of plan adoption” to
“continuous.”
Progress
One year from date of
plan adoption
COMPLETE - Will continue measure.
As funds become
available.
COMPLETE – Will continue
measure. A security access system was
installed in the new Pasquotank
County Public Safety Building upon
completion of the building in 2007.
The Public Safety Building also
features bullet-proof glass at the
Sheriff’s Office lobby desk and impact
resistant windows with a wind speed
rating of 110 m.p.h. A security access
system was also installed in the
Pasquotank County Tax
Office/Register of Deeds Office when
the building was renovated in 2009.
The Department of Social Services
building also features a security access
system.
A-14
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List_
Critical Facility List
Critical Facilities are defined, for the purpose of this document, as those facilities essential to the preservation of life and
property during a disaster and/or those facilities critical to the continuity of government as well as those necessary to
ensure timely recovery.











A. Parker Midgette Building
Albemarle District Jail
Albemarle Hospital
Albemarle Regional Health Services
American Red Cross
Camden Causeway Bridge/Bridges
College of the Albemarle
Elizabeth City Fire Department-Station 1
Elizabeth City Fire Department-Station 2
Elizabeth City – Pasquotank Regional Airport
Elizabeth City/Pasquotank School
Administrative Offices
 Central Elementary School
 Elizabeth City Middle School
 H.L. Trigg Community School
 J.C. Sawyer Elementary School
 Northside Elementary School
 Pasquotank Elementary School
 Pasquotank High School
 P.W. Moore Elementary School
 Northeastern High School
 River Road Middle School
 Sheep-Harney Elementary School
 Weeksville Elementary School
 Elizabeth City Police Department
 Elizabeth City Public Utilities
 Elizabeth City State University
 Food Bank of the Albemarle
 H. Rick Gardner Building






K.E. White Continuing Education Center
Knobbs Creek Recreation Center
National Guard Armory
NC Department of Transportation
NC Division of Forest Resources District 7
Office
NC Dominion Power
Pasquotank-Camden Central
Communications
Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Management
Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Medical
Services
Pasquotank Correctional Institution
Pasquotank County Center of Cooperative
Extension Service
Pasquotank County Courthouse








Pasquotank County Water Department
Pasquotank-Newland Volunteer Fire Dept.
Pasquotank-Nixonton Volunteer Fire Dept.
Pasquotank-Providence Volunteer Fire Dept.
Pasquotank Social Services
Mid-Atlantic Christian University
RedCrossSalvation Army
Weeksville Volunteer Fire Dept.






(Pasquotank Administrative Offices)
(Soundneck Substation)
(Elizabeth City Administrative Offices)
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
B-1
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City have, in the past, experienced repetitive losses to several
critical facilities. Common losses have been incurred in utility distribution systems, roads, sewer systems,
etc.; but there have also been repetitive losses to fixed facilities that are critical to the continuity of our
government and/or essential to the health, safety and viability of our community. The Tables below list the
facilities, location, operational time and its emergency power capability. A vulnerability analysis for each
critical facility lists their replacement value. The methodology used to calculate replacement value was based on
(1) current tax records available at the time. Replacement values were determined by multiplying the
replacement cost new by the grade factor. These are “replacement values" estimates only and would have to
be recalculated for actual loss at the time such loss occurred.
The A. Parker Midgette Building is located at 302 E. Colonial Avenue, Elizabeth City and houses the
Police Department, Planning Department, Inspections Department, Risk Management Department, and the
Electric Distribution Administration and Load Management offices. The Annex Building contains the
Elizabeth City Fire Department Administrative Offices.
Agency
Address
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have
a generator?
Phone
Number
Elizabeth City Police
Department
P.O. Box 347
Yes
Yes
252-335-4321
Planning Department
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6672
Inspection Department
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6868
Risk Management
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6674
Electric Distribution
Administration
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6870
Load Management
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-338-5115
Elizabeth City Fire
Department
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-338-3913
Replacement
Value
1,967,900
Pasquotank, Camden and Perquimans counties share the Albemarle District Jail located at 210 Executive
Drive South, a 248 cell facility that houses adult male and female prisoners.
Agency
Albemarle District Jail
Address
210 Executive
Drive South
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have
a generator?
Phone Number
Yes
Yes
252-335-4844
Replacement
Value
19,000,000
Albemarle Hospital is located at 1144 North Road Street, Elizabeth City and is a 182 bed hospital serving
seven (7) counties in northeastern North Carolina. Albemarle Hospital is a regional, community hospital
with a medical staff of 100+ doctors and over 1000 employees providing nearly 30 specialties to more than
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
B-2
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
130,000 people. The hospital has an emergency room, a small morgue, a decontamination room, and a
helicopter pad and interfaces with EMS providers from several counties as "Medical Control". Albemarle
Hospital has been designated by the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) to handle emergencies
involving hazardous substances.” The hospital also assists with sheltering of the “special needs” population
during disasters. Albemarle Hospital has a fully operational, cafeteria style kitchen and serves meals three
times daily.
Agency
Albemarle
Hospital
Address
1144 North
Road Street
Operated
24/7?
Yes
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Yes
Phone Number
252-335-0531
Replacement
Value
77,640,300
The Pasquotank County Social Services and Albemarle Regional Health Services are co-located
within one facility at 709 and 711 Roanoke Avenue, Elizabeth City.
Pasquotank Social Services provide services vital to the stability of the community. This agency administers
the Food Stamp Program, assists with Shelter Management, Family Assistance Centers and the identification
of unmet needs following a disaster. The Pasquotank Social Services is also responsible for guardianship of
minors and/or the elderly in the event of the loss of next of kin during a disaster.
Crucial to the health care services within the community the Albemarle Regional Health Services provides
all of the mandated public health services including immunizations, General Clinics and Women and
Children’s Health Services. During times of emergencies this agency is responsible for the coordination of
health care in approved shelters and Emergency Care Stations and, following a catastrophic disaster
resulting in multiple fatalities necessitating extraordinary measures, the establishing of a temporary morgue.
This facility has a 24 person, w/tables and chairs in classroom style, training room with Instructor Camera,
Student Camera, Overhead Camera and Microphones, PowerPoint and Video Playback. It has a 2-way full
interactive network and is connected PHTIN via the NC Information Highway.
Additional services provided through the Albemarle Regional Health Services include:
 Environmental Health Services – responsible for Water and Sewage Inspections, Vector
Management Program: (monitoring and surveillance of rabies, rodents, and mosquito-borne illnesses
and habitats), Food and Lodging Inspections (inspection and evaluation of each restaurant, child
care center, hospital, school, jail, meat market, residential care, and nursing home, hotel, and motel),
and Communicable Disease Investigation (including food-borne illnesses, illnesses from
contaminated water supplies, malfunctioning septic systems, spoiled or contaminated food supplies
and/or lack of functional sanitary facilities).
 Albemarle Home Care – arranges health care services for patients at home. This division works to
pre-identify, and arrange for, areas of shelter for their special need patients; as needed. Based on
their client requirements, and for those remaining at home, during emergencies, Albemarle Home
Care workers play a vital role in response and recovery operations following a disaster.
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
B-3
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
 Adult Day Care – Daybreak - provides care and programs for frail or disabled adults needing
assistance during the day. This facility is located at 1407 Parkview Drive (252-338-4066) and
provides breakfast, lunch and a daily snack.
 Inter-County Public Transportation Authority – provides public transportation Monday through
Friday from 6:00 am to 5:00 pm. Transportation appointments can be scheduled if requested by
calling 252-338-4480 a minimum of 48 hours in advance. During a declared “state of emergency”
within the county/city, Inter-County Public Transportation Authority suspends regular public
transportation routes and provides transportation, upon request, to shelters.
Agency
Address
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
Pasquotank
County Social
Services
709 Roanoke
Avenue
Yes
Yes
252-338-2126
Albemarle
Regional Health
Services
711 Roanoke
Avenue
P.O. Box 189
Yes
Yes
252-338-4400
Replacement
Value
5,051,600
The Greater Albemarle Chapter of the American Red Cross is located in Elizabeth City at
1411 Parkview Drive. The Greater Albemarle Chapter of the American Red Cross serves eight counties in
Northeastern North Carolina and coordinates disaster planning and relief services for these eight (8)
counties. They are the managers of shelter operations for Pasquotank County and have a fully stocked
“Sheltee” and tow-behind trailer unit stocked with cots and blankets which along with those in storage total
in number approximately 1000. They also have generators, light sources, and comfort kits (consisting of
hygiene items) ready to be mobilized, around-the-clock, to stock shelters. The American Red Cross
provides assistance to disaster victims (meals, temporary housing assistance, clothing, etc.), work in Family
Assistance Centers, train volunteers and provide canteen services to emergency workers during times of
extended emergencies.
Agency
The American Red
Cross
Address
1411 Parkview
Drive
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
252-335-2185
Replacement
Value
N/A
B-4
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Camden Causeway Bridge is a vital transportation link between Pasquotank and Camden Counties.
With Pasquotank County having the first inland shelter during hurricanes this bridge is a major evacuation
route for Dare, Currituck and Camden County residents seeking shelter. Loss of this bridge during a
disaster could severely hinder emergency and recovery operations. Ambulance services are located in
Pasquotank, but serve Camden as well, and their response time to remote areas in southern Camden could,
if the bridge were inoperable, be increased by at least an hour thus depleting resources to other areas of
need within the county. NC DOT plans to replace the eastbound lane of the Causeway Bridge, as well as to
reconstruct Elizabeth Street beginning in 2013. The construction period for the bridge and Elizabeth Street
replacement will be twenty-four to thirty months, thereby spanning over at least two hurricane seasons. NC
DOT is working with local officials to reduce the impacts of the construction project. There are several
other bridges located within Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City that are vital transportation
links and would require rerouting of traffic and additional resources if inoperable. These are identified in
the NC DOT Division One Posted Bridges and the NC DOT record of bridge locations.
Agency
Camden
Causeway
Bridge
Address
US Highway 158
(intersects with Water
Street)
Operated
24/7?
Yes
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Yes
Replacement
Value
Phone Number
252-331-4772 (Bridge Phone)
252-331-4763 (Office Phone)
N/A
The College of the Albemarle, Elizabeth City Campus, is located at 1028 North Road Street (U.S.
Highway 17 North) and is situated on 60 acres with six (6) major buildings providing space for
administrative and faculty offices, classrooms, laboratories, a college bookstore, a cafeteria, a student center,
the Learning Resources Center, a lecture auditorium, and a learning lab. Also included is a Community
Center which features a stage and a 1,000 seat auditorium available for community use, a Small Business
Center, and a Technology Center.
Agency
The College of
the Albemarle
Address
1028 North Road St.
P.O. Box 2327
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
No
252-335-0821
Replacement
Value
18,900,100
B-5
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Electrical Distribution/Purchasing Warehouse for the City of Elizabeth City is located at 1005 N.
Poindexter Street, Elizabeth City. Equipment for general maintenance, repairs as well as extra supplies is
stored at this facility making this an essential area for effective continuation of city services.
Operated
24/7?
Agency
Address
Electrical Distribution /
Purchasing Warehouse
1005 Poindexter St.
P.O. Box 347
No
Does the
facility have
a generator?
Yes
Phone
Number
Replacement
Value
252-337-6815
580,900
Elizabeth City-Pasquotank Regional Airport is located approximately three (3) miles southeast of
Elizabeth City; Elizabeth City owns 18 acres in the terminal area and the runways are shared with the United
States Coast Guard which is located adjacent to the airport. Aviation services available include: 100LL,
Grade 80, JET A-1 fuel (with after hours refueling), full service aeronautical maintenance and repair,
charter/rental aircraft, flight planning room and car rental. Runways are 4519’ x 50’ and 7219’ x 150’ and
are concrete asphalt. The hours of operation are 7am-10pm every day. Otherwise PCL on CTAF 120.5.
After hours on call 252-335-5634.
Agency
Elizabeth City Pasquotank
Regional Airport
Address
1028
Consolidated
Road
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Yes
Phone Number
252-335-5634
Replacement
Value
568,600
The Elizabeth City/Pasquotank County Public Schools is made up of twelve schools providing
education to over 6000 students. There are seven elementary schools (PreK-5), two middle (6-8), two high
schools (9-12) and one school providing alternative education (6-12). In addition to schools being vital to
the community’s capability to return to normalcy following a disaster, Elizabeth City-Pasquotank Schools
may also (though a Mutual Aid Agreement with The Greater Albemarle Chapter of the American Red
Cross) be utilized as Public Shelters in the event of an emergency. Northside Elementary School is the only
Public School approved as a pre-hurricane shelter. Each school has a fully operational, cafeteria style
kitchen. Each of these facilities are critical as the school system with a staff of 740 full-time and 113 parttime district staff members are one of Albemarle’s largest employers.
“School Matters” provides information at the state and district levels in five areas: Student Performance;
Spending; Revenue; Taxes; School Environment; Community Demographics; and S&P Ratios. At the
school level, information is provided about Student Performance; School Environment; Community
Demographics; and S&P Ratios.
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
B-6
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have
a generator?
1059 U.S. 17 Highway
South
No
No
252-335-4305
3,000,000
1007 Park Street
No
No
252-338-1012
3,237,700
1062 Northside Road
No
No
252-335-2033
9,711,300
No
No
Does the
facility have
a generator?
252-338-5000
4,000,000
Agency
Central Elementary School
J.C. Sawyer Elementary
School
Northside Elementary
School
P.W. Moore Elementary
School
Address
Phone Number
Replacement
Value
606 Roanoke Avenue
Agency
Address
Operated
24/7?
Phone Number
Replacement
Value
Pasquotank Elementary
School
1407 Peartree Road
No
No
252-335-4205
2,259,400
Sheep-Harney Elementary
School
2000 W. Elizabeth Street
No
No
252-335-4303
11,816,200
Weeksville Elementary
School
1170 Salem Church
Road
No
No
252-330-2606
3,915,700
Elizabeth City Middle
School
1066 Northside Road
No
No
252-335-2974
14,000,000
River Road Middle School
1701 River Road
No
No
252-333-1454
13,164,900
Northeastern High School
963 Oak Stump Road
No
No
252-335-2932
7,000,000
Pasquotank High School
1064 Northside Road
No
No
252-337-6880
16,396,000
H.L. Trigg Community
School
1004 Parkview Drive
No
No
252-335-1765
1,898,400
Elizabeth City/Pasquotank
Public Schools Central
Office
1200 S. Halstead Blvd.
P.O. Box 2247
No
No
252-335-2981
831,100
Elizabeth City State University (ECSU) is located at 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City on 862 acres
of land, of which 200 represent the campus proper. ECSU offers 37 undergraduate fields of study in the
basic arts and sciences, and selected professional and pre-professional areas, and four master’s degree
programs in elementary education, biology, and mathematics through four schools--the School of Arts and
Humanities; the School of Business and Economics; the School of Education and Psychology; and the
School of Mathematics, Science and Technology. Current enrollment at the university is approximately
3,200. In November 2000, a referendum was passed by the citizens of the State of North Carolina to fund
major renovations in the University of North Carolina system to handle the anticipated increase in student
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
B-7
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
enrollment over the next 15 years. Nineteen projects totaling $46.3 million were approved for Elizabeth
City State University. Work on these projects began in early 2001. Facilities include a 2000 seat Cafeteria, a
Gym with 60 shower heads and 30 toilets and a 30-bed Medical Treatment Building. Students are on
campus during the peak of hurricane season and must be provided food and safe shelter. Construction on
the new $27 million Pharmacy building began in the spring of 2009.
Agency
Address
Elizabeth City
State University
1704 Weeksville Road
Does the
facility
have a
generator?
Operated
24/7?
Yes
Yes
Phone
Number
253-335-3400
Replacement
Value
State Owned
Facility
The Food Bank of the Albemarle is located in a 20,000 square foot warehouse at 109 Tidewater Way,
Elizabeth City and serves a 15 county, 22,000 square mile area in Northeastern North Carolina. The facility
has a loading dock, one (1) walk-in freezer, one (1) walk-in cooler, fork lifts, and heavy weight pallet dollies.
Food Bank of the Albemarle is ‘An America's Second Harvest Organization’ & member of “United Way”.
The distribution of food and services is accomplished through the Food Pantry Program, Food Bank, Kids
Café and Rural Delivery Program. They provide food for emergency shelters, store pallets of bottled water,
and are the designated Pasquotank-Camden Receiving and Distribution Point.
Agency
Food Bank
of the
Albemarle
Address
109 Tidewater Way
P.O. Box 1704
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility
have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
252-335-4035
Replacement
Value
573,100
The H. Rick Gardner Building is located at 306 E. Colonial Avenue, Elizabeth City and houses multiple
offices of the City of Elizabeth City Administrative departments crucial to the continuity of Elizabeth City
government. These departments include the City Manager’s Office, Mayor’s Office, Human Resources,
Finance and Customer Service.
Agency
Address
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have
a generator?
Phone
Number
City Manager's Office
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-335-6864
Mayor's Office
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-335-6864
Finance Office
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6861
Human Resources
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6677
City Clerk
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6955
Data Processing
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6866
Customer Service
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-338-3981
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Replacement
Value
1,432,300
B-8
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
K.E. White Continuing Education Center located at 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City and is part of
Elizabeth City State University Campus. This facility is the primary pre-hurricane shelter for Pasquotank
County/Elizabeth City residents and is the first inland shelter. The facility has a sheltering capacity of 450,
with two (2) male and two (2) female restrooms, and “catering style” kitchen.
Agency
K.E. White
Continuing
Education Center
Address
1704 Weeksville
Road
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
252-335-3317
Replacement
Value
2,000,000.00
Knobbs Creek Recreation Center is located at 200 E. Ward Street, Elizabeth City. This facility has a gym,
limited feeding facilities and is a designated Emergency Care Station. This facility has been used as a
“rehab” site for emergency workers providing mutual aid to the community following a disaster (i.e.
National Guard, Forestry, Utility Workers, etc.)
Agency
Knobbs Creek
Recreation
Center
Address
200 E. Ward Street
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
252-335-1424
Replacement
Value
1,805,600
Elizabeth City is home to one (1) of 95 National Guard Armories in North Carolina. Located at 600
Westover Street the Data Entry Terminal (DET) 1 725th Quarter Master (QM) Company – Petroleum
Supply is part of the 60th Troop Command and 10,155 of the Army Guardsmen serving North Carolina.
These, plus an additional 1,589 Air Guardsmen provide ready forces to protect life and property, and to
preserve peace, order, and public safety to North Carolina when directed by the Governor. On the local
level the National Guard participate in local, state, and national programs that add value to our families,
employers, and communities. During recovery operations following Hurricane Floyd and Isabel, the
National Guard distributed water, set up generators and assisted with general public safety in Pasquotank
County and the City of Elizabeth City. The National Guard in addition to personnel has resources available
to provide support in communications, aeromedical evacuation and special air operations. High Mobility
Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles, Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Trucks, 3000-gallon per hour (gph)
Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit, Hydraulic Excavators, Palletized Load System, All-Terrain Cranes
and various other resources are also available upon request.
Agency
NC National Guard
Address
600
Westover
Street
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have
generator?
Yes
a
Phone
Number
252-335-5780
Replacement
Value
791,100
B-9
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The NC Divison of Forest Resources - District 7 Office is located at 861 Berea Church Road, Elizabeth
City. District 7 covers the counties of Pasquotank, Camden, Perquimans, Gates, Currituck, Martin,
Hertford, Chowan and Bertie. The Division of Forest Resources is mandated by North Carolina General
Statutes to protect, manage and develop the forest resources of the state. This includes forest management
assistance to private landowners, reforestation services, and forest fire prevention and suppression, and
insect and disease control programs. The Division also is involved in the operation of tree seedling
nurseries, long range forestry planning and technical development, water quality controls, urban forestry
assistance, training, and support to volunteer fire departments and forestry education. Resources available
through the local Forest Resources Office include crawl tractors, caterpillars, trailers and pumps. Burning
Permits are issued through the local Forest Resources Offices. Elizabeth City bans all outdoor burning,
while Pasquotank County allows burning only during specified hours, under specified conditions. To obtain
a burning permit in Pasquotank County, contact your local County Ranger at 252-264-2082 for the names
and locations of the nearest burning permit agent or apply online at NC Burning Permit Application. In times
of high fire danger a burning ban or burning permit cancellation may be issued.
Agency
NC Division of
Forest Resources
Address
861 Berea Church
Road
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
Yes
252-331-4781
Replacement
Value
334,400
The District 1 Office, Resident Engineer’s Office and Pasquotank County Maintenance Yard for North
Carolina Department of Transportation Highway Division 1 is located at 1929 North Road Street,
Elizabeth City. (U.S. 17 4.5 miles north of Elizabeth City).
Agency
NC Dept. of
Transportation
Address
1029 North Road St.
P.O. Box 1405
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Yes
Phone Number
252-331-4739 (District Engineer)
252-331-4862 (Resident Engineer)
252-331-5632 (Maintenance Yard)
Replacement
Value
500,000.00
B-10
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Dominion Power, one of the nation’s largest producers of energy, and North Carolina Dominion Power
delivers electricity to 113,777 customers in North Carolina. Their 74,671 miles of transmission and
distribution lines cover 30,000 square miles of service area, including 65 percent of the land area of Virginia
and part of northeastern North Carolina. The local NC Dominion Power office is located at 1701 W.
Ehringhaus Street, Elizabeth City and Dominion's corporate office, the Riverside Campus, is located in
downtown Richmond on the James River at 120 Tredegar Street.
Agency
Operated
24/7?
Address
1707 W.
NC Dominion Power Ehringhaus Street
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Yes
Phone Number
Replacement Value
757-857-2260
1,500,000.00
The Pasquotank County Public Safety Building located at 200 E. Colonial Avenue in Elizabeth City
houses the following departments: Pasquotank-Camden Central Communications, Pasquotank County
Sheriff’s Office, Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Management, Volunteer Fire Department Coordinator,
and the District Attorney’s Office. Pasquotank-Camden Central Communications is the Public Safety
Answering Point (PSAP) for all emergency services (9-1-1 calls) within Pasquotank and Camden Counties
and the City of Elizabeth City. Central Communications is an Enhanced 9-1-1 Center (capable of
identifying the 9-1-1 caller and their location) and is equipped with five (5) fully operational consoles 24
hours a day, seven days a week. Pasquotank-Camden telecommunicators are trained and certified through
the NC Division of Criminal Information, NC State Bureau of Investigations to obtain law enforcement
information pertinent to investigations and through the NC Office of Emergency Medical Services to
provide Emergency Medical Dispatch.
Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Management Agency works with various agencies to develop preparation,
mitigation and recovery plans and to ensure coordination between agencies as they plan for, and respond to
emergencies. This agency also organizes training and exercises to enhance the county/city emergency
response and support agencies and strengthen the teamwork within this system to more effectively respond
to the needs of the citizens. Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Management Agency assists with procuring
additional resources not available on the local level during emergencies. During extended periods of
emergency operations this may include the setup and operation of the Mobile Command Post; equipped
with radio communications to local, and multiple, state agencies and furnished with equipment to serve as a
back-up to 911.
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility
have a
generator?
P.O. Box 130
Yes
Yes
252-338-7787
200 E. Colonial Avenue
Yes
Yes
252-338-2191
P.O. Box 130
Yes
Yes
252-335-4444
P.O. Box 130
Yes
Yes
252-333-3222
200 E. Colonial Ave.
No
Yes
252-331-4743
Agency
Pasquotank-Camden
Central Communications
Pasquotank County
Sheriff’s Office
Pasquotank-Camden
Emergency Management
Agency
Volunteer Fire
Department Coordinator
District Attorney’s Office
Address
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Phone
Number
Replacement
Value
7,500,000
B-11
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Pasquotank County Tax Office/Register of Deeds Office is located at 203 E. Main Street in
Elizabeth City and houses the following county departments: Tax Office, Register of Deeds, and
Geographic Information Systems.
Agency
Operated
24/7?
Address
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
Tax Office
P.O. Box 193
No
No
252-338-5169
Register of Deeds Office
P.O. Box 154
No
No
GIS
203 E. Main Street
No
No
252-335-4367
252-331-2336
Replacement
Value
1.295,800
The Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Medical Services and Rescue Squad are located at 1144 B
North Road Street. These agencies combine their resources in one centralized location to serve both
Pasquotank and Camden Counties with Paramedic level emergency care. This facility is comprised of five
(5) double bays, storage rooms, kitchen, sleeping areas, shower facilities, lounge, offices and a fully equipped
training room. Six Paramedic ambulances and one Intermediate ambulance, as well as Mass Casualty and
SMAT III vehicles, are available for response 24/7. Pasquotank-Camden EMS is a paid service that operates
24 hours, seven days a week, including holidays, and is at time supplemented by Rescue Squad volunteers on
nights and weekends. The Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Medical Service is also a transport service and
has a crew available to provide non-emergency transports Monday – Friday from 8am to 5pm. PasquotankCamden EMS provides coverage to an area of 468 square miles and a population of over 40,000. Due to
the geographical layout of Pasquotank and Camden counties, it can take as long as 20-25 minutes to reach
remote areas of the counties by ambulance. A Paramedic level crew is stationed at the PasquotankNixonton Volunteer Fire Department 24/7 to cover the southern portion of Pasquotank County.
Additionally, First Responders are utilized to decrease response time and to provide pre-hospital care to the
outlying areas of the counties. Pasquotank-Camden Emergency Medical Services and Rescue Squad are
certified as Paramedic level pre-hospital emergency care responders by the NC Office of Emergency
Medical Services and must adhere to approved quality EMS educational curricula, facility and equipment
guidelines.
Agency
PasquotankCamden
Emergency
Medical
Services/Rescue
Squad
Address
P.O. Box 469
1144 B North
Road Street
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have
a generator?
Yes
Yes
Phone
Number
252-335-1524
Building
Replacement
Value
75,000
Number of
Trucks
Truck
Replacement
Value
7
702,000
The Pasquotank Correctional Institution located at 527 Commerce Drive, Elizabeth City is a 712-cell
high security prison for adult males. It has a maximum capacity of 1,186. The prison is comprised of four
(4) buildings which, in addition to inmate housing, includes a visiting area, recreation area, dining hall,
warehouse, vocational and academic classrooms, programs, medical and mental health offices and
administrative offices. A security fence with a built-in electronic monitoring system alerts armed correction
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
B-12
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
officers at the prison gatehouse and roving patrols prevent escape attempts. The Pasquotank Correction
Institution also has a fully operational kitchen capable of preparing large quantity of meals.
Agency
Address
Pasquotank
Correctional
Institution
527
Commerce
Drive
Operated
24/7?
Yes
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
Yes
252-331-4881
Replacement
Value
39,436,100
The Pasquotank County Center of the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service is located at
1209 McPherson Street and provides unbiased, research-based information to people with interests and
questions related to agriculture, livestock, youth, families and communities. This facility is a designated
Emergency Care Station and Disaster Recovery Center.
Agency
Pasquotank
County
Cooperative
Extension
Service
Address
1209 McPherson
Street
P.O. Box 1608
Operated
24/7?
No
Does the
facility have a
generator?
No
Phone Number
Replacement Value
252-338-3954
700,000
The Pasquotank County Courthouse is located at 206 E. Main Street, Elizabeth City and houses multiple
departments crucial to the continuity of the Pasquotank County government. These include the County
Managers' Office, Finance, Personnel Department, County Attorney, Clerk of Superior Court, Magistrates
Office, Courtrooms, Judge Chambers and Information Technology.
Agency
Address
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility
have a
generator?
Phone
Number
County Manager's Office
P.O. Box 39
No
No
252-335-0865
Finance Office
P.O. Box 39
No
No
252-335-4580
Personnel Department
P.O. Box 39
No
No
252-337-6648
Planning Department
P.O. Box 39
No
No
252-335-1891
No
No
252-335-0569
No
No
252-331-4751
-
-
County Attorney
Clerk of Superior Court
P.O. Box 449
Courtrooms
N/A
-
Magistrates Office
Judges Chambers
P.O. Box 449
No
No
252-331-4758
252-331-4751
Information Technology
P.O. Box 39
No
No
252-335-4487
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Replacement
Value
6,088,100
B-13
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Pasquotank County is served by five (5) volunteer Fire Departments; four (4) which are physically located
within Pasquotank County. Each of these volunteer fire departments are designated Emergency Care
Stations. Elizabeth City has its own fire department that includes two (2) stations and also is contracted by
Pasquotank County to cover a portion of the county.
Weeksville Fire District Map
Pasquotank-Newland Fire District Map
Pasquotank-Nixonton Fire District Map
Pasquotank-Providence Fire District Map
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility
have a
generator?
Phone Number
Building
Replacement
Value
Number
of Trucks
Truck
Replacement
Value
Agency
Address
Elizabeth City Fire Dept
Station 1
902 Halstead
Blvd
Yes
Yes
252-337-6623
324,100
4
Elizabeth City Fire Dept
Station 2
410 Harney
Street
Yes
Yes
252-333-1045
346,900
3
Pasquotank-Newland
Volunteer Fire Dept
Station 9
721 U.S.
Highway 158
No
Yes
252-771-5011
116,200
5
Pasquotank-Nixonton
Volunteer Fire Dept
Station 4
1316 Four
Forks Road
No
Yes
252-264-2249
187,100
4
276,460
Pasquotank-Providence
Volunteer Fire Dept
Station 8
1995
Northside
Road
No
Yes
252-338-0004
145,500
4
570,000
Weeksville Volunteer
Fire Dept - Station 5
2742
Peartree
Road
No
Yes
252-330-4312
165,100
4
Soundneck Substation
1422
Soundneck
Road
No
No
60,400
2
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
2,025,000
1,550,000
567,000
728,771
B-14
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Public Works Facility/City Garage is located at 410 Pritchard Street, Elizabeth City. In addition to
the Administrative offices for Public Works (Water/Sewer, Streets) and Fleet Maintenance, repair work for
all city vehicles is conducted at this facility and fuel for all city vehicles is stored at this location.
Agency
Address
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have
a generator?
Phone
Number
Replacement
Value
Public Works
Administrative Offices
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6628
Fleet Maintenance
P.O. Box 347
No
Yes
252-337-6628
669,400
Mid-Atlantic Christian University located at 715 Poindexter Street, Elizabeth City is a private,
coeducational institution for Biblical Higher Education with an enrollment of 185 and 42 faculty and staff
members. In addition to classrooms, administrative offices and dormitories the college has a library, chapel,
bookstore, Press building and cafeteria with seating capacity of 110. Students are on campus during the
peak of hurricane season and must be provided safe shelter and food.
Agency
Address
Mid-Atlantic
Christian
University
715 Poindexter Street
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
252-334-2070
Yes
Replacement
Value
14,500,000
North Carolina’s Salvation Army is part of the Southern territory and has a Social Services Center located
at 906 4th Street and Thrift Store located 600 Hughes Blvd. in Elizabeth City. The Salvation Army provides
assistance for food, utilities, rent, housing and other needs through their Social Services Program. They
prepare food for the guests in the Pasquotank County Shelter and the emergency workers in the Emergency
Operations Center. The Salvation also prepares meals for citizens in the community following a disaster.
Agency
Address
906 4th Street
P.O. Box 1967
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
No
252-338-6780
No
No
252-338-8741
Operated
24/7?
Replacement
Value
446,800
The Salvation Army
600 Hughes Blvd
.
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
778,200
B-15
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Pasquotank County Water Department’s office is located at 202 E. Colonial Avenue, Elizabeth City
and the Water Plant is located on Weeksville Road in Pasquotank County. The Pasquotank Water System
provides water for 5,800 customers with over 265 miles of water line including the Industrial Park and State
Prison off U.S. 17 North.
Agency
Pasquotank County
Water System
Address
313 Pritchard
Street
1466 Weeksville
Road
Appendix B: Critical Facilities List
Operated
24/7?
Does the
facility have a
generator?
Phone Number
No
No
252-335-2240
Yes
Yes
252-330-4006
Replacement
Value
N/A
523,100
(Water Plant)
B-16
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix C: Mitigation Funding Sources
LOCAL RESOURCES
Donations
Capital Improvements Projects
Community Empowerment Groups
Economic Development Funds
Insurance
Private Not-for-Profit
Public/Private Partnerships
School Bonds
Volunteer Organizations
STATE AND FEDERAL RESOURCES
Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program
Through the Federal Emergency Management Agency, this program provides four grant categories
to assist state, local, and tribal Fire Departments with funding necessary for training, equipment
purchase, vehicle acquisition, public awareness, code enforcement, arson prevention, and the like.
Contact: FEMA, 866-274-0960, 301-447-1608, or http://www.usfa.fema.gov/grants
Mitigation Grant Programs
North Carolina Emergency Management (NCEM) administers several programs to support the
vision of reducing the impacts of natural hazards on homes, businesses, and communities throughout the State.
These programs include the federally-funded Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Flood
Mitigation Assistance (FMA) program, Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) program, Repetitive Flood
Claims (RFC) program, and Severe Repetitive Loss (SLR) pilot program.
http://www.nccrimecontrol.org/Index2.cfm?a=000003,000010,001623,000177,000498
National Flood Insurance
The Federal Emergency Management Agency, Federal Insurance Administration provides the
opportunity to purchase flood insurance under the Emergency Program of the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP).
http://www.floodsmart.gov
North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR), Division of Water
Quality provides in-kind services for the restoration of wetlands and for increased effectiveness of
wetland mitigation efforts.
http://www.nceep.net/abouteep/wetlands.html
Appendix C: Mitigation Funding Sources
C-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR), Division of Water
Quality also provides financial assistance to local governments and the public for multiple
environmental programs including:
Wetlands Conservation/Restoration, Water Resource
Development, Clean Water Management, DOT Enhancement, etc.
http://www.ncstormwater.org/pages/financial.html
Parks and Recreation Trust Fund (PARTF)
PARTF is the primary source of funding to build and renovate facilities in the state parks as well as
to buy land for new and existing parks. The PARTF program also provides dollar-for-dollar grants
to local governments. Recipients use the grants to acquire land and/or to develop parks and
recreational projects that serve the general public. A portion of PARTF is the primary funding
source for the Public Beach and Coastal Waterfront Access Program. The program, administered by
the Division of Coastal Management (DCM), offers matching grants to local governments
throughout North Carolina's twenty coastal counties.
http://www.ncparks.gov/About/grants/partf_main.php
Clean Water Management Trust Fund
An agency of the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR),
the Clean Water Management Trust Fund (CWMTF) provides grants for enhancement and
restoration of degraded waters. In addition, funding is provided for development of buffers and
greenways near rivers for environmental, educational and recreational needs.
http://www.cwmtf.net/
Community Facilities Loans
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Rural Housing Service (RHS) provides funding for
construction of community facilities for public use.
http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rhs/index.html
Emergency Conservation Program (ECP)
Funding for the Emergency Conservation Program is provided by the Farm Service Agency, U.S.
Department of Agriculture to provide emergency funds for sharing with farmers the cost of
rehabilitating farmlands damaged by wind erosion, floods, hurricanes, or other natural disasters; and
to carry out emergency water conservation of water enhancing measures during periods of severe
drought. Damage must be of such magnitude that it would be too costly for producer to rehabilitate
without federal assistance. Cost share up to 64% of cost of removing debris, restoring permanent
fences and grading, shaping and releveling land. Eligible Applicants: Any person, who, as owner,
landlord, tenant, or sharecropper on a farm or ranch, including associated groups, bears a part of the
cost of an approved conservation practice in a disaster area, is eligible to apply for cost-share
conservation assistance. No declared disaster required to be eligible.
http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=copr&topic=ecp
Emergency Watershed Protection Program (EWP)
Funding for the Emergency Watershed Protection Program is provided by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. The program assists in relieving imminent
hazards to life and property from floods and the products of erosion created by a natural disaster.
Appendix C: Mitigation Funding Sources
C-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Federal Agriculture Improvement Act of 1996 authorizes the purchase of flood plain
easements. The target areas are non-urban lowlands, which are predominantly cropland, grazing
land, hay land, or forest land adjoining the channel of a river, stream, watercourse, lake, or ocean
that have been subject to repeated flooding. EWP work can include: removing debris from stream
channels, road culverts and bridges; reshaping and protecting eroded banks; correcting damaged
drainage facilities; repairing levees and structures; re-seeding damaged areas; and purchasing
easements. Technical assistance and financial assistance is provided in the form of cost-share for
repairs. Natural Resources Conservation Service will acquire easements, but will have flexibility to
delegate management, monitoring, and enforcement responsibilities to an eligible sponsor. Eligible
Applicants are State and local governments or government subdivisions and private landowners
where Emergency Watershed Protection repairs will result in public benefit. All projects undertaken
must be sponsored by a municipality or county. Sponsor must write to the NRCS State
Conservationist requesting assistance within 60 days of flooding. Federal funds may bear up to 75%
of the construction cost of emergency measures. Sponsors may provide their share of costs in the
form of cash, in-kind services, or a combination of cash and in-kind services. Emergency Watershed
Protection may pay up to 100% of the easement value including appraisal, title searches, recording
fees, etc. Priority is give to local sponsors who contribute towards easement costs.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/EWP
Physical Disaster Loans
The Small Business Administration (SBA) offers loans to victims of declared physical disasters for
uninsured losses. The loan limit on these funds may be increased by twenty percent to provide for
mitigation measures.
http://www.sba.gov/
Property Improvement Loan Insurance
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) insures lenders against loss on
loans for alterations, repairs and improvements to existing structures and new construction of
nonresidential structures.
http://www.hud.gov/offices/hsg/sfh/title/title-i.cfm
Resource Conservation and Development
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) provides
technical and limited financial assistance to communities for resource conservation projects
including land conservation, water management and environmental enhancement.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
River Basin Surveys and Investigations
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service provides technical
assistance to local agencies for planning activities to solve problems related to the river basin,
including wetland preservation.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
Appendix C: Mitigation Funding Sources
C-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Soil and Water Conservation
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service provides this in-kind
service in order to provide for the conservation, development and productive use of the nation’s
soil, water and related resources.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
Snagging and Clearing for Flood Control
The Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Department of Defense provides
this service in order to reduce flood control.
http://www.usace.army.mil
Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program
This program of the Department of the Interior, National Park Service (NPS) provides grants for
local governments for improvements in park system management and recreational opportunities.
http://www.cr.nps.gov/index.htm
Watershed Surveys and Planning
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service provides technical
and financial assistance for sharing costs of watershed protection measures, including flood
prevention, sedimentation control and recreation.
http://www.nrcs.usda.gov
Appendix C: Mitigation Funding Sources
C-4
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix D: References
Albemarle Economic Development Commission. http://www.discoverec.com/
Albemarle Regional Health Services. http://www.arhs-nc.org/
Chesapeake and Albemarle Railroad. http://www.ncrailways.org/companies/CA.htm
Coastal Resources Commission. N.C. Coastal Resources Commission
College of the Albemarle. http://www.albemarle.edu/
Dismal Swamp http://www.fws.gov/northeast/greatdismalswamp/
Elizabeth City/Pasquotank County School System. http://www.ecpps.k12.nc.us/
Elizabeth City State University. http://www.ecsu.edu/
Elizabeth City Stormwater Management Ordinance.
http://www.cityofec.com/vertical/Sites/{19DF6A6A-CE57-43EF-A53CDE6F51122031}/uploads/{79F3F29F-78A3-4BC6-AE88-913C2D94D168}.PDF
Elizabeth City Subdivision Ordinance. http://www.cityofec.com/vertical/Sites/{19DF6A6ACE57-43EF-A53C-DE6F51122031}/uploads/{6C5995A8-C845-4E30-A0A4D9995573D80C}.PDF
Elizabeth City Unified Development Ordinance.
http://www.cityofec.com/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={219EB910-1DBB-49EF-8C5FDD2CE00D5E78}
Elizabeth City Zoning Ordinance. http://www.cityofec.com/vertical/Sites/{19DF6A6A-CE5743EF-A53C-DE6F51122031}/uploads/{FEEFCC4A-9FCE-4E5C-B8E9-D98FB950927A}.PDF
Food Bank of the Albemarle. http://www.afoodbank.org/
Federal Bureau of Investigations. http://www.fbi.gov/
Federal Emergency Management Agency. http://www.fema.gov
Hazard Mitigation Program. http://www.fema.gov/government/grant/hmgp/
K.E. White Continuing Education Center. http://www.ecsu.edu/
Lightning Safety Institute. http://www.lightningsafety.com/
National Flood Insurance Program. http://www.fema.gov/nfip/
Appendix D: References
D-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Hurricane Center.
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov
National Weather Service. http://www.nws.noaa.gov/
N.C. Coastal Area Management Act. http://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/Rules/cama.htm
N.C. Department of Crime Control and Public Safety. http://www.nccrimecontrol.org/
N.C. Department of Transportation. http://www.ncdot.org/
NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Division of Water Quality.
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/
N.C. Dominion Power. http://www.dom.com/dominion-north-carolina-power/index.jsp
N.C. General Statutes. http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp
N.C. National Guard. http://www.nc.ngb.army.mil/
N.C. Office of Emergency Medical Services. http://www.ncems.org/
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management. http://www.ncem.org
North Carolina State Climatic Office. http://www.nc-climate.ncsu.edu/
N.C. State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2007,
http://www.nccrimecontrol.org/Index2.cfm?a=000003,000010,001623,000177,000579,000578,0008
85
Nuclear Regulatory Commission. http://www.nrc.gov/
Pasquotank-Camden-Elizabeth City Multi-Hazard Emergency Operations Plan
www.co.pasquotank.nc.us/eplan
Pasquotank County Correctional Institution.
http://www.doc.state.nc.us/DOP/prisons/pasquota.htm
Pasquotank County-Elizabeth City Draft 2005 Land Use Plan.
Pasquotank County Social Services. http://www.dhhs.state.nc.us/dss/local/dir_pasq.htm
Pasquotank County Subdivision Ordinance.
Pasquotank County Zoning Ordinance.
Real Time Fire Weather Information. http://www.nifc.gov/
Appendix D: References
D-2
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Mid-Atlantic Christian University. http://www.macuniversity.edu
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act.
http://www.fema.gov/about/stafact.shtm
Surry Nuclear Power Plant. http://www.dom.com/about/stations/nuclear/surry/index.jsp
The American Red Cross. http://www.redcross.org/
United States Coast Guard. http://www.uscg.mil/default.asp
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. http://www.usace.army.mil/
U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/
U.S. Department of Agriculture. http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome
U.S. Forest Service. http://www.fs.fed.us/
U.S. Department of Homeland Security. http://www.dhs.gov/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/
U.S. Postal Service. http://www.usps.com/
Appendix D: References
D-3
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
Appendix E: Resolution
RESOLUTION for Adoption by Elizabeth City Council for the
PASQUOTANK COUNTY MULTI-JURDISTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN AS
REQUIRED BY STATE SENATE BILL 300 AND IN ORDER TO REMAIN ELIGIBLE FOR STATE
AND FEDERAL DISASTER RELIEF FUNDING
WHEREAS, Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City desire to remain eligible for State and Federal
disaster relief funds in the event of a declared disaster in Pasquotank County; and
WHEREAS, the Elizabeth City Council recognizes the value of having a plan in place for identifying, prioritizing,
and mitigating potential and real hazards that could affect Elizabeth City; and
WHEREAS, Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City have prepared a joint Hazard Mitigation Plan and
have revised the Plan as suggested by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management after its submittal
to the State and to the County and City departments for review and comment; and
WHEREAS, the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management has endorsed the proposed Pasquotank
County-Elizabeth City Hazard Mitigation Plan.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Elizabeth City Council that it adopts the Pasquotank CountyElizabeth City Hazard Mitigation Plan.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Council directs the City Manager to annually review the plan and
propose revisions when new data and information become available, as mitigation measures are achieved, and as
mitigation strategies evolve; and
FURTHER, that the City of Elizabeth City may update and revise the Hazard Mitigation Plan as it relates to any
incorporated area but does not affect any other jurisdiction. If any revision, update or amendment involves more
than one jurisdiction, then the updates and revisions must be approved by both the Pasquotank Board of
Commissioners and Elizabeth City Council. Copies of any revision, amendment or update to the plan by the City
of Elizabeth City must be sent to Pasquotank County to be filed with the County Clerk and added to the Hazard
Mitigation Plan; and
FURTHER, that after every five (5) year cycle, the hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment and local capability
sections of the plan will be reviewed, revised, and submitted to the Pasquotank Board of Commissioners and
Elizabeth City Council for its review prior to resubmission to the NC Division of Emergency Management and
FEMA for approval.
FURTHER, that administrative changes, wording corrections, or insubstantial changes do not require additional
action by the Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners or Elizabeth City Council. However, changes that may
have a significant impact or significant expenditure of non-budgeted funds may require action by respective elected
bodies.
Adopted by _______________________________this the __________day______________, 2011.
ATTEST:
_______________________________
____________________________________
Mayor, City of Elizabeth City
Appendix E: Resolutions
E-1
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional
Hazard Mitigation Plan
RESOLUTION for Adoption by Pasquotank County Commissioners for the
PASQUOTANK COUNTY MULTI-JURDISDICTIONAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN AS
REQUIRED BY STATE SENATE BILL 300 AND IN ORDER TO REMAIN ELIGIBLE FOR STATE
AND FEDERAL DISASTER RELIEF FUNDING
WHEREAS, Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City desire to remain eligible for State and Federal
disaster relief funds in the event of a declared disaster in Pasquotank County; and
WHEREAS, the Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners recognizes the value of having a plan in place for
identifying, prioritizing, and mitigating potential and real hazards that could affect Pasquotank County; and
WHEREAS, Pasquotank County and the City of Elizabeth City have prepared a joint Hazard Mitigation Plan and
have revised the Plan as suggested by the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management after its submittal
to the State and to the County and City departments for review and comment; and
WHEREAS, the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management has endorsed the proposed Pasquotank
County-Elizabeth City Hazard Mitigation Plan.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the Commissioners of Pasquotank County that it adopts the
Pasquotank County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Commissioners direct the County Manager to annually review the plan
and propose revisions when new data and information become available, as mitigation measures are achieved, and
as mitigation strategies evolve; and
FURTHER, that Pasquotank County may update and revise the Hazard Mitigation Plan as it relates to any
unincorporated area but does not affect any other jurisdiction. If any revision, update or amendment involves
more than one jurisdiction, then the updates and revisions must be approved by both the Pasquotank Board of
Commissioners and Elizabeth City Council. Copies of any revision, amendment or update to the plan by
Pasquotank County must be sent to the City of Elizabeth City to be filed with the City Clerk and added to the
Hazard Mitigation Plan; and
FURTHER, that after every five (5) year cycle, the hazard analysis, vulnerability assessment and local capability
sections of the plan will be reviewed, revised, and submitted to the Pasquotank Board of Commissioners and
Elizabeth City Council for its review prior to resubmission to the NC Division of Emergency Management and
FEMA for approval.
FURTHER, that administrative changes, wording corrections, or insubstantial changes do not require additional
action by the Pasquotank County Board of Commissioners or Elizabeth City Council. However, changes that may
have a significant impact or significant expenditure of non-budgeted funds may require action by respective elected
bodies.
Adopted by _______________________________this the __________day______________, 2011.
ATTEST:
_______________________________
Appendix E: Resolutions
____________________________________
Chairman, Board of Commissioners
E-2