SOMATOTYPE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS PROFILES OF 6-12 YEAR-OLD GIRLS
Selma CİVAR YAVUZ, PhD
Akdeniz University School of Physical Education and Sport
Departman of Coaching Education, Sports Sciences Research & Application Center, Antalya-Turkey
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was determining the relationship between
somatotype and selected physical fitness variables in 6-11 years-old girls. The subjects
of this study consisted of 282 healthy girls with mean age of 08.44±01.40 years old,
height of 129.88±10.48 cm and weight of 30.43±07.93 kg.
Standard anthropometric methods were used to determine body mass, body
height and all of skinfold and circumference measurements. All of the anthropometric
measures were based on Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual
procedures. The following tests for physical performances were used; handgrip
strength test, audio-visual reaction time test, vertical jump test, 20m. sprint test, sit
and reach test. All statistical analyses were performed by using the Statistical Package
for the Social Science (SPSS). Mean and standard deviation were calculated.
Correlation coefficient was also computed to find out the relationship between
somatotype and physical fitness variables.
The BMI increases regularly from 6-11 years in ages groups from 17.09-19.10
2
kg/m . In this study somatotype values were changed by age groups. According to the
calculations, somatotypes were found as follows: 6-7 years-old group; endomorphicmesomorph, 7-8 years-old group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 8-9 years-old group;
mesomorphic-endomorph, 9-10 years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph, 10-11
years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph. In performance tests according to age
groups, flexibility abilities decreased with age while 20m sprint, vertical jump, handgrip
strength, visual and auditory reaction abilities increased. In all age groups, there was a
significant low negative correlation between endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy
components and physical fitness tests.
Key Words: somatotype, physical fitness, girls, children
[76]
1. INTRODUCTION
2. METHODS
Since the 1970s, many studies investigating
the relationship between the somatic characteristics
and motor performance children and youth have
been done. There are many somatotype studies too,
which have been applied to inquiring the
relationships between physical characteristics and
motor performance (Bale et. al. 1994, Malina, 1975,
Raudsepp and Jürimae 1996, Slaughter et. al. 1977,
Slaughter et. al. 1980). Also other studies identifying
the particular physical characteristics of athletes in a
different sports branches and levels were observed
(Gualdi Russo and Zaccagni, 2001, Monsma and
Malina, 2005, Siders et. al. 1993, Tomazo-Ravnik and
Kalan, 2004, Withers et. al. 1986).
The assessment of human physique is often
expressed in terms of somatotype, since
somatotyping allows evaluation of the morphology
and characteristics of the human body as a whole.
Several methods are available for determining the
composition of the human body. There are several
methods to estimate somatotype, but the HeathCarter anthropometric method is most commonly
used (Ventrella et. al. 2007, Carter et. al. 1983, Heath
and Carter, 1967).
Somatotyping has a relatively long tradition
in human biology, including changes during growth
and maturation. Since the early development of
Sheldon’s somatotyping system, researchers have
studied the relation of somatotype and body
composition to physical performance (Raudsepp and
Jürimae 1996). There are relatively few studies
relating
somatotype
and
physical
fitness
components, such as a strength, speed, flexibility,
endurance and balance in children (Raudsepp and
Jürimae 1996, Ventrella et. al. 2007, Shukla et. al.,
2009, Avlonitou, 1994, Bale et. al. 1994, TomazoRavnik and Kalan, 2004).
The purpose of this study is to determine
somatotype and physical fitness characteristics of
girls and to analyse the relationship between
somatotype and physical fitness performance of 6-11
years of age girls.
2.1. Subjects
The subjects of this study consisted of 282
healthy girls with mean age of 08.44±01.40 years old,
height of 129.88±10.48 cm and weight of
30.43±07.93 kg. Subjects were classified into five
groups according to ages.
The distrubition of subjects’age was that 52
girls were between 6.00-6.99 (6-7) ages, 70 girls were
between 7.00-7.99 (7-8) ages, 58 girls were between
8.00-8.99 (8-9) ages, 59 girls were between 9.00-9.99
(9-10) ages, 43 girls were between 10.0-10.99 (10-11)
ages respectively.
The parents of every child were informed
about testing procedures and they consented to
their child’s participation in this study.
2.2. Somatotype
Standard anthropometric methods were
used to determine body mass, body height and all of
skinfold and circumference measurements. All of the
anthropometric measures were based on
Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual
Procedures (Lohman et. al.,1988).
2.3. Physical Fitness
The
following
tests
for
physical
performances were used; handgrip strength test,
audio-visual reaction time test, vertical jump test,
20m. sprint test, sit and reach test.
Handgrip strenght was tested by the hand
dynamometer (Takei Physical Fitness Test; Grip
Strength Dynamometer-T.K.K. 5101/Grip D; Made In
Japan, Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd.), audiovisual reaction time was tested by New Test 2000,
vertical jump was tested by jumpmeter (Takei
[77]
Physical Fitness Test; Jump-MD, Vertical Jump MeterT.K.K. 5106/Jump MD; Made In Japan, Takei Scientific
Instruments Co., Ltd.) and 20m sprint test was tested
by photocell (Newtest 2000-Sprint Timing System).
Posterior body flexibility was determinated by sitand-reach test. Hand dynamometer was used to
assess handgrip strenght. The subjects were allowed
three times with a 1 minute rest in between
measurements. The highest score of handgrip
strength test was used for statistical analyses.The
vertical jump was used to assess explosive power of
the legs. The subjects were allowed three jumps with
a 1 minute rest in between jumps. The highest jump
score was used for statistical analyses. The flexibility
test was conducted on a sit and reach apparatus with
the maximum end position being held for 2 second.
Two repetitions were recorded to the nearest
centimetre and separated by a rest period of 10
second (Church, 2001).
2.4. Data Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed by
using the Statistical Package for the Social Science
(SPSS). Mean and standard deviation were
calculated. Correlation coefficient was also
computed to find out the relationship between
somatotype and physical fitness variables.
RESULTS
Physical characteristics, anthropometric
characteristics of girls according to the ages groups in
tables 1-5. Tablo-1 displays the means and standard
deviations for physical characteristics of the girls. The
BMI increases regularly from 6-11 years in ages
2
groups from 17.09-19.10 kg/m .
Table 1: Means and SD for age, height, weight and BMI of subjects
Age(y)
6-7 age
7-8 age
8-9 age
9-10 age
10-11 age
n
52
70
58
59
43
Height (cm)
118.99±05.77
123.07±05.45
130.76±05.72
136.14±06.34
144.35±07.28
Weight (kg)
24.39±04.50
26.06±04.94
30.58±05.51
33.85±07.45
39.98±07.12
2
BMI (kg/m )
17.13±02.18
17.09±02.24
17.82±02.61
18.11±02.84
19.10±02.60
Table-2,3 displays the means and standard
deviations for anthropometric characteristics of girls
according to the ages groups. Table-2 displays
skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and calf)
and bone diameters (humerus and femur)
measurements, table-3 displays girth measurements
of girls. Table-4 displays somatotypes of subjects.
Table-5 displays physical performance tests
of subjects.
[78]
Table 2 : Means and SD for skinfold values and bone diameters of subjects.
Variables
Triceps
(mm)
Between 6-7 Ages
n= 52
Mean ± S.D.
10.14±03.81
Minimum
05.20
Maximum
22.60
Between 7-8 Ages
n= 70
Mean ± S.D.
11.56±04.91
Minimum
05.00
Maximum
31.00
Between 8-9 Ages
n= 58
Mean ± S.D.
13.60±05.44
Minimum
06.20
Maximum
34.00
Between 9-10 Ages
n= 59
Mean ± S.D.
14.32±06.35
Minimum
05.00
Maximum
35.00
Between 10-11 Ages
n= 43
Mean ± S.D.
14.67±05.24
Minimum
06.20
Maximum
30.20
S.Scapular
(mm)
S.Iliac
(mm)
Calf
(mm)
Humerus
(cm)
Femur
(cm)
08.13±03.10
03.00
17.00
07.45±04.28
03.20
21.60
11.28±04.80
04.00
24.00
04.63±00.35
03.90
05.50
07.25±00.52
06.10
08.50
08.44±04.44
04.00
28.00
08.40±05.05
03.00
23.00
14.38±06.74
05.00
37.00
04.83±00.54
04.00
07.70
07.39±00.59
05.10
09.50
10.20±05.94
04.00
36.00
10.23±07.45
03.40
38.00
17.47±06.31
08.00
38.00
05.14±00.74
04.20
08.40
07.63±00.73
04.80
09.00
10.35±04.36
04.00
38.00
10.49±07.03
03.00
30.40
18.04±07.78
07.00
38.20
05.19±00.48
04.30
07.50
07.93±00.73
05.00
10.00
10.68±04.85
05.00
28.00
11.23±04.98
04.00
25.00
19.77±05.36
07.00
32.00
05.48±00.39
04.80
06.30
08.26±00.64
05.30
09.30
[79]
Table 3 : Means and SD for girth measurements of subjects (cm).
Variables
Shoulder
Chest
Between 6-7 Ages
n= 52
Mean ± S.D. 71.59±05.09 59.14±05.91
Minimum
65.00
52.00
Maximum
87.50
83.00
Between 7-8 Ages
n= 70
Mean ± S.D. 72.64±06.11 59.81±05.49
Minimum
62.50
50.00
Maximum
96.50
82.00
Between 8-9 Ages
n= 58
Mean ± S.D. 77.85±06.31 63.47±06.17
Minimum
63.00
55.00
Maximum
96.00
84.00
Between 9-10 Ages
n= 59
Mean ± S.D. 80.68±07.28 66.58±06.87
Minimum
69.00
56.00
Maximum
104.00
88.00
Between 10-11 Ages
n= 43
Mean ± S.D. 85.77±06.77 71.56±07.41
Minimum
72.00
59.00
Maximum
103.00
92.00
Waist
Hip
Thigh
Calf
Biceps
53.66±05.38 63.49±05.75 38.26±05.25 24.06±02.43 17.66±02.12
46.00
55.00
31.00
20.00
14.00
71.00
78.00
56.00
31.00
24.00
54.62±06.61 64.40±06.71 38.32±05.43 24.12±03.17 17.98±01.64
45.00
54.91
28.00
14.00
14.00
76.00
91.00
63.00
35.00
27.00
56.57±05.91 68.76±06.06 42.01±05.40 27.93±02.81 19.61±02.88
48.00
56.00
31.00
16.00
14.00
76.00
86.00
61.50
33.00
28.00
59.28±06.78 71.82±07.28 43.68±05.57 28.97±03.78 20.20±02.68
48.00
59.00
34.00
15.00
15.00
84.00
93.00
56.00
38.00
28.00
62.14±06.35 78.25±07.49 45.63±05.16 31.09±02.64 21.82±02.90
54.00
64.00
33.00
26.00
17.00
78.00
93.00
57.00
39.00
32.00
Tablo-4 displays means and standard
deviation for somatotypes of subjects. According to
the calculations, somatotypes were found as follows:
6-7 years-old group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 7-8
years-old group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 8-9
years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph, 9-10
years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph, 10-11
years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph.
In Table 5, results of physical performance
tests applied to girls aged 6-11 who participated in
the study were shown.
[80]
Table 4 : Means and SD for somatotypes of subjects
Variables
Between 6-7 Ages
Mean ± S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
Between 7-8 Ages
Mean ± S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
Between 8-9 Ages
Mean ± S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
Between 9-10 Ages
Mean ± S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
Between 10-11 Ages
Mean ± S.D.
Minimum
Maximum
Endomorph
n= 52
02.99±01.45
01.06
06.62
n= 70
03.38±01.86
01.25
09.71
n= 58
04.16±02.51
01.48
14.87
n= 59
04.36±02.81
01.16
14.22
n= 43
04.56±02.00
01.51
11.28
Mesomorph
Ektomorph
03.89±01.02
01.72
06.29
01.59±01.22
00.83
05.38
03.76±01.23
00.76
07.97
01.96±01.16
00.94
04.45
03.91±01.35
01.97
07.33
02.19±01.42
01.63
04.66
03.75±01.23
00.78
07.02
02.45±01.43
01.19
06.06
03.71±01.47
00.59
08.16
02.47±01.35
01.60
04.81
Table 5 : Means and SD for physical performance tests of subjects.
Variables
20 m.
(sec.)
Vertical Jump
(cm)
Between 6-7 Ages
n=52
Mean ± S.D. 05.32±00.44 20.83±05.35
Between 7-8 Ages
n=70
Mean ± S.D. 05.01±00.34 22.81±05.53
Between 8-9 Ages
n= 58
Mean ± S.D. 04.81±00.31 27.36±06.83
Between 9-10 Ages
n=59
Mean ± S.D. 04.71±00.39 28.38±05.25
Between 10-11 Ages
n=43
Mean ± S.D. 04.61±00.39 29.93±06.10
Hand Strenght Flexibility Audio Reac.
(kgm)
(cm)
(milisec.)
Visual Reac
(milisec.)
08.21±01.96
26.13±05.98 455.88±110.83 522.50±110.36
09.92±01.94
25.84±05.23 408.24±102.72 463.00±101.58
11.36±02.55
27.36±06.21 385.90±131.96
418.14± 79.80
13.50±02.56
25.80±06.31 307.83±80.56
362.12± 86.96
15.77±03.51
24.09±06.12 322.05±129.74
337.84± 68.99
[81]
Table 6: Correlations between somatotype components and physical fitness characteristics of subjects at different
age groups.
Variables
Endo.
Meso.
Ecto.
Between 6-7 Ages
n= 52
20m. Sprint
0.202
-0.039
-0.032
Vertical Jump
-0.311*
0.053
-0.012
Hand Strenght
0.090
0.127
-0.048
Flexibility
-0.423** -0.177
0.186
AHRT
-0.188
-0.248
0.097
VHRT
0.002
0.133
-0.271
Between 7-8 Ages
n= 70
20m. Sprint
0.024
-0.111 -0.062
Vertical Jump
-0.118
-0.047
0.267*
Hand Strenght
0.520** 0.466** -0.346**
Flexibility
-0.038
-0.022 -0.066
AHRT
0.936
0.977
0.580
VHRT
-0.143
-0.159 -0.037
Between 8-9 Ages
n= 58
20m. Sprint
0.070
0.127 -0.218
Vertical Jump
0.029
-0.004 0.000
Hand Strenght
-0.030
0.047
0.098
Flexibility
-0.010
0.247 -0.160
AHRT
0.067
-0.221 0.291*
VHRT
-0.126
-0.126 0.016
Between 9-10 Ages
n= 59
20m. Sprint
0.282*
0.214 -0.170
Vertical Jump
-0.322*
-0.397** 0.429**
Hand Strenght
0.175
0.250 -0.134
Flexibility
-0.366** -0.161 0.061
AHRT
0.181
0.009 -0.040
VHRT
-0.080
-0.004 -0.055
Between 10-11 Ages
n= 43
20m. Sprint
0.424** 0.353* -0.278
Vertical Jump
-0.395** -0.031 0.147
Hand Strenght
0.049
-0.218 -0.124
Flexibility
0.102
0.233
-0.334
AHRT
-0.017
-0.061 -0.046
VHRT
-0.139
-0.284
0.197
**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level
AHRT=Auditory Hand Reaction Time, VHRT= Visual Hand Reaction Time
[82]
Tablo 6 shows the correlation between
components and physical fitness characteristics of
subjects at different age groups.
vertical jump (-0,004), audio (-0,221) and visual
reaction tests (-0,126). Ectomorphy component had
low negative correlation with 20m sprint (-0,218) and
flexibility (-0,160) tests. Only correlation between
ectomorphy component and audio reaction test
(r=0.291, p<0.01) achieved significance.
In 6-7 age group, there was a significant
negative
correlation
between
endomorphy
component and vertical jump (r=-0.311, p<0.05),
flexibility (r=-0.423, p<0.01) and there was a negative
correlation between endomorphy and audio reaction
test (r=-0.188). Endomorphy had low negative
correlation (r=-0.188 to -0.423) with physical fitness
tests in girls. Meanwhile mesomorphy component
had low negative correlation with 20m sprint (r=0,039), flexibility (r=-0,177) and audio-reaction(r=0,248). Ectomorphy component had also low
negative correlation with 20m sprint, (r=-0,032),
vertical jump (r=-0,012), hand strength (r=-0,048)
and visual reaction tests (r=-0,271). Ectomorph had
low negative correlation (r=-0.012 to -0.271) with the
majority of physical fitness tests too in girls.
In 9-10 age group, there was a low negative
correlation between endomorphy component and
vertical jump (r=-0.322, p<0.01), flexibility (r=-0,366,
p<0.05) and visual reaction tests (r=-0.080).
Meanwhile, mesomorphy component had low
negative correlation with vertical jump (r=-0.397,
p<0.05), flexibility (-0,161) and visual (-0,004)
reaction tests. There was a significant negative
correlation between mesomorphy and vertical jump
test. Ectomorphy component had low negative
correlation with all the other tests except vertical
jump (0,429) and flexibility tests (0,061). There was a
significant correlation between ectomorphy and
vertical jump test (p<0.01).
In 7-8 age group, there was low negative
correlation between endomorphy component and
vertical jump (r=-0.118) and flexibility (r=-0.038),
there was a low negative correlation between
endomorphy component and visual reaction (r=0.143). Only correlation between endomorphy
component and hand strength (r=520, p<0.01)
achieved significance (r=520, p<0.01). Meanwhile
mesomorphy component had negative low
correlation with all the performance tests except
hand strength (r=0.466) and audio reaction test
(r=0.977). Ectomorphy component had low negative
correlation with all performance tests except vertical
jump (r=0,267) and audio reaction tests (r=0.580).
Only correlation between ectomorphy component
and vertical jump (r=0.267, p<0.05) and hand
strength (r=-0.346, p<0.01) achieved significance.
In 10-11 age group, there was a low
negative
correlation
between
endomorphy
component and vertical jump (r=-0.395), audio (r=0.017) and visual reaction tests (r=-0.139). There was
a significant low negative correlation between
endomorphy and vertical jump test (r=-0.395,
p<0.05) and a significant positive correlation
between endomorphy and 20m. sprint test (p<0.01).
Meanwhile mesomorphy component had low
negative correlation with all the other tests except
20m sprint (r=0.353) and flexibility (r=0.233). There
was a significant positive correlation between
mesomorpy component and 20m. sprint test
(r=0.353, p<0.05). Ectomorphy component had low
negative correlation wiht all the other tests except
vertical jump (r=0.147) and visual reaction (r=0.197).
Ectomorphy component had low negative
correlations (r=-0.046 to -0.334) with majority of
physical fitness tests in 10-11 aged girls.
In 8-9 age group there was a low negative
correlation between endomorphy component and
hand strength (-0,030), flexibility (-0,010) and visual
reaction tests (-0,126). Meanwhile mesomorphy
component had a low negative correlation with
[83]
DISCUSSION
When the same children were followed
longitudinally they were categorized as either
mesomorph-ectomorph, mesomorphıc-ectomorph or
balanced ectomorph (Monyeki et. al. 2002). They are
different from 10-years old Nigerian girls, who were
more endomorphic. The mean somatotype of Ellisras
rural girls differs from the Belgian girls who showed
an increased dominance in both endomorphy and
ectomorphy and decrease in mesomorphy
(Hebbelinck 1995).
Physical fitness tests have been used as
criterion measures in studying the relationships
between somatotype and performance. Test of
strength, endurance and speed are more highly
related to somatotype than tests of flexibility,
balance, eye-hand coordination or speed of limb
movement, especially at the extremes of physical
performance (Raudsepp and Jürimae 1996, Beunen
et. al. 1985, Carter 1990).
In this study; in performance tests according
to age groups, flexibility abilities decreased with age
while 20m sprint, vertical jump, hand strength, visual
and audio reaction abilities increased (Table-5). In 67 age groups, endomorphy, mesomorphy and
ectomorphy components had low negative
correlation (r=-0.012 to -0.423) with majority
physical fitness tests in girls. There was a significant
negative correlation between only endomorphy and
vertical jump (r=-0.311, p<0.05) and flexibility tests
(r=-0.423, p<0.01). Endomorphy, mesomorphy and
ectomorphy components had low negative
correlation (r=-0.022 to -0.159) with majority
physical fitness tests in 7-8 age groups too. But there
was a significant correlation between only hand
strenght and endomorphy (r=0.520, p<0.01),
mesomorphy (r=0.466, p<0.01) and ectomorphy (r=0.346, p<0.01). There was a significant correlation
between ectomorphy and vertical jump test
(r=0.267, p<0.05). Endomorphy, mesomorphy and
ectomorphy components had low and negative
correlation (r=-0.004 to -0.218) with majority
physical fitness tests in 8-9 age groups too. But there
was a significant correlation between only audio
reaction test and ectomorphy (r=0.291, p<0.05). In 910 age groups, endomorpy, mesomorphy and
ectomorphy components had low negative
correlation (r=-0.004 to -0.397) with majority
physical fitness tests. There was a significant
between endomorphy and 20m. sprint (r=0.282,
p<0.05), vertical jump (r=-0.322, p<0.05), flexibility
tests (r=-0.366, p<0.01); mesomorphy and vertical
jump test (r=-0.397, p<0.01); ectomorphy and
In this study, descriptive statistics by age are
summarized in table 1. The BMI increases regularly
from 6-11 years in ages groups from 17.09-19.10
2
kg/m . According to anthropometric measurements;
skinfold, bone diameters and girths measurements
increases regularly from 6-11 years in ages groups
(Table 2,3).
In this study somatotype values were
changed by age groups. Mesomorphy component
was dominant in age groups between 6-7 years and
7-8 years. Endomorphy component was dominant in
age groups between 8-9, 9-10 years and 10-11 years.
Carter provided a model of general pathway of
children’s somatotypes from infancy to adulthood
(Carter 1990).
Toriola and Igbokwe founded in their study,
that there were different from 10-years old Nigerian
girls (Toriola and Igbokwe 1985), who were more
endomorphic. In our study 8-9, 9-10 and 10-11-years
old girls were endomorph. According to the age
groups, somatotypes were found as follows: 6-7
years-old group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 7-8
years-old group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 8-9
years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph, 10-11
years-old group; mesomorphic-endomorph. Girls in
the present sample showed a similar pattern as
reported cross-sectionally by Monyeki et. al. (2002),
in that throughout the age groups, pre-school girls
tend to be dominant in mesomorphy and
ectomorphy but less preponderant in endomorphy.
[84]
vertical jump test (r=0.429, p<0.01). In 10-11 age
groups, endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy
components had low negative correlation (r=-0.017
to -0.395) with majority physical fitness tests. There
was a significant between endomorphy and 20m.
sprint (r=0.424, p<0.01) and vertical jump (r=-0.395,
p<0.01) tests. There was a significant between
mesomorphy and 20m. sprint test (r=0.353, p<0.05).
According to the calculations in this study,
somatotypes were found as follows: 6-7 years-old
group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 7-8 years-old
group; endomorphic-mesomorph, 8-9 years-old
group; mesomorphic-endomorph, 9-10 years-old
group; mesomorphic-endomorph, 10-11 years-old
group; mesomorphic-endomorph.
The results of the study show that, there are
some significant correlations between somatotype
and some of the physical fitness tests. In each age
group different findings were observed according to
these relations. Endomorphy showed significant
relations with some of the tests in age goups 6-7, 78, 9-10 and 10-11, mesoporhy had significant
relations with some of the physical fitness tests in
age groups 7-8, 9-10, 10-11, while ectomorphy had
significant correlations in age groups in age groups 78, 8-9, 9-10.
The results of the present and previous
studies clearly indicate that somatotypes as the
reflection of children’s physique is a acceptable
predictor to explain differences in physical fitness of
children. Several environmental factors such as
physical activity, influence of parents, teachers etc.
must also be considered in attempting to explain
differences in physical fitness of children.
CONCLUSION
In this study somatotype values were
changed by age groups. Mesomorphy component
was dominant in age groups between 6-7 years and
7-8 years. Endomorphy component was dominant in
age groups between 8-9, 9-10 years and 10-11 years.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wish to thank all
children, children’s parents and teachers of subjects
of this study, who have contributed to realization of
this study.
REFERENCES
4.
1.
2.
3.
8.
Avlonitou, E., (1994). Somatometric variables for
pre adolescent swimmers. Sports Medicine
Physiological Fitnes. 34:185-191.
Bale, P., Colley, E., Mayhew, J.L., Piper, F.C.,
Ware, J.S., (1994). Anthropometric and
somatotype variables related to strength in
American football players. Journal of Sports
Medicine Physiology. Fitness 34, 383–389.
Beunen, G., Claessens, M., Ostyn, R., Renson, J.,
Simons, D., Van Gevren, D., (1985). Children and
Exercise XI. Human Kinetics Publishers,
Champaign.
5.
6.
7.
Heath, B.H., Carter, J.E.L., (1967). A modified
somatotype method. American Journal of
Physical Anthropology. 27, 57–74.
9.
[85]
Carter,
J.E.L.,
(1990).
Somatotyping
Develeopment and Applications. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
Carter, J.E.L., Ross, D.W., Duquet, W., Aubry,
S.P., (1983). Advances in somatotype
methodology and analysis. Yearb. Physiologic
Anthropology. 26, 193–213.
Church JB, Wiggins MS, Moode FM, et al. (2001).
Effect of warm-up and flexibility treatments on
vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength
Condition Research. 15:332–6
Gualdi Russo, E., Zaccagni, L., (2001).
Somatotype, role and performance in elite
volleyball players. Jornal of Sports Medicine
Physiological Fitness 41, 256–262.
Hebbelinck, M., Duoquet, W., Borms, J., Carter,
J.E.L., (1995). Stability of somatotype: a
longitudinal study of Belgian children aged 6 to
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
17 years. American Journal of Human Biology;
7:575-588.
Lohman, T.G., Roche, A.F., Martorell, R., (1988).
Anthropometric
Standartization
Reference
Manual, 1-71.
Malina, R.M., (1975). Anthropometric correlates
of strength and motor performance. Exercise
Sport Science Review. 3, 249–274.
Monsma,
E.V.,
Malina,
R.M.,
(2005).
Anthropometry and somatotype of competitive
female figure skaters 11–22 years. Variation by
competitive level and discipline. Journal of
Sports Medicine Physiological Fitness 45, 491–
500.
Monyeki, K.D., Toriola, A.T., De Ridder, J.H.,
Kemper, C.G., Steyn, N,P., Nthangent, M.E.,
Twisk, J.W.R., Van Lenthe, F.J., (2002). Stability
of somatotypes in 4 to 10 year-old rural South
African girls. Annals of Human Biology; 29(1):3749.
Raudsepp, L., Jürimae, T., (1996). Somatotype
and physical fitness of prepubertal children,
Collegium Antropologicum. 20(1);53-59.
Shukla, M., Mitra, V., Mitra, M., (2009). A cross
sectional study of body composition,
somatotype and motor quality of rural and
urban boys of Chhattisgarh, l. Journal of Fitness
5:1-7.
Siders, W.E., Lukaski, H.C., Bolonchuk, W.W.,
(1993).
Relationships
among
swimming
performance, body composition and somatotype
in competitive collegiate swimmers. Journal of
Sports Medicine Physiological Fitness 33, 166–
171.
Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Misner, J.E.,
(1980). Association of somatotype and body
composition to physical performance in 7–12
year-old-girls. Journal of Sports Medicine. 20,
189–198.
Slaughter, M.H., Lohman, T.G., Misner, J.E.,
1977. Relationship of somatotype and body
composition to physical performance in 7–12year-old-boys. Research Quarterly. 48, 159–168.
19. Tomazo-Ravnik,
T.,
Kalan,
N.,
(2004).
Anthropometrical
characteristics,
body
composition and somatotype of elite swimmers
at the age of 10, 12 and 14 years. Biennal Books
of the European Anthropological Association,
3:77–86.
20. Toriola, A.L., Igbokwe, N.U., (1985). Relationship
between perceived physique and somatotypes
characteristics of 10 to 18 years old boys and
girls. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 60: 878-8.
21. Ventrella, A.R., Semproli, S., Jürimäe, J., Toselli,
S., Claessens, A.L., Jürimäe, T. and Brasili, P.
(2007). Somatotype in 6-11 year old Italian and
Estonian schoolchildren, Human Biology, 59,
383-396
22. Withers, R.T., Craig, N.P., Norton, K.I., (1986).
Somatotypes of South Australian male athletes.
Human Biology, 58, 337–356.
[86]