THEMES AND SOURCES
Remaking the Modern Body, 1543-1939
The body is at once the source of our most personal and individual experiences, and one of the
principal ways in which we display our membership of a particular culture located in time and
space. The paradox of the body is to be both timeless—the universal constant which is common
to every body throughout history—and profoundly historicised. This course addresses the transformations in knowing, representing and possessing the body over a period beginning with the
Renaissance reform of anatomy by Vesalius and his successors, and ending with the eugenic and
Utopian projects of the early twentieth century. En route, it takes in the questions of bodily
monstrosity as natural, political and scientific phenomenon; race, gender and class; social hygiene
and physical culture. Past practices of normalising, regulating, training and quantifying the body
are explored, as well as ways of inscribing and identifying it, from dress and photography to the
creation of the labouring body.
How should we approach the history of the body? Historians who have written about the body
have drawn upon a wide range of related disciplines: anthropology, sociology, the history of science and medicine, art, gender studies, disability studies, queer theory and postmodernism. It is
often those approaches which seem, on the face of it, to be the least concerned with the body as
such which have generated the most fruitful and thought-provoking approaches to the body, and
have allowed us to ‘get behind’ the apparently self-evident nature of the body as an historical object to reflections about symbolism, or about what underlies definitions of the ‘normal’, ‘healthy’,
or ‘beautiful’ body. While bodies are material, they are also very much creations of a particular
historical or geographical culture. Conventions for viewing, moulding and measuring the body
vary greatly in time and place, as do the conventions governing gesture and dress. Power is frequently displayed via the body, and the conventions for doing so are likewise highly mutable. In
the course we will explore some of these many roles that the body has possessed, and their significance. Should we speak of ‘the’ body or of bodies? What does it mean to have bodily standards and ideals to which individual bodies may aspire, or from which they differ? What are the
boundaries between normality and abnormality, health and sickness, beauty and ugliness, power
and weakness, and how have they been worked out in the past? And lastly, what is the relationship between the material reality of the body and its multiple symbolic roles?
Convenors
Dr Deborah Thom, Robinson College: dt111
Dr Emma Spary, History: ecs12
Prof Ulinka Rublack, History: ucr10
Note on the course
The essential reading for each class is asterisked, and this is all available on the course site on
Moodle (vie.cam.ac.uk). The asterisked texts are the minimum reading preparation for each session, and students are encouraged to read more widely. Some additional materials are also available on Moodle for further reading. For most classes, individual students will be invited to make a
presentation on a particular topic, and these additional readings form a good starting point.
1
Introductory reading
Over the Christmas vacation, students are asked to read the following in preparation for the start
of the course. Asterisked items are available in the General folder online:
*Porter, Roy, ‘History of the Body Reconsidered’, in Peter Burke (ed.), New Perspectives on Historical Writing (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 233-60.
*Turner, Bryan S., The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory (Oxford, 1984), pp. 1-9
*Lupton, Deborah, ‘The Body in Medicine’, in id., Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in
Western Societies (London, 1994), pp. 20-49
*Duden, Barbara, The Woman Beneath the Skin: A Doctor’s Patients in Eighteenth-Century Germany
(Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1991), pp. 1-31
*Fausto-Sterling, Anne, ‘How to Build a Man’, in Roger N. Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo
(eds.), The Gender/Sexuality Reader (New York and London, 1997), pp. 244-48
Also helpful:
Pitts, Victoria, In the Flesh (New York, 2003), chapter 1
Classes
*All classes will be held in the Faculty of History from 11:00-13:00*
Lent term
Wednesday 25 January:
Wednesday 8 February:
Wednesday 22 February:
Wednesday 8 March:
Easter term
Wednesday 3 May:
Wednesday 10 May:
Wednesday 17 May:
Wednesday 24 May:
Wednesday 31 May:
Class I: Anatomising the Body (Dr Spary)
Class II: Gender and Dress (Prof Rublack)
Class III: The Monstrous Body (Dr Spary)
Class IV: Sickness and Health (Dr Spary)
Class V: Normality and Standardisation (Dr Spary)
Class VI: Representing the Body (Dr Thom)
Class VII: Race and Empire (Dr Thom)
Class VIII: Degeneration (Dr Spary)
[Long essay class]
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I. Anatomising the body
a. What was at stake in the anatomical investigation of the body? How did the stakes change over
time?
b. What was the relationship between displaying and illustrating the body’s anatomy? What materials and media were used to do so, and why?
c. How did anatomical knowledge differ from everyday knowledge about the body?
Secondary reading
Andrea Carlino, Books of the Body: Anatomical Ritual and Renaissance Learning (Chicago, 1999)
Katharine Park, Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation, and the Origins of Human Dissection (2006)
Piers Mitchell, ed., Anatomical Dissection in Enlightenment England and Beyond (2013)
Katharine Park, ‘Holy Autopsies: Saintly Bodies and Medical Expertise, 1300-1600’, in Hairston
and Stephens, eds, The Body in Early Modern Italy (2010), pp. 61-73
Andrew Cunningham, ‘The End of the Sacred Ritual of Anatomy’, Canadian Bulletin of Medical
History 18.2 (2001): 187-204
Carin Berkowitz, ‘Systems of Display: The Making of Anatomical Knowledge in Enlightenment
Britain’, British Journal for the History of Science 46.3 (2013): 359-87
Fiona Hutton, The Study of Anatomy in Britain, 1700-1900 (London, 2013)
Jonathan Sawday, The Body Emblazoned: Dissection and the Human Body in Renaissance Culture (London and New York, 1995)
Francesco de Ceglia, ‘The Importance of Being Florentine: A Journey around the World for Wax
Anatomical Venuses’, Nuncius 26.1 (2011): 83-108
Joanna Ebenstein, ‘Ode to an Anatomical Venus’, Women’s Studies Quarterly 40.3-4 (2012): 346-52
Rebecca Messbarger, ‘The Re-Birth of Venus in Florence’s Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History’, Journal of the History of Collections 25.2 (2013): 195-215
Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute (London, 1987)
Anna Märker, ‘The Anatomical Models of La Specola’, Nuncius 21 (2006): 295-321
Anna Märker, Model Experts: Wax Anatomies and Enlightenment in Florence and Vienna, 1775-1815
(Manchester, 2011)
Dániel Margócsy, Commercial Visions: Science, Trade, and Visual Culture in the Dutch Golden Age (Chicago, 2014), Chapter 5
Francesco de Ceglia, ‘Rotten Corpses’, Perspectives on Science 14 (2006): 417-56
Gianna Pomata, ‘Malpighi and the Holy Body’ and Lucia Dacome, ‘Women, Wax and Anatomy’,
both in Renaissance Studies 21 (2007)
Vivian Nutton, ‘Books, Printing and Medicine in the Renaissance’, Medicina nei Secoli 17 (2005):
421-42
Luke Wilson, ‘William Harvey’s ‘Prelectiones’’, Representations 17 (1987): 62-95
Jole Shackelford, William Harvey and the Mechanics of the Heart (Oxford, 2003)
Thomas Wright, Circulation: William Harvey’s Revolutionary Idea (London, 2012)
Roger French, Dissection and Vivisection in the European Renaissance (Brookfield, Vt., 1999)
Daniel Margocsy, ‘Advertising Cadavers in the Republic of Letters’, British Journal for the History of
Science 42 (2009): 187-211
Mark Kidd, ‘Frederik Ruysch: Master Anatomist and Depictor of the Surreality of Death’, Journal
of Medical Biography 7 (1999): 69-77
Bert van de Roemer, ‘From Vanitas to Veneration: The Embellishments in the Anatomical Cabinet of Frederik Ruysch’, Journal of the History of Collections 22.2 (2009): 169-186
Luuc Kooijmans, Death Defied: The Anatomy Lessons of Frederik Ruysch (Leiden, 2011)
Rina Knoeff, ‘The Visitor’s View: Early Modern Tourism and the Polyvalence of Anatomical
Exhibits’, in Lissa Roberts et al., eds., Centres and Cycles of Accumulation In and Around the Netherlands in the Early Modern Period (Berlin, 2011), pp. 155-75
3
Elizabeth Stephens, Anatomy as a Spectacle: Public Exhibitions of the Body from 1700 to the Present (Liverpool, 2001)
Andrew Cunningham, The Anatomist Anatomis'd: An Experimental Discipline in Enlightenment Europe
(Farnham, 2010)
Andrew Cunningham, The Anatomical Renaissance: The Resurrection of the Anatomical Projects of the Ancients (Brookfield, 1997)
Sachiko Kusukawa, Picturing the Book of Nature: Image, Text, and Argument in Sixteenth-Century Human
Anatomy and Medical Botany (Chicago, 2012), part III
Roberts, K. B. and J. D. W. Tomlinson, The Fabric of the Body: European Traditions of Anatomical Illustrations (Oxford and New York, 1992)
Andrea Carlino, ‘Anatomical Theaters’ and Anita Guerrini, ‘Anatomy’, in John Heilbron, ed., The
Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science (Oxford and New York, 2003), pp. 24-27
Andrew Cunningham, ‘The Kinds of Anatomy’, online at
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC1081606/pdf/medhist00116-0005.pdf
Primary reading
Anatomy as the renewal of Western knowledge
*Andreas Vesalius, De humanis corpore fabrica, 1543: complete text online at
http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/flash.html. Read the dedication, ‘To the Divine Charles V’.
Baldasar Heseler, Andreas Vesalius’ First Public Anatomy at Bologna, 1540 (Uppsala, 1959), pp. 8589.
[Note: The introduction and notes by Vivian Nutton are useful, as also:
Vivian Nutton, ‘Vesalius Revised. His Annotations to the 1555 Fabrica’, Medical History 56 (2012):
415-43.]
Rembrandt, ‘The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp’, 1632
*The Leiden anatomy theatre—Image
Read: *Andrew Wear, ‘Anatomy’, in Lawrence Conrad et al., eds., The Western
Medical Tradition, vol. 1 (Cambridge 1995), pp. 273-292.
Body politics
*William Harvey, Anatomical Disputation Concerning the Movement of the Heart (1628), pp. 3-7, 88-95
Portrait of William Petty as a young anatomist in Oxford, by Isaac Fuller, 1649-1650.
Claude Perrault, Memoirs for a Natural History of Animals (1688)
Read: *Christopher Hill, ‘William Harvey and the Idea of Monarchy’, in Charles
Webster, ed., The Intellectual Revolution of the Seventeenth Century (London,
1974), pp. 160-81. You may also wish to read Gweneth Whitteridge’s response,
‘William Harvey: A Royalist and No Parliamentarian’, in ibid., pp. 182-88.
Dissection, resurrection and order
*Frederik Ruysch’s collection: http://morbidanatomy.blogspot.com/2010/01/announcing-newvirtual-museum-dedicated.html
La Specola: http://www.flickr.com/photos/curiousexpeditions/sets/72157601024708301/
Read: *Julie Hansen, ‘Resurrecting Death’, The Art Bulletin 78.4 (1996): 663-679;
Cynthia Klestinec, ‘Civility, Comportment, and the Anatomy Theater’, Renaissance Quarterly 60 (2007): 434-63
4
II. Monstrous bodies
a. What does the maternal imagination debate tell us about changing views of women’s power
over their bodies?
b. How would you characterise the changes that occurred in explanations of monsters from the
sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries?
c. What was the relationship between monstrosity as a natural, supernatural and political fact?
Secondary reading
Marie-Hélène Huet, Monstrous Imagination (Cambridge, Mass., 1993)
Marie-Hélène Huet, Vernacular Bodies (Oxford, 2004)
Antoine de Baecque, Glory and Terror: Seven Deaths under the French Revolution (New York, 2001)
Margrit Shildrick, ‘Maternal Imagination: Reconceiving First Impressions’, Rethinking History 4
(2000): 243-60
Philip Wilson, ‘Eighteenth-Century ‘Monsters’ and Nineteenth-Century ‘Freaks’: Reading the
Maternally Marked Child’, Literature and Medicine 21.1 (2002): 1-25
Jetze Touber, ‘Stones of Passion: Stones in the Internal Organs as Liminal Phenomena between
Medical and Religious Knowledge in Renaissance Italy’, Journal of the History of Ideas, 74.1 (2013):
23-44
Margrit Shildrick, Embodying the Monster: Encounters with the Vulnerable Self (London, 2002)
James Aubrey, ‘Revising the Monstrous’, Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 23 (1993): 75-91
Javier Moscoso, ‘Monsters as Evidence’, Journal of the History of Biology 31 (1998): 355-82
A. Curran and P. Graille, ‘The Faces of Eighteenth Century Monstrosity’, Eighteenth-Century Life
21.2 (1997): 1-15
Dudley Wilson, Signs and Portents: Monstrous Births from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment (London
and New York, 1993)
H. L. Baumgartner and D. Roger, eds., Hosting the Monster (Amsterdam, 2008)
T. S. Jones and D. A Sprunger, eds., Marvels, Monsters and Miracles: Studies in the Medieval and Early
Modern Imaginations (Kalamazoo, 2002)
J. Crawford, Marvelous Protestantism: Monstrous Births in Post-Reformation England (Baltimore, 2005)
Jennifer Spinks, ‘Monstrous Births and Counter-Reformation Visual Polemics: Johann Nas and
the 1569 Ecclesia Militans’, Sixteenth-Century Journal 40.2 (2009): 335-63
William Burns, An Age of Wonders: Prodigies, Politics and Providence in England 1657-1727 (Manchester, 2002)
R. Hsia, ‘A Time for Monsters: Monstrous Births, Propaganda and the German Reformation’, in
Laura Lunger Knoppers and Joan Landes, eds., Monstrous Bodies: Political Monstrosities in Early Modern Europe (London, 2004)
Katherine Brammall, ‘Monstrous Metamorphosis: Nature, Morality, and the Rhetoric of Monstrosity in Tudor England’, The Sixteenth Century Journal 27 (1996): 3-21
Ronald Paulson, ‘Gillray: The Ambivalence of the Political Cartoonist’, in J. D. Browning, ed.,
Satire in the 18th Century (New York, 1983)
Asa Simon Mittman and Peter Dendle, eds., Ashgate Research Companion to Monsters and the Monstrous (Farnham, 2012), esp. chapter by S. Davies, pp. 49-75
Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature (New York, 1998)
Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, ‘Unnatural Conceptions’, Past and Present 92 (1981): 20-54
Jane Shaw, ‘Mary Toft’, Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 32 (2009): 321-39
Dennis Todd, Imagining Monsters: Miscreations of the Self in Eighteenth-Century England (Chicago, 1995)
Lisa Foreman Cody, ‘’The Doctor’s in Labour’, Gender and History 4 (1992): 175-96
Sadiah Qureshi, ‘Displaying Sara Baartman, the ‘Hottentot Venus’’, History of Science 42 (2004):
233-57
Alice Dreger, ‘The Limits of Individuality’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 29C (1998): 1-29
5
Kathleen P. Long, Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe (Aldershot, 2006)
Mary P. Sheriff, ‘Woman? Hermaphrodite? History Painter? On the Self-Imaging of Élisabeth
Vigée-Lebrun’, The Eighteenth Century 35 (1994): 3-27
Elizabeth Colwill, ‘Pass as a Woman, Act Like a Man: Marie Antoinette as Tribade in the Pornography of the French Revolution’, in Dena Goodman, ed., Marie Antoinette: Writings on the Body
of a Queen (London, 2003)
Robert Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago, 1988)
Kevin Stagg, ‘Representing Physical Difference’, in David M. Turner and Kevin Stagg (eds.), Social Histories of Disability and Deformity (London, 2006), pp. 19-38
Rosemarie Garland Thomson, ‘Theorizing Disability’, in David Theo Goldberg and Ato Quayson, eds., Relocating Postcolonialism (Oxford, 2002), pp. 231-269
Lisa A. Kochanek, ‘Reframing the Freak From Sideshow to Science’, Victorian Periodicals Review
30.3 (1997): 227-43
Jetze Touber, ‘Stones of Passion: Stones in the Internal Organs as Liminal Phenomena between
Medical and Religious Knowledge in Renaissance Italy’, Journal of the History of Ideas 74.1 (2013):
23-44
Paul Hunter (ed.), Frankenstein: The 1818 Text (New York, 1996)
Sarah Mitchell, ‘From ‘Monstrous’ to ‘Abnormal’: the Case of Conjoined Twins in the Nineteenth Century,’ in Waltraud Ernst, ed., Histories of the Normal and the Abnormal: Social and Cultural
Histories of Norms and Normativity (London, 2006)
Michel Foucault, Abnormal: Lectures at the Collège de France 1974-1975 (London, 2003)
Primary reading
The monster as natural fact
*Ambroise Paré, On Monsters and Marvels (1573) (Chicago, 1982), pp. 8-43
Fortunio Liceti, De monstrorum caussis, natura, et differentiis libri duo (1634) (Amsterdam, 1665), p. 90:
Plate showing conjoined twins
Joseph Kahn, The Heteradelph; or, Double-Bodied Boy, Introduced to the Public at Dr. Kahn’s Museum
(London, [c. 1860])
August Förster, Die Missbildungen des Menschen. Atlas (Jena, 1865). Vol. 2, plate II showing conjoined twins
Read: *A.W. Bates, Emblematic monsters: unnatural conceptions and deformed
births in early modern Europe (Amsterdam, 2005), Chapter 2
The monster as Other
Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (1555):
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/munster/india/aa_india.html
The Miracle of Miracles. London, c. 1715
*The Wonder of Wonders. Ipswich, c. 1726
Image ‘A Man-Mid-Wife’, eighteenth-century caricature on ‘man-midwifery’ or male childbirth
attendants
Read: *Philip Wilson, ‘Out of Sight, Out of Mind?’, Annals of Science 49 (1992):
63-85; Anne Fausto-Sterling, ‘Gender, Race, and Nation. The Comparative Anatomy of ‘Hottentot’ Women in Europe, 1815-1817’, in Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline
Urla, eds., Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science and
Popular Culture (Bloomington, 1995), pp. 19-48
Political monsters
Image from Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, or, The matter, forme, & power of a common-wealth ecclesiasticall
and civill (1651): frontispiece
6
*Anon., The Famous tragedie of the life and death of Mris. Rump, 1660 [Access via University Library
databases service, EEBO (Early English Books Online)]
*Caricatures of the French Royal family as pigs, 1790s
Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (1818) (Boston and New York, 2000), pp. 56-95
Read: *Joan B. Landes, ‘Revolutionary Anatomies’ in Laura Lunger Knoppers
and Joan B. Landes (eds.), Monstrous Bodies/Political Monstrosities in Early
Modern Europe (Ithaca, 2004), pp. 148-176; Mark Neocleous, ‘The Monstrous
Multitude: Edmund Burke’s Political Teratology’, Contemporary Political Theory
3.1 (2004): 70-88
7
III. Gender and the visualisation of dress
a. To what extent did dress shape and constitute early modern bodies?
b. How did gender norms interact with dress?
c. How was natural nudity contrasted to dress as civilisational code?
Sexing the body through dress
*Images: The Fugger accountant Matthäus Schwarz, Ulinka Rublack, Maria Hayward eds., The
First Book of Fashion: The Book of Clothes of Matthaeus and Veit Konrad Schwarz, London: Bloomsbury
2015, in the Seeley library
for a reconstruction see First Book of Fashion film in youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91hysO_suRo
Read: *Ulinka Rublack, Dressing Up: Cultural Identity in Renaissance Europe
(2010), ch.2 on Matthäus Schwarz (PDF); Valentin Groebner, ‘Inside Out:
Clothes, Dissimulation, and the Arts of Accounting in the Autobiography of Matthäus Schwarz, 1496-1574’, Representations 66 (Spring 1999): 100-21; Timothy
McCall, ‘Brilliant Bodies: Material Culture and the Adornment of Men in Italian
Quattrocento Courts’, I Tatti Studies (2013) (PDF); Evelyn Welch, ‘Art on the
Edge: Hair and Hands in Renaissance Italy’, Renaissance Studies 23 (2009): 24168
Interpreting the veil
*Images: Christoph Weiditz, Manuscript of Costumes c. 1530
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trachtenbuch_des_Christoph_Weiditz
Read: Laura R. Bass, Amanda Wunder: The Veiled Ladies of the Early Modern
Spanish World: Seduction and Scandal in Seville, Madrid, Hispanic Review, Vol.
77, No. 1, Re-Envisioning Early Modern Iberia: Visuality, Materiality, History
(Winter, 2009), pp. 97-144; Susanna Burghartz, 'Covered Women? Veiling in Early
Modern Europe', History Workshop Journal 30 (2015) (PDFS)
National bodies and gendered civility in costume books
*Images: Europeans in Cesare Vecellio’s costume book
Read: Stephanie Leith, ‘Burgkmair’s People of Africa and India (1508) and the
Origins of Ethnography in Print’, Art Bulletin, 91 (2009); Margaret F. Rosenthal and
Ann Rosalind Jones, eds., Cesare Vecellio’s Habiti Antichi et Moderni: The
Clothing of the Renaissance World (2008), available as PDF
8
IV. The body in sickness and in health
a. How does the experience of disease in the past compare with that of today?
b. Why have certain diseases assumed particular importance at certain times?
c. Was ‘disease’ always defined by doctors?
Secondary reading
Michael Worboys, Spreading Germs: Disease Theories and Medical Practice in Britain, 1865-1900 (Cambridge, 2000)
Deborah Lupton, Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Cultures (London, 1994).
Roy Porter, Blood and Guts: A Short History of Medicine (London, 2003), Chapter 4
S. Burrell and G. Gill, ‘The Liverpool Cholera Epidemic of 1832’, Journal of the History of Medicine
and Allied Sciences 60.4 (2005): 478-98
H. L. Platt, ‘From Hygeia to the Garden City’, Journal of Urban History 33.5 (2007): 756-72
Charles Rosenberg and Janet Golden, eds., Framing Disease (1992)
George Sebastian Rousseau, et al., eds., Framing and Imagining Disease in Cultural History (New
York, 2003)
Caroline Hannaway, ‘Environment and Miasmata’, in William F. Bynum and Roy Porter (eds.),
Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, 2 vol. (London, 1993), I: 292-308
David Barnes, The Great Stink of Paris and the Nineteenth-Century Struggle against Filth and Disease (Baltimore, 2006)
David Armstrong, ‘Bodies of Knowledge, Knowledge of Bodies’, in Colin Jones and Roy Porter,
eds., Reassessing Foucault: Power, Medicine and the Body (London, 1994)
Mary Fissell, ‘The Disappearance of the Patient’s Narrative and Invention of Hospital Medicine’,
in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age of Reform (London, 1991)
Jacalyn Duffin, ‘Private Practice and Public Research’, in Ann LaBerge and Mordechai Feingold
(eds.), French Medical Culture in the Nineteenth Century (Amsterdam, 1994), pp. 118-48
Michael Worboys, ‘Medical Perspectives on Health and Disease’, in Michael Sappol and Stephen
Rice (eds.), A Cultural History of the Human Body in the Age of Empire (Oxford, 2010, Chapter 3).
Deborah Brunton (ed.), Medicine Transformed: Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1800-1930 (Manchester University Press, 2004)
Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey, Healthy Living in Late Renaissance Italy (Oxford, 2013)
Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey, eds., In Good Health: The Non-Naturals in Early Modern Culture and
Society (2014)
Primary reading
Lifestyles
*William Vaughan, Directions for health, naturall and artificiall (London, 1626), pp. 1-13, 145-153,
165-69
Bernard Mandeville, A Treatise of the Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions (London, 1711), pp. 1-18
*William Cadogan, A Dissertation on the gout (London, 1771), pp. 32-43
Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘A Vindication of Natural Diet’ (London, 1813)
Anon., The Hand-book for the Sea-side, for the Invalid and Convalescent (London and Liverpool, 1857),
pp. 8-25
Read: *Robert Jütte, ‘The Social Construction of Illness in the Early Modern Period’, in Jens Lachmund and Gunnar Stollberg (eds.), The Social Construction of
Illness (Stuttgart, 1992), pp. 23-38; Antoinette Emch-Dériaz, ‘The Non-Naturals
Made Easy’, in Roy Porter (ed.), The Popularization of Medicine 1650-1850 (1992),
pp. 134-159; Roy Porter, ‘Gout: Framing and Fantasising Disease’, Bulletin of the
History of Medicine 68 (1994): 1-28; Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey, Healthy
Living in Late Renaissance Italy (Oxford, 2013), *chapter 4
9
Penetrating the body’s interior
*Fanny Burney, autobiographical account of a breast cancer operation. From her Selected letters
and Journals (Oxford, 1986)
*René-Hyacinthe Laënnec, A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest (London, 1827), pp. 4-8
*Image: [William Heath,] ‘Microcosm Dedicated to the London Water Companies. Monster
Soup Commonly Called Thames Water, Being a Correct Representation of that Precious Stuff
Doled Out to Us’, c. 1830s
Arthur Hill Hassall, The Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Body, in Health and Disease (London,
1846-1848). Part IV, plate XIII: images of pus
Lionel Beale, Disease Germs; Their Real Nature (London, 1870), pp. 1-6, 72-79
*George Bernard Shaw, The Doctors Dilemma (London, 1906) (extracts)
Read: *Stephen Jacyna, ‘The Localization of Disease’, in Deborah Brunton, ed.,
Medicine Transformed: Health, Disease and Society in Europe 1800-1930 (Manchester, 2004), pp. 1-30; Nancy Tomes, The Gospel of Germs: Men, Women, and
the Microbe in American Life (Cambridge, Mass., 1998), pp. 23-47; William
Bynum, The History of Medicine (Oxford, 2008), Chapter 4
10
V. Normal and quantified bodies
a. What was at stake in the invention of the ‘average’ body?
b. Describe the characteristics of the industrial body.
c. How have quantification and measurement been used to create social hierarchies?
Secondary reading
Richard Gillispie, ‘Industrial Fatigue and the Discipline of Physiology’, in Gerry Geison (ed.),
Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940 (Bethesda, Maryland, 1987), pp. 237-62
Peter Wagner, ‘‘An Entirely New Object of Consciousness, of Volition, of Thought’: The Coming Into Being and (Almost) Passing Away of ‘Society’ as a Scientific Object,’ in Lorraine Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago, 2000)
Carol Blum, Strength in Numbers: Population, Reproduction, and Power in Eighteenth-Century France (Baltimore, 2002)
Carolina Armenteros, ‘From Human Nature to Normal Humanity: Joseph de Maistre, Rousseau,
and the Origins of Moral Statistics’, Journal of the History of Ideas 68.1 (2007): 107-30
Libby Schweber, Disciplining Statistics: Demography and Vital Statistics in France and England, 18301885 (Durham, 2006)
Ted McCormick, ‘Political Arithmetic and Sacred History: Population Thought in the English
Enlightenment, 1660-1750’, Journal of British Studies 52.4 (2013): 829-57
G. Canguilhem, The Normal and the Pathological (New York, 1989)
Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning (Cambridge, 2002)
Pierre Lascoumes and Patrick Lecales, ‘Introduction: Understanding Public Policy through Its
Instruments’, Governance 20.1 (2007): 1-21
(http://graduateinstitute.ch/webdav/site/developpement/shared/developpement/cours/Atelie
r_Politiques_Publiques/PP%20legales-Lascoumes.pdf)
Nick Cullather, ‘The Foreign Policy of the Calorie’, American Historical Review 112.2 (2007)
Martin S. Staum, Nature and Nurture in the French Social Sciences, 1859-1914 and Beyond (Montreal
and Kingston, 2011)
Frederic L. Holmes, Claude Bernard and Animal Chemistry (1974), Chapter 1
M. Norton Wise, ‘Work and Waste: Political Economy and Natural Philosophy in NineteenthCentury Britain (III)’. History of Science 28 (1990): 221-61
Michael Hagner, ‘Skulls, Brains, and Memorial Culture’, Science in Context 16 (2003): 195-218
Michael Hagner, ‘Prolegomena to a History of Radical Brains in the Nineteenth Century: Physiognomics, Phrenology, Brain Anatomy’, Physis 36.2 (1999): 321-38
Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York, 1981)
Alice L. Conklin, In the Museum of Man: Race, Anthropology, and Empire in France, 1850-1950 (Ithaca
and London, 2013)
Robert A. Nye, ‘Heredity or Milieu: The Foundations of Modern European Criminological Theory’, Isis 67.3 (1976): 335-55
Robert A. Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics in Modern France: The Medical Concept of National Decline
(Princeton, N.J., 1984)
Susanne Regener, ‘Criminological Museums and the Visualization of Evil’, Crime, Histoire et Sociétés 7.1 (2003): 43-56
Richard Jensen, ‘Criminal Anthropology and Anarchist Terrorism in Spain and Italy’, Mediterranean Historical Review 16.2 (2001): 31-44
Patrizia Guarnieri, ‘Alienists on Trial: Conflict and Convergence between Psychiatry and Law
(1876-1913)’, History of Science 29.4 (1991): 393-410
David Forgacs, ‘Building the Body of the Nation: Lombroso’s ‘L’Antisemitismo’ and Fin-deSiecle Italy’, Jewish Culture & History 6.1 (2003): 96-110
Zachary R. Hagins, ‘Fashioning the ‘Born Criminal’ on the Beat: Juridical Photography and the
Police municipale in Fin-de-Siècle Paris’, Modern & Contemporary France 21.3 (2013): 281-96
11
Mary Gibson, Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology (2002)
Mary Gibson, ‘On the Insensitivity of Women: Science and the Woman Question in Liberal Italy, 1890-1910’, Journal of Women’s History 2.2 (1990): 11-41
Nicholas Dobelbower, ‘The Arts and Science of Criminal Man in Fin-de-Siecle France’, Proceedings of the Western Society for French History 34 (2006): 205-216, available at:
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/p/pod/dod-idx/arts-and-science-of-criminal-man-in-fin-desiecle-france.pdf?c=wsfh;idno=0642292.0034.013
Peter Becker, ‘Changing Images: The Criminal as Seen by the German Police in the Nineteenth
Century’, History of European Ideas 19 (1994): 79-86
Peter D’Agostino, ‘Craniums, Criminals, and the ‘Cursed Race’: Italian Anthropology in American Racial Thought, 1861-1924’, Comparative Studies in Society & History 44.2 (2002): 319-44
Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder, c. 1848-c.1918 (Cambridge, 1989)
Simon A. Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (Cambridge,
Mass., 2001)
Daniel Mark Vyleta, ‘Was Early Twentieth-Century Criminology a Science of the Other? A ReEvaluation of Austro-German Criminological Debates’, Cultural and Social History 3 (2006): 40623
Michel Foucault, Abnormal (London, 2003)
Eileen Magnello, ‘The Introduction of Mathematical Statistics into Medical Research’, in Eileen
Magnello and Anne Hardy (eds.), The Road to Medical Statistics (Amsterdam and New York, 2002),
pp. 95-123
Ted Porter, Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life (Princeton, 1995)
Tom Crook and Glen O’Hara, eds., Statistics and the Public Sphere: Numbers and the People in Modern
Britain (New York and Abingdon, 2011), especially essays by Porter, King and Thompson
Joshua Cole, The Power of Large Numbers: Population, Politics, and Gender in Nineteenth-Century France
(Ithaca, 2000)
Harvey Goldstein, ‘Francis Galton, measurement, psychometrics and social progress’, in Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 19 (2012): 147-58
Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge, 1990)
Primary reading
Economic diet
*Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, extract from Essay on Food (1795). Whole document
online at http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/1025/pg1025.html
Justus von Liebig, Animal Chemistry, or Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Physiology and Pathology
(London, 1842), pp. 1-38
*Max Rubner, Die Gesetze des Energieverbrauchs bei der Ernährung (‘The Laws of Energy
Consumption in Nutrition’) (Leipzig and Vienna, 1902), pp. 1-4
Read: *Dietrich Milles, ‘Working Capacity and Caloric Consumption: The History of Rational Physical Economy’, in Harmke Kamminga and Andrew Cunningham (eds.), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995),
pp. 75-96; Sandra Sherman, Imagining Poverty (2001), Chapter 5
Quantifying, identifying and classifying
Lambert-Adolphe Quetelet, A Treatise on Man and the Development of his Faculties (1868) (Gainesville, 1969), pp.v-x, 5-9
*Cesare Lombroso, Criminal Man, extracts from edns. 1 (1876) and 3 (1884) (Durham and London, 2006), pp. 50-57, 301-5
Francis Galton, Finger Prints (London, 1892), pp. 147-69
*Francis Galton, On the Anthropometric Laboratory at the Late International Health Exhibition (London,
1885)
12
Read: *David G. Horn, The Criminal Body: Lombroso and the Anatomy of Deviance (New York, 2003), Chapter 2; Chris Renwick, ‘From Political Economy to
Sociology: Francis Galton and the Socio-Scientific Origins of Eugenics’, British
Journal for the History of Science 44 (2011): 343-69
Industrial bodies
Image: Lavoisier, Mme Lavoisier and Armand Séguin experimenting on respiration and heat exchange (c. 1790)
*Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) (London, 1993), pp. 53-70
Hartley W. Barclay, Ford Production Methods (New York and London, 1936), pp. 6, 101, 112
Read: *Anson Rabinbach, The Human Motor: Energy, Fatigue, and the Origins
of Modernity (Berkeley, 1990), pp. 1-18
13
VI. Representing the body
a. How far do visual images express the nation as a function of embodiment?
b. How far do portraits demonstrate changing ideas of gender?
c. Do we see a transformation of sensibility in the mid nineteenth century?
d. How far does the dead body become hidden from view in the twentieth century?
Secondary reading
Peter Burke, Eyewitnessing (2001), Chapter 1, pp. 21-33.
Read: *Martin Kemp and Marina Wallace, Spectacular Bodies (2000), pp. 94-147
Chris Lawrence, ‘Medical minds, surgical bodies’ in C. Lawrence and S. Shapin (eds.), Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge (Chicago, 1998)
Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection and the Destitute (2001), Chapter 1: ‘The Corpse and Popular
Culture’
Sarah Toulalan, et al, Bodies, Sex and Desire from the Renaissance to the Present (2011), introduction
Vic Gatrell, City of Laughter (2006), introduction, ‘Lady Worsley’s Bottom’, pp. 1-20
Marcia Pointon, Hanging the Head: Portraiture and Social Formation in Eighteenth Century England
(1993), introduction
Kathleen Adler and Marcia Pointon, eds., The Body Imaged: The Human Form and Visual Culture
Since the Renaissance (Cambridge, 1993)
Marcia Pointon, Naked Authority: The Body in Western Painting 1830-1908 (Cambridge, 1990)
Primary sources
1. ‘The gate of Calais’ (‘O the roast beef of old England’), by C. Mosley after Hogarth. In James
Heath, The works of William Hogarth (London, 1848) L0005791 Wellcome Library, London
2. A drunken party with men smoking, sleeping and falling to the floor. Engraving by W. Hogarth, 1731, after himself. 0019069 Wellcome Library, London
3. William Hogarth, ‘The Harlot’s Progress’
4. Holloway Sanatorium Hospital for the Insane, Virginia Water, Surrey: Females no. 11, Certified female patients admitted May 1898 - May 1899. Constance Butterworth Page 7 L0028641
WMS 5159, Archives & Manuscripts,Wellcome Library, London
Portrait of 22 year old female mental patient - erotomania. 2nd edition, Plate 29
Alexander Morison, The Physiognomy of Mental Diseases (London, 1843) (1-4. Copyrighted work,
available under Creative Commons)
5. Phiz, ‘Caricature of poor people coming to a workhouse to get food’. Engraving, James Grant,
‘Sketches in London’ (London, c.1840), facing p. 244
6. Extracts from the report of the Children’s Employment Commission, Printed evidence to the
Children's Employment Commission (British Parliamentary Papers, 1842, vols. XV, XVI, XVII) available online at http://www.britishorigins.com/BritishOrigins/galleryemployment/ChildrensEmployment.aspx
7. Jacques-Louis David, The Sabine Women Enforcing Peace by Running Between the Combatants (also
known as The Intervention of the Sabine Women), 1799. Louvre Museum
8. Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, Belgium
9. Robert Capa, Death of a Republican Soldier, first published 1936
10. Francisco Goya, naked and clothed Maja, Museo del Prado Madrid. Painted 1797-1800
11. Edouard Manet, Olympia (1863), Musee d’Orsay Paris. Acquired for the nation 1890
12. Eugen Sandow, ‘Life Is Movement; the Physical Reconstruction and Regeneration of the
People (A Diseaseless World)’ The Family Encyclopaedia of Health, p. 47
13. Two views of a female acrobat. La Senorita Barcaronow. La culture physique (c. 1906)
14
14. Ministry of National Service, ‘Specimens of Men in Each of the Four Grades. 1917 – 1918’
Report by the Ministry of National Service on the physical examination of men of military age by National Service Medical Boards, Nov 1917-Oct 1918. PP (Parliamentary papers), Cmd 504, 1919, XXV1
15. Prof W. G. Houston War Budget 1917; Choisy and Les psychoneuroses de guerre
16. Andre Adolphe Eugene Disderi, Dead Communards (1871)
Further reading
P. Barlow, ‘Facing the Past and Present: The National Portrait Gallery and the Search for ‘Authentic’ Portraiture’, in Portraiture: Facing the Subject, ed. J. Woodall, (Manchester, 1997)
Clare Brock, ‘The Lancet and the Campaign Against Women Doctors, 1860-1880’, in Amanda
Mordavsky Caleb, ed., (Re)Creating Science in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Newcastle, 2007), pp. 13045
Hilary Marland (with Vicky Long), ‘From Danger and Motherhood to Health and Beauty: Health
Advice for the Factory Girl in Early Twentieth-Century Britain’, Twentieth-Century British History
20 (2009): 454-81
Sarah Toulalan, Imagining Sex: Pornography and Bodies in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford University Press, 2007)
The Routledge History of Sex and the Body in the West, 1500 to the Present (London, 2011)
Naomi Baker, Plain Ugly: The Unattractive Body in Early Modern Culture (Manchester, 2010)
Lara Perry, History’s Beauties: Women and the National Portrait Gallery, 1856–1900 (2006)
K. Retford, The Art of Domestic Life: Family Portraiture in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven
and London, 2006)
15
VII. Colonial bodies
a. How far did cross-cultural colonial encounters change perceptions of European bodies?
b. Was anthropology important in constructing a new sense of race and its measurement in
the 19th century?
c. What role did medicine play in relations between colonies and metropole?
Secondary reading
Tony Ballantyne and Antoinette M. Burton, Bodies in Contact: Rethinking Colonial Encounters in
World History (2005), introduction, pp. 3-16.
Frederick Cooper and Ann Stoler (eds.), Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World
(Berkeley, 1997).
E. M. Collingham, Imperial Bodies (2001), introduction, pp. 1-10.
R. Davenport, ‘Thomas Malthus and Maternal Bodies Politic: Gender, Race, and Empire’, Women’s History Review 4.4 (1995): 415 – 439.
Patricia Hayes, ‘Cocky Hahn and the ‘Black Venus’’, ‘Gendered Colonialisms’, special issue of
Gender and History (1997): 57-64
Christopher Pinney, ‘Colonial Anthropology in the ‘Laboratory of Mankind’’, in C. A. Bayly, ed.,
Raj: India and the British (1990), pp. 252-259
Christopher Forth, ‘Fat, Desire and Disgust in the Colonial Imagination’, History Workshop Journal
73.1 (2012): 211-239
Jordanna Bailkin, ‘Making Faces: Tattooed Women and Colonial Regimes’, History Workshop Journal 59.1 (2005): 33-56
Benjamin Schmidt, Inventing Exoticism (2014), chapter 3
Gareth Knapman, ‘Orang-utans, Tribes, and Nations: Degeneracy, Primordialism, and the Chain
of Being’, History and Anthropology 19.2 (2008): 143-159
George Yancy, ‘Colonial Gazing: The Production of the Body as ‘Other’’, Western Journal of Black
Studies 32.1 (2008): 1-15.
Ann L. Stoler, ‘Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20 thCentury Colonial Cultures’, American Ethnologist (1989): 643-648.
Megan Vaughan, ‘Idioms of Madness: Zomba Lunatic Asylum, Nyasaland, in the Colonial Period’, Journal of Southern African Studies 9.2 (1983): 218-238.
Alice Bullard, Exile to Paradise: Savagery and Civilization in Paris and the South Pacific, 1790-1900 (Palo
Alto, Cal., 2000)
Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton, N.J.,
2005)
Elizabeth Edwards, Raw Histories: Photography, Anthropology and Museums. Oxford/New York: Berg,
2001
Ann Maxwell, Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870-1940. Brighton/Portland: Sussex,
2008
Miranda Spieler, Empire and Underworld Captivity in French Guiana (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
University Press, 2012)
David Ciarlo, Advertising Empire: Race and Visual Culture in Imperial Germany (Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press, 2011)
Primary sources
Baden Powell, Scouting for Boys (1908)
James Johnson, M.D., The Influence of Tropical Climates on European Constitutions (1827)
Andrew Davidson, Hygeine and Diseases of Warm Climates (1893)
Flora Annie Steele & Grace Gardiner, The Complete Indian Housekeeper and Cook (1898)
16
Willoughby Wallace Hooper & George Weston, Indian Office Library, c.1870: ‘English Officer
Attended by his Servant’
Abdul Halim Sharar, eds. Harcourt and Husain, Lucknow: The Last Phase of an Oriental Culture
(1913)
Herbert Risley, The People of India (1915), ‘Physical Types’
Harry H. Johnston, ‘Doggett and Muamba’ (c.1900) Uganda protectorate, from J. R. Ryan, Picturing Empire: Photography and the Visualization of Empire (1997)
South African Zulus at Crystal Palace (1860s). Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford, from Kemp and
Wallace, Spectacular Bodies (1995)
‘Physical Education: Its Necessity in India’, Vedic Magazine (1920)
‘Report on Leprosy Treatment in Uganda’, Leprosy Review (1933)
D. C. Mazumdar, Encyclopedia of Indian Physical Culture (1950)
Picture from private collection, late 18th century. Before the Empire
Col. R. Meinerzhagen, Kenya Diary 1902-1906 (1957)
Cecil Beaton, Indian Diary and Album (1945)
Marian Vera Knight, ‘The Craniometry of Southern New England Indians’, Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. IV. New Haven, 1915. ‘Schematic Diagrams of Cranium of
Chimpanzee, a Prehistoric Man, and Modern Man’, plate VII
Further reading
David Arnold, Colonizing the Body: State Medicine and Epidemic Disease in Nineteenth-Century India
(1993)
Michael Anton Budd, The Sculpture Machine: Physical Culture and Body Politics in the Age of Empire
(1997), pp. 81-100
Nélia Dias, ‘Exploring the Senses and Exploiting the Land: Railroads, Bodies and Measurement
in Nineteenth-Century French Colonies’, in Tony Bennett and Patrick Joyce (eds.), Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History and the Material Turn (2010)
Mark Harrison, Public Health in British India (1994)
Photographs: Henri Cartier-Bresson in India, with a foreword by Satyajit Ray (1987)
Joan M. Schwartz, ‘The Geography Lesson: Photographs and the Construction of Imaginative Geographies’, Journal of Historical Geography 22.1 (1996): 16-45
Rosa Medina-Doménech, ‘Scientific Technologies of National Identity’, Social Studies of Science
39.1 (2009): 81-112
Rosalind O’Hanlon ‘Gender in the British Empire’ in J. M. Brown and William Roger Louis
(eds.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol IV (1999)
Essays by Stoler and Chakrabarty in Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler (eds.) Tensions of
Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (1997)
Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Order of Things
(1995)
17
VIII. Degeneration and regeneration
a. What circumstances of nineteenth-century life did the degeneration model explain?
b. Discuss the range of proposed solutions for the degeneracy problem.
c. ‘The fight against degeneration gave rise to many modes of disciplining the body which survive today.’ Discuss.
Secondary reading
Eric T. Carlson, ‘Medicine and degeneration: theory and praxis’, in J. E. Chamberlin and S. L.
Gilman, eds., Degeneration: The Dark Side of Progress (New York, 1985), pp. 121-43
R. A. Peel, ed., Essays in the History of Eugenics (London, 1988)
John C. Waller, ‘‘The illusion of an explanation’: the concept of hereditary disease 1770-1870’,
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 57 (2002): 410-48
Francesco Cassata, Building the New Man: Eugenics, Racial Science, and Genetics in Twentieth-Century
Italy (Budapest, 2011)
Fae Brauer and Anthea Callen, eds., Art, Sex and Eugenics: Corpus Delecti (London, 2008)
Fae Brauer and Serena Keshavjee, eds., Picturing Evolution and Extinction: Degeneration and Regeneration in Modern Visual Culture (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2014)
Anthea Callen, ‘Degas: masculinity, fitness and degeneration’, in Anthea Callen and H. Travers
Newton, eds., Gauguin, Van Gogh and Parisian Art at the Fin de Siècle (Farnham, 2014)
Fae Brauer, Regenerating the Body: Art and Neo-Lamarckian Biocultures in Republican France (Chicago,
forthcoming)
Fae Brauer, ed., Building the Body Beautiful: Vitalist Biocultures and the Fitness Imperative (Cambridge,
Mass., 2014)
Fae Brauer et al., ‘The transparent body: biocultures of evolution, eugenics and scientific racism’,
in J. Kromm and S. B. Bakewell, eds., A History of Visual Culture: Western Civilization from the 18th
to the 21st Century (Oxford, 2010), pp. 89-103
John C. Waller, ‘Heredity, reproduction and eugenics: from the early nineteenth century to Francis Galton’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 32 (2001): 20-52
James C. Whorton, ‘Physiological optimism: Horace Fletcher and the hygienic ideology in Progressive America’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 55 (1981): 59-87
Mina Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (London, 2005)
M. H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, NJ, 1963)
Steven E. Aschheim, ‘Max Nordau, Friedrich Nietzsche and Degeneration’, Journal of Contemporary
History 28 (1993): 643-57
Jean Pierrot, The Decadent Imagination, 1880-1900 (Chicago, 1981)
Steven E. Aschheim, ‘Max Nordau, Friedrich Nietzsche and Degeneration’, Journal of Contemporary
History 28 (1993): 643-657.
Kirsten MacLeod, Fictions of British Decadence (2006).
S. Ledger, ‘In darkest England: the terror of degeneration in fin de siecle Britain’, Literature and
History 4.2 (1995)
Susan Ashley, ‘Marginal people: degeneration and genius’, Proceedings of the Western Society for French
History 24 (1997): 101-109
J. Chamberlin, ‘An anatomy of cultural melancholy’, Journal of the History of Ideas 42.4 (1981): 691705
Mario Moroni, ‘Sensuous maladies: the construction of Italian decadentismo’ in Luca Somigli
and Mario Moroni, eds., Italian Modernism: Italian Culture between Decadentism and Avant-Garde (Toronto, 2004)
L. Choquette, ‘Degenerate or degendered? Images of prostitution and homosexuality in the
French third republic’, Historical Reflections 23.2 (1997): 205-229
Hans-Peter Soder, ‘Disease and health as contexts of modernity: Max Nordau as a critic of finde-siecle modernism’, German Studies Review 14.3 (1991): 473-487
18
Michael Hau, ‘Gender and aesthetic norms in popular hygienic culture in Germany from 1900 to
1914’, Social History of Medicine 12.2 (1999): 271-292
Tricia Starks, The Body Soviet: Propaganda, Hygiene, and the Revolutionary State (Madison, 2009)
James C. Whorton, Inner Hygiene: Constipation and the Pursuit of Health in Modern Society (Oxford,
2000)
Christopher Forth, Masculinity in the Modern West: Gender, Civilization and the Body (Basingstoke,
2008)
Joan Tumblety, Remaking the Male Body: Masculinity and the Uses of Physical Culture in Interwar and Vichy France (Oxford, 2012)
Stephen L. Harp, Au Naturel: Naturism, Nudism, and Tourism in Twentieth-Century France (Baton
Rouge, 2014)
David Oddy et al., The Rise of Obesity in Europe: A Twentieth Century Food History (2009)
James Gregory, Of Victorians and Vegetarians: The Vegetarian Movement in 19th-Century Britain (London, 2007)
Ceri Crossley, Consumable Metaphors. Attitudes towards Animals and Vegetarianism in Nineteenth-Century
France (Oxford, 2005)
Daniel Pick, Faces of Degeneration (1989)
L. M. Barnett, ‘‘Every Man his Own Physician’: Dietetic Fads, 1890-1914’, in Harmke Kamminga and Andrew Cunningham (eds.), The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1940 (Amsterdam, 1995), pp. 155-78
L. M. Barnett, ‘The Impact of ‘Fletcherism’ on the Food Policies of Herbert Hoover during
World War I’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 66 (1992): 234-59
Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘Building a British Superman’, Journal of Contemporary History 41.4
(2006): 595-610
Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men’s Bodies, Britain and the Great War (London, 1996)
Sheila Faith Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley,
1987)
Mary Lynn Stewart, For Health and Beauty: Physical Culture for Frenchwomen, 1880s-1930s (Baltimore
and London, 2001)
Ana Carden-Coyne, ‘Classical Heroism and Modern Life: Bodybuilding and Masculinity in the
Early Twentieth Century’, Journal of Australian Studies 63 (2000): 138-49
Ana Carden-Coyne, Reconstructing the Body: Classicism, Modernism and the First World War (Oxford,
2009)
Caroline Daley, ‘The Strongman of Eugenics, Eugen Sandow’, Australian Historical Studies 33.20
(2002): 233-48
Pauline Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings: The Eugenics Society, its Sources and
its Critics in Britain (London, 1992)
Pauline Mazumdar, ed., The Eugenics Movement: an International Perspective 6 vols (London:
Routledge, 2007)
Marius Turda and Paul Weindling, eds., Blood and Homeland: Eugenics and Racial Nationalism in Central and Southeast Europe, 1900-1840 (Budapest, 2007)
Christian Promitzer et al., eds., Health, Hygiene, and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (Budapest, 2011)
Paul Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and 1945 (Cambridge,
1993)
Daniel Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity (New York, 1985)
Diane B. Paul, Controlling Human Heredity: 1865 to the Present (Atlantic Highlands, 1998)
Ruth Schwartz Cowan, Sir Francis Galton and the Study of Heredity in the Nineteenth Century (New
York, 1985)
S. Goltermann, ‘Exercise and Perfection’, European Review of History 11.3 (2004): 333-46
19
Patricia Vertinsky, The Eternally Wounded Woman: Women, Doctors and Exercise in the Late Nineteenth
Century (Manchester, 1990)
Nicole Hahn Rafter, ed., White Trash: The Eugenic Family Studies, 1877-1919 (1988)
Nicole Hahn Rafter, ed., The Origins of Criminology: A Reader (Abingdon, 2009)
Joan Tumblety, ‘Rethinking the Fascist Aesthetic: Mass Gymnastics, Political Spectacle and the
Stadium in 1930s France’, European History Quarterly 43 (2013): 707-30
Primary reading
Diet and exercise
Arbuthnot Lane, ‘The Sewage System of the Human Body’, American Medicine (1923).
Horace Fletcher, Fletcherism, 1929
*Arthur Hornibrook, The Culture of the Abdomen (London, 1929), pp. 22-26, (and 60-70 if you can
manage it).
Read: *Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, ‘The Culture of the Abdomen: Obesity and
Reducing in Britain, Circa 1900-1939’, Journal of British Studies 44 (2005): 239-73
Degeneracy
Image: ‘A Cretin of Aosta’
Oscar Wilde, Salome, illustrated by Aubrey Beardsley (London, 1957), pp. 103-109
*Max Nordau, Degeneration (London, 1913), pp. 15-33
Read: *Richard Olson, Science and Scientism in Nineteenth-Century Europe
(Urbana, Ill., 2008), Chapter 10
Heredity and eugenics
*Henry Herbert Goddard, The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (New
York, 1913), pp. 101-17
Francis Galton, ‘The Possible Improvement of the Human Breed, Under the Existing Conditions of Law and Sentiment’, Second Huxley Lecture of the Anthropological Institute, 29 October 1901
R.A. Fisher, ‘Eugenics: Can It Solve the Problem of Decay of Civilisations?’, Eugenics Review 18
(1926): 128-36
*Fritz Lenz, ‘The Position of National Socialism on Race Hygiene’, in Pauline Mazumdar (ed.),
The Eugenics Movement, vol. IV (Abingdon, 2007), pp. 13-19
Read: Arnd Krüger, ‘Breeding, Bearing and Preparing the Aryan Body: Creating
Supermen the Nazi Way’, in J. A. Mangan (ed.), Shaping the Superman: Fascist
Body as Political Icon (London, 1999), pp. 42-68
20
Background reading
Sourcebooks and collections
Lisa Jean Moore and Mary Kosut (eds.), The Body Reader: Essential Social and Cultural Readings (New
York and London, 2010)
Michel Féher (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, 4 vols. (Zone Books, 1989)
Christopher E. Forth and Ivan Crozier (eds.), Body Parts: Critical Explorations in Corporeality (Lanham and Oxford, 2005)
A Cultural History of the Human Body, 6 vols. (Oxford: Berg, 2010). Vol. 3: The Renaissance (ed. Linda Kalof); vol. 4: The Enlightenment (ed. Carole Reeves); vol. 5: The Age of Empire (ed. Michael
Sappol)
Colin Blakemore and Sheila Jennett, Oxford Companion to the Body (Oxford, 2001)
Sarah Cunningham-Burley and Kathryn Backett-Millburn, Exploring the Body (New York, 2001)
Mariam Fraser and Monica Greco, eds., The Body: A Reader (London and New York, 2005)
Janet Price and Margrit Shildrick, eds., Feminist Theory and the Body: A Reader (Edinburgh, 1999)
Margaret Lock and Judith Farquhar, eds., Beyond the Body Proper (Durham, N.H., 2007)
Joanne Morra and Marquard Smith, eds., Visual Culture: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, 4 vols.
Sociological and anthropological approaches
Donna J. Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (New York, 1991)
Frances E. Mascia-Lees, ed., A Companion to the Anthropology of the Body and Embodiment (Oxford,
2011)
Harry M. Collins, ‘Humans, Machines and the Structure of Knowledge’, SEHR 4.2 (1995)
(online at: http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/4-2/text/collins.html)
Mike H. Featherstone and Bryan S. Turner (eds.), The Body: Social Process and Cultural Theory (London, 1990)
Mike Featherstone (ed.), Body Modification (London, 2000)
Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows (eds.), Cyberspace/cyberbodies/cyberpunk : cultures of technological embodiment. (London, 1995)
Bryan S. Turner, The Body and Society: Explorations in Social Theory (Oxford, 1984)
Marcel Mauss, ‘Techniques of the Body,’ Economy and Society 2 (1973): 70-88
Victoria Pitts, In the Flesh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification (New York, 2003)
Anthony Synnott, The Body Social: Symbolism, Self and Society (London, 1993)
H. M. Collins, ‘Dissecting Surgery: Forms of Life Depersonalized,’ Social Studies of Science
24(1994): 311-33
Chris Shilling, The Body and Social Theory (Thousand Oaks, Calif., 2003)
Chris Shilling (ed.), Embodying Sociology : Retrospect, Progress, and Prospects (Malden, Mass. and Oxford, 2007)
Dennis Waskul and Phillip Vannini (eds.), Body/Embodiment: Symbolic Interaction and the Sociology of
the Body (Aldershot, 2006)
Simon J. Williams and Gillian Bendelow, The Lived Body: Sociological Themes, Embodied Issues (London and New York, 1998)
Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic (1973); Discipline and Punish (1977)
Colin Jones and Roy Porter, eds., Reassessing Foucault: Power, Medicine and the Body (1994)
Marc Berg and Geoffrey Bowker, ‘The Multiple Bodies of the Medical Record: Towards a Sociology of an Artifact’, http://www.sis.pitt.edu/~gbowker/records.html
Bruno Latour, ‘How to Talk about the Body? The Normative Dimension of Science Studies’,
Body & Society, 10 (2004): 205-29
Annemarie Mol, The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice (Durham, N.H., 2007)
Alexandra Howson, The Body in Society: An Introduction (2nd ed., Cambridge, 2014)
21
J. Entwistle, The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress and Modern Social Theory (Cambridge, 2000)
L. Ugolini, Men and Menswear: Sartorial Consumption in Britain, 1880-1939 (Aldershot, 2007)
Ethics and philosophy
Paul Komesaroff (ed.), Troubled Bodies; Critical Perspectives on Postmodernism, Medical Ethics, and the
Body (Durham, N.H., 1995)
Thomas J. Csordas (ed.), Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self
(Cambridge, 1994)
Tim Crane and Sarah Patterson, History of the Mind-Body Problem (London, 2001)
Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (London, 1979)
Roselyne Rey, The History of Pain (Cambridge, Mass., 1995)
Lucy Bending, The Representation of Bodily Pain in Late Nineteenth-Century English Culture (Oxford,
2000)
Elaine Scarry, The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World (New York, 1985)
Joanna Bourke, The Story of Pain: From Prayer to Painkillers (Oxford, 2014)
Joanna Bourke, ‘Pain: Metaphor, Body, and Culture in Anglo-American Societies between the
Eighteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Rethinking History (2013)
Joanna Bourke, ‘Rhetorics of Physical Pain in British and American War Memoirs from the
1860s to the Present’, Histoire Sociale/Social History (2013)
Javier Moscoso, Pain: A Cultural History (Basingstoke, 2012)
Fae Brauer, ed., Bloody Bodies: The Art of Dissection and Execution (Champaign, 2012)
Carmen Mangion et al., ‘Perspectives on Pain’, 19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century 15 (2012)
Lisa Wynne Smith, ‘An Account of an Unaccountable Distemper: The Experience of Pain in
Early Eighteenth Century England and France’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 41 (2008): 459-80
Cultural history
Fay Bound Alberti, This Mortal Coil: The Human Body in History and Culture (Oxford, 2016)
Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Managing the Body: Beauty, Fitness and Health in Britain 1880-1939 (Oxford, 2010)
Melissa Percival, The Appearance of Character: Physiognomy and Facial Expression in Eighteenth Century
France (1999)
Georges Vigarello, Metamorphoses of Fat: A History of Obesity (New York, 2013)
Peter N. Stearns, Fat History: Bodies and Beauty in the Modern West (New York and London, 2002)
Sander Gilman, Fat: A Cultural History of Obesity (Cambridge, 2008)
Sander Gilman, Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (Princeton, N.J.,
1999).
Tim Armstrong, American Bodies: Cultural Histories of the Physique (Sheffield, 1996)
Carolyn Thomas de la Peña, The Body Electric: How Strange Machines Built the Modern American (New
York and London, 2003)
Catherine Packham, Eighteenth-Century Vitalism: Bodies, Culture, Politics (Basingstoke, 2012)
Javier Moscoso, Pain: A Cultural History (Basingstoke, 2012)
Vivienne Lo, ed., Perfect Bodies: Sports, Medicine and Immortality (London, 2012)
Vanessa Heggie, A History of British Sports Medicine (Manchester, 2011)
J. Hill and J. Williams, eds., Sport and Identity in the North of England (Keele, 1996)
Gregory Kent Stanley, The Rise and Fall of the Sportswoman: Women’s Health, Fitness, and Athletics,
1860-1940 (New York, 1996)
D. L. Chapman, Sandow the Magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding (Urbana,
1994)
22
Roberta Park, ‘Biological Thought, Athletics and the Formation of a ‘Man of Character’, 18301900’, in J. A. Mangan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in
Britain and America, 1800-1940 (Manchester, 1987)
Kenneth R. Dutton, The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Physical Development (London, 1995)
Donald E. Hall, ed., Muscular Christianity: Embodying the Victorian Age (Cambridge, 1994)
Mark Johnston, Beard Fetish in Early Modern England (London, 2011)
Alexis Easley, ‘Representations of the Authorial Body in the British Medical Journal’, in id., Literary
Celebrity, Gender, and Victorian Authorship, 1850–1914 (Lanham, Maryland, 2011)
Michael Kwass, ‘Big Hair: A Wig History of Consumption in Eighteenth‐Century France’, American Historical Review 111.3 (2006): 631-59
Anu Korhonen, ‘Strange Things Out of Hair: Baldness and Masculinity in Early Modern England’, Sixteenth Century Journal 41.2 (2010): 371-91
Will Fisher, ‘The Renaissance Beard: Masculinity in Early Modern England’, Renaissance Quarterly,
54:2 (2001): 155-87
Eleanor Rycroft, ‘Facial Hair and the Performance of Adult Male Masculinity on the Early Modern English Stage’, in Helen Ostovich et al., eds., Locating the Queen’s Men, 1583-1603: Material
Practices and Conditions of Playing (Farnham and Burlington, VT, 2009), pp. 217-28
Angela Rosenthal, ‘Raising Hair’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 38:1 (2004): 1-16
Christopher Oldstone-Moore, ‘The Beard Movement in Victorian Britain’, Victorian Studies 48:1
(2005)
M. A. Katritzky, ‘‘A Wonderfull Monster Borne in Germany’: Hairy Girls in Medieval and Early
Modern German Book, Court and Performance Culture’, German Life & Letters 67.4 (2014): 467480.
Penelope Corfield, ‘Dress for Deference and Dissent: Hats and the Decline of Hat Honour’, Costume, 23.1 (1989): 64-79
Giorgio Riello, ‘The art and science of walking: mobility, gender and footwear in the long eighteenth century’ , Fashion Theory 9.2 (2005): 175-204
Giorgio Riello and Peter McNeill, eds., The Fashion History Reader: Global Perspectives (Basingstoke,
2010)
E. Lajer-Burcarth, Necklines: The Art of Jacques-Louis David after the Terror (New Haven, 1999)
John Styles, The Dress of the People: Everyday Fashion in Eighteenth-Century England (New Haven,
2006)
Giorgio Riello, A Foot in the Past: Consumers, Producers and Footwear in the Long Eighteenth Century
(Oxford, 2006)
Dani Cavallaro and Alexandra Warwick, Fashioning the Frame: Boundaries, Dress and the Body (Oxford, 1998)
Brent Shannon, The Cut of His Coat: Men, Dress, and Consumer Culture in Britain, 1860-1940 (Athens,
OH, 2006)
Claire Cage, ‘The Sartorial Self: Neoclassical Fashion and Gender Identity in France, 1797-1804’,
Eighteenth-Century Studies 42.2 (2009): 193-215
Michèle Cohen, Fashioning Masculinity. National identity and language in the eighteenth century (London,
Routledge, 1996)
Claudia Kidwell and Valerie Steele, eds., Men and Women: Dressing the Part (Washington, 1989)
Valerie Steele, The Corset: A Cultural History (New Haven, CT, 2001)
Joanne Entwistle and Elizabeth Wilson, eds., Body Dressing (Oxford, 2001)
Heidi Brevik-Zender, Fashioning Spaces: Mode and Modernity in Late-Nineteenth-Century Paris (University of Toronto Press, 2015)
Susan J. Vincent, The Anatomy of Fashion: Dressing the Body from the Renaissance to Today (Oxford,
2009)
Julia Allen, Swimming with Dr. Johnson and Mrs Thrale. Sport and Exercise in Eighteenth-Century Britain
(Cambridge, 2012)
23
Christopher Clark, ‘The Wars of Liberation in Prussian Memory: Reflections on the Memorialization of War in Early Nineteenth-Century Germany’, Journal of Modern History 68.3 (1996): 55076
Joanna Bourke, What it Means to be Human: Reflections from 1791 Onwards (London, 2013)
Fay Bound Alberti, ‘Bodies, Hearts and Minds’, Isis 100.4 (2009): 798-810
Carla Mazzio and David Hillman, eds., The Body in Parts: Fantasies of Corporeality in Early Modern
Europe (New York, 1997)
Florike Egmond and Robert Zwijnenberg, eds., Bodily Extremities: Preoccupations with the Human
Body in Early Modern European Culture (Aldershot, 2003)
The body as display
Norbert Elias, The Civilizing Process, vol. I: The History of Manners (Oxford, 1978)
Jan Bremmer and Herman Roodenburg (eds.), A Cultural History of Gesture (Cambridge, 1991)
Elliott Horowitz, ‘The New World and the Changing Face of Europe’, Sixteenth-Century Journal
28.4 (1997): 1181-1202.
Stephen Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-fashioning: from More to Shakespeare (Chicago, 1980)
Sandra Cavallo, Artisans of the Body in Early Modern Italy: Identities, Families and Masculinities (Manchester, 2007)
Rosemarie Garland Thomson (ed.), Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body (New York
and London, 1996)
Jennifer Terry and Jacqueline Urla (eds.), Deviant Bodies: Critical Perspectives on Difference in Science
and Popular Culture (Bloomington, In., 1995)
Nadja Durbach, The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture (Berkeley, 2009)
Nadja Durbach, ‘‘Skinless Wonders’: Body Worlds and the Victorian Freak Show’, Journal of the
History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 69.1 (2014): 38-67
Marlene Tromp, ed., Victorian Freaks: the Social Context of Freakery in Britain (Columbus, 2008)
Waltraud Ernst, ed., Histories of the Normal and the Abnormal: Social and Cultural Histories of Norms
and Normativity (London: Routledge, 2006)
Robert Bogdan, Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit (Chicago, 1988)
Nicholas Thomas (ed.), Tattoo: Bodies, Art and Exchange in the Pacific and the West (Durham, 2005)
Clinton Sanders, Customizing the Body: The Art and Culture of Tattooing (Philadelphia, Penn., 1989)
Margo DeMello, Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community (Durham,
NC, 2000)
Amanda Bailey, Flaunting: Style and the Subversive Male Body in Renaissance England (Toronto, 2007)
Jonathan Reinarz and Kevin Siena, eds., A Medical History of Skin: Scratching the Surface (London,
2013)
Mechthild Fend, ‘Bodily and pictorial surfaces: skin in French art and medicine, 1790-1860’, Art
History 28 (2005): 311-39
Mary Cowling, The Artist as Anthropologist: The Representation of Type and Character in Victorian Art
(Cambridge, 1989)
S. B. Burns, Sleeping Beauty: Memorial Photography in America (San Francisco, CA, 1990), and Sleeping
Beauty II: Grief, Bereavement and the Family in Memorial Photography, American & European Traditions
(New York, NY, 2002)
A. Linkman, Photography and Death (London, 2011)
Valerie Eubanks, ‘Zones of dither: writing the postmodern body’, Body and Society 2.3 (1996): 7388
Colin Jones, The Smile Revolution in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Oxford, 2014)
Marcia Pointon, Brilliant Effects: A Cultural History of Gem Stones and Jewellery. New Haven: Yale U
Press, 2009.
The body politic
24
Antoine de Baecque, The Body Politic: Corporeal Metaphor in Revolutionary France, 1770-1800 (Stanford, 1993)
Elizabeth C. Childs, ‘The Body Impolitic: Press Censorship and the Caricature of Honoré Daumier’, in Dean de la Motte and Jeannen M. Przyblyski (eds.), Making the News: Modernity and the
Mass Press in Nineteenth-Century France (Amherst, 1999), pp. 43-81
Dorinda Outram, The Body and the French Revolution: Sex, Class and Political Culture (New Haven and
London, 1989)
E. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, 1997)
Daniel Arasse, The Guillotine and the Terror (London, 1989)
Lynn Hunt (ed.), Eroticism and the Body Politic (Baltimore, 1991)
J.A. Mangan (ed.), Shaping the Superman: Fascist Body as Political Icon (London, 1999)
David Armstrong, Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, 1983)
Sara E. Melzer and Kathryn Norberg (eds.), From the Royal to the Republican Body : Incorporating the
Political in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-century France (Berkeley, 1998)
Anna Kuxhausen, From the Womb to the Body Politics: Raising the Nation in Enlightenment Russia (Madison, 2013)
Elisabet A. Fraser, ‘Delacroix’s Sardanapalus: The Life and Death of the Royal Body’, French Historical Studies 26.2 (2003): 315-42
Sexuality and gender
Karen Harvey, ‘Sexuality and the Body’, in Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus (eds.), Women’s History: Britain, 1700-1850 (London and New York, 2005)
Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds.), Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (New
York, 1991)
Karen Harvey, Reading Sex in the Eighteenth Century: Bodies and Gender in English Erotic Culture (Cambridge, 2004)
Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York,
1985)
Dorothy Roberts, Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty (1999)
Wendy Kline, Bodies of Knowledge: Sexuality, Reproduction, and Women's Health in the Second Wave
(2010)
Margaret Ferguson et al. (eds.), Rewriting the Renaissance: The Discourses of Sexual Difference in Early
Modern Europe (Chicago, 1986)
Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, Troping the Body: Gender, Etiquette, and Performance (Carbondale, Ill.,
2000)
Fae Brauer, Unmasking Masculinity: Imaging Hysterical Men in Republican France (Manchester, forthcoming)
Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub (eds.), Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity (New
York, 1991)
S. Dudink, K. Hagermann and J. Tosh (eds), Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History (Manchester, 2004)
Fae Brauer, ed., Feminizing Muscle: Body Trouble in Visual Cultures (Berkeley, CA, forthcoming)
J. A. Mangan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and
America 1800-1940 (Manchester, 1987)
J. A. Mangan, ‘Manufactured’ Masculinity: Making Imperial Manliness, Morality and Militarism (Abingdon, 2012)
Peter Lehman, Running Scared: Masculinity and the Representation of the Male Body (Philadelphia, 1993)
G. L. Mosse, The Image of Man: The Creation of Modern Masculinity (New York and Oxford, 1996)
R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Cambridge, 1995)
25
G. Dawson, Soldier Heroes: British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London and
New York, 1994)
Lisa Wynne Smith, ‘The Body Embarrassed? Rethinking the Leaky Male Body in EighteenthCentury England and France’, Gender & History 23.1 (2011): 26-46
Michelle K. Rhoades, ‘Renegotiating French Masculinity: Medicine and Venereal Disease during
the Great War’, French Historical Studies 29.2 (2006): 293-327
Kevin Siena, Sins of the Flesh: Responding to Sexual Disease in Early Modern Europe (2005)
J. Tosh, ‘Masculinities in an Industrializing Society: Britain, 1800–1914’, Journal of British Studies
44.2 (2005): 330-42
J. Tosh, Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London and New York, 1991)
Christopher Forth and Bernard Taithe (eds.), French Masculinities: History, Politics, Culture (Basingstoke, 2007)
Christopher Forth, Civilisation and its Malcontents (forthcoming)
Judith Surkis, Sexing the Citizen: Masculinity and Morality in France, 1870-1920 (Ithaca, N.Y., 2006)
Joanna Bourke, ‘Sexual Violence, Bodily Pain, and Trauma: A History’, Theory, Culture and Society
29 (2012): 25-51
Gianna Pomata, ‘Practicing between Earth and Heaven’, Dynamis 19 (1999): 119-43
Kathy Davis, Reshaping the Female Body: The Dilemma of Cosmetic Surgery (New York, 1995)
Bernice L. Hausman, Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender (Durham and
London, 1995)
Alison Bashford, Purity and Pollution: Gender, Embodiment and Victorian Medicine (London, 1998)
Kay Inckle, Writing on the Body? Thinking Through Gendered Embodiment and Marked Flesh (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 2007)
Molly H. Bassett and Vincent W. Lloyd, eds., Sainthood and Race: Marked Flesh, Holy Flesh (New
York, 2015)
Judith Butler, Undoing Gender (New York and London, 2004)
Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’ (New York, 1993)
Thomas Laqueur, The Making of the Modern Body: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass., 1993)
Catherine Gallagher and Thomas Laqueur, The Making of the Modern Body: Sexuality and Society in the
Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, 1987)
Londa Schiebinger (ed.), Feminism and the Body (Oxford, 2000)
Special issue on Laqueur’s Making of the Modern Body, in Isis 94 (2003)
Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge and London,
1998)
Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality, (New York,
2000)
Dagmar Herzog, Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History (Cambridge, 2011)
Sarah Toulalan et al., The Routledge History of Sex and the Body in the West, 1500 to the Present (London, 2013)
Sarah Toulalan et al., Bodies, Sex and Desire from the Renaissance to the Present (Basingstoke, 2011)
Sarah Toulalan, Imagining Sex: Pornography and Bodies in Seventeenth-Century England (Oxford, 2007)
Lucy Bland and Laura Doan, eds., Sexology in Culture and Sexology Uncensored: The Documents of Sexual Science (Cambridge, 1998)
Roy Porter and Mikuláš Teich, eds., Sexual Knowledge, Sexual Science: The History of Attitudes to Sexuality (Cambridge, 1994)
Rebecca M. Jordan-Young, Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences (Harvard, 2010)
Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, 3 vols. (London, 1990-1992)
Richard Cleminson and Francisco Vázquez Garcia, Hermaphroditism, Medical Science and Sexual Identity in Spain, 1850-1960 (Cardiff, 2009)
Kathleen P. Long, Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe (Aldershot, 2006)
26
Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury (eds). Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment
and Feminist Theory (New York, 1997)
Barbara Duden, Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn (Cambridge, Mass.,
1993)
Lyndal Roper, Oedipus and the Devil: Witchcraft, Religion and Sexuality in Early Modern Europe (New
York, 1994)
Marjorie Levine-Clark, Beyond the Reproductive Body: The Politics of Women’s Health and Work in Early
Victorian England (Columbus, Ohio, 2004)
K. Park, Secrets of Women: Gender, Generation and the Origins of Human Dissection (New York, 2006)
Mary E. Fissell, ‘Gender and Generation: Representing Reproduction in Early Modern England’,
Gender and History 7.3 (1995)
Mary E. Fissell, Vernacular Bodies: The Politics of Reproduction in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2004)
Joanna Bourke, Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present Day (London, 2008)
Ulinka Rublack, ‘Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Female Body in Early Modern Germany’, Past
and Present 150 (1996): 84–110
Joan Tumblety, Remaking the Male Body: Masculinity and the Uses of Physical Culture in Interwar and Vichy France (Oxford, 2012)
Michael Hatt, ‘Physical Culture: The Male Nude and Sculpture’ in Elizabeth Prettejohn, ed., After
the Pre-Raphaelites: Art and Aestheticism in Victorian England (Manchester, 1999), pp. 240–56
Joanna Bourke, Rape: A History from 1860 to the Present Day (London, 2008)
Hannah Thompson, Taboo: Corporeal Secrets in Nineteenth-Century France (Oxford, 2013)
Kate Fisher, Birth Control, Sex and Marriage in Britain, 1918-60 (Oxford, 2006)
Medicine, anatomy and physiology
H. R. Wulff, ‘The Disease Concept and the Medical View of Man,’ in A. Querido, et al. (eds.),
The Discipline of Medicine (Amsterdam, 1994), pp. 11-19
Jennifer C. Vaught, ed., Rhetoric of Bodily Disease and Health in Medieval and Early Modern England
(Burlington, 2010)
Erin O’Connor, Raw Material: Producing Pathology in Victorian Culture (Durham, 2000)
Samuel J. M. M. Alberti, Morbid Curiosities: Medical Museums in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Oxford,
2011)
Ruth Richardson, ‘Human Remains,’ in Ken Arnold and Danielle Olson, ed., Medicine Man: The
Forgotten Museum of Henry Wellcome (London, 2003)
Manfred Horstmanshoff, Helen King and Claus Zittel, eds. Blood, Sweat, and Tears: The Changing
Concepts of Physiology from Antiquity into Early Modern Europe (Leiden and Boston, 2012)
Jens Lachmund and Gunnar Stollberg, eds., The Social Construction of Illness (Stuttgart, 1992)
Marjo Kaartinen and Anu Korhonen, eds., Bodies in Evidence: Perspectives on the History of the Body in
Early Modern Europe (Turku, 1997)
Stuart Blume, Insight and Industry: On the Dynamics of Technological Change in Medicine (Cambridge,
MA, 1992)
Melbourne Tapper, ‘Interrogating Bodies: Medico-Racial Knowledge, Politics, and the Study of a
Disease’, Society for Comparative Study of Society and History 1995: 76-93
Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason (London, 2003)
Stephen Kern, Anatomy and Destiny: A Cultural History of the Human Body (Indianapolis, 1975)
Noga Arikha, Passions and Tempers (New York, 2007)
Erec Koch, The Aesthetic Body: Passion, Sensibility, and Corporeality in Seventeenth-Century France (Cranbury, NJ, 2008)
Katherine Young, Presence in the Flesh: The Body in Medicine (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1997)
Götz Aly, et al., Cleansing the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene (Baltimore and London,
1994)
27
Jacalyn Duffin, History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction (Houndmills, Basingstoke,
2000)
William Bynum, The History of Medicine: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2008)
Roy Porter, Blood & Guts: A Short History of Medicine (London, 2003)
Roy Porter, The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine (Cambridge, 1996)
Roy Porter, Bodies Politic: Disease, Death and Doctors in Britain, 1650-1900 (London, 2001)
Christi Sumich, Divine Doctors and Dreadful Distempers: How Practicing Medicine Became a Respectable
Profession (Amsterdam, 2013)
David Rothman et al., Medicine and Western Civilization (New York, 1995)
Julia L. Hairston and Walter Stephens, eds., The Body in Early Modern Italy (Baltimore, 2010)
Richard Sugg, Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to
the Victorians (London, 2011)
J. H. Warner and J. M. Edmondson, Dissection. Photographs of a Rite of Passage in American Medicine:
1880–1930 (New York, NY, 2009)
Health and hygiene
Greta Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (London, 1986)
Virginia Smith, Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity (Oxford, 2008)
Michael Hau, The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930 (Chicago, 2003)
Bruce Haley, The Healthy Body and Victorian Culture (Cambridge, 1978)
Alison Bashford, Imperial Hygiene: A Critical History of Colonialism, Nationalism, and Public Health
(London and New York, 2004)
Cynthia Kosso and Anne Scott, eds., The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene
from Antiquity Through the Renaissance (Leiden, 2009)
Suellen Hoy, Chasing Dirt: The American Pursuit of Cleanliness (New York and Oxford, 1995)
Victoria Kelley, Soap and Water: Cleanliness, Dirt and the Working Classes in Victorian and Edwardian
Britain (London, 2010)
Katherine Ashenburg, Clean: An Unsanitised History of Washing (London, 2009)
Kathleen Brown, Foul Bodies: Cleanliness and the Making of the Modern Body (New Haven and London, 2009)
Andrea Callen, ‘Degas’s Bathers: Hygiene and Dirt / Gaze and Touch’, in R. Kendall and G.
Pollock (eds.), Dealing with Degas: Representations of Women and the Politics of Vision (London and
New York, 1992), pp. 159-85
Michelle Allen, Cleansing the City: Sanitary Geographies in Victorian London (Athens, OH, 2008)
Douglas Biow, The Culture of Cleanliness in Renaissance Italy (Ithaca, NY, 2006)
Georges Vigarello, Concepts of Cleanliness: Changing Attitudes in France Since the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1988)
Ben Campkin and Rosie Cox, eds., Dirt: New Geographies of Cleanliness and Contamination (London,
2007)
Sandra Cavallo and Tessa Storey, ‘Healthy, Decorous and Pleasant Exercise: Competing Models
of Exercise and the Practices of the Italian Nobility (16th-17th Centuries)’, in Rebekka v.
Mallinckrodt and Angela Schattner, eds., Sports and Physical Exercise in Early Modern Culture: New
Perspectives on the History of Sports and Motion (Aldershot, 2014)
Sandra Cavallo, ‘lnvisible Beds: Health and the Material Culture of Sleep’, in Giorgio Riello and
Anne Gerritsen, et al., eds., Writing Material Culture History (London, 2014)
Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick (Cambridge, 1998)
Dorothy Porter, ed., The History of Public Health and the Modern State (Amsterdam, 1994)
Liliane Hilaire-Pérez and Christelle Rabier, ‘Self Machinery? Steel Trusses and the Management
of Ruptures in Eighteenth-Century Europe’, Technology and Culture, 54:3 (2013): 460-502
Lynn Sorge-English, Stays and Body Image in London: The Staymaking Trade, 1680-1810 (London:
Pickering and Chatto, 2011)
28
David M. Turner, ‘The Body Beautiful’, in Carole Reeves (ed.), A Cultural History of the Human
Body in the Enlightenment (London: Bloomsbury, 2010)
Lynn Festa, ‘Cosmetic Differences: The Changing Faces of England and France’ Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 34 (2005), 25-54
The scientific body
Charles T. Wolfe and Ofer Gal, eds., The Body as Object and Instrument of Knowledge: Embodied Empiricism in Early Modern Science (Dordrecht, 2010)
Christopher Lawrence and Steven Shapin, eds., Science Incarnate (Chicago, 1998)
Simon A. Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (Cambridge,
Mass., 2001)
Peter Becker and Richard Wetzell (eds.), Criminals and their Scientists (New York, 2006)
Todd L. Savitt, Race and Medicine in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century America (Kent, Ohio,
2007)
Londa Schiebinger, Nature’s Body: Gender and the Making of Modern Science (Boston, 1993)
M. Biagioli, ‘Tacit Knowledge, Courtliness, and the Scientist’s Body’, in S. L. Foster (ed.),
Choreographing History (Bloomington, Indiana, 1995), pp. 69-81
Paula Findlen, ‘The Scientist’s Body: The Nature of a Woman Philosopher in Enlightenment
Italy’, in Lorraine Daston and Gianna Pomata (eds.), The Faces of Nature in Enlightenment
Europe (Berlin, 2003), pp. 211–36
Pamela Smith, The Body of the Artisan: Art and Experience in the Scientific Revolution (Chicago, 2004),
Chapter 3
Lorraine Daston and Elizabeth Lundbeck, eds., Histories of Scientific Observation (Chicago, 2011)
Soraya de Chadarevian, ‘Graphical Method and Discipline: Self-Recording Instruments in Nineteenth-Century Physiology’, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 24 (1993): 267-91
The body in literature
Timothy Morton, Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World (Cambridge,
1994)
Candace Ward, Desire and Disorder: Fevers, Fictions, and Feeling in English Georgian Culture (Lewisburg,
Penn., 2007)
Anne Vincent-Buffault, The History of Tears: Sensibility and Sentimentality in France (Basingstoke,
1991)
Felicity A. Nussbaum, The Limits of the Human: Fictions of Anomaly, Race and Gender in the Long
Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1993)
Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (New York, 1977)
Food and consumption
Sander Gilman (ed.), Diets and Dieting: A Cultural Encyclopedia (New York, 2008)
Deborah Lupton, Food, the Body and the Self (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi, 1996)
Pasi Falk, The Consuming Body (London, 1994).
Maggie Kilgour, From Communion to Cannibalism: n Anatomy of Metaphors of Incorporation (Princeton,
N.J., 1990)
Rebecca Earle, The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America
(Cambridge, 2012)
Jana Evans Braziel and Kathleen LeBesco, eds., Bodies out of Bounds: Fatness and Transgression
(Berkeley, 2004)
Kristen Guest, ed., Eating Their Words: Cannibalism and the Boundaries of Cultural Identity (New York,
2001)
Catalin Avramescu, An Intellectual History of Cannibalism (2009)
29
The senses
Herman Roodenburg, ed., A Cultural History of the Senses in the Renaissance (London, 2014)
Constance Classen, Worlds of Sense: Exploring the Senses in History and Across Cultures (London, 1993)
Constance Classen, et al., Aroma: The Cultural History of Smell (London, 1994)
Constance Classen, The Deepest Sense: A Cultural History of Touch (2012)
Anne Vila, ed., A Cultural History of the Senses in the Enlightenment (Oxford, 2014)
American Historical Review 116 (2011): 307-400, forum on sensory history (ed. Mike Jay). Includes
essays by Mark Jenner on smell (http://urbanheritages.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/followyour-nose.pdf)
Jonathan Reinarz and Leonard Schwarz (eds.), ‘The Senses’, special issue of Journal for EighteenthCentury Studies 35.4 (2012): 463-627
Jonathan Reinarz, Past Scents: Historical Perspectives on Smell (Urbana, 2014)
Constance Classen (ed.), The Book of Touch (Oxford, 2005)
David Howes (ed.), Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Culture Reader (Oxford, 2005)
David Howes and Constance Classen, Ways of Sensing: Understanding the Senses in Society (Abingdon,
2014)
Ari Kelman, ‘Rethinking the Soundscape: A Critical Genealogy of a Key Term in Sound Studies’,
Senses & Society 5.2 (2010): 212-24
Roy Porter and William Bynum (eds.), Medicine and the Five Senses (Cambridge, 1993)
Matthew Milner, The Senses and the English Reformation (Farnham, 2011)
Elizabeth D. Harvey (ed.), Sensible Flesh: On Touch in Early Modern Culture (Philadelphia, 2003)
David Howes, Sensual Relations: Engaging the Senses in Culture and Social Theory (Ann Arbor, 2003)
Robert Jütte, A History of the Senses. From Antiquity to Cyberspace (Cambridge, 2005)
Georg Simmel, ‘Sociology of the Senses,’ in David Frisby and Mike Featherstone (eds.), Simmel
on Culture: Selected Writings (London, 1997)
Sander Gilman, Goethe’s Touch: Touching, Sexuality, and Seeing (New Orleans, 1988)
Laura Gowing, Common Bodies: Women, Touch and Power in Seventeenth-Century England (New Haven,
2003)
Santanu Das, Touch and Intimacy In First World War Literature (New York, 2005)
Marjorie O’Rourke, Senses of Touch: Human Dignity and Deformity from Michelangelo to Calvin (Leiden,
1998)
Michael Taussig, Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses (London, 1993)
Nancy Anderson and Michael Dietrich (eds.), The Educated Eye: Visual Culture and Pedagogy in the
Life Sciences (Hanover, N.H., 2012)
Mark Michael Smith, Sensing the Past: Hearing, Smelling, Tasting, and Touching in History (Berkeley and
Los Angeles, 2007)
Richard Leppert, The Sight of Sound: Music, Representation and History of the Body (Berkeley, 1995)
Ingrid Sykes, Society, Culture and the Auditory Imagination in Modern France: The Humanity of Hearing.
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015, together with the review by
Alexandra Kieffer at http://www.h-france.net/vol15reviews/vol15no142kieffer.pdf
Mark Jenner, ‘Civilization and Deodorization? Smell in Early Modern English Culture’, in Peter
Burke et al., eds., Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas (New York, 2000)
Holly Dugan, The Ephemeral History of Perfume: Scent and Sense in Early Modern England (Baltimore,
2011)
Mark Michael Smith, ed., Hearing History: A Reader (Athens, GA, 2004)
Michael Bull and Les Back (eds), The Auditory Culture Reader (Oxford, 2003)
Sophia Rosenfeld, ‘On Being Heard. A Case for Paying Attention to the Historical Ear’, American
Historical Review 116 (2011): 316–34
Jim Drobnick, ed., The Smell Culture Reader (Oxford, 2006)
Alain Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant (Boston, 1988)
Mark Smith, How Race is Made: Slavery, Segregation and the Senses (Durham, N. C., 2008)
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Disability studies
David M. Turner and Kevin Stagg, eds., Social Histories of Disability and Deformity (London, 2006)
David M. Turner, Disability in Eighteenth-Century England: Imagining Physical Impairment (London:
Routledge, 2012)
David M. Turner and Alun Withey, ‘Technologies of the Body: Polite Consumption and Deformity in Eighteenth Century England’, History 99.338 (2014)
Rosemarie Garland-Thomson, Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American Culture
and Literature (New York, 1997)
James W. Trent, Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental Retardation in the United States (Berkeley, 1995)
Helen Deutsch and Felicity Nussbaum, eds., ‘Defects’: Engendering the Modern Body (Ann Arbor,
2000)
Sebastian Barsch et al., eds., The Imperfect Historian: Disability Histories in Europe (Frankfurt am
Main, 2013)
Suzannah Biernoff, ‘The Rhetoric of Disfigurement in First World War Britain’, Social History of
Medicine 24.3 (2011): 666-85
Fae Brauer, ‘The Stigmata of Abjection: Degenerate Limbs, Hysterical Skin and the Tattooed
Body’, in J. Kromm and S. B. Bakewell, eds., A History of Visual Culture: Western Civilization from
the 18th to the 21st Century (London, 2009), pp. 169-85
Steven Connor, The Book of Skin (Ithaca, NY, 2004)
The body and religion
G. Pomata, ‘Malpighi and the Holy Body: Medical Experts and Miraculous Evidence in
Seventeenth-Century Italy’, Renaissance Studies 21.4 (2007): 568-86.
J.M. Lindman and M.L. Tarter, eds., A Centre of Wonders: The Body in Early America (Ithaca, 2001)
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