WHII.14
YAY!!!
We are FREE!
After World War II....
 DRAMATIC political changes began to take place
across the world
 Colonialism was questioned



Countries began to question the practice
Many leaders argued no country should control another
nation
Questioned high cost and commitment
After World War II....
 DRAMATIC political changes began to take place
across the world
 Besides that… the countries under harsh control were
fed up!
Independence in India
British policies and India’s demand for self-rule led to
the rise of the Indian independence movement,
resulting in the creation of new states in the Indian
sub-continent
The Republic of India, a democratic nation, developed
after the country gained independence.
Independence in India
Regional setting for the Indian independence
movement
 Indian sub-continent
 British India
 India
 Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan)
 Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan)
 Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon)
Rule in India
 Britain ruled India
 Almost two centuries (1700s-1900s with East India
Trading Company)
 Indian resistance began to intensify in 1939

Were forced to fight in WWII
 Involvement in WWII Sparked Nationalist movements
 Mohandas Gandhi launched a non-violent campaign of
non-cooperation with the British
Gandhi and Non-Violence
 Important proponent for India’s independence
 Mohandas Gandhi
 Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
 Practiced and suggested civil disobedience
Gandhi and Non-Violence
 Important proponent for India’s independence
 Mohandas Gandhi
 Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
 Practiced and suggested civil disobedience
Civil Disobedience
Refusal to obey laws or pay taxes as a
peaceful political protest (must accept the
consequences)
Gandhi and Non-Violence
 Important proponent for India’s independence
 Mohandas Gandhi
 Proponent of non-violence and passive resistance
 Practiced and suggested civil disobedience
Passive Resistance
Nonviolent opposition to the law
Gandhi and Non-Violence
 Important proponent for India’s independence
 Mohandas Gandhi
 When the British put a heavy tax on salt, Gandhi led the
“Salt March”
 He led several people on a walk to the sea to get salt
from the saltwater free
 Many times Gandhi was arrested and he went on hunger
strikes as protest
Indian National Congress
 Indians struggled with the British and each other
 Two religions: Hindus and Muslims

Both wanted their own country free from the British
 The Indian National Congress (Congress Party) was
India’s national political party

Most members were Hindus with a few Muslims
All-India Muslim League
 Indian Muslims created their own organization to
promote independence from Britain and a Hindu
India
India Today
 Modern India
 Republic of India
 World’s largest democratic nation (2 billion)
 Federal system, giving many powers to the states
 Religious Issues
 Political division along Hindu-Muslim lines — Pakistan
(Muslim) / India (Hindu)
India Today
Indian Democracy
 Indian democracy
 Jawaharlal Nehru, a close associate of Gandhi,
supported western-style industrialization.
 1950 Constitution sought to prohibit caste
discrimination
 Ethnic and religious differences caused problems in the
development of India as a democratic nation.
 New economic development has helped to ease financial
problems of the nation.
African Independence
The charter of the United Nations guaranteed colonial
populations the right to self-determination.
Independence movements in Africa challenged
European imperialism.
African Independence
 The United Nations Charter gave Africa the right to
self-determination
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Peaceful and violent revolutions after World War II
Pride in African cultures and heritage
Resentment of imperial rule and economic exploitation
Loss of colonies by Great Britain, France, Belgium, and
Portugal; influence of superpower rivalry during the Cold War
Who Wants Independence?
 Examples of independence movements and
subsequent development efforts
 West Africa: Peaceful transition to self-determination
 Algeria: War of Independence from France
Kenyan Independence
 Kenya (Britain): Violent struggle under leadership of
Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya=KENYAtta)
South Africa
 South Africa:
 Black South Africans’ struggle against apartheid
 Apartheid - system of legal racial segregation enforced by the
National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and
1994
 The rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South
Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was
maintained
 Fight for black independence Led by Nelson Mandela
 First black president of the Republic of South Africa
…another African rights leader
 Stephen Biko
 "black is beautiful“
 "man, you are okay as you are, begin
to look upon yourself as a human
being“
…another African rights leader
 Protested the African government
and Apartheid in the 1970s
 He was arrested by police, beaten
and tortured, and died becoming a
martyr for the Apartheid cause
 Nelson Mandela said, "They had to
kill him to prolong the life of
apartheid."
The Mandate System
The mandate system established after World War I was
phased out after World War II. With the end of the
mandates, new states were created in the Middle East.
 The Mandate System
 Gave old areas that belonged to the Ottoman Empire
and German to the other European powers


Idea that eventually they would give areas like the Middle East
their independence
Resulted in Middle East conflicts created by religious
differences
The Mandate System
 French mandates in the Middle East
 Syria
 Lebanon
 British mandates in the Middle East
 Jordan (originally Transjordan)
 Palestine (a part became independent as the State of
Israel)
Golda Meir
 Golda Meir
 Prime Minister of Israel
 After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur
War
 Sought support of United States
Gamal Abdul Nasser
 Gamal Abdul Nasser
 President of Egypt from 1956-1970 at his death
 Nationalized Suez Canal
 Established relationship with Soviet Union
 Built Aswan High Dam
1. The European Union—
• Political union in Europe consisting of many
Europeans nations
• Many trade benefits (the Euro)
• What’s a Euro?
• Type of currency that you can spend
anywhere in these nations!
2. United Nations—
• Mission: prevent/solve conflicts all over the
world
3. International Monetary Fund—
• Gives loans to developing nations(roads,
bridges, industry) in order to help them
improve
Answers
1. European Union--trade benefits/economic and political union (Euro--currency)
2. United Nations--mission: prevent/solve conflicts
3. International Monetary Fund-- gives loans to developing nations(roads,
bridges, industry)
4. World Trade Organization--
4. World Trade Organization—
• Promotes free trade/trade agreements
between countries
• 5. North American Free Trade
Agreement–
•
Free trade (no tariffs) between U.S., Mexico,
and Canada.
6. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
•
Military alliance--Former Warsaw Pact countries
join in 1990s.
WHII.16
Margaret Thatcher
 Former British Prime Minister
 Established free trade and less government regulation
of business
 Close relationship with the US and US foreign policy
 Asserted the United Kingdom’s military power
Indira Gandhi
 Closer relationship between India and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War
 Developed a nuclear program in India
Mikhail Gorbachev
 Glasnost and Perestroika
 Fall of the Berlin Wall
 Last president of the Soviet Union
 Because now it is called???

Russia
 Oversaw a peaceful transition to democracy
Deng Xiaoping
 Reformed Communist economy to a market economy
(CAPITALISM) which led to China’s very RAPID
economic growth
 So the economy is NOT communist
 What about the government control??
 STILL COMMUNIST today!