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The speaker’s action was thus nothing but a gratuitous insult to 0XVOLPV 0RUHRQWKLVFDQEHUHDGRQWKLVOLQNKWWSKLGHP\DVVFRPLS HQFRGHGF]RY/GG\ME[YE:-YG*9V=:G\<;%R/P1YE6SEP5OH&ZD+$Y<P-]/:GX<:KF )\<6]G+-SD9]/:)Q<:OX/Z''DFFHVVHGRQ$SULO 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES %XR\HGE\LWV VXFFHVVWKH%%6KDVODXQFKHG DFDPSDLJQ WREDQWKH niqub(WKH YHLO ZRUQE\0XVOLP ZRPHQLQSXEOLFDQGWRUHVWULFWWKHGHVLJQDQGWKHVLWLQJRIQHZPRVTXHV7KH\DOVRGHPDQGWKDWDOO WKH SODFHV RI ZRUVKLS EH PRQLWRUHG E\ WKH VWDWH 7KH\ DUH VDLG WR EH KRSLQJ WR SURSRVH D Bhumi 8 Putra W\SH RI VSHFLDO WD[ RQ QRQ%XGGKLVW EXVLQHVV SURMHFWV DQG WR UHVWULFW DQ\ ODQG SXUFKDVH E\ 0XVOLPV LQ DUHDV VXFK DV $QXUDGKDSXUD 'DPEXOOD .DQG\ .HODQL\D DQG 0DKL\DQJDKD WKDW DUH FRQVLGHUHGSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWSDUWVRI WKH6LQKDODFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH+RZHYHU WKH PRVWLPSRUWDQW SROLWLFDOTXHVWLRQLVZK\WKHUXOHUVWRHQGRUVHDQGHYHQHQFRXUDJHVXFKGHPDQGV 7KH0XVOLPVRI6UL/DQND Little has been done to analyse the role the Muslims have played as an ‘inbetween’ community during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selves as the “state custodians” in the aftermath of military victory. ,PSOLFDWLRQVRI6LQKDOD%XGGKLVPRQ0LQRULWLHV 7KHXQFRPSURPLVLQJVWDQGRI%%6DQGWKHSDVVLYHVXSSRUWRIWKHPDMRULW\RIWKH6DQJKDRIDOOPDMRU nikayas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iterally: “Son of the soil” in Sanskrit. This political term for the dominant indigenous population was FRLQHGLQ0DOD\VLDE\7XQNX$EGXO5DKPDQWRUHIHUWR0DOD\VDQGIXUWKHUSRSXODUL]HGWKHUHE\ 0DKDWKLU0RKDPHG 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES ,QWKHORQJVWDQGLQJDQGXQFRPSURPLVLQJSXUVXLWRIHQWUHQFKLQJWKH6LQKDOD%XGGKLVWKHJHPRQ\XSRQ WKHPLQRULWLHVWKH6DQJKDKDVVRPHKRZEHHQVXFFHVVIXOXQGHUFHUWDLQUXOHUV7KHSUHVHQWFOLPDWHLVVR KHDOWK\ IRUWKH6DQJKDWRSHUSHWXDWH WKHLULGHRORJ\WRWKH GHWULPHQWRIWKHOHJLWLPDWH FRQFHUQVRIWKH minorities. However, implications of such ideology is detrimental, not just to the country’s economy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igayas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hijab ZLWKWKH niqabKDVQRW RQO\EHFRPHFRPPRQDPRQJ0XVOLPZRPHQEXWLQVRPHSDUWVRI(DVWHUQ/DQNDZKHUH0XVOLPDUH WKHPDMRULW\LWKDVEHFRPHFRPSXOVRU\,VODPLFWUDGLQJZKLFKZDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\IRFXVHGRQDUHDVVXFK DVFDWHULQJJHPVDQGDJHQFLHVUHFUXLWLQJODERXUIRUWKH0LGGOH(DVWKDVDOVREHHQWUDQVIRUPHGWRGD\ WKHUHLVRSHQ,VODPLFOHDGHUVKLSLQVHFWRUVVXFKDVPDQXIDFWXULQJILQDQFHDQGNH\FRPPRGLWLHV7KLV JURZWK RI 0XVOLPV KDV EHFRPH DQ DFWXDO RU SHUFHLYHG WKUHDW WR 6LQKDOD %XGGKLVP HVSHFLDOO\ WR WKH 6DQJKD ,W LV LQ WKLV FRQWH[W WKH UROH RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH FURVVHWKQLF FLYLO VRFLHW\ LV SDUDPRXQW LQIRVWHULQJ DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ EHWZHHQ YDULRXV HWKQLF FRPPXQLWLHV 6RXWKHDVW $VLDQ 7KHUDYDGD VWDWHV VXFKDV%XUPD7KDLODQG/DRVKDYHDOUHDG\GHYHORSHGIXOOEORZQ%XGGKLVW0XVOLPFRQIOLFWVWKDWDUH WKUHDWHQLQJ WKRVH VWDWHV ,W LV XQDIIRUGDEOH IRU WKH FRXQWU\ WR EHDU VXFK D %XGGKLVW0XVOLP ULRW DV KDSSHQHGDFHQWXU\DJRLQ,WLVSDUDPRXQWWKDWWKH6DQJKDLQ/DQNDVKRXOGILQGDZD\WRDGGUHVV 0XVOLP IHDUV DQGFRQFHUQVE\GLDORJXHDQGQHJRWLDWLRQ,WLVHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWIRUWKH0XVOLPHOLWHV DQGSROLWLFLDQVWRILQGDZD\WRDYHUWDUHSHWLWLRQRIHDUOLHU6LQKDOD%XGGKLVWULRWLQWKHFRXQWU\RQFH DJDLQ 1RUHOLJLRXVWHDFKLQJJHWVLQWRWKHKHDUWRUPLQGRIWKHEHOLHYHUVMXVWDVLWVIRXQGHUSUHDFKHGLW7KH\ select and ‘tailor make’ its basics. This is how we end up having Sinhala Buddhism( or Thai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m this ‘ cost effective’ strategy is justified by FODLPV WKDW WKH\ DUH GHIHQGLQJ WKHPVHOYHV DJDLQVW D FRVPLF ZDU RI SHUVHFXWLRQ ,Q RUGHU WR 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES SHUSHWXDWHVXVWDLQWKHLUSRZHUWKH\DUHUHDG\HYHQWRUHVRUWWRZDUWKHPVHOYHV+RZHYHUWKHTXHVWLRQ UHPDLQVXQDQVZHUHG+RZLVLWWKDWWKH6LQKDOD6DQJKDWKDWKDYH ZLWQHVVHGDQRQVWRSEORRGEDWKLQ WKHLUDhammadipaIRUWKHODVW\HDUVFDQILQGWKHUDWLRQDOHIRUDQRWKHUVWDWHRIVXFKYLROHQFH" %LEOLRJUDSK\ Ali, Ameer. “ The 1915 racial riot in Ceylon( Sri Lanka): A reappraisal of its causes.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies,QR $O5DVKHHG 0DGDZL DQG 0DUDW 6KWHULQ Dying for Faith: Religiously Motivated Violence in the Contemporary World/RQGRQ,%7DXULV %ODFNEXUQ$QQH0Locations of Buddhism: Colonialism and Modernity in Sri Lanka. Brekke, Torkel. “Conclusions” edited by Vladimir Tikhonov and Torkel Brekke. In Buddhism and Violence: Militarism and Buddhism in Modern Asia2[IRUG5XWOHGJH &KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV Fox Jonathan. “ The last Bastion of Secularism? Government Religion Policy in the Western Democracies, 1990 to 2008”, Journal of Contemporary European StudiesQR *RPEULFK 5LFKDUG DQG *QDQDWK 2EH\\HVHNDUD Buddhism Transformed: Religious Change in Sri Lanka3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Hoglund, Kristine, and Camilla Orjuela. “Hybrid Peace Governance and Illiberal Peace building in Sri Lanka.” Global GovernanceQR -HQNLQV Stephen. “ Making Merits through Warfare.” In Buddhist Warfare HGLWHG E\ 0LFKDHO . -HUU\VRQDQG0DUN-XHUJHQVPH\HU2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Jerryson, Michael. “ Militarizing Buddhism in Southern Thailand.” In Buddhist Warfare HGLWHG E\ 0LFKDHO.-HUU\VRQDQG0DUN-XHUJHQVPH\HU2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -XHUJHQVPH\HU 0DUN DQG 0DUJR .LWWV Princeton Reading in Religion and Violence 3ULQFHWRQ 1- 3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -XHUJHQVPH\HU 0DUN Terron in the Mind of God:The Global Rise of Religious Violence. %HUNHO\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV Kannangra, A.P. “The Riots of 1915 in Sri Lanka: A Study in the Roots of Communal Violence.” Past and Present Marshall, Larry. “ Introduction: Sri Lanka after the War” Global Change, Peace and Security QR McGillvray, Dennis. “ Sri Lankan Muslims: between ethnonationalism and global Ummah” Nation and NationalismQR 0LVKUD5DMHQGUD.XPDUBabri Mosque: A Clash of Civilizations3LWWVEXUJK5HG/HDG3UHVV Schober Julien. “ Buddhism, Violence and the State in Burma and Sri Lanka” edited by S.W. Simon. In Religion and Conflict in South and Southeast Asia HGLWHG E\ /( &DG\ 2[IRUG 5RXWOHGJH 6LPWK %DUGZHOO / 5HOLJLRQ DQG /HJLWLPL]DWLRQ RI 3RZHU LQ 6UL /DQND &KDPEHUVEXUJH 3$ $QLPD %RRNV 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH
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