STUDY GUIDE BIOPSYCHOLOGY CHAPTER 9
1. What are the endogenous cycles?
2. What kinds of behaviors have circadian rhythms? What differences are there between younger
and older people? Why do we see these differences?
3. Explain a free-running rhythm
4. Discuss zeitgeber. Be sure to include the main zeitgeber and other things that can serve as
zeitgebers.
5. How does jet lag work? Include phase-advance and phase-delay in your answers.
6. Describe the role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).
7. Discuss how light resets the SCN, include the role of the retinohypothalamic pathway.
8. Explain the role of per and tim in sleeping.
9. How does melatonin contribute to sleep? Be sure to include where it comes from and what can
happen when you take over the counter melatonin.
10. Discuss the other types consciousness besides sleep.
11. Explain each stage of sleep, the behavioral characteristics of each stage, the type of brain waves
for each stage.
12. What is REM sleep? Why is it referred to as paradoxical sleep?
13. How does sleep cycle through the different stages throughout the entire sleeping period?
14. What are the brain structures and neurotransmitters (respectively) responsible for arousal and
wakefulness? Be sure to include the neuronal reactions.
15. Discuss the activity of the Limbic System during REM sleep.
16. What are PGO waves? Why are they important in REM sleep?
17. Discuss the following sleep disorders, including a definition, characteristics and possible causes:
a. Insomnia
b. Sleep Apnea
c. Narcolepsy
d. Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
e. REM Behavior Disorder
f. Night Terrors
g. Sleep Talking
h. Sleep Walking
18. Explain the Energy Conservation Theory of Sleep.
19. Explain the Evolutionary Theory of Sleep.
20. What are the effects of sleep deprivation?
21. Explain the Memory Theory of Sleep.
22. What is the relationship between REM sleep and age?
23. Discuss the hypothesis that REM sleep is necessary for memory.
24. Explain the theory of REM sleep developed by David Maurice (1998).
25. Discuss the Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis.
26. Discuss the Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis.