LINGO
n. pl. ling·goh. (Informal) The specialized vocabulary of a particular
field or discipline. The language and speech, esp. the jargon, slang,
or argot, of a particular field, group, or individual: Once you catch
onto the lingo, everything becomes clear.
BALLASTS
A device also known as control gear, intended to limit the amount of current
in an electrical circuit. It obtains voltage, current and waveform from a power
source in order to operate electric-discharge lamps such as fluorescent and
high intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
It is important to use the right ballast to ensure the luminaire also ignites at
low temperatures.
An environmentally friendly choice of ballast is a HF-ballast (High frequency)
HF-BALLAST:
Research studies have indicated that people in workplaces where luminaires
equipped with HF-ballasts are used feel better, are less tired and achieve
more. The HF-ballast offers more energy efficiency, i.e. the installed luminaire
output and performance losses are lower, and there is also less heat.
Because of this cooling and air-conditioning systems can be reduced and
therefore cover an overall saving in energy costs.
Maintenance and service costs are also lower due to the improved life of the
light sources.
ELECTRONIC MAGNETIC BALLAST
60 Hz
60 Hz
BALLAST FACTOR
The Ballast factor (BF) is the measured ability of a particular ballast to produce
light from the lamp it powers. The ballast factor comes from dividing the
lumen output of a particular lamp-ballast combination by the lumen output of
the lamp source. This factor, which usually results in a number less than one,
accounts for the fact that some lumen loss results when operating lamps off a
ballast. The ballast also needs wattage to operate for the lamp source, hence
why total watts in a 28 W luminaire would sometimes be 31 W. The ballast uses
3 watts of the total lamp wattage.
Any single ballast may have several different ballast factors, depending on the
number and types of lamp/s it’s operates.
RATED
LUMENS:
3000
BALLAST
FACTOR:
X
0.79
ACTUAL
LUMENS:
=
2370
CANDELA
The intensity of a light source in a specific direction is expressed in
candelas (cd).
Any light source will have many different intensities, depending on the sources
direction of distribution.
800 CANDELAS
50 CANDELAS
3100 CANDELAS
CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION
This is defined through a polar curve representing the luminous intensity of
a lamp or luminaire in a plane which is normally shown in a numerical table
or a graph. The distribution of light is usually based around a vertical axis of
0 degrees up to 60 degrees, which is known as the nominal cut-off angle for
luminaires to avoid discomfort glare.
Looking at the candlepower/polar distribution on a graph, you can identify
a range of intensities your choice of lamp/luminaire will provide.
Below are some examples.
COLOUR TEMPERATURE
The colour temperature measured in degrees Kelvin (K) indicates the light
source’s colour appearance and varies in a range of 2000 – 7400 K.
3500 – 4000 K is considered to be neutral white. Temperatures lower than
3500 K is considered as warm, and temperatures higher than 4000 K are
considered cool.
Colour temperature and colour appearance of fluorescent lamps is controlled
by the combinations of fluorescent materials used to coat the inside of the
tubes. This makes it possible to produce different tones of white light.
2700K
WARM
COOL
WARM
INTERMEDIATE
COOL
SOURCE
CCT
Tungsten Halogen
3000 K
“Cool White” Linear Fluorescent
4200 K
High Pressure Sodium
1900 K
“Warm” Compact Fluorescent
2700 K
COLOUR RENDERING
The ability of a light source to reveal the true colours of an object is called
Colour rendering.
The CRI (Colour Rendering Index) for indoor lighting should be above 80 and for
good colour rendering above 90. The value for maximum colour rendering is
defined as 100.
CRI = 90
CRI = 70
CRI = 50
CRI / RA FIGURES (COLOUR RENDERING INDEX) FOR LUMINAIRES:
Incandescent
100
Tungsten Halogen
100
Standard Fluorescent (Halophosphor)
60+
Fluorescent (triphosphor)
80+
Specialised Fluorescent (enhanced CRI)
90+
Standard Metal Halide
65
Ceramic Metal Halide
80+
Standard Mercury Vapour
45
High Pressure Sodium
25
White High Pressure Sodium
60
Low Pressure Sodium
15
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
70+
COLOUR APPEARANCE
The colour of an object or a light source gives it the colour appearance. There
can be white light, blue light, red light, etc, but ultimately there are no right or
wrongs when choosing a particular colour appearance. Your decision is more
likely going to be based on the interior design, fittings, personal taste and
cultural influences.
LUMINOUS EFFICACY (LM/W)
The light source’s luminous efficacy is the relation between its luminous flux
and the electrical power used. The higher the lumens per watt in a light source,
the more efficient it is. Keep in mind that the luminous efficacy applies to the
light source only. The ballast losses have not been taken into consideration.
EFFICACY RESULTS
100W INCANDESCENT LAMP
1750 LUMENS
18
LUMENS
WATT
32W 12” CIRCULAR FLUORESCENT LAMP
1800 LUMENS
+
BALLAST
53
LUMENS
56
LUMENS
WATT
BALLAST FACTOR = 0.95
70W METAL HALIDE LAMP
5200 LUMENS
+
BALLAST
BALLAST FACTOR = 0.75
WATT
LAMP TYPE
LUMINOUS EFFICACY lm/W
Tungsten Filament
5 - 20
Tungsten Halogen
15 - 25
High Pressure Mercury Vapour
35 - 60
Metal Halide
66 - 105
Tubular Fluorescent inc. Compact Fluorescent
35 - 105
High Pressure Sodium
66 - 105
Low Pressure Sodium Vapour
100 - 185
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
10 - 20 (white)
EFFICIENCY
The ratio of the luminous flux (lumens) emitted by a luminaire to that emitted
by the lamp/s used.
Luminous efficiency expresses the percentage of the initial lamp lumens that
are ultimately emitted by the luminaire. The efficiency of a luminaire does not
necessarily indicate its effectiveness in delivering lumens to the workplane, or
whether it’s even appropriate for the application its installed for.
Depending on the application, the less efficient luminaire may infact be the
appropriate choice because of reduced glare potential.
100% EFFICIENCY
70% EFFICIENCY
GLARE
A term used where effects are produced due to the luminance of a visual
system and the visual field being significantly different to which the eyes are
adapted, which can cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance
and visibility.
Direct glare is caused by bright areas, such as luminaires, ceilings and
windows that are in line of sight. Indirect glare is caused by light reflecting off a
surface, an example of this is obstruction glare, which is a building outside
a window reflecting daylight in line of sight, causing visual discomfort.
Two major types of glare are:
1. Disability Glare: Visual impairment where eyesight is temporarily or
permanently effected.
2. Discomfort Glare: Where your peripheral vision captures a source of
contrast or glare in the surrounding environment.
(For further information please refer to the LUX booklet)
DIRECT GLARE FROM WINDOWS
AND LUMINAIRES
REFLECTED GLARE ON COMPUTER
SCREEN FROM CEILING LUMINAIRES
ILLUMINANCE
The illuminance determines the density of the luminous flux at a point on a
particular surface, which is measured in lux (lx) which equals lm/m2.
Lux levels are derived from the Australian Standards, which demonstrate
recommendations of lux levels for particular environments to accommodate
visual performance.
(For further information please refer to the LUX booklet)
1600 LUX
300 LUX
500 LUX
1200 LUX
LAMP
A generic term for a source created to produce optical radiation. In simple
terms, it is designed to produce light from electricity.
Below are examples of several lamps on the market today:
•
Fluorescent
•
Mercury Vapour
•
Metal halide
•
High pressure sodium
(For further information please refer to the LAMPS booklet)
FLUORESCENT
INCANDESCENT
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
LIFE – AVERAGE RATED
Average rated life (of a light source) is usually the number of hours when 50%
of a large group of lamps have failed. For incandescent lamps, the number of
hours per start does not significantly affect the average rated life of the lamp.
However, for discharge lamps such as fluorescent and high intensity discharge
(HID), fewer hours per start (more switching on/off) decrease lamp operating
life, and more hours per start increase it. The actual life of a lamp is the value
for life expectancy. Listed below are a few typical average rated life ratings for
some common light sources:
100
90
PERCENT SURVIVING LAMPS
80
70
60
50
40
WHEN 50% OF THE TEST
LAMPS HAVE FAILED,
THE AVERAGE RATED
LIFE HAS BEEN REACHED.
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
PERCENT OF AVERAGE LIFE
LAMP TYPE
LUMINOUS EFFICACY lm/W
Tungsten Filament
1000 - 2000
Tungsten Halogen
2000 - 4000
High Pressure Mercury Vapour
5000 - 10 000
Metal Halide
5000 - 10 000
Tubular Fluorescent inc. Compact Fluorescent
5000 - 18 000
High Pressure Sodium
6000 - 24 000
Low Pressure Sodium Vapour
6000 - 12 000
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
UP TO 50 000
LIGHT
Radiant energy that is capable of exciting the retina in the eye producing
a visual sensation.
Commercial and Industrial Lighting
The Function of Lighting
Artificial lighting would not be required if our buildings were not occupied or visited by human
beings. The sole purpose of lighting installations is to allow people to adequately perform
physical or visual tasks, and the effectiveness of performing that task is proportional to the
quantity and the quality of the lighting system.
In the ideal world lighting installations should therefore be designed primarily for the occupants'
comfort and task efficiency with energy efficiency and aesthetic value being the secondary
consideration.
Light is a form of electromagnetic energy. Electric light sources convert
The major aim is to provide the correct lighting solution for the installation to attain the highest
electrical
radiant
energy, which
initiates
qualityenergy
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or “visible”
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the need for energy efficiency.
The quality
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the seeing
working conditions are all directly related to the lighting system installed.
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workers complaints stem from the perceived inadequacies of the lighting system.
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Electromagnetic Radiation and Light
less intense
light. This is also in relation to Scotopic vision.
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This relates
to Photopic
vision.
in character
and occupy only
a very small part of a huge range of wavelengths that constitute
the electromagnetic spectrum (fig 1.1).
LUMEN
Lumen is a unit of luminous flux. The lumen is the time rate flow of light, it can
be considered as the measure of the overall light output of a lamp. Ratings are
determined and published by lamp manufacturers.
675 LUMENS
During the design process, lighting specifiers/designers use the lumen ratings
of lamps to predict the final illuminance in a space. Since energy-efficiency
design has become more important these days, designers also calculate the
lumen output per watt consumed (efficacy) of the range of lamp choices.
Below are some examples of lamps with their lumen ratings.
LAMP
WATTAGE
LUMENS
Fluorescent T5
14
1200
Fluorescent T5
28
2600
Fluorescent T5
54
4450
Metal Halide MT
35
3300
Metal Halide MT
70
6600
LUMINAIRE
A complete lighting unit consisting a lamp or lamps and a ballast (when
applicable) together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position
and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.
A luminaire, also known as lighting fixture, contains housing, lamp/s, socket/s
and electrical wiring. In addition to these parts, a luminaire may also contain
extra components such as a reflector, lens, diffuser, louvre, gasket, latch,
decorative trim, or mounting hardware. These extras are used to provide
protection, improve efficiency, appearance, control glare or affect the
direction of distribution.
BALLAST
HOUSING
REFLECTOR
LAMP
BAFFLE
MOUNTING
FRAME
LENS/DIFFUSER
TRIM
REFLECTOR
HOUSING
LOUVRE
MOUNTING
FRAME
LENS/
DIFFUSER
TRIM
LAMP
BALLAST
LUMINANCE
Luminance is the photometric quantity associated with one’s perception
of brightness. It’s the amount of light that reaches the eye of the observer
measured in units of luminous intensity (candelas) per unit area (m2).
If a surface is visible it has luminance.
REFLECTANCE
Reflectance are the ceiling, walls, floor or other objects which have the
potential to reflect or absorb light from a light source. A brighter surface will
reflect more light into an area, whereas a darker surface will absorb more light
and therefore reflecting minimal light into an area. Different textures of the
above can provide varying reflectance values. Concrete, brick, plaster, timber
all have different values given their different colours and textures.
These factors can effect the illuminance values during the design process.
Below is a diagram of commonly known textures for ceilings, walls and floors:
APPROXIMATE REFLECTANCES OF TYPICAL BUILDING FINISHES
BUILDING SURFACE
REFLECTANCE
MATERIAL OR FINISH
CEILINGS
0.8
White water-based paint on plain
plasterboard
0.7
White water-based paint on acoustic tile
0.6
White water-based paint on no-fines concrete
0.5
White water based paint on wood-wool slab
0.8
White water-based paint on plain
plasterboard; tiles: white glazed
0.4
White fibre cement; Brick: concrete, light
grey: Portland cement, smooth
0.35
Stainless steel
0.3
Brick: common
0.25
Concrete, light grey; Portland cement,
rough (as board marked); brick: red; Timber
panelling: light oak, mahogany, gaboon
0.2
Timber panelling: teak, medium oak: brick:
concrete, dark grey
0.15
Brick: dark hard-fired
0.05
Chalkboard, painted black (new)
0.8
Paper, white
0.45
Cement screed; PVC tiles: cream: carpet:
light grey, middle buff
0.35
Timber: light
0.25
Timber: medium: PVC tiles: brown and cream
marbled: carpet: turquoise, sage green
0.2
Timber: dark: Tiles: cork, polished
0.1
Quarry tiles: red, heather brown: Carpet: ‘low
maintenance’: PVC tiles: dark brown: Timber:
very dark
WALLS
FLOORS &
FURNITURE
Means the luminaire may be installed against normally
combustible materials.
Means that the surface temperature of the luminaire is limited
IP CLASSIFICATIONS
in accordance with the demands set out in EN 60598-2-24 (max.
90 °C on the luminaire’s upward turned surfaces under normal
operation).
Luminaires are given an IP classification. The IP classification consists of a two
Signifies that the luminaire can be obtained in designs with
emLED. that describes the degree of protection against solid objects as well
digit code
as moisture of water. Standard luminaires will have an IP classification of IP 20
Signifies that
the luminaire is available
in designs forwhich
convenor higher.
However,
luminaires
are more likely to be exposed to dust or
tional emergency lighting operations.
water/rain, will have an IP classification of IP 54 or higher.
Below is a table describing all the IP classifications:
Degree of protection (IP-classes)
Luminaires are given an IP-classification. The IP-classification consists of a
two digit code that describes the degree of protection against solid objects
as well as moisture and water. Standard luminaires will have an IP classification of IP 20 or higher. The table below describes respective IP-classificaDesign according to first
number
Design according to the second number
Unprotected
Drip proof
Unprotected
IP 00
IP 01
Protected
IP 10
IP 11
IP 13
Protected
IP 20
IP 21
IP 23
Protected
IP 40
IP 41
IP 43
Dust-proof
tions. The IP-class is stated in plain text on the luminaire’s label. Symbols
as set out below can also be used in combination with the text. Note that
IP 20 luminaires do not need to be marked. IP is an abbreviation of Ingress
Protection.
Rain proof
Splash proof
Jet proof
IP 44
IP 45
IP 54
Dust-proof
418
Submersible
IP 67
IP 68
IP 55
IP 65
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