HIST 1430: US II
The Culture and Ethnic Wars of the 1920s: Origins of the Johnson‐Reed Act of 1924, S2015
US Citizenship 101
• How to become US citizens?
• Two step processes for foreigners
Anti‐immigration cartoon?
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Anti‐immigration cartoon?
I. ORIGINS OF THE JOHNSON‐REED ACT OF 1924
A. Massive Coming of “New” Immigrants
• “Unlimited” Immigration until 1882
• “New” immigrants, 1891 and 1920
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B. Pervasive Images of “Otherness”
Old Immigrants New Immigrants
National Origins
Race
Religion
Skin Color
Different Images of the old and new immigrants
C. Ethnic Ghettoes
• Push Factors
• Pull Factors
• Fears?
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D. Scientific Racism
• Heredity, not environment, shaped personal capacities
• Caucasians
Nordic Race Alpine or Mediterranean Races
Racial Hierarchy
Contribution to American Society
Eugenics
• Pollution of the Nordic Blood
• Racial Integrity Act
• Eugenic Certificate in VA
Patriotism after 9/11
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E. Wartime and Postwar Changes
• 100% Americanism
• Decreasing need for cheap, foreign labor
• Depression and renewed immigration
II. THE JOHNSON‐REED ACT OF 1924
A. The Quota System for European Immigrants
• Based on the 1890 Census • Two % of the foreign‐
born population of each nationality in the USA
• Disparate Impacts
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B. Asian Immigration Restriction before the 1924 Act
• Naturalization Act (1790)
• 14th Amendment (1868)
• Naturalization Act (1870)
• Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Ozawa v. US (1922) C. Asian Immigration after the 1924 Act
• Expansion of the exclusion to all other Asians
• Why?
• Reasonable?
• Exception?
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•
e.
d.
c.
b.
a.
14th Amendment to U.S. Constitution (1868): Applicable only to Francis Kim because he was born in the USA
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: NA because Kims were Koreans
The Naturalization Act of 1870: Applicable b/c only whites or blacks could become U.S. citizens
Ozawa v. US (1922): Applicable b/c it confirmed the Naturalization Act of 1870
The Johnson‐Reed Act of 1924: NA because we came to the USA before 1924
My name is Anthony Kim, and I am a Korean born in Seoul, Korea. My wife, Michelle Wie, and I came to the United States to work as farm workers in California in 1918. My son, Francis Kim, was born in the United States in 1919. I applied for a US citizenship in 1923 and assumed that my son was a US citizen. Can I become a US citizen, and is my son a US citizen? You need to base your conclusion based on the following constitutional, statutory, or judicial basis.
A. Review Question
Those who were not welcomed
Those who were welcomed
Quota System
Ban on Chinese immigration (after 1882)
Ban on all Asian Implicit ban on immigration unskilled until 1952 immigration (McCarran‐
Walter Act)
Welcomed legal immigration for professionals
The skill quota
All were welcomed except the Chinese
All were welcomed
The national origin quota
Welcomed legal immigration mostly from Massive influx of northern and “New” European western Europe
immigrants
Immigration Immigration Restriction (after Restriction 1924)
(after 1882 and 1924‐1950s
1960s‐present
1924) Unlimited Immigration
B. Overview of Changing Immigration Policies