Radical Enlightenment Questions
Kant, What is Enlightenment? - Questions
1. Explain Kant’s idea of ‘tutelage.’
2. What is the problem with the Church and clergy according to Kant?
3. How will enlightenment be achieved for Kant?
Israel, ‘Enlightenment! What Enlightenment!’ - Questions
[It should be pointed out that Israel’s article is a critical review of the Encyclopaedia of the
Enlightenment, then recently published, which he uses as a platform to express his own view of the
(Radical) Enlightenment].
4. Why has the Enlightenment become a ‘more crucial and robust force’ for Israel?
5. What is lacking in the older interpretation of the Enlightenment as expressed by Peter Gay
for example?
6. What is the “Radical Enlightenment”?
7. Explain the view that the Enlightenment’s origins were English (British).
8. Why is “enlightened despotism” an issue?
9. What is the ‘thorny problem’ regarding Bayle?
10. (a) Why is the Counter-Enlightenment problematic for Israel, and (b) how does this link with
his concluding remark on the Radical Enlightenment [last paragraph of the article]?